the vietnam era - your history site american journey/chap30.pdf · fell under a communist...

864

Vietnam Era1960ndash1975

Why It MattersThe United States became involved in Vietnam because it believed that if all of Vietnam

fell under a Communist government communism would spread throughout SoutheastAsia and beyond The Vietnam War was the longest war in the nationrsquos history

The Impact TodayMore than 58000 US troops died in Vietnam The war damaged peoplersquos confidence

in their government Americans grew more willing to challenge the president on militaryand foreign policy issues after Vietnam The war also became a yardstick to gauge

whether to involve American troops in later crises

The American Journey Video The chapter 30 video ldquoThe First TV Warrdquoexplores how televised images brought the Vietnam War into American householdsand influenced public opinion about the war

1965bull US involvement in

Vietnam grows

1959bull Civil war begins

in Vietnam

1961bull Berlin Wall

erected

1966bull Cultural Revolution

in China

The

CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era

1960 1963 1966

Kennedy1961ndash1963

1962bull Cuban missile crisis

Eisenhower1953ndash1961

Johnson1963ndash1969

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49685097

865

1969bull Armstrong walks on moon

1968bull North Vietnam

launches Tetoffensive

1970bull Civil War begins

in Cambodia

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 30mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information

Helping a Comrade Members of the First Marine Division carry a woundedmarine to safety during battle in South Vietnam


1972 19751969

Nixon1969ndash1974

1968bull Robert Kennedy assassinated

1970bull Kent State shootings

1975bull Vietnam War ends after fall

of Saigon

Ford1974ndash1977

1973bull Paris peace accords

end US involve-ment in Vietnam

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half fromside to side

Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it into thirds

Step 3 Unfold and label the foldable as shown

Step 4 Cut the top layer only along bothfold lines

This will makethree tabs

Sequencing Events Study Foldable Sequencethe actions of the United Stateslsquos presidents duringthe Vietnam War by making and using this foldable

Reading and Writing As you read the chapterrecord facts about the actions and policies of thepresidents in office during the Vietnam era Besure to also record the dates of these importantevents

JFK LBJ Nixon

JFK LBJ Nixon

1962Cuban missilecrisis occurs

1963Telephone hot line linksUS Soviet leaders

1969Neil Armstrong walkson the moon

Main IdeaIn the early 1960s the nation facedSoviet threats relating to Cuba and to Berlin

Key Termsguerrilla warfare flexible responseexecutive order exile blockade hot line

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readSection 1 re-create the diagrambelow and describe the actions theKennedy administration took inresponse to these crises

Read to Learnbull how the Kennedy administration

handled challenges to foreignaffairs

bull what happened during the Cuban missile crisis

Section ThemeGeography and History TheKennedy administration faced crisesin Cuba and Berlin

Kennedyrsquos Foreign Policy

866 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era

Kennedyinaugural ribbon

ldquoIn the long history of the world only a few generations have been granted the roleof defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger I do not shrink from this respon-sibilitymdashI welcome itrdquo So spoke John F Kennedy in his Inaugural Address AlthoughKennedy talked of approaching this responsibility with ldquoenergyrdquo and ldquodevotionrdquo eventsunfolding around the worldmdashin Cuba Eastern Europe and Vietnammdashwould challengehis determination The new president and nation soon faced a series of crises

New DirectionsPresident Kennedy continued the antindashCommunist foreign policy begun under

Presidents Truman and Eisenhower In pursuing that policy though Kennedytried some new approaches

During the presidential campaign Kennedy led Americans to believe that thenation had fewer nuclear missiles than the Soviet Union As president Kennedyincreased spending on nuclear arms At the same time he tried to convinceNikita Khrushchev the Soviet leader to agree to a ban on nuclear testing

1961Bay of Pigs invasion fails

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

Response to Crises

Berlin Wall Cuban missile crisis

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6969504

867CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era

Strength Through FlexibilityKennedy also worked to improve Americarsquos

ability to respond to threats abroad In certainareas of the world Communist groups fought totake control of their nationrsquos government Manyof these groups received aid from the SovietUnion They employed guerrilla warfare orfighting by small bands using tactics such assudden ambushes

The United States needed a new approachfor fighting guerrilla wars Kennedy intro-duced a plan called flexible response whichrelied on special military units trained to fightguerrilla wars One of these units was the Spe-cial Forces known as the Green Berets TheSpecial Forces provided the president withtroops ready to fight guerrilla warfare any-where around the world

Strength Through AidPresident Kennedy understood that the

poverty in Latin America Asia and Africa madethe Communist promises of economic equalityseem attractive He decided to provide aid tocountries in those areas to counteract the appealof communism On March 1 1961 the presidentsigned an executive order creating the PeaceCorps An executive order is a rule issued by thechief executive

Americans who volunteered for the PeaceCorps worked in other countries as teachershealth workers and advisers in farming indus-try and government By 1963 some 5000 volun-teers were working in more than 40 countries

To promote Latin Americarsquos growth Kennedyproposed a 10-year development plan called theAlliance for Progress In his InauguralAddress Kennedy promised Latin Americanleaders that the United States would ldquoassist freemen and free governments in casting off thechains of povertyrdquo He hoped as well to preventthe rise of Communist states in the region

Explaining Why did PresidentKennedy form the Peace Corps

Cold War ConfrontationsIn 1961 just a few months after taking office

President Kennedy faced a foreign policy crisisin Cuba That same year the United States andthe Soviet Union clashed in Europe

As you read in Chapter 28 Fidel Castro hadseized power in Cuba in 1959 When Castroformed an alliance with the Soviet UnionAmericans felt threatened because Cuba liesonly 90 miles (144 km) south of Florida Late inEisenhowerrsquos presidency officials in the Central

The Peace Corps in Ethiopia1966 by Norman RockwellVolunteers worked in many devel-oping countries in Africa WhichKennedy program dealt withLatin Americarsquos economy

History Through Art

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15380836

Alan Shepard becamea national hero on May 51961 when he becamethe first American inspace His flight aboardthe tiny Freedom 7 space-ship lasted 15 minutesand reached an altitude of about 120 milesAlthough the flight wasbrief it was a key stepforward for the UnitedStates in its space racewith the Soviet Union

After graduating fromthe United States NavalAcademy in 1944 Shep-ard served during WorldWar II After the war he attended the NavalTest Pilot School In 1959Shepard was named oneof NASArsquos original sevenastronauts

Ten years after hisflight aboard Freedom 7Shepard commanded theApollo 14 moon mission

during which he spent arecord 335 hours on thesurface of the moon

In 1974 Shepardretired from both NASAand the Navy andentered private businessHe served as the presi-dent of the MercurySeven Foundation whichprovides college sciencescholarships for deserv-ing students

Intelligence Agency (CIA) forged a plan to over-throw Castro The CIA recruited refugees whohad fled Castrorsquos Cuba and settled in the UnitedStates The plan called for these exiles or per-sons forced from their homes to land in Cubaspark an uprising and overthrow CastroAlthough Kennedy had doubts about the planhe accepted the advice of military advisers andthe CIA and allowed it to go forward

On April 17 1961 about 1500 CIA-trainedCuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in south-ern Cuba Many blunders occurred and at a cru-cial moment Kennedy refused to provideAmerican air support Within days Cuban forcescrushed the invasion and captured the survivors

The Bay of Pigs embarrassed Kennedy whotook the blame for the failure The disaster hadthree consequences First Kennedy never againcompletely trusted military and intelligence advice Second other nations in Latin Americalost trust in Kennedy Third Soviet premierKhrushchev concluded that Kennedy was not astrong leader and could be bullied

The Berlin WallThough 16 years had passed since the end of

World War II the wartime Allies had still not set-tled the status of Germany West Germany gainedcomplete independence in 1949 but the SovietUnion continued to control East Germany

The location of Berlinmdashfully within Soviet-controlled East Germanymdashposed special prob-lems American British and French troops stillremained in the western part of the city andthey sometimes had difficulty getting into WestBerlin and maintaining control there Mean-while a steady flow of people fled to West Berlinfrom Communist East Berlin hoping to escapeeconomic hardship and find freedom

At a June 1961 summit conference in ViennaAustria Premier Khrushchev told PresidentKennedy that the West must move out of Berlinand he insisted on an agreement by the end ofthe year Kennedy rejected Khrushchevrsquosdemand To emphasize the Westrsquos right to stayin West Berlin the United States later sent moretroops to protect the city

CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era868

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13531186


Later that summer a large number of EastGermans fled to the West On August 13 theEast German government with Soviet backingclosed the border between East and West Berlinand built a wall of concrete blocks and barbedwire along it The Soviets posted armed guardsalong the wall to stop more East Germans fromfleeing to the West The Berlin Wall cut commu-nications between the two parts of the city

The Western Allies continued to support theindependence of West Berlin They could do littlehowever to stop the building of the wall whichcame to symbolize Communist repression

Explaining Why did the SovietUnion build the Berlin Wall

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe most dangerous Cold War dispute

between the Americans and Soviets came in 1962Once again the dispute involved Cuba

In mid-October 1962 an American spy planeflying over Cuba made a disturbing discoveryPhotographs revealed that the Soviets werebuilding launching sites for nuclear missilesThese missiles could easily reach the UnitedStates in a matter of minutes

For the next week President Kennedy metsecretly with advisers to determine how to dealwith the Cuban missile crisis They exploredseveral options including invading Cuba andbombing the missile sites New spy photo-graphs showed the bases nearing completionfaster than expected A decision had to be made

On October 22 President Kennedy speakingon national television revealed the ldquosecretswift and extraordinary builduprdquo of missiles inCuba Kennedy ordered the navy to blockadeor close off Cuba until the Soviets removed themissiles He threatened to destroy any Sovietship that tried to break through the blockadeThe president also declared

ldquoIt shall be the policy of this nation to regardany nuclear missile launched from Cuba againstany nation in the Western Hemisphere as anattack by the Soviet Union on the UnitedStatesrdquo

The United States would respond he warnedwith a nuclear attack against the Soviet Union

As the two superpowers neared the brink ofnuclear war people all over the world waitednervously However Khrushchev was not readyto back down and Soviet shipsmdashsome carryingmissilesmdashcontinued to approach Cuba

