The War for The War for IndependenceIndependence

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Coach BowlingCoach Bowling

Section 1Section 1

The Stirrings of RebellionThe Stirrings of Rebellion

4.1 Objectives4.1 Objectives

►Summarize Colonial resistance to Summarize Colonial resistance to British taxationBritish taxation

►Trace the mounting tension in Trace the mounting tension in MassachusettsMassachusetts

►Summarize the battles of Lexington Summarize the battles of Lexington and Concordand Concord

4.1 Main Idea4.1 Main Idea

►Conflict Between Great Britain and the Conflict Between Great Britain and the American colonies grew over issues of American colonies grew over issues of taxation, representation, and liberty.taxation, representation, and liberty.

Where we left off…Where we left off…

► Treaty of Paris – ended the French & Indian Treaty of Paris – ended the French & Indian War, gave all land East of the Miss. River to War, gave all land East of the Miss. River to BritainBritain

► Proclamation of 1763 – “No settlers can move Proclamation of 1763 – “No settlers can move west of the Appalachian Mountains”west of the Appalachian Mountains”

► Britain could not enforce thisBritain could not enforce this

►War debts had to be paidWar debts had to be paid

Cont.Cont.

►George Grenville instituted the Sugar George Grenville instituted the Sugar ActAct

►Sugar Act – “Smugglers were prosecuted Sugar Act – “Smugglers were prosecuted by British government rather than by British government rather than colonial government” (more harsh) colonial government” (more harsh)

►Colonies and Britain began to disagree Colonies and Britain began to disagree over how the colonies should be taxed over how the colonies should be taxed and governedand governed

The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act

►George Grenville persuaded Parliament George Grenville persuaded Parliament to use this as a means to pay off war to use this as a means to pay off war debtdebt

►1765 - Colonists must purchase stamped 1765 - Colonists must purchase stamped paper for all legal documentspaper for all legal documents

►Failure to do so would result in Failure to do so would result in prosecution of British court, not Colonialprosecution of British court, not Colonial

Colonial ReactionColonial Reaction

► Colonists protested the Stamp ActColonists protested the Stamp Act

► Sons of LibertySons of Liberty were formed were formed

► A secret resistance group composed of A secret resistance group composed of shopkeepers, artisans, and laborersshopkeepers, artisans, and laborers

► Samuel Adams was one of the founders Samuel Adams was one of the founders (failed business ventures had left him broke)(failed business ventures had left him broke)

Cont.Cont.

►Sons of Liberty harassed “Stamp Sons of Liberty harassed “Stamp Agents” across coloniesAgents” across colonies

►Prevented stamps from being soldPrevented stamps from being sold

►Led colonial legislatures to pass laws Led colonial legislatures to pass laws stating colonies could only be taxed by stating colonies could only be taxed by themthem

Cont.Cont.

►An example of this was the Virginia An example of this was the Virginia House House

►Patrick Henry (Sons of Liberty) Patrick Henry (Sons of Liberty) proposed this and would now become proposed this and would now become a famous face of independencea famous face of independence

The Stamp Act CongressThe Stamp Act Congress

►Delegates from 9 colonies met in NYCDelegates from 9 colonies met in NYC

► Issued a statement known as Issued a statement known as Declaration of Declaration of Rights and Grievances Rights and Grievances

► Stated, “Parliament cannot impose taxes on Stated, “Parliament cannot impose taxes on the colonies b/c they were not represented in the colonies b/c they were not represented in Parliament”Parliament”

► Famous line - Famous line - Taxation without RepresentationTaxation without Representation

Cont.Cont.

