the vietnam war and american society: 1954-1975. deepening american involvement - chapter 31:i -
TRANSCRIPT
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The Vietnam War andAmerican Society: 1954-1975
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Deepening American Involvement- Chapter 31:i -
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Vietnam has a history of resisting control by other countries for 2000 years (China,
Japan, France, and the US).
[Image source: http://www.egeltje.org/archives/blah/trungsis.jpg]
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During the19th century, France added Cochin-china,
Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin,
and Laos totheir empire.
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Indochina at time of conquest in 1883.
[Image source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0254/img0054.jpg]
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By the early 20th century, these
areas were combined and administered collectively as French Indo-
China.
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Vietnam supplied raw materials to France and purchased manufactured
goods in-return (Mercantilism).
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The empireof Japan
temporarily severed this connection, when they occupied
Southeast Asia during World
War II.
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Vietnamese guerillas gained valuable experience opposing the Japanese occupation.
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After World War II, the French attemptedto reassert their control over Indochina.
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Nationalist Ho Chi Minh lead communist cadresin fighting to expel the French from Vietnam.
[Image source: http://www.leksikon.org/images/vo_nguyen_giap.jpg]
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The Viet Minh defeated the French at the battle of Dien Bien Phu and forced to surrender their position in Indo-China.
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The Viet Minh employed the tactic of “holding on to the belt of the enemy”.
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In 1954 a conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, to determine the fate of Vietnam.
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Vietnam was temporarily
divided in half – the northern part controlled by the Communists, and the southern part
backed by the United States.
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Ngo Dinh Diem complicated
matters whenhe unilaterally declared South
Vietnam an independent
republic in 1955.
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American support for
South Vietnam was based on the fear that communism
would spread among
neighboring nations (the
Domino Theory).
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The world by the early-1960s.
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In 1960 President Eisenhower sent 675 military advisers to train South Vietnamese troops.
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By the end of 1963, there were more than 16,000 Americans
advisers in Vietnam.
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To win the ideological war, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara developed
the concept of “flexible response” – fighting only as much as needed.
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The Viet Cong and the NVA (North Vietnamese Army) didn’t
practice “flexible response”.
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This led to an escalation in the Vietnam War, with no end in sight.
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The Republic of South Vietnam
attempted to deprive Viet Cong
guerillas of the support fromthe people by
relocating them into strategic
hamlets.
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These strategic hamlets, which were little better than prison camps, helped the
government extend control into rural areas.
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Increasingly South Vietnam was seen as a puppet of the
imperialist Americans.
[Image source: http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blyviet105.htm]
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Buddhist monks, in protesting
President Diem’s policies, brought
international condemnationof his actions.
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President Kennedy communicated to the South Vietnamese military that the United States would not interfere with their efforts
to remove President Diem from power.
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Three weeks following Diems’ demise, President Kennedy was felled by an assassin’s bullet.
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Lyndon Baines Johnson
succeeded Kennedy as president,
inheriting his commitments to the Republic of SouthVietnam.
[Image source: http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/Vietimages/Cartoons/levine.htm]
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In August 1964 North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked the destroyer U.S.S. Maddox (DD 731).
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Action report from the U.S.S. Maddox
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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
voted by the Congress gave
President Johnson carte blanch to whatever was necessary to
defend America’s interests.
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President Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin incident to get Congressional
approval for escalating America’s military rôle in Vietnam.
[Image source: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html]
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Some people wish to see a similarity between presidents Johnson and George W. Bush, but . . .
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Originally, Americans had been advisors, training the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).
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Now the United States took a more-active rôle in propping-up the South Vietnamese government, . .
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. . . especially since they proved unable to field an army that could successfully defend their country.
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By 1965, the Viet Cong had
managed to expand the territory
under their control in
South Vietnam.
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North Vietnamese troops and
supplies flowed into
South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
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[Image source: http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Viet2.html]
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In spite of large numbers and
advanced weaponry, the United States failed to drive the Viet Cong out of South Vietnam.
[Image source: http://members.aol.com/veterans/warlib6v.htm]
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In early-1968 Viet Cong forces launched the Tet
Offensive, striking civilian
and military command
centres, hoping to spark a a
general uprising.[Image source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive]
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Televised images of the brutally of war began to shape public opinion.
General Luan summarily executes Viet Cong Officer Van Lem,”codename” Bay Lop (photo by Eddie Adams A.P. 2/68)
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President Johnson’s popularity suffered accordingly.
[Image source: http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/info-presapp0605-31.html]
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What rôle has the media played in contributing to negative public opinion regarding this and other conflicts?
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How do the casualty-rates between the Vietnam War and the Iraq War compare?
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Today, the mainstream media and social-progressive elites are working hard to make the
analogy that the War in Iraq is another Vietnam.
[Image source: http://www.neveryetmelted.com/?p=2907]
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