Two days after Kennedyrsquos announcement abreakthrough occurred Some Soviet ships near-ing the blockade turned back

However some Soviet ships still headedtoward Cuba and work on the missile bases con-tinued The presidentrsquos advisers worked on plansfor an air attack on the missile sitesmdashjust in case

After five agonizing days when the worldappeared on the brink of nuclear war the Sovietships turned back from the blockade Sovietleaders also decided to withdraw their missilesfrom Cuba

500 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

500 miles0

N

S

EW

20degW60degW100degW140degW

20degN

40degN

60degN

MIG

jetbomber range= 800

miles

Medium

ballistic missile range= 11

50m

iles

Inte

rmed

iate ba

llistic

missile range= 2500 miles

CUBA

Miami

Washington DC

New York CityChicago

Los Angeles

This map shows the range of the Soviet missiles in Cuba Their accuracy fell off as range increased1 Region What parts of the United States could

intermediate-range missiles reach2 Analyzing Information What strategy did the United

States use to respond to the Soviet threat in Cuba

The Cuban Missile CrisisOctober 14ndash28 1962

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16692311

Having come so close tonuclear disaster the super-powers worked to establish abetter relationship In the sum-mer of 1963 Kennedy andKhrushchev created a direct tele-phone link called the hot linebetween Moscow and Washingtonto allow the leaders to communi-cate instantly in times of crisis

That same summer the twonations signed a treaty banningnuclear tests aboveground andunderwater

Rivalry in SpaceThe United States competed with

the Soviet Union in another area duringthe Kennedy administrationmdashouterspace The space race began when theSoviet Union launched Sputnik the worldrsquos firstsuccessful satellite in 1957 In April 1961 Sovietcosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (guhbullGAHRbulluhn)became the first person to orbit the earth Onemonth later Alan Shepard Jr became the firstAmerican to make a spaceflight

Shortly after Shepardrsquos flight Kennedy chal-lenged the nation to a great undertaking In aspeech to Congress he said

ldquoI believe that this nation should commit itselfto achieving the goal before this decade is outof landing a man on the moon and returning himsafely to the earthrdquo

The president asked Congress for moremoney for NASA (the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration) which ran thespace program NASA expanded its launch-ing facility in Florida and built a control cen-ter in Houston Texas

Astronaut John Glenn thrilled the coun-try in February 1962 when he orbited theearth in a spacecraft the first American todo so An even greater triumph for thespace program came on July 20 1969 withthe Apollo project Awestruck televisionviewers around the world watched thespacecraft Eagle land on the surface of the

moon Hours later with millions still watchingastronaut Neil Armstrong took the first humanstep on the moon and announced ldquoThatrsquos onesmall step for a man one giant leap for mankindrdquoBy the end of the Apollo project in 1972 10 moreAmericans had landed on the moon

Explaining Why did PresidentKennedy order a blockade of the island of Cuba


Cuban missile crisisPersuasive Writing Write a speechthat President Kennedy might havewritten to defend his actions duringthe Cuban missile crisis Use completesentences except where fragmentsare appropriate

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a sentence in

which you correctly use each of thefollowing terms guerrilla warfareflexible response executive orderexile blockade hot line Beloweach sentence write the definition ofthe term used

2 Reviewing Facts Who was the firstAmerican to orbit the earth in aspacecraft

Reviewing Themes3 Geography and History Why did

West Berlinrsquos location make it difficultfor the allies to defend it

Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences Why do you

think Khrushchev sent missiles toCuba

5 Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identifystrategies that the Kennedy adminis-tration considered to stop thebuildup of missiles in Cuba

Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map

of the Cuban missile crisis on page869 According to the map wasWashington DC within the range of a medium ballistic missile Could a medium-range missile reach Los Angeles























AJ-870

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14032787


1954Geneva Accordsdivide Vietnam

1959Civil war in Vietnam begins

1964Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed

1968More than 500000 UStroops are in Vietnam

In March 1967 David Parks an African American soldier serving in Vietnam describedan enemy attack on his camp ldquoI was asleep when the first shell exploded The earthshook and I rolled to the ground as someone hollered lsquoIncomingrsquo I shook like jellyas the shrapnel burst all around our bunker All we could do was open up with our50-caliber and small arms Irsquom not sure the native people are with us They smile atus in the daytime and their sons shoot at us at night Itrsquos hard to spot the real enemyrdquo

The US and VietnamIn the early 1960s the United States became involved in a fight against com-

munism in Southeast Asia The war in Vietnam did not unfold as Americanshad hoped however General Maxwell Taylor who served as American ambas-sador to Vietnam reflected on the war in Vietnam years after it had ended

ldquoFirst we didnrsquot know ourselves We thought we were going into another Koreanwar but this was a different country Secondly we didnrsquot know our South Vietnameseallies We never understood them and that was another surprise And we knew evenless about North Vietnamrdquo

Main IdeaUS military involvement in Vietnamincreased steadily throughout the1960s

Key TermsVietcong coup escalate search-and-destroy mission

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and fill in themain events that occurred after theGulf of Tonkin Resolution

Read to Learnbull how Vietnam became a divided

countrybull why America increased its involve-

ment in the Vietnam War

Section ThemeGlobal Connections Unable to endthe Vietnam War quickly the UnitedStates found itself increasingly drawninto the conflict

War in Vietnam

Soldierrsquos bootsVietnam War

Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

AJ-871

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812928

872

Origins of the WarThe roots of the Vietnam conflict can be traced

back to World War II when Japanese forces cap-tured the French colony of Indochina in South-east Asia Vietnamese forces led by CommunistHo Chi Minh (hoh chee MIHN) fought againstthe Japanese

When Japan surrendered at the end of WorldWar II Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamrsquos inde-pendence The French however were unwill-ing to give up their empire Their Indochinacolonymdashthe present-day nations of CambodiaLaos and Vietnammdashwas among the richest ofFrancersquos colonies supplying such valuableresources as rice rubber and tin Ho Chi Minhand his forces fought the French in a longbloody war finally defeating the French in 1954at Dien Bien Phu

The Geneva AccordsThat same year diplomats from the United

States France Great Britain the Soviet UnionChina and Vietnam met in Geneva Switzer-land to work out a peace agreement Accord-ing to the Geneva Accords Vietnam would bedivided temporarily Ho Chi Minhrsquos Commu-nist nationalists would control the North


Buddhist monks often led protests againstunpopular South Vietnamese governments andtheir leaders Why did Vietnamrsquos Buddhistsprotest against the Diem government

History

Hanoi served as its capital Non-Communistforcesmdashsupported by the United Statesmdashwould control the South with Saigon as thecapital Vietnam would be unified in 1956 afternational elections

Neither the United States nor South Vietnamhad signed the agreement but they did notoppose its provisions At the same time an Amer-ican representative warned that the United Statesreserved the right to step in if Communist NorthVietnam moved aggressively against the South

In 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (NOH DIHN dehbullEHM) the French-educated Vietnamese leadergained control of the government of South Viet-nam The following year Diem with Americansupport refused to hold the elections Diemrsquosbrutal policies and his refusal to hold electionsangered many Vietnamese

Communist supporters of Ho Chi Minhremained in the South after Vietnam wasdivided In the late 1950s Diem launched a cam-paign to destroy the power of the CommunistsIn response the Communists organized them-selves as the National Liberation Front (NLF)mdashbetter known to Americans as the Vietcong In1959 the Vietcong on orders from Ho Chi Minhbegan a war against the Diem regime

Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

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14147736


American soldiers leap from a helicopterduring a mission in South Vietnam Whendid President Johnson begin to increaseAmerican involvement in Vietnam

History

ldquoThe helicopter added a newdimension to warfaremdashmobility The helicoptertook soldiers into battle suppliedthem andevacuated thewounded and the deadrdquo

A Growing American RoleThe United States had replaced the French as

the dominant foreign power in the South in 1955If Communists took South Vietnam PresidentEisenhower once said the other countries ofSoutheast Asia would fall to communism like arow of dominoesmdashone right after the other Thisdomino theory helped shape American policy inVietnam for the next 20 years

To support South Vietnam the Eisenhoweradministration sent the country billions of dol-lars in aid It also dispatched a few hundred sol-diers who acted as advisers to the SouthVietnamese government and army

Like Eisenhower President Kennedy sawVietnam as part of the global struggle in thefight against communism Kennedy sent moreSpecial Forces troopsmdashthe Green Beretsmdashtotrain and advise South Vietnamese troopsKennedy also pressured Diem to make politicaland economic reforms to eliminate the condi-tions that had allowed communism to take rootin the first place But Diem refused to comply

Instead of paying for new schools health clinicsor land reform American funds often ended upin the pockets of corrupt South Vietnamese offi-cials At the same time North Vietnam sent aidand troops to the South to help the Vietcong in aguerrilla war against Diem that began in 1959

The Diem government lost support through-out the country His government took rightsaway from Buddhistsmdashthe majority of the peo-ple in South Vietnammdashand favored Catholicslike himself Buddhists responded with protestssome of which ended in bloodshed when gov-ernment troops fired into the crowds

In early 1963 Buddhist monks showed theiropposition to Diemrsquos rule by setting themselveson fire on busy streets Horrifying photographsof monks engulfed in flames appeared in news-papers and on television screens around theworld The Kennedy administration found itdifficult to continue to support Diem

On November 1 1963 a group of South Viet-namese army officers staged a coupmdashoverthrewthe governmentmdashand assassinated Diem The

AJ-873

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12575091

Kennedy administration had supported thecoup but not the assassination After PresidentKennedy was assassinated later that same monththe question of what to do in Vietnam fell on theshoulders of President Lyndon B Johnson

Analyzing How did the dominotheory affect the decision regarding the conflict in Vietnam

The Conflict DeepensAt the time of Kennedyrsquos death the United

States had nearly 16000 American troops inVietnam as advisers President Johnson sent Sec-retary of Defense Robert McNamara to Vietnamon a fact-finding mission

McNamara told the president that South Viet-nam could not resist the Vietcong rebels withoutmore help from the United States In a May 1964conversation taped but not made public until1997 Johnson himself expressed doubts aboutAmerican commitment ldquoI donrsquot think itrsquos worthfighting forrdquo he said ldquobut I donrsquot think we can get outrdquo Nevertheless as Vietcong attacks con-tinued the United States moved toward deeperinvolvement