►Merchants in large cities decided to Merchants in large cities decided to not import British goods until Act was not import British goods until Act was repealedrepealed

►Boycott was successful and act was Boycott was successful and act was repealedrepealed

The Declaratory ActThe Declaratory Act

►Parliament passed this on the same Parliament passed this on the same day Stamp Act was repealedday Stamp Act was repealed

►The law stated, “Colonies and people The law stated, “Colonies and people of America would be bound by laws of of America would be bound by laws of Parliament”Parliament”

The Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts

►1 year after the Declaratory Act, 1 year after the Declaratory Act, Charles Townshend devised a new way Charles Townshend devised a new way to get money from coloniesto get money from colonies

►Townshend was a minister within Townshend was a minister within British Government British Government

Cont.Cont.

►He levied a series of He levied a series of indirect taxesindirect taxes on on imported materials from Britainimported materials from Britain

►Materials included glass, lead, paint, & Materials included glass, lead, paint, & paperpaper

►The acts also imposed a 3-cent tax on The acts also imposed a 3-cent tax on tea (most popular drink in colonies)tea (most popular drink in colonies)

Colonial ResponseColonial Response

►Colonists called for numerous boycottsColonists called for numerous boycotts

►Women began to make their own Women began to make their own clothingclothing

►Women also boycotted British tea and Women also boycotted British tea and made their ownmade their own

The The LibertyLiberty Incident Incident

► June 1768 – British forces seized a June 1768 – British forces seized a merchant ship called merchant ship called LibertyLiberty

►Ship was owned by John HancockShip was owned by John Hancock

►British customs accused Hancock of British customs accused Hancock of smuggling wine and not paying taxessmuggling wine and not paying taxes

Cont.Cont.

►Liberty Liberty was confiscatedwas confiscated

►Riots occurred against customs agentsRiots occurred against customs agents

►Britain sent 2,000+ troops to BostonBritain sent 2,000+ troops to Boston

►Known as “Redcoats”Known as “Redcoats”

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

►Soldiers were poorly paid, often Soldiers were poorly paid, often attempted to get extra workattempted to get extra work

►Colonists vied for the same jobsColonists vied for the same jobs

►March 5, 1770 – Dissent leads to March 5, 1770 – Dissent leads to ViolenceViolence

Cont.Cont.

►Fistfight occurred between off-duty Fistfight occurred between off-duty soldiers and colonistssoldiers and colonists

►Colonists gathered outside a Customs Colonists gathered outside a Customs office to protest the violenceoffice to protest the violence

►Sons of Liberty urged colonists to do Sons of Liberty urged colonists to do soso

Cont.Cont.

►A group of Dockhands, including Crispus A group of Dockhands, including Crispus Attucks, appeared at the protestAttucks, appeared at the protest

►Violence erupted, 5 people wound up Violence erupted, 5 people wound up deaddead

►Crispus Attucks was considered first Crispus Attucks was considered first death in fight for Independencedeath in fight for Independence

Cont.Cont.

►Sons of Liberty quickly spread Sons of Liberty quickly spread propaganda calling the event “The propaganda calling the event “The Boston Massacre”Boston Massacre”

►According to Samuel Adams, “Innocent According to Samuel Adams, “Innocent colonists were fired upon by the British”colonists were fired upon by the British”

► In truth, the Colonists agitated and In truth, the Colonists agitated and instigated the British soldiersinstigated the British soldiers

ResultResult

►Tension reached a boiling pointTension reached a boiling point

►However, it would gradually die down However, it would gradually die down over the course of the next two yearsover the course of the next two years

The Rhode Island IncidentThe Rhode Island Incident

►British Customs patrol ship wrecked British Customs patrol ship wrecked near Providencenear Providence

►Supposedly, colonists attacked, Supposedly, colonists attacked, robbed, and burned the shiprobbed, and burned the ship

►King George III set out a special King George III set out a special commission to find the “criminals”commission to find the “criminals”

Cont.Cont.

