the vietnam war 1965-1975 mr. johnson us history
TRANSCRIPT
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The Vietnam War1965-1975
Mr. JohnsonUS History
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Advantages & Disadvantages
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Advantages & Disadvantages
• US & South Vietnam– Advanced
technology & financial resources, but fighting a “limited war”
– Unpopular government in South Vietnam
– Divided U.S. public opinion and little international support
• North Vietnam & Vietcong– Strong ideological
commitment (national liberation, communist doctrine)
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Leaders
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U.S. Government
PresidentLyndon Johnson
President Richard Nixon
PresidentGerald Ford
Secretary of DefenseRobert
McNamara
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South Vietnamese Government
Ngo Dinh Diem Nguyen van Thieu
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U.S. Military
Gen. William Westmoreland
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North Vietnamese Government
Ho Chi Minh
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North Vietnamese Military
Vo Nguyen Giap
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Causes of the War
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“Indochina”
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Colonization of Vietnam
• Chinese…• 1800s-1940 – French• 1940-1945 – Japanese• 1945-1954 – French• 1954-1973 – USA?
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Battle of Dien Bien Phu
• US financed French war effort
• 1954 – Vietnam gains independence from France
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Vietnam Divided
• 17th parallel• North – Communist• South –
“Nationalist”
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Ho Chi Minh
• President of Communist North Vietnam
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Ngo Dinh Diem
• US puppet in South Vietnam
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Protests Against Diem
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Eisenhower
• Sent 675 military advisors to South Vietnam
• “Domino Theory”
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Domino Theory
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Kennedy
• Increased military “advisors” to 16,000
• Supported coup against Diem
• Planned withdrawal of troops?
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Coup Against Diem
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Kennedy Assassination
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Johnson
• 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident
• War begins• Escalation
of troop levels
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Tonkin Gulf Incident
• 1964• USS
Maddox attacked off coast of North Vietnam
• 2nd alleged incident
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Robert McNamara
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
• Congress gave President Johnson a “blank check”…
• …not an official declaration of war
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Causes of the War
• Long Term– Failed French effort to recolonize
Vietnam after World War II, supported by U.S. aid
– Division of Vietnam at 17th parallel under the 1954 Geneva Conference
– American Cold War policy of containment and the “domino theory”
• Short Term– Tonkin Gulf Incident: Congressional
resolution gave the president a “blank check”
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Fighting the War
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Army of the Republic of South Vietnam (ARVN)
United States (US)
North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
Viet Cong (VC)
Combatants
vs.
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Strategies
• U.S. & South Vietnam– Limited war:
bombing, then escalation
– “Pacification” of South Vietnamese countryside to eliminate Viet Cong
– Aid to South Vietnamese Army (ARVN)
• North Vietnam & Viet Cong– Defensive guerilla
war of attrition– Supply Viet Cong
using the Ho Chi Minh trail inside Laos & Cambodia
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Operation Rolling Thunder
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Escalation
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Guerilla Warfare
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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Vietcong
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Counter-Insurgency Warfare
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Counter-Insurgency Warfare
• “It became necessary to destroy the village in order to save it.”
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VC/NVA Atrocities
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VC/NVA Atrocities
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“Limited War”
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Helicopters
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Cluster Bombs
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Napalm
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Agent Orange
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1968: The Turning Point
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Gen. William Westmoreland
• “Light at the end of the tunnel”
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Tet Offensive
• New Year 1968• Surprise NVA/VC
attacks in South Vietnam
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LBJ’s Approval Rating
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LBJ Steps Aside
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Richard Nixon: “Silent Majority”
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The War at Home
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“The Living Room War”
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“The Living Room War”
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“The Living Room War”
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Walter Cronkite
• Cronkite:– “The bloody
experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate”
• LBJ:– “If I’ve lost
Cronkite, I’ve lost middle America”
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My Lai Massacre
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Daniel Ellsberg
• Whistleblower, leaker of the “Pentagon Papers”
• New York Times v. U.S.–No “prior
restraint” on publication
– 1st Amendment freedom of the press
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Draft Resistance
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Anti-War Movement
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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
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Democratic Convention Riots
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SDS Splinter Group:Weather Underground
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Kent State & Jackson State Shootings
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Civil Rights Movement
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
“If America's soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read: Vietnam. It can never be saved so long as it destroys the deepest hopes of men the world over.”
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Muhammad Ali
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Declining Morale
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Ho Chi Minh
“You will kill ten of our men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be you who tires of it.”
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The War Continues
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Richard Nixon
• “Secret plan” & “peace with honor”
• Increased bombing raids–North Vietnam– Laos &
Cambodia
• “Vietnamization”
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Secret Bombing of Laos & Cambodia
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“Vietnamization”
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“Vietnamization”
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Paris Peace Accords
• Henry Kissinger
• U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam
• Détente
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The War Ends
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Last U.S. Troops Leave, 1973
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Fall of Saigon, 1975
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The War Ends, 1975
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Vietnam Unified
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Legacy of the War
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U.S. Deaths by Year
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Total Deaths
U.S.Military
ARVN South Vietnamese
Civilians
NVA & Viet Cong
North Vietnamese
Civilians58,286 220,000-
313,000195,000-430,000
400,000-1,100,000
50,000-65,000
Total Total480,000-807,000 455,000-1,170,000
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Vietnamese Immigration to U.S.
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Khmer Rouge: Cambodian Genocide
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Health Effects of Agent Orange
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Undermining of the Great Society
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War Powers Act
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26th Amendment
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Prisoners of War
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Veterans Issues
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All-Volunteer Army
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“Embedded” Reporters
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Plumbers… Watergate Scandal
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Apathy & Distrust
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Vietnam Veterans Memorial
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Vietnam Veterans Memorial