President Johnson wanted con-gressional support for expandingthe American role in Vietnam Theopportunity to get that supportcame in August 1964 when NorthVietnamese patrol boats allegedlyattacked American destroyers in theGulf of Tonkin near North VietnamCongress quickly passed a resolu-tion that allowed the president toldquotake all necessary measures torepel any armed attack against theforces of the United Statesrdquo TheGulf of Tonkin Resolution gaveJohnson broad authority to useAmerican forces in Vietnam

In 1965 Johnson began to esca-latemdashgradually increasemdashUnitedStates involvement in Vietnam Thebuildup included both groundtroops and an air campaign

United States Marines landed near Da NangSouth Vietnam on March 8 1965 During the nextthree years the number of American troops inVietnam increased sharply About 180000 sol-diers were in Vietnam by the end of 1965 almost400000 by the end of 1966 and more than 500000by 1968

The United States also unleashed an intensebombing campaign called Operation RollingThunder Some planes attacked the Ho ChiMinh Trail a network of roads paths andbridges that wound from North Vietnamthrough Cambodia and Laos into South Viet-nam North Vietnamese troops used this route tobring equipment south Other planes targetedbridges docks factories and military bases inthe North

The bombing increased in intensity from 1965through 1968 By then American planes haddropped more bombs on North Vietnam thanthey had dropped on Germany Italy and Japanduring World War II

Fighting the WarThe American troops found fighting a ground

war in Vietnam difficult Dense jungles muddytrails and swampy rice paddies hampered troop


More than 7500 American nurses served duringthe Vietnam conflict

AJ-874

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18170985

875

movement The South Vietnamese army didnot always fight effectively As the Vietcongguerrillas blended with the population Amer-ican soldiers found it hard to tell friends andenemies apart

The American forces began to conduct search-and-destroy missions The goal was to seek outVietcong or North Vietnamese units and destroythem The Americans hoped to eventually defeatthe Communists or force them to negotiate

Ground troops coordinated their moves withair support Patrols on the ground radioed theirlocation and helicopter gunships roared to the scene to blast the enemy with cannon and machine-gun fire

Planes bombed areas of South Vietnam inan effort to drive guerrillas from their junglecover Both sides used planes to drop napalman explosive that burned intensely to destroyjungle growth North Vietnamese and Vietcong

forces also used napalm in flamethrowersdevices that expel fuel or a burning stream ofliquids To improve visibility chemical herbi-cides were sprayed in Vietnam to clear outforests and tall grasses One herbicide AgentOrange is believed to have contaminated manyAmericans and Vietnamese causing serioushealth problems

Frustration GrowsThe bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail and

the North did not stop the constant flow oftroops and equipment south Neither did itbreak the morale of the North Vietnamese Asone of their leaders later said

ldquoThe Americans thought that the more bombsthey dropped the quicker we would fall to ourknees and surrender But the bombs heightenedrather than dampened our spiritrdquo

A wounded American soldier reaches for a fallen comrade How many Americantroops were in Vietnam by late 1967

History

AJ-875

null

973834

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the following terms

in sentences or short paragraphsVietcong coup escalate Relatethem by using two or more of theterms in each sentence or paragraph

2 Reviewing Facts How many Ameri-can troops were in Vietnam by theend of 1965

Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections How did Presi-

dent Johnson gain congressionalapproval to use American forces inVietnam

Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences Explain how

Americansrsquo view of communisminfluenced policy to support SouthVietnam

5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and explain thepurpose of the military strategies

Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Examine the pho-

tograph on page 875 Write a captionexpressing what you think the soldieris saying to his fallen comrade


Research and Sequencing Usebooks magazines and newspapersto learn about the plight of Ameri-can POWs (prisoners of war) andMIAs (soldiers missing in action) inVietnam Make a time line to showwhat the government and privatecitizens have done on their behalf

Strategy Purpose

Search-and-destroy missions

Operation RollingThunder

American troops advanced into rice paddiesjungles and small villages and killed scores of Vietcong Yet the next day the same area had tobe attacked again

American soldiers grew frustrated Philip Caputo a young marine lieutenant recalled thechanging attitude

ldquoWhen we marched into the rice paddies onthat damp March afternoon we carried alongwith our packs and rifles the implicit convictionsthat the Vietcong could be quickly beaten We keptthe packs and rifles the convictions we lostrdquo

Debate in the White HouseOfficials in the Johnson administration saw

the mounting Communist losses and believed atfirst that the United States could succeed As thewar dragged on however some governmentofficials saw a gloomier situation Secretary ofDefense McNamara began to argue that theground war and the air attacks had failed andthat the war could not be won Outside thenationrsquos capital opposition to the war grewSoon it swelled to anger

Identifying What is Agent OrangeWhat are its effects

Military ID tags commonlycalled dog tags included the wearerrsquos name branch of service blood type and religion if desired by the wearer

The search-and-destroy missions killed thousands of North Vietnamese and Vietcongtroopsmdashbut the troops always seemed to bereplaced What Ho Chi Minh had said to theFrench became true again

ldquoYou can kill ten of my men for every one Ikill of yours But even at those odds you willlose and I will winrdquo

AJ-876

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883455

877

October 1967War protesters marchon Pentagon

April 1968Dr Martin Luther King Jris assassinated

June 1968Robert F Kennedy is assassinated

November 1968Richard Nixon wins presidency

Main IdeaMany Americans opposed the nationrsquosinvolvement in Vietnam Many othersbelieved that US leaders were notdoing enough to win the war

Key Termscounterculture deferment dovehawk credibility gap silent majority

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and state how you think people known as doves and hawksdiffered on these issues

Read to Learnbull what factors contributed to the rise

of the protest movementbull how Americans at home responded

to the war in Vietnam

Section ThemeContinuity and Change As the warcontinued disagreement over thenationrsquos role in Vietnam grew

The VietnamYears at Home


The Draft Escalation

Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969

As the Vietnam War dragged on Americans became divided over the US presencein that country Even reporters showed their biases when they covered the antiwardemonstrations at the Pentagon in 1967 On one hand older reporters who stoodbehind the police wrote about radicals storming the Pentagon On the other side of thepolice barricade younger reporters wrote about the brutality of the US Marshals Eachside of the generation gap firmly believed that its version of the story was correct

The Youth ProtestWhile fighting raged in Vietnam the American people disagreed sharply

over the war Prowar and antiwar groups attacked each other with mountinganger Antiwar demonstrators called President Johnson and his supportersldquokillersrdquo Supporters of the war referred to the protesters as ldquotraitorsrdquo The warseemed to split Americamdashand much of the division resulted from what peoplecalled the generation gap

Demonstration atthe Pentagon

AJ-877

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6671723

As United States involvement in the warincreased so did opposition to it Some Ameri-cans felt that the conflict in Vietnam was a civilwar and should not involve the United StatesOthers were concerned that the cost of Americarsquoscommitment to Vietnam was hurting domesticprograms All condemned the devastation of thecountryside and lives lost during the course ofthe war

Many who opposed the war were part of thecounterculture a movement that rejected tradi-tional American values Some common symbolsof the counterculturemdashtorn blue jeans and longhair for malesmdasharoused opposition from parentsPopular music played a role in communicatingthe ideas of the counterculture

Other parts of the counterculture representeda more serious challenge to traditional middle-class values Some young people refused to fol-low customary social roles of study work andfamily They aimed to reject aspects of Americansocietymdashthe competition for material goods andpersonal success

Opposition to the DraftStudent protests targeted the selective service

systemmdashthe draft that supplied soldiers for thewar The law required all men to register for thedraft when they reached age 18 Opposition tothe draft had two sources

Those strongly opposed to American involve-ment in Vietnam believed that by forcing an endto the draft they could halt the supply of soldiersneeded to fight there Others called the draftunfair Draft boards had the power to give

people deferments that excused them from thedraft for various reasons Full-time studentsattending collegemdashmostly from the middleclassmdashreceived such deferments As a result anincreasing percentage of soldiers came frompoor or working-class families Many whoopposed the draft argued that deferments dis-criminated against the poor

Some protesters became conscientiousobjectors claiming that their moral or religiousbeliefs prevented them from fighting in thewar Other protesters showed their oppositionby burning their draft cardsmdashtheir militaryregistration forms Congress responded with alaw making the burning of draft cards a crime

Doves and HawksStudents and other opponents of the Vietnam

War came to be called doves Supporters of thewar became known as hawks

Across the nation more and more Americanscame to view the war unfavorably Somethought the United States should not be fight-ing in Vietnam Others opposed the way thegovernment conducted the war Both hawks and doves criticized President Johnson for hishandling of the war in Vietnam and hisapproval rating declined dramatically

The War Loses SupportAs opposition to the war mounted the oppo-

nents staged larger demonstrations In October1967 more than 50000 people marched to thePentagonmdashheadquarters of the Defense Depart-mentmdashto protest the war

Attacks by opponents of the war grewsharper and more bitter The Secret Servicecharged with guarding President Johnsonfeared for his safety and urged him not to speakin public He began to appear only beforecrowds known to be sympathetic

The president had often urged people to cometogether to discuss issues calmly ldquoLet us reasontogetherrdquo he had said By 1968 Americansshowed less willingness to talk reasonably andviolent events often overtook discussion

Explaining What are draft defer-ments Who received them


Texas business executive H Ross Perot attempted to deliver food medicine mail and clothing to US prisoners of war in Vietnam

AJ-878

null

2037071


1968mdashYear of CrisisThe year 1968 opened with a shock for the

American people On January 23 North Koreanboats seized the USS Pueblo a navy spy shipcruising in international waters off the coast ofKorea The news that a foreign country had cap-tured an American ship and its crew shockedthe nation

The next week brought another staggeringblow as North Vietnam launched a major seriesof attacks in South Vietnam As Americans soonlearned 1968 would be a long dramatic andvery difficult year