►Colonists became upset that King was Colonists became upset that King was going to transport criminals to Britain for going to transport criminals to Britain for trialtrial

►Event led to the establishment of the Event led to the establishment of the ““Committees of Correspondence”Committees of Correspondence”

►A communication network between A communication network between coloniescolonies

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party

►1773 – Due to colonial boycotts, tea 1773 – Due to colonial boycotts, tea industry was strugglingindustry was struggling

►The British East India Company The British East India Company (Britain’s largest tea manufacturer) (Britain’s largest tea manufacturer) was nearing bankruptcywas nearing bankruptcy

►Lord Frederick North introduced theLord Frederick North introduced the Tea Act Tea Act to bail the company out to bail the company out

Cont.Cont.

►The Act allowed the company to sell tea The Act allowed the company to sell tea to the colonies directly (wholesale)to the colonies directly (wholesale)

►Merchants were cut out and lost moneyMerchants were cut out and lost money

►Dec. 18, 1773 – Boston rebels disguised Dec. 18, 1773 – Boston rebels disguised as natives took action against 3 British as natives took action against 3 British ships in the Boston Harborships in the Boston Harbor

Cont.Cont.

►Result – the rebels dumped over Result – the rebels dumped over 18,000 lbs. of British tea into the 18,000 lbs. of British tea into the Boston HarborBoston Harbor

The Intolerable ActsThe Intolerable Acts

►The Boston Tea Party infuriated King The Boston Tea Party infuriated King George IIIGeorge III

►Saw actions as an attack on British Saw actions as an attack on British propertyproperty

►Urged Parliament to pass what colonists Urged Parliament to pass what colonists would call would call the Intolerable Actsthe Intolerable Acts in 1774 in 1774

Cont.Cont.

►1.) Boston Harbor was shut down b/c 1.) Boston Harbor was shut down b/c colonists refused to pay for teacolonists refused to pay for tea

►2.) The Quartering Act – British soldiers 2.) The Quartering Act – British soldiers were placed in private homeswere placed in private homes

►3.) Thomas Gage, governor of MA, 3.) Thomas Gage, governor of MA, declared declared martial lawmartial law (rule imposed by the (rule imposed by the military)military)

Colonial ReactionColonial Reaction

►Committees of Correspondence Committees of Correspondence assembled the assembled the First Continental First Continental CongressCongress in Philadelphia in 1774 in Philadelphia in 1774

►56 delegates met and drew up a 56 delegates met and drew up a declaration of rightsdeclaration of rights

► If British used force, colonies should If British used force, colonies should fight backfight back

Cont.Cont.

►Sent demands to the King and wanted Sent demands to the King and wanted a response by may 1775a response by may 1775

► In preparation for the worst, the FCC In preparation for the worst, the FCC stockpiled gun powder and set up a stockpiled gun powder and set up a militia known as the militia known as the MinutemenMinutemen

Lexington & ConcordLexington & Concord

►Thomas Gage learned of colonial Thomas Gage learned of colonial activitiesactivities

►Due to a cold spring in 1775, British Due to a cold spring in 1775, British army was placed on strict rationsarmy was placed on strict rations

►He became worried of events He became worried of events transpiring in the coloniestranspiring in the colonies

Cont.Cont.

►Gage sent troops to Concord (MA) to Gage sent troops to Concord (MA) to scout the stockpilesscout the stockpiles

►Scouts reported what Gage had Scouts reported what Gage had feared, the Minutemen were armedfeared, the Minutemen were armed

►Told Gage where the weapons wereTold Gage where the weapons were

Cont.Cont.

►Agents also told Gage that Hancock and Agents also told Gage that Hancock and Adams were staying in Lexington (MA)Adams were staying in Lexington (MA)

►Gage ordered his troops to march Gage ordered his troops to march toward Concord when the snow meltedtoward Concord when the snow melted

►Minutemen witnessed the British Minutemen witnessed the British movementmovement

““The Redcoats are Coming”The Redcoats are Coming”

►Hancock & Adams were in hiding; a Hancock & Adams were in hiding; a warrant for their arrest had been warrant for their arrest had been issuedissued

► Joseph Warren was placed in chargeJoseph Warren was placed in charge

►Warren was informed of Gage’s plans Warren was informed of Gage’s plans and reactedand reacted

Cont.Cont.