The Tet OffensiveOn January 31 1968 the North Vietnamese

and Vietcong launched a series of attacksthroughout South Vietnam The attacks whichbegan on the Vietnamese new yearmdashTetmdashbecame known as the Tet offensive Tet markeda turning point in the Vietnam War

The Tet offensive targeted American militarybases and South Vietnamrsquos major cities Viet-cong troops raided the United States embassy inSaigon the capital The Vietcong also struck inHue the ancient capital of Vietnam and foughtfor almost a month

All across South Vietnam Americans andSouth Vietnamese troops fought bravely toretake the cities They finally drove the Vietcongback and inflicted thousands of casualties Theenormous losses that the Vietcong suffered

forced North Vietnam to take over a larger shareof the fighting In military terms the Americansand the South Vietnamese won the battle

Impact Back HomeIn the United States however the Tet offen-

sive turned many more Americans against thewarmdashand against President Johnson The sightof Vietcong guerrillas killing Americans in theembassy shocked television viewers The manydays needed to defeat the assault on Hue under-mined the armyrsquos statements about the UnitedStates winning the war

Major newspapers and magazines openlycriticized the Johnson administrationrsquos conductof the war The Wall Street Journal wrote ldquoTheAmerican people should be getting ready toaccept the prospect that the whole Vietnameffort may be doomedrdquo

Most Americans seemed to agree Fewer peo-ple believed that the army was making progressin the war More people believed that the armywas losing ground The Johnson administrationdeveloped a credibility gapmdashfewer peopletrusted its statements about the war

As opposition to the war grew President John-son faced challenges in his own party In late 1967Democratic senator Eugene McCarthy of Min-nesota had announced that he would run for thepartyrsquos nomination for the presidency as a protestagainst the war Not well known McCarthyseemed to have little chance of winning In theMarch 12 primary in New Hampshire however

879

Reacting against the antiwar demonstrations many Americanscountered with demonstrations in support of American troops

AJ-879

null

17157336


Should We Be Fighting the Vietnam War

As the war in Vietnam dragged on political support for it began to evaporate While government politicians coaxed Americans to support goals of liberty and democracy antiwar protesters counted the corpses sent home and argued that the war was useless


880

Walter Cronkite news broadcaster after the Tet offensive February 27 1968We have too often been disappointed by the opti-mism of the American leaders both in Vietnam andWashington to have faith any longer in the silver lin-ings they find in the darkest clouds To say thatwe are closer to victory today is to believe in theface of evidence the optimists who have beenwrong in the past To suggest we are on the edgeof defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimismTo say that we are mired in stalemate seems theonly realistic yet unsatisfactory conclusion [I]t is increasingly clear to this reporter that the onlyrational way out then will be to negotiate not as victorsbut as an honorable people wholived up to their pledge todefend democracy and did the best they could

Learning From History1 What does Johnson mean by ldquodivi-

sion in the American houserdquo2 Why might Americans like Walter

Cronkite be frustrated with the war3 Do the presidentrsquos words seem real-

istic How might Cronkite respondto the presidentrsquos address

President Johnson addresses the nation March 31 1968

Tonight I renew the offer I made in Augustmdashto stop the bom-

bardment of North Vietnam We ask that talks begin promptly

that they be serious talks on the substance of peace

There is division in the American house now There is divisive-

ness among us all tonight And holding the trust that is mine as

President of all the people I cannot disregard the peril to the

progress of the American people and the hope and the prospect

of peace for all peoples

Accordingly I shall not seek and I will not accept the nomi-

nation of my party for another term as your President

But let men everywhere know however that a strong a con-

fident and a vigilant America stands ready tonight to seek an

honorable peacemdashand stands ready tonight to defend an hon-

ored causemdashwhatever the price whatever the burden what-

ever the sacrifices that duty may require

Walter Cronkite

McCarthy surprised everyone by taking 42 percent of the popular voteAlthough Johnson won the primaryMcCarthyrsquos strong showing indicatedwidespread opposition to the war

Later another antiwar candidateentered the race Robert F Kennedyattorney general during hisbrotherrsquos presidency and now a sen-ator from New York announcedthat he too would seek the Democ-ratic nomination

The President RespondsEvents in Vietnam and the growing

antiwar movement disturbed Presi-dent Johnson Following the Tet offen-sive the American commander inVietnam General William Westmore-land had requested still more troopsInstead of agreeing the presidentordered a reevaluation of the war Healso reevaluated his own campaignfor reelection in 1968

On March 31 1968 after consult-ing advisers President Johnsonappeared on television to announce aldquonew step toward peacerdquomdashhe wouldhalt the bombing of North Vietnamrsquoscities He asked North Vietnam for acomparable action so that peacenegotiations could begin

The president concluded hisspeech with a startling announce-ment He said ldquoI shall not seek andI will not accept the nomination ofmy party for another term as yourpresidentrdquo

Identifying Whatcandidates from President Johnsonrsquos ownparty challenged him

Violence EruptsA few days after Johnsonrsquos with-

drawal from the presidential racetragedy struck the nation A sniper inMemphis Tennessee shot and killed

AJ-880

null

99211876

Dr Martin Luther King Jr the leadingactivist in the civil rights movement

The King assassination triggered a rashof riots across the country Army troopswere called on to control unruly crowds invarious cities Already saddened byKingrsquos death Americans worried aboutthe renewed urban violence

While the nation agonized over unrestat home and war abroad the presidentialrace picked up speed Vice PresidentHubert H Humphrey joined EugeneMcCarthy and Robert Kennedy in seek-ing the Democratic nomination Kennedyedged out McCarthy in a number of pri-mary elections but McCarthy rebounded andscored a primary victory in Oregon Humphreymeanwhile avoided the primaries He gatheredsupport among Democratic Party leaders whoin some states chose the delegates

In early June 1968 Kennedy and McCarthyfaced each other in the primary election in Cali-fornia the state with the most delegates Thatnight after Kennedy won an assassin shot andkilled himmdashand the nation reeled with theshock of yet another assassination

The Democratic ConventionBy the time the Democrats held their conven-

tion in Chicago Humphrey appeared to haveenough votes to win the nomination As a long-time supporter of civil rights and labor causesHumphrey had considerable backing in hisparty As a supporter of Johnsonrsquos Vietnam pol-icy however Humphrey was linked to theprowar faction of the party

Antiwar Democrats felt angry and excludedfrom the convention Tension filled the air Whentrouble broke out though it did not occur asmuch in the convention hall as in the cityrsquos streets


Frustrated by the almost certain victory ofHumphrey thousands of antiwar activistsflocked to Chicago to protest Chicagorsquos mayorRichard J Daley feared violence from thedemonstrators and had the police out in forceThe police made some arrests the first twonights but no major problems developed

On the third day the antiwar protestersplanned to march to the convention site to protestHumphreyrsquos nomination Police blocked themarchers at the hall When the marchers headedin another direction the police stopped themagain The protesters began to pelt the police withsticks and bottles The police threw tear gas andcharged in wielding nightsticks They pursuedthose who fled beating some and arresting many

Humphrey won the Democratic nominationbut the violence outside and the anger within thehallmdashall shown on televisionmdashhad damaged hiscandidacy The Democrats appeared unable tocontrol their own convention Humphrey admit-ted ldquoChicago was a catastropherdquo

Identifying What two popular lead-ers were assassinated in 1968

881

History

After Robert Kennedyrsquos death in June 1968 a divided Demo-cratic convention met in Chicago Chicago mayor RichardDaley had barbed wire set up at the convention hall to keepout antiwar protesters How did most Americans react tothe violence in Chicago

AJ-881

null

16300436

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define counterculture

deferment dove hawk credibilitygap silent majority

2 Reviewing Facts What did conscien-tious objectors declare

Analyzing Themes3 Continuity and Change What was

the result of the 1968 presidentialelection

Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences How do you

think the credibility gap affectedJohnsonrsquos ability to be an effectivepresident

5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below andexplain why support for war in Viet-nam eroded

Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Look at the pho-

tographs on page 879 Write a para-graph to describe what is happening


Research Interview friends andrelatives who lived during the Viet-nam War era to see how people inyour community reacted to theconflict Present an oral report ofyour findings

Support for the war effort falls

these people the ldquosilent majorityrdquo Declaringthat the ldquofirst civil right of every American is tobe free from domestic violencerdquo Nixon prom-ised a return to law and order

Nixon remained vague on his views of Viet-nam He promised that he would achieve ldquopeacewith honorrdquo but he would not provide details of his plan

During the election campaign Nixon sought towin some of the traditionally Democratic South-ern states with the law-and-order issue ThisldquoSouthern strategyrdquo paid off Although Wallacedid take five Southern states and 46 electoralvotes Nixon won seven Southern states and their78 electoral votes

Nixon WinsThe popular vote was close Nixon edged out

Humphrey by about 500000 votesmdasha differenceof less than 1 percent In the electoral vote how-ever Nixon won a solid majoritymdash301 votes toHumphreyrsquos 191

Nixon entered the presidency with the votesof only 434 percent of the people Nixon andWallace together however had won almost 57percent of the vote It seemed that a substantialmajority of Americans wanted the governmentto restore order

Identifying What presidential can-didate provided a strong third-party challenge in 1968

Election of 1968A majority of Americans disapproved of the

police action in Chicago but at the same timestrongly opposed the actions of the protestersThe years of protest and dissent had taken theirtoll and a backlash had set in Most Americansfervently wished for a return to ldquolaw and orderrdquo

The Wallace CandidacyOne presidential candidate who used the ldquolaw

and orderrdquo theme was Governor George C Wal-lace of Alabama Running as a third-party candi-date Wallace promised to crack down onldquolong-hair draft card-burning youthrdquo In addi-tion he criticized efforts to integrate schools bybusing students and ridiculed ldquopointy-headedrdquobureaucrats in Washington for telling people howto run their lives

Wallacersquos tough stand on law and order andhis appeal to racial fears attracted many votersSome political reporters predicted Wallace couldwin as much as 20 percent of the vote

The ldquoSilent MajorityrdquoThe Republican presidential nominee former

vice president Richard M Nixon also tried totap into votersrsquo growing conservative sentimentNixon pledged to represent the ldquoquiet voicerdquo ofthe ldquogreat majority of Americans the non-shouters the nondemonstratorsrdquo He called

AJ-882

null

15109135

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 883

Building a DatabaseWhy Learn This Skill

Have you ever collected baseball cards orcataloged the CDs in your collection Haveyou ever kept a list of the names andaddresses of your friends and relatives Ifyou have collected information and keptsome sort of list or file then you have cre-ated a database

Learning the SkillAn electronic database is a collection of

facts that are stored in files on the computerThe information is organized in fields

A database can be organized and reorgan-ized in any way that is useful to you By usinga database management system (DBMS)mdashspecial software developed for record keep-ingmdashyou can easily add delete change orupdate information You give commands tothe computer telling it what to do with theinformation and it follows your commandsWhen you want to retrieve information the computersearches through the files finds the information anddisplays it on the screen

Practicing the SkillRichard M Nixon is one of the presidents dis-cussed in this chapter Follow these steps to builda database of the political and cultural events thattook place during his presidency

1 Determine what facts you want to include in yourdatabase

2 Follow instructions in the DBMS you are using toset up fields Then enter each item of data intoits assigned field

3 Determine how you want to organize the facts inthe databasemdashchronologically by the date of theevent or alphabetically by the name of the event

4 Follow the instructions in your computer pro-gram to place the information in order of importance

5 Check that the information in your database isall correct If necessary add delete or changeinformation or fields

Applying the SkillBuilding a Database Bring current newspapersto class Using the steps just described build adatabase of political figures mentioned in thenewspapers Explain to a partner why the databaseis organized the way it is and how it might be usedin this class

TechnologyTechnology

Nixon greets well-wishers at a campaign rally

AJ-883

null

13301286

June 1969Nixon begins to withdrawtroops from Vietnam

April 1970Nixon sends troops to Cambodia

May 1970Six students killed at KentState and Jackson State

January 1973Paris peace accords end USinvolvement in Vietnam

Main IdeaPresident Nixon put a plan in place to train and equip South Vietnamesesoldiers to take the place of Americantroops

Key TermsVietnamization martial law MIAs

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and identify three strategiesNixon used to end the war

Read to Learnbull what steps Nixon took to end the

war in Vietnambull what the costs of the Vietnam War

were

Section ThemeContinuity and Change PresidentNixon changed the strategy of theconflict that included intense bombingand Vietnamization

Nixon and Vietnam

President Nixonrsquos inauguration in January 1969 took place on a cold gloomy dayHundreds of demonstrators chanting antiwar slogans and holding anti-Nixon postersstood along Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC At one point Nixonrsquos limousinewas pelted with sticks stones and bottles Offended by this behavior World War II veterans shouted at the demonstrators labeling the protesters ldquocommunistsrdquo and ldquotraitorsrdquo This marked the first time an inaugural parade was disrupted in the 180years of the presidency

A New StrategyIn his Inaugural Address in January 1969 Richard M Nixon appealed to the

American people for calm

ldquoWe cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one anothermdashuntilwe speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voicesrdquo

Nixon inauguralbutton


Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

Nixon had campaigned on a pledge of ldquopeacewith honorrdquo in Vietnam He wanted to pullAmerican forces out of Vietnam but he did notwant American withdrawal to be seen as a signof defeat Nixonrsquos strategy of peace with honorhad three partsmdashreform of the selective servicesystem giving South Vietnam more responsibil-ity in fighting the war and expanding the bomb-ing campaign

Under President Nixon the selective servicesystem changed College students could no longerobtain draft deferments only 19-year-olds couldbe called for service in Vietnam and drafteeswould be chosen by lottery on the basis of theirbirthday Protests against the draft faded withthese reforms because the government began call-ing up fewer young men and because PresidentNixon promised to eliminate the selective servicein the future

President Nixon started withdrawing Ameri-can troops from Vietnam in June 1969 He didnot however want to abandon South Vietnam tothe Communists By the end of the year Nixonhad developed his plan of Vietnamization andannounced it to the American people Viet-namization called for the army of South Vietnamto take a more active role in fighting the warmdashand for Americans to become less involvedWhile stepping up the training of South Viet-namese soldiers American ground troops wouldgradually withdraw from the country

When Nixon took office in Jan-uary 1969 more than 540000American troops were in Viet-nam By the end of 1970 thenumber had fallen to 334000 andby 1971 to about 60000

In the third part of his Viet-nam policy Nixon expanded thebombing campaign Hoping torelieve pressure on troops inSouth Vietnam the presidentordered the bombing of enemysupply routes and hideouts inneighboring Cambodia andLaos Although the Nixonadministration sought publicityfor changes to the draft and the

withdrawal of troops it kept the bombing ofCambodia secret

Explaining Why did the USexpand its bombing campaign

Renewed Opposition at HomeA new round of antiwar demonstrations

began in late 1969 reflecting the growing senti-ment for ending the war In October more than300000 people took part in an antiwar protest inWashington DC

The government also tried to end the warthrough peace talks with North Vietnam HenryKissinger the presidentrsquos national securityadviser represented the United States in the Paris talks The United States had launchedthe bombing campaign to persuade the NorthVietnamese to agree to settlement terms but theNorth Vietnamese adopted a wait-and-see atti-tude They believed that the strength of the anti-war movement in the United States would forcethe Americans to withdraw

The new antiwar protests and North Vietnamrsquosunyielding attitude alarmed President Nixon Inhis speech on Vietnamization in November heappealed to the ldquosilent majorityrdquo of Americansfor support for his policy ldquoNorth Vietnam cannotdefeat or humiliate the United Statesrdquo he saidldquoOnly Americans can do thatrdquo

Expanding the WarFurther conflict gripped

Southeast Asia when Cam-bodia plunged into a civil warbetween Communist and non-Communist forces Nixondecided in April 1970 to sendAmerican troops to destroyCommunist bases in Cambodia

The attack aroused outragein Congress and elsewhere Bysending American troops toCambodia critics chargedNixon invaded a neutral coun-try and overstepped his consti-tutional authority as president


American soldiers on patrol

AJ-885

null

21217162

My Lai massacreMarch 16 1968

Invasion of CambodiaMay 1ndashJune 29 1970

December 1972 Giant B-52 bomberspowered by jet engines were among the

aircraft used to fly more than 2000 missions againstNorth Vietnam in the Christmas bombing It was themost concentrated bombing of the warmdashand in history

Invasion of LaosFeb 8ndashMarch 1971

N

S

EW

200 kilometers0Miller Cylindrical projection

200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang

17th ParallelDemilitarized Line


Throughout the war United States troops and the government ofSouth Vietnam controlled the major cities1 Location Along what line of latitude did the demilita-

rized zone run2 Analyzing Information Through which countries did

the Ho Chi Minh Trail run

Opposition to the War

United States Troops in Vietnam 1965mdash1973

United States in the Vietnam War

Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

YearSource The Gallup Poll Public Opinion

Source Statistical Abstract of the United States

Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive

1969 Firstwithdrawalof US troops

1973 Cease-fire signed

1965 US escalatesinvolvement

Major US andSouth Vietnamesetroop movements

Major NorthVietnamesesupply lines

US bases

The Vietnam War

887

Kent StateThe Cambodian invasion provoked a storm of

antiwar protests on campuses across the nationMost proceeded peacefully However twoprotests ended in tragedy

At a protest at Kent State University in KentOhio students burned a military building oncampus Ohiorsquos governor declared martial lawmdashemergency military rulemdashon the campus andordered 3000 National Guard troops to Kent

On May 4 armed troops arrived on campusEighteen-year-old Leone Keegan a freshmanremembered going to class that morning

ldquoI saw all these young men in uniformsstanding on the street corners with their riflesand I was thinking What is thisrdquo

At noon students gathered for a protest rallyon the campus lawn The National Guard mem-bersmdashyoung inexperienced and nervousmdashtoldthe protesting students to leave ldquoEvacuate thearea You have no right to assemblerdquo theyshouted through bullhorns The studentsshouted back ldquoWe donrsquot want your warrdquo Somestudents threw stones

The troops shot tear gas toward the studentsmany students ran One National Guard unitchased some students between two buildings

Thenmdashfor reasons that are unclearmdashthe troopsopened fire ldquo [T]heyrsquore killing usrdquo screamedone student in disbelief Four students weredead and at least nine more were wounded

Jackson StateViolence flared again on May 15 at the nearly

all-African American college of Jackson State inMississippi Following a night of campus vio-lence two students were shot and killed Wit-nesses charged that the police had recklesslyblasted the residence hall with shotguns Thepolice claimed they were protecting themselvesfrom sniper fire

A wave of student strikes followed thetragedies at Kent State and Jackson State Hun-dreds of colleges and universities suspendedclasses or closed down completely

The president took a hard line The Kent Stateshootings he said ldquoshould remind us onceagain that when dissent turns to violence itinvites tragedyrdquo A commission that investigatedevents at Kent State found that the shootingswere unjustified A majority of Americans how-ever seemed to agree with the president

Identifying Who represented theUnited States in the Paris talks

A stunned woman kneelsbeside the body of a studentkilled at Kent State Whatevent sparked the studentunrest at Kent State

History


AJ-887

null

14011887

ldquoPeace Is at HandrdquoMeanwhile the Nixon administration contin-

ued to negotiate with representatives of theNorth Vietnamese government These talksstalled however

In March 1972 the North Vietnameselaunched another major offensive in the SouthBecause the United States had few troops left inVietnam Nixon resumed bombing Nixonordered American planes to bomb targets nearHanoi the capital of North Vietnam He alsoordered the navy to plant mines in North Viet-namese harbors

The president stopped insisting that NorthVietnam remove all its troops from South Vietnam before a full American withdrawalNixon sent Henry Kissinger to negotiate In the fall of 1972mdashjust before the presidentialelection in the United Statesmdashthey reached atentative agreement ldquoPeace is at handrdquoKissinger announced

His statement came too soon The agreementcollapsed because the South Vietnamese presi-dent objected to allowing North Vietnameseforces to remain in South Vietnam

Paris Peace AccordsAfter his reelection Nixon unleashed Ameri-

can airpower against North Vietnam In Decem-ber 1972 the heaviest bombardment of the warfell on North Vietnamrsquos cities provoking out-rage in the United States and abroad