►He sent He sent Paul ReverePaul Revere to warn Adams & to warn Adams & Hancock about the British and their Hancock about the British and their planplan

►Revere (Sons of Liberty) organized a Revere (Sons of Liberty) organized a network of informants to pass along network of informants to pass along the word the word

Cont.Cont.

►April 18, 1775 – Revere and 2 others April 18, 1775 – Revere and 2 others rode about telling of the 700 British rode about telling of the 700 British soldiers approaching Concordsoldiers approaching Concord

►Church bells were rang as a warning Church bells were rang as a warning signsign

Cont.Cont.

►Revere told Adams & Hancock then Revere told Adams & Hancock then continued his ridecontinued his ride

►He was eventually detained, He was eventually detained, questioned, and then releasedquestioned, and then released

►British expected resistance due to British expected resistance due to warningwarning

A Glorious Day for AmericaA Glorious Day for America

►April 19, 1775 – British reached April 19, 1775 – British reached LexingtonLexington

►They found roughly 70 minutemen They found roughly 70 minutemen upon their arrivalupon their arrival

►British commanders ordered them to British commanders ordered them to dispersedisperse

Battle of LexingtonBattle of Lexington

►Minutemen followed ordersMinutemen followed orders

►Gun was fired by someoneGun was fired by someone

►British fired into the crowd & killed 8British fired into the crowd & killed 8

►Lasted roughly 15 minutesLasted roughly 15 minutes

Battle of ConcordBattle of Concord

►British marched on to ConcordBritish marched on to Concord

►They found an empty arsenal thereThey found an empty arsenal there

►Began to march back and were Began to march back and were attacked by 4,000 minutemenattacked by 4,000 minutemen

►British fled to BostonBritish fled to Boston

Adams & HancockAdams & Hancock

►Fled the scene due to their statusFled the scene due to their status

►Adams explained, “This is a glorious Adams explained, “This is a glorious day for America!”day for America!”

►The Revolutionary War had Begun The Revolutionary War had Begun

Section IISection II

Ideas Help Start a RevolutionIdeas Help Start a Revolution

4.2 Objectives4.2 Objectives

►Examine efforts made to avoid bloodshed Examine efforts made to avoid bloodshed as the colonies hovered between war and as the colonies hovered between war and peacepeace

►Summarize the philosophical and political Summarize the philosophical and political ideas of the Declaration of Independenceideas of the Declaration of Independence

►Contrast the attitudes of Loyalists & Contrast the attitudes of Loyalists & PatriotsPatriots

4.2 Main Idea4.2 Main Idea

►Tensions increased throughout the Tensions increased throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress colonies until the Continental Congress declared independence on July 4, 1776declared independence on July 4, 1776

The Second Continental The Second Continental CongressCongress

►May, 1775 – Delegates met in May, 1775 – Delegates met in Philadelphia to debate issues including Philadelphia to debate issues including what path to take against Britainwhat path to take against Britain

► John Adams (MA) suggested each John Adams (MA) suggested each colony develop its own governmentcolony develop its own government

Cont.Cont.

►He also suggested that the Minutemen He also suggested that the Minutemen develop into a “Continental Army” develop into a “Continental Army”

►Congress finally agreed to Congress finally agreed to acknowledge Adams request and acknowledge Adams request and eventually appointed George eventually appointed George Washington as commanderWashington as commander

Cont.Cont.

►Congress authorized printing of money Congress authorized printing of money to pay the troopsto pay the troops

►Organized a foreign diplomacy Organized a foreign diplomacy committeecommittee

The Battle of Bunker HillThe Battle of Bunker Hill

►Thomas Gage decided to strike against Thomas Gage decided to strike against Minutemen at Breed’s Hill (next to Minutemen at Breed’s Hill (next to Bunker Hill)Bunker Hill)

► June, 1775 – Gage sent 2,400 troops June, 1775 – Gage sent 2,400 troops up the hill to attack the colonistsup the hill to attack the colonists

Cont.Cont.

►The heat and humidity were harshThe heat and humidity were harsh

►British were dresses in red, wool British were dresses in red, wool uniforms and carried heavy supply uniforms and carried heavy supply packspacks

►Made easy targets for MilitiaMade easy targets for Militia

Cont.Cont.

►The British made 3 total advances on The British made 3 total advances on the hillthe hill

►The first 2 were unsuccessful, third The first 2 were unsuccessful, third succeeded due to Minutemen’s low succeeded due to Minutemen’s low supply of ammunitionsupply of ammunition

►British lost roughly 1,000 men compared British lost roughly 1,000 men compared to 450 for colonists in misnamed battleto 450 for colonists in misnamed battle

The Olive Branch PetitionThe Olive Branch Petition

►The colonies still sought peace from The colonies still sought peace from BritainBritain

►Colonists felt loyalty towards King George Colonists felt loyalty towards King George III, but despised his ministersIII, but despised his ministers

►22ndnd Continental Congress sent Olive Branch Continental Congress sent Olive Branch Petition to the King in July. It appealed for Petition to the King in July. It appealed for a return to peace in the coloniesa return to peace in the colonies

Cont.Cont.

►King George III rejected the petitionKing George III rejected the petition

►He also ordered a naval blockade of He also ordered a naval blockade of the American Coloniesthe American Colonies

Common SenseCommon Sense

►Written by Thomas PaineWritten by Thomas Paine

►Explained the colonists should declare Explained the colonists should declare independence b/c it was the destiny of independence b/c it was the destiny of AmericaAmerica

►America would be able to trade w/ America would be able to trade w/ other nations and make their own profitother nations and make their own profit

Cont.Cont.

►More importantly, America could More importantly, America could create a better society which was free create a better society which was free from tyranny and would have social from tyranny and would have social and economic opportunities for alland economic opportunities for all

►Pamphlet sold over 500,000 copies in Pamphlet sold over 500,000 copies in the coloniesthe colonies

Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence

►Summer, 1776 – No. Carolina declared Summer, 1776 – No. Carolina declared independence, VA wanted to do the independence, VA wanted to do the samesame

►Richard Henry, a VA delegate to the Richard Henry, a VA delegate to the 2nd Continental Congress, stated, 2nd Continental Congress, stated, “these United Colonies are, and of a “these United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent right ought to be, free and independent states.”states.”

Cont.Cont.

►The Congress put a committee The Congress put a committee together to prepare a formal together to prepare a formal declaration to send to the Kingdeclaration to send to the King

►Thomas Jefferson, a VA lawyer, was Thomas Jefferson, a VA lawyer, was chosen to express the committee’s chosen to express the committee’s point of viewpoint of view

The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

►Written by Thomas JeffersonWritten by Thomas Jefferson

►Drew off the concepts of John Locke, a Drew off the concepts of John Locke, a British Philosopher British Philosopher

►State that people deserve the rights to State that people deserve the rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”happiness”

Cont.Cont.

►Also suggested that government Also suggested that government should draw its power from those it should draw its power from those it serves (people)serves (people)

►People should be able to abolish a People should be able to abolish a government it does not see “fit”government it does not see “fit”

►““All men are created equal”All men are created equal”

Cont.Cont.

► Jefferson addressed the cruelty of the Jefferson addressed the cruelty of the slave trade in his first draftslave trade in his first draft

►GA and SC objected to it so he GA and SC objected to it so he removed itremoved it

►Unanimously decided the colonies Unanimously decided the colonies were free on July 2, 1776were free on July 2, 1776

Cont.Cont.

►Did not adopt the Declaration of Did not adopt the Declaration of Independence until July 4, 1776Independence until July 4, 1776

►Document was read publicly in front of Document was read publicly in front of the Philadelphia State House the Philadelphia State House (Independence Hall)(Independence Hall)

Cont.Cont.