Nixon stood firm and North Vietnamreturned to the peace talks The Americans pres-sured the South Vietnamese to accept the peaceterms On January 27 1973 the negotiatorssigned the peace agreement

The United States agreed to pull its remain-ing troops out of the country The North Viet-namese agreed to return all American prisonersof war While the Paris peace accords endedAmerican involvement in Vietnam they didnot end the conflict

The War EndsThe North Vietnamese never abandoned their

goal of unifying Vietnam under their control Inearly 1975 they launched a final major offensiveThe weakened South Vietnamese army col-lapsed suddenly on all fronts Within a fewweeks North Vietnamese tanks reached the out-skirts of Saigon


The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC designedby Maya Lin carries the names of more than 58000 Americanswho died in Vietnam Why do you think this memorialhas such an impact on those who see it

History

AJ-888

null

11995203

As North Vietnamese forces closed in onSaigon the last Americans scrambled to escapethe country some by helicopter from the roof ofthe American embassy Thousands of Viet-namese citizens who had supported or workedfor the Americans also fled to the United StatesMany more could not escape In the early hoursof April 30 1975 Saigon fell to the CommunistsSoon after South Vietnam surrendered Thelong war was over

Analyzing What was the result ofthe Paris peace agreements

Legacy of the WarThe Vietnam War took a staggering toll

of life and suffering More than one million Viet-namesemdashcivilians as well as soldiers on one sideor the othermdashdied between 1965 and the end ofthe conflict Vietnam lay in ruins with many vil-lages destroyed

More than 58000 Americans were dead300000 were wounded many of them perma-nently disabled The United States had pouredmore than $150 billion into the war

About 27 million Americans had served inVietnam Unlike the veterans of World War IIthey found no herorsquos welcome when theyreturned home Many Americans simply wantedto forget the war They paid little attention tothose who had fought and sacrificed in Vietnam

CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era 889

June 1969 April 1975

The relatives of theAmerican soldiers whohad been classified asmissing in action or as MIAs continued todemand that the gov-ernment press the Viet-namese for informationThe Vietnamese didallow a number of American groups to searchthe countryside As the years passed howeverthe likelihood of finding anyone alive faded

A Step Toward HealingThe construction of the Vietnam Veterans

Memorial in Washington DC provided a steptoward healing the countryrsquos wounds Designedby Maya Ying Lin the striking memorial is a pol-ished black granite wall in the shape of a privatersquosstripes It bears the names of all the Americanswho died or were missing in action in the conflict

When they visit the wall families friendsand comrades in war seek out the names ofthose who fought in Vietnam and did not returnSince the memorial was dedicated in 1982 visi-tors have left thousands of keepsakes andremembrances there The flowers letterspoems and pictures left at the wall pay a proudand moving tribute to the Americans who diedin the service of their country

Identifying What are MIAs

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 30mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on the Viet-nam War

Expository Writing Imagine youare a reporter during the Vietnamera Research and write a newsstory on an aspect of the war thatyou find interesting Use creativeword choice and expression

Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define Vietnamization

martial law MIAs2 Reviewing Facts Why did Nixonrsquos

actions in Cambodia anger manypeople

Analyzing Themes3 Global Connections Explain the

process of Vietnamization Who proposed this plan

Critical Thinking 4 Drawing Conclusions Do you think

Nixon succeeded in attaining ldquopeacewith honorrdquo Explain

5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe time line below and identify keydates and events in the Vietnam Warduring the Nixon presidency


on page 886 Where was the demili-tarized zone located














HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use all of the following terms to writesentences relating to the information in the chapter1 flexible response 5 escalate2 hot line 6 deferment3 Vietcong 7 Vietnamization4 domino theory 8 MIAs

Reviewing Key Facts9 Why did the Soviets build the Berlin Wall

10 Why did President Kennedy blockade Cuba11 In what way did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution extend

President Johnsonrsquos power12 What is Agent Orange13 What was the Tet offensive

Critical Thinking14 Comparing Why do you think most Americans sup-

ported the war effort during World War II but manydid not support the Vietnam War

15 Drawing Conclusions President Johnson made thedecision not to run for reelection in 1968 Determinewhether you believe that President Johnsonrsquos decisionwas a good one or a bad one for the country On adiagram like the one shown write at least three rea-sons to support your decision

Practicing Skills16 Using a Database Prepare a database of the major bat-

tles of the Vietnam War involving United States troopsAt your local library research to find information aboutthe sites of the battles who the commanding officerwas how many American soldiers were killed orwounded at the sites and how many North Vietnamesewere killed or wounded Share your database with therest of your class

The Vietnam Era

Reasons why LBJ should or

should not run

1954 1957bull Geneva Accords divide bull Soviet Union launches

Vietnam Sputnik

1959 1961bull Civil War begins in bull Bay of Pigs invasion fails

Vietnam bull Berlin Wall erected

1962bull Cuban Missile crisis occurs

1963bull John F Kennedy is assassinatedbull Lyndon B Johnson sworn in as president

1964bull Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed

1967bull More than 500000 US troops in Vietnambull War protesters march on Pentagon

1968bull North Korea captures USS Pueblobull North Vietnamese launch Tet offensivebull Dr Martin Luther King Jr is assassinatedbull Robert Kennedy is assassinatedbull Violence erupts at Democratic convention in Chicagobull Richard Nixon wins presidency

1969bull Neil Armstrong walks on the moonbull Nixon begins to withdraw troops from Vietnam

1970bull Nixon sends troops to Cambodiabull Six students killed at Kent State and Jackson State

1973bull Paris peace accords end US involvement in Vietnam

Self-Check QuizVisit The American Journey Web site at tajglencoecom and click on Chapter XXmdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test

HISTORY


Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question

What happened in Vietnam after the last Americantroops left

A The process of Vietnamization beganB South Vietnam surrendered to North VietnamC The two sides met at ParisD President Johnson decided not to seek a

second term

Test-Taking Tip

Be aware of the order of events asked about in aquestion This question asks about events in Vietnam

after the United States pulled out Choice A isan event that occurred before the pull out

Standardized Test Practice

Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 30mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test

HISTORY

Geography and History ActivityStudy the two maps on this page then answer the questionsthat follow

Striped areas indicatedivided electoral vote

Striped area indicatesdivided electoral vote

17 Region In what regions of the country did Kennedyreceive the strongest support in the 1960 election Inwhich regions was support for Kennedy weakest

18 Region What regions supported Nixon in 1960 In 196819 Region Explain why you agree or disagree with the fol-

lowing The Northeast was Nixonrsquos strongest region in1968

Citizenship Cooperative Activity20 Individual Involvement With two other students

research to find what opportunities exist in your commu-nity for individual involvement on issues For exampledoes your community have a recycling program Find outwhat you might do to assist in these efforts Report yourfindings to the class

Alternative Assessment21 Portfolio Writing Activity United States involvement in

Vietnam officially ended in 1973 What effects of the warare still part of American life Write a paragraph dis-cussing what these effects are

Candidate ElectoralVote

PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None

The Election of 1968The Election of 1960

The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition

Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science

How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards

How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science

The Illinois Constitution A Summary

Table of Contents

Previewing Your Textbook

Scavenger Hunt

How Do I Study History

The Structure of Illinois Government

Constitution Test Practice

Reading Skills Handbook

Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary

Reading for a Reason

Understanding What You Read

Thinking About Your Reading

Understanding Text Structure

Reading for Research

National Geographic Reference Atlas

United States Political

United States Physical

United States Territorial Growth

North America Physical

North America Political

Middle East PhysicalPolitical

World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography

How Do I Study Geography

How Do I Use Maps

How Does Geography Influence History

Geographic Dictionary

Be an Active Reader

Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625

Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492

Section 1 Early Peoples

Section 2 Cities and Empires

Section 3 North American Peoples

Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities

Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625

Section 1 A Changing World

Section 2 Early Exploration

Section 3 Spain in America

Section 4 Exploring North America


Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770

Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770

Section 1 Early English Settlements

Section 2 New England Colonies

Section 3 Middle Colonies

Section 4 Southern Colonies


Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770

Section 1 Life in the Colonies

Section 2 Government Religion and Culture

Section 3 France and Britain Clash

Section 4 The French and Indian War


Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791

Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776

Section 1 Taxation Without Representation

Section 2 Building Colonial Unity

Section 3 A Call to Arms

Section 4 Moving Toward Independence

The Declaration of Independence


Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783

Section 1 The Early Years

Section 2 The War Continues

Section 3 The War Moves West and South

Section 4 The War Is Won


Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790

Section 1 The Articles of Confederation

Section 2 Convention and Compromise

Section 3 A New Plan of Government


Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook

Section 1 The Constitution

Section 2 The Federal Government

Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities

Handbook Assessment

The Constitution of the United States

Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825

Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800

Section 1 The First President

Section 2 Early Challenges

Section 3 The First Political Parties


Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816

Section 1 The Republicans Take Power

Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase

Section 3 A Time of Conflict

Section 4 The War of 1812


Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825

Section 1 Economic Growth

Section 2 Westward Bound

Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism


Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860

Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845

Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy

Section 2 Conflicts Over Land

Section 3 Jackson and the Bank


Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853

Section 1 The Oregon Country

Section 2 Independence for Texas

Section 3 War with Mexico

Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah


Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860

Section 1 The Norths Economy

Section 2 The Norths People

Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom

Section 4 The Souths People


Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860

Section 1 Social Reform

Section 2 The Abolitionists

Section 3 The Womens Movement


Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896

Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861

Section 1 Slavery and the West

Section 2 A Nation Dividing

Section 3 Challenges to Slavery

Section 4 Secession and War


Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865

Section 1 The Two Sides

Section 2 Early Years of the War

Section 3 A Call for Freedom

Section 4 Life During the Civil War

Section 5 The Way to Victory


Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896

Section 1 Reconstruction Plans

Section 2 Radicals in Control

Section 3 The South During Reconstruction

Section 4 Change in the South


Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914

Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896

Section 1 The Mining Booms

Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers

Section 3 Native American Struggles

Section 4 Farmers in Protest


Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914

Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way

Section 2 Inventions

Section 3 An Age of Big Business

Section 4 Industrial Workers


Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914

Section 1 The New Immigrants

Section 2 Moving to the City

Section 3 A Changing Culture


Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920

Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920

Section 1 The Progressive Movement

Section 2 Women and Progressives

Section 3 Progressive Presidents

Section 4 Excluded from Reform


Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917

Section 1 Expanding Horizons

Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific

Section 3 Spanish-American War

Section 4 Latin American Policies


Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919

Section 1 War in Europe

Section 2 Americas Road to War

Section 3 Americans Join the Allies

Section 4 The War at Home

Section 5 Searching for Peace


Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945

Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929

Section 1 Time of Turmoil

Section 2 Desire for Normalcy

Section 3 A Booming Economy

Section 4 The Roaring Twenties


Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941

Section 1 The Great Depression

Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal

Section 3 Life During the Depression

Section 4 Effects of the New Deal


Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945

Section 1 Road to War

Section 2 War Begins

Section 3 On the Home Front

Section 4 War in Europe and Africa

Section 5 War in the Pacific


Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975

Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954

Section 1 Cold War Origins

Section 2 Postwar Politics

Section 3 The Korean War

Section 4 The Red Scare


Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960

Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House

Section 2 1950s Prosperity

Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty


Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973

Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement

Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson

Section 3 The Struggle Continues

Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights


Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975

Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy

Section 2 War in Vietnam

Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home

Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam


Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent

Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981

Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy

Section 2 Nixon and Watergate

Section 3 The Carter Presidency


Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent

Section 1 The Reagan Presidency

Section 2 The Bush Presidency

Section 3 A New Century

Section 4 The War on Terrorism


Appendix

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One

Primary Sources Library

Presidents of the United States

Documents of American History

Supreme Court Case Summaries

Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index

Acknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature Contents


Documents of Americas Heritage

More Abouthellip

What Life Was Likehellip

National Geographic Geography amp History

Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints

Technology and History

Linking Past amp Present

What Ifhellip

Hands-On History Lab Activity

TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History

Fact Fiction Folklore

Primary Source Quotes

Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student Edition



























































































































































Activity Workbook - Student Edition

Local history activities

Activity 1 The First Americans

Activity 2 Exploring the Americas

Activity 3 Colonial America

Activity 4 The Colonies Grow

Activity 5 Road to Independence

Activity 6 The American Revolution

Activity 7 A More Perfect Union

Activity 8 A New Nation

Activity 9 The Jefferson Era

Activity 10 Growth and Expansion

Activity 11 The Jackson Era

Activity 12 Manifest Destiny

Activity 13 North and South

Activity 14 The Age of Reform

Activity 15 Road to Civil War

Activity 16 The Civil War

Activity 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath

Activity 18 The Western Frontier

Activity 19 The Growth of Industry

Activity 20 Toward an Urban America

Activity 21 Progressive Reforms

Activity 22 Overseas Expansion

Activity 23 World War I

Activity 24 The Jazz Age

Activity 25 The Depression and FDR

Activity 26 World War II

Activity 27 The Cold War Era

Activity 28 America in the 1950s

Activity 29 The Civil Rights Era

Activity 30 The Vietnam Era

Activity 31 Search for Stability

Activity 32 New Challenges

Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition



























































































































































Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

Capiacutetulo 1 Los primeros habitantes de las Ameacutericas Prehistoria a 1492

Guiacutea de estudio 1-1 Los primeros pueblos

Guiacutea de estudio 1-2 Ciudades e imperios

Guiacutea de estudio 1-3 Pueblos norteamericanos

Capiacutetulo 2 La exploracioacuten de las Ameacutericas 1400ndash1625

Guiacutea de estudio 2-1 Un mundo cambiante

Guiacutea de estudio 2-2 Primeras exploraciones

Guiacutea de estudio 2-3 Espantildea en Ameacuterica

Guiacutea de estudio 2-4 Exploracioacuten de Norteameacuterica

Capiacutetulo 3 La Ameacuterica colonial 1587ndash1770

Guiacutea de estudio 3-1 Primeros asentamientos ingleses

Guiacutea de estudio 3-2 Colonias de Nueva Inglaterra

Guiacutea de estudio 3-3 Colonias del Centro

Guiacutea de estudio 3-4 Colonias del Sur

Capiacutetulo 4 El desarollo de las colonias 1607ndash1770

Guiacutea de estudio 4-1 La vida en las colonias

Guiacutea de estudio 4-2 Gobierno religioacuten y cultura

Guiacutea de estudio 4-3 Choque entre Francia e Inglaterra

Guiacutea de estudio 4-4 La guerra francesa e india

Capiacutetulo 5 El camino de la Independencia 1763ndash1776

Guiacutea de estudio 5-1 Impuestos sin representacioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 5-2 Formacioacuten de la unidad colonial

Guiacutea de estudio 5-3 Un llamado a las armas

Guiacutea de estudio 5-4 Avanzar hacia la independencia

Capiacutetulo 6 La Guerra de Independencia 1776ndash1783

Guiacutea de estudio 6-1 Los primeros antildeos

Guiacutea de estudio 6-2 La guerra continuacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 6-3 La guerra se mueve hacia el Oeste y el Sur

Guiacutea de estudio 6-4 La guerra se gana

Capiacutetulo 7 Una unioacuten maacutes perfecta 1777ndash1790

Guiacutea de estudio 7-1 Los artiacuteculos de la Confederacioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 7-2 Convencioacuten y compromiso

Guiacutea de estudio 7-3 Un nuevo plan de gobierno

Capiacutetulo 8 Una nueva Nacioacuten 1879ndash1800

Guiacutea de estudio 8-1 El primer presidente

Guiacutea de estudio 8-2 Primeros retos

Guiacutea de estudio 8-3 Los primeros partidos poliacuteticos

Capiacutetulo 9 La era de Jefferson 1800ndash1816

Guiacutea de estudio 9-1 Los republicanos toman el poder

Guiacutea de estudio 9-2 La compra de Louisiana

Guiacutea de estudio 9-3 Una eacutepoca de conflicto

Guiacutea de estudio 9-4 La guerra de 1812

Capiacutetulo 10 Crecimiento y expansioacuten 1790ndash1825

Guiacutea de estudio 10-1 Crecimiento econoacutemico

Guiacutea de estudio 10-2 Rumbo al Oeste

Guiacutea de estudio 10-3 Unidad y seccionalismo

Capiacutetulo 11 La era Jackson 1824ndash1845

Guiacutea de estudio 11-1 Democracia jacksoniana

Guiacutea de estudio 11-2 Conflictos por la tierra

Guiacutea de estudio 11-3 Jackson y el banco

Capiacutetulo 12 Destino manifiesto 1818ndash1853

Guiacutea de estudio 12-1 El paiacutes de Oregoacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 12-2 Independencia para Texas

Guiacutea de estudio 12-3 Guerra con Meacutexico

Guiacutea de estudio 12-4 Nuevos colonos en California y Utah

Capiacutetulo 13 El Norte y el Sur 1820ndash1860

Guiacutea de estudio 13-1 La economiacutea del Norte

Guiacutea de estudio 13-2 La gente del Norte

Guiacutea de estudio 13-3 El reino surentildeo del algodoacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 13-4 La gente del Sur

Capiacutetulo 14 La era de la reforma 1820ndash1860

Guiacutea de estudio 14-1 Reforma social

Guiacutea de estudio 14-2 Los abolicionistas

Guiacutea de estudio 14-3 El movimiento femenino

Capiacutetulo 15 Caminono a la Guerra Civil 1820ndash1861

Guiacutea de estudio 15-1 La esclavitud y el Oeste

Guiacutea de estudio 15-2 Una nacioacuten dividida

Guiacutea de estudio 15-3 Retos para la esclavitud

Guiacutea de estudio 15-4 Secesioacuten y guerra


Guiacutea de estudio 16-1 Los dos bandos

Guiacutea de estudio 16-2 Los primeros antildeos de la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 16-3 Un llamado a la libertad

Guiacutea de estudio 16-4 La vida durante la guerra civil

Guiacutea de estudio 16-5 El camino a la victoria

Capiacutetulo 17 La reconstruccioacuten y sus consecuencias 1865ndash1896

Guiacutea de estudio 17-1 Planes de reconstruccioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 17-2 Los radicales toman el control

Guiacutea de estudio 17-3 El Sur durante la reconstruccioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 17-4 Cambio en el Sur

Capiacutetulo 18 La frontera occidental 1858ndash1896

Guiacutea de estudio 18-1 El auge de la mineriacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 18-2 Rancheros y agricultores

Guiacutea de estudio 18-3 Luchas de los nativos americanos

Guiacutea de estudio 18-4 Protesta de los agricultores

Capiacutetulo 19 El crecimiento de la industria 1865ndash1914

Guiacutea de estudio 19-1 Los ferrocarriles ensentildean el camino

Guiacutea de estudio 19-2 Inventos

Guiacutea de estudio 19-3 Una era de grandes negocios

Guiacutea de estudio 19-4 Trabajadores industriales

Capiacutetulo 20 Hacia una Ameacuterica urbana 1865ndash1914

Guiacutea de estudio 20-1 Los nuevos inmigrantes

Guiacutea de estudio 20-2 Mudarse a la ciudad

Guiacutea de estudio 20-3 Una cultura cambiante

Capiacutetulo 21 Reformas progresistas 1877ndash1920

Guiacutea de estudio 21-1 El movimiento progresista

Guiacutea de estudio 21-2 Las mujeres y los progresistas

Guiacutea de estudio 21-3 Los presidentes progresistas

Guiacutea de estudio 21-4 Los excluidos de la reforma

Capiacutetulo 22 Expansioacuten extranjera 1865ndash1917

Guiacutea de estudio 22-1 Expansioacuten de horizontes

Guiacutea de estudio 22-2 Imperialismo en el Paciacutefico

Guiacutea de estudio 22-3 Guerra hispana-estadounidense

Guiacutea de estudio 22-4 Poliacuteticas latinoamericanas

Capiacutetulo 23 La Primera Guerra Mundial 1914ndash1919

Guiacutea de estudio 23-1 Guerra en Europa

Guiacutea de estudio 23-2 El camino de Estados Unidos hacia la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 23-3 Los estadounidenses se unen a los aliados