►PatriotsPatriots (supporters of independence) (supporters of independence) rallied behind the documentrallied behind the document

►““We mutually pledge to each other our We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.”honor.”

Loyalists & PatriotsLoyalists & Patriots

►Loyalists – opposed Independence and Loyalists – opposed Independence and chose to remain loyal to the crownchose to remain loyal to the crown

►Mostly those appointed by the KingMostly those appointed by the King

►Rural areas remained loyal as well due Rural areas remained loyal as well due to them being located away from the to them being located away from the citiescities

Cont.Cont.

►Some remained loyal because they did Some remained loyal because they did not feel that colonists could win the not feel that colonists could win the war and new consequences would be war and new consequences would be harshharsh

►Some thought crown would protect Some thought crown would protect their rights better than a new their rights better than a new governmentgovernment

Cont.Cont.

►Those who joined the Patriots side saw Those who joined the Patriots side saw more personal benefit in a nation not more personal benefit in a nation not under direct rule of a Kingunder direct rule of a King

►Patriots made up almost half of the Patriots made up almost half of the populationpopulation

►Several others remained neutral Several others remained neutral

OthersOthers

►Quakers supported Patriots, but did Quakers supported Patriots, but did not fight due to their religious beliefsnot fight due to their religious beliefs

►African-Americans split sidesAfrican-Americans split sides

►Natives supported the BritishNatives supported the British

2 wars in 12 wars in 1

►Colonists were in a war for Colonists were in a war for independence as well as a civil war due independence as well as a civil war due to opposing sides within the coloniesto opposing sides within the colonies

►The result = Patriots had all odds The result = Patriots had all odds against them; they were declaring war against them; they were declaring war in the “mightiest empire” in the in the “mightiest empire” in the western worldwestern world

Section DOISection DOI

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

►Divided into 4 parts:Divided into 4 parts:

► Preamble – reason for documentPreamble – reason for document

► Political Principles – Rights of the PeoplePolitical Principles – Rights of the People

► List of Unfair Acts – by the KingList of Unfair Acts – by the King

► Actual Declaration of IndependenceActual Declaration of Independence

Cont.Cont.

► John Hancock – President of John Hancock – President of Continental CongressContinental Congress

►56 signatures from 13 colonies56 signatures from 13 colonies

Section 3Section 3

Struggling Toward SaratogaStruggling Toward Saratoga

4.3 Objectives4.3 Objectives

►Trace the progress of war through the Trace the progress of war through the turning point at Saratoga and winter at turning point at Saratoga and winter at Valley ForgeValley Forge

►Examine the Colonial Economy and Examine the Colonial Economy and civilian life during the Revolutioncivilian life during the Revolution

4.3 Main Idea4.3 Main Idea

►After a series of setbacks, American After a series of setbacks, American forces won at Saratoga and survived.forces won at Saratoga and survived.

The British PlanThe British Plan

►Left Boston in Spring of 1776 (Before Left Boston in Spring of 1776 (Before DOI)DOI)

► Isolate New EnglandIsolate New England

►Seize New York CitySeize New York City

New York City – Summer New York City – Summer 17761776

►William Howe (General) and Richard William Howe (General) and Richard Howe (Admiral)Howe (Admiral)

► Joined forces in Staten Island & sailed Joined forces in Staten Island & sailed into NY harborinto NY harbor

►32,000 soldiers – largest group ever 32,000 soldiers – largest group ever assembled at once by Britainassembled at once by Britain

Cont.Cont.