Guiacutea de estudio 23-4 La guerra en casa

Guiacutea de estudio 23-5 En busca de la paz

Capiacutetulo 24 La eacutepoca del jazz 1919ndash1929

Guiacutea de estudio 24-1 Tiempo de caos

Guiacutea de estudio 24-2 Deseo de normalidad

Guiacutea de estudio 24-3 Un auge de la economiacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 24-4 Los clamorosos antildeos veinte

Capiacutetulo 25 La Depresioacuten y FDR 1929ndash1941

Guiacutea de estudio 25-1 La Gran Depresioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 25-2 El Nuevo Trato de Roosevelt

Guiacutea de estudio 25-3 La vida durante la Depresioacuten

Guiacutea de estudio 25-4 Efectos del Nuevo Trato

Capiacutetulo 26 La Segunda Guerra Mundial 1939ndash1945

Guiacutea de estudio 26-1 El camino hacia la guerra

Guiacutea de estudio 26-2 La guerra empieza

Guiacutea de estudio 26-3 En el frente nacional

Guiacutea de estudio 26-4 Guerra en Europa y Aacutefrica

Guiacutea de estudio 26-5 Guerra en el Paciacutefico

Capiacutetulo 27 La Guerra Friacutea 1945ndash1954

Guiacutea de estudio 27-1 Oriacutegenes de la Guerra Friacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 27-2 Poliacutetica de posguerra

Guiacutea de estudio 27-3 La Guerra de Corea

Guiacutea de estudio 27-4 La amenaza roja

Capiacutetulo 28 Estados Unidos en la deacutecada de 1950 1953ndash1960

Guiacutea de estudio 28-1 Eisenhower en la Casa Blanca

Guiacutea de estudio 28-2 Prosperidad en los antildeos cincuenta

Guiacutea de estudio 28-3 Problemas en tiempos de abundancia

Capiacutetulo 29 La era de los derechos civiles 1954ndash1973

Guiacutea de estudio 29-1 El movimiento de los derechos civiles

Guiacutea de estudio 29-2 Kennedy y Johnson

Guiacutea de estudio 29-3 La lucha continuacutea

Guiacutea de estudio 29-4 Otros grupos buscan derechos

Capiacutetulo 30 La era de Vietnam 1960ndash1975

Guiacutea de estudio 30-1 Poliacutetica extranjera de Kennedy

Guiacutea de estudio 30-2 Guerra en Vietnam

Guiacutea de estudio 30-3 Los antildeos de Vietnam en casa

Guiacutea de estudio 30-4 Nixon y Vietnam

Capiacutetulo 31 En busca de estabilidad 1968ndash1981

UnGuiacutea de estudio 31-1 Poliacutetica extranjera de Nixontitled

Guiacutea de estudio 31-2 Nixon y Watergate

Guiacutea de estudio 31-3 La presidencia de Carter

Capiacutetulo 32 Nuevos retos 1981ndashPresente

Guiacutea de estudio 32-1 La presidencia de Reagan

Guiacutea de estudio 32-2 La presidencia de Bush

Guiacutea de estudio 32-3 Un nuevo siglo

Guiacutea de estudio 32-4 La guerra contra el terrorismo

Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition

Objectives Addressed in the Activities

Workbook Overview

Preparing for a Standardized Test

Activity 1 Arranging Events in Sequential Order

Activity 2 Interpreting Charts and Tables

Activity 3 Using Bar Graphs to Interpret Data

Activity 4 Using the Scale of Distance on a Map

Activity 5 Distinguishing Between Fact and Nonfact

Activity 6 Descriptive Writing About a Visual

Activity 7 Comparing and Contrasting

Activity 8 Making Inferences

Activity 9 Drawing Conclusions

Activity 10 Interpreting Diagrams

Activity 11 Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships

Activity 12 Outlining Information for Writing

Activity 13 Classifying Facts and Details

Activity 14 Recognizing Point of View

Activity 15 Detecting Bias

Activity 16 Evaluating the Consequences of Decisions

Activity 17 Identifying the Main Idea

Activity 18 Predicting Outcomes

Activity 19 Analyzing a Political Cartoon

Activity 20 Analyzing Statistics

Activity 21 Persuasive Writing About an Issue

Activity 22 Interpreting Primary Sources

Activity 23 Recognizing Forms of Propaganda

Activity 24 Forming Hypotheses

Activity 25 Identifying and Evaluating Evidence

Activity 26 Making Decisions

Activity 27 Writing a News Story

Activity 28 Interpreting Graphs

Activity 29 Making Generalizations

Activity 30 Writing to Inform an Audience

Activity 31 Developing a Process to Solve a Problem

Activity 32 Interpreting and Evaluating Editorials

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full available on OS X and Windows in Reader 601

Page Navigator

Exit

865

1969bull Armstrong walks on moon

1968bull North Vietnam

launches Tetoffensive

1970bull Civil War begins

in Cambodia

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 30mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information

Helping a Comrade Members of the First Marine Division carry a woundedmarine to safety during battle in South Vietnam


1972 19751969

Nixon1969ndash1974

1968bull Robert Kennedy assassinated

1970bull Kent State shootings

1975bull Vietnam War ends after fall

of Saigon

Ford1974ndash1977

1973bull Paris peace accords

end US involve-ment in Vietnam

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half fromside to side

Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it into thirds

Step 3 Unfold and label the foldable as shown

Step 4 Cut the top layer only along bothfold lines

This will makethree tabs

Sequencing Events Study Foldable Sequencethe actions of the United Stateslsquos presidents duringthe Vietnam War by making and using this foldable

Reading and Writing As you read the chapterrecord facts about the actions and policies of thepresidents in office during the Vietnam era Besure to also record the dates of these importantevents

JFK LBJ Nixon

JFK LBJ Nixon



















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1960 1965 1970

Response to Crises


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HO CHI MINH TRAIL

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400

500

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1968 Tet offensive






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second term

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PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

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46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

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Humphrey

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Wallace


PopularVote

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303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit



















Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1960 1965 1970

Response to Crises


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History Through Art

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Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

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History





Ho Chi Minh

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14147736



History










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Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





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Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

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N

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200 miles0

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20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

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RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

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d St

ates

invo

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ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














History Through Art

AJ-867

null

15380836














AJ-868

null

13531186

















500 miles0

N

S

EW


20degN

40degN

60degN

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iles

Inte

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iate ba

llistic


CUBA

Miami

Washington DC


Los Angeles





AJ-869

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AJ-870

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War in Vietnam


Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

AJ-871

null

812928

872








History





Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

null

14147736



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














AJ-868

null

13531186

















500 miles0

N

S

EW


20degN

40degN

60degN

MIG


miles

Medium


50m

iles

Inte

rmed

iate ba

llistic


CUBA

Miami

Washington DC


Los Angeles





AJ-869

null

16692311













































AJ-870

null

14032787

















War in Vietnam


Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

AJ-871

null

812928

872








History





Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

null

14147736



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















500 miles0

N

S

EW


20degN

40degN

60degN

MIG


miles

Medium


50m

iles

Inte

rmed

iate ba

llistic


CUBA

Miami

Washington DC


Los Angeles





AJ-869

null

16692311













































AJ-870

null

14032787

















War in Vietnam


Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

AJ-871

null

812928

872








History





Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

null

14147736



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit













































AJ-870

null

14032787

















War in Vietnam


Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

AJ-871

null

812928

872








History





Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

null

14147736



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

















War in Vietnam


Gulf ofTonkin

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1950 1960 1970

AJ-871

null

812928

872








History





Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

null

14147736



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

872








History





Ho Chi Minh

AJ-872

null

14147736



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit



History










AJ-873

null

12575091















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit















AJ-874

null

18170985

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

875










History

AJ-875

null

973834













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit













Strategy Purpose












AJ-876

null

883455

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

877















Doves

Hawks

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1967 1968 1969





AJ-877

null

6671723



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit



















AJ-878

null

2037071















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit















879


AJ-879

null

17157336





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit





880






















Walter Cronkite










AJ-880

null

99211876













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit













881

History


AJ-881

null

16300436




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit




























AJ-882

null

15109135
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit
















AJ-883

null

13301286










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit










were


Nixon and Vietnam







Nixon strategies

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

1968 1970 1972 1974

AJ-884

null

603433

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

885

















AJ-885

null

21217162






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit






N

S

EW


200 miles0

110iexclE100iexclE

20iexclN

17iexclN

10iexclN

Gulf ofTonkin

RedR

Mekong

R

South ChinaSea

MekongDelta

Gulf ofThailand

HO CHI MINH TRAIL

SOUTHVIETNAM

NORTHVIETNAM

CHINA

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BURMA

Saigon

PhnomPenh

Hue

HanoiHaiphong

Dien BienPhu

Can Tho

Ban MeThuot

Pleiku

Chu Lai

Quang TriKhe Sanh

Da Nang









Agai

nst U

nite

d St

ates

invo

lvem

ent (

perc

ent)

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Num

ber o

f tro

ops (

in th

ousa

nds)

1965

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

1968 Tet offensive






US bases

The Vietnam War

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

887















History


AJ-887

null

14011887














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














History

AJ-888

null

11995203














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit














HISTORY


























HISTORY













AJ-889

null

15642085

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit

890










The Vietnam Era


should not run


Vietnam Sputnik












HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit


HISTORY





second term

Test-Taking Tip





HISTORY












PopularVote

PoliticalParty

301

Democrat

46 Independent

191

Republican31785480

31275 166

9906473

Humphrey

Nixon

Wallace


PopularVote

PoliticalParty

303 Democrat

Independent

Republican

34227096

34107646Nixon

Kennedy

Byrd

219

15 None







Table of Contents


Scavenger Hunt


















World Political

United States Facts

Geography Handbook

What Is Geography


How Do I Use Maps



Be an Active Reader

















































Handbook Assessment




























































































































































Appendix






Gazetteer

Glossary

Spanish Glossary

Index


Feature Contents



More Abouthellip



Americas Literature

Two Viewpoints



What Ifhellip


TIME Notebook

Why It Matters

Causes and Effects

SkillBuilder

Critical Thinking

Social Studies

Study amp Writing

Technology

People In History



Charts amp Graphs

Maps

Student Workbooks






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Workbook Overview


































Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document


Page Navigator

Exit