►Some troops were German Some troops were German mercenaries (fought for money)mercenaries (fought for money)

►Known as Hessians due to the region Known as Hessians due to the region they were from in Germanythey were from in Germany

Colonial ResponseColonial Response

►Washington rallied 23,000 troops, but Washington rallied 23,000 troops, but was outnumberedwas outnumbered

►Troops were inexperiencedTroops were inexperienced

►Americans eventually lost and had to Americans eventually lost and had to retreat in Augustretreat in August

Colonial RetreatColonial Retreat

► Colonists were forced across the Delaware River Colonists were forced across the Delaware River into Pennsylvaniainto Pennsylvania

► By this time, only 8,000 men remained w/ the By this time, only 8,000 men remained w/ the Continental ArmyContinental Army

► Their terms for enlistment were up Dec. 31, Their terms for enlistment were up Dec. 31, 17761776

► Bottom Line = A colonial victory was necessaryBottom Line = A colonial victory was necessary

Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton

►Christmas Night, 1776Christmas Night, 1776

►Washington led 2,400 troops across a Washington led 2,400 troops across a frozen Delaware Riverfrozen Delaware River

►By the morning of the 26By the morning of the 26thth, , Washington’s men had marched Washington’s men had marched roughly 9 miles through sleet & snowroughly 9 miles through sleet & snow

Cont.Cont.

►Result = Continental Army killed 30 Result = Continental Army killed 30 and took 918 hostageand took 918 hostage

►Most of the enemy were recovering Most of the enemy were recovering from a late night drinking party and from a late night drinking party and were caught unaware by the surprise were caught unaware by the surprise attack (Hessians) attack (Hessians)

The Battle of PrincetonThe Battle of Princeton

►Occurred 8 days after TrentonOccurred 8 days after Trenton

►Continental Army took over a British Continental Army took over a British camp w/ 1,200 mencamp w/ 1,200 men

►Back-to-Back victories for WashingtonBack-to-Back victories for Washington

The Fight for PhiladelphiaThe Fight for Philadelphia

► British attempted to seize the Capital British attempted to seize the Capital (Philadelphia) in spring of 1777(Philadelphia) in spring of 1777

► Continental Congress fled the capitalContinental Congress fled the capital

►Washington was unable to keep British out Washington was unable to keep British out of Capitalof Capital

► Several loyalists in PhillySeveral loyalists in Philly

The Battle of SaratogaThe Battle of Saratoga

►General John Burgoyne’s Plan – 1. General John Burgoyne’s Plan – 1. come from Canada to Albany, 2. Meet come from Canada to Albany, 2. Meet up w/ Howe, 3. Take NYC, 4. Cut off up w/ Howe, 3. Take NYC, 4. Cut off New EnglandNew England

►He set out w/ numerous troops, He set out w/ numerous troops, cannons, and personal items cannons, and personal items (champagne, clothing, etc.)(champagne, clothing, etc.)

Cont.Cont.

►Swamps around Lake Champlain Swamps around Lake Champlain bogged Burgoyne downbogged Burgoyne down

►Slowed the entire process down for Slowed the entire process down for British ArmyBritish Army

►Enter Horatio Gates – Continental Enter Horatio Gates – Continental GeneralGeneral

Cont.Cont.

► Gates gathered troops and militia from all over New Gates gathered troops and militia from all over New EnglandEngland

► Green Mountain Boys were included in thisGreen Mountain Boys were included in this

► Burgoyne thought Howe was coming to assistBurgoyne thought Howe was coming to assist

► Result = Surrounded at Saratoga and surrendered Result = Surrounded at Saratoga and surrendered Fall 1776; Britain’s war strategy changedFall 1776; Britain’s war strategy changed

► Stay by the Coast w/ suppliesStay by the Coast w/ supplies

French AssistanceFrench Assistance

►France was still upset about French France was still upset about French and Indian Warand Indian War

►Had sent weapons to colonists the Had sent weapons to colonists the entire timeentire time

►Due to victory at Saratoga, France Due to victory at Saratoga, France decided to enter the conflictdecided to enter the conflict

Cont.Cont.

►They recognized American They recognized American independenceindependence

►Signed alliance in Feb. 1778Signed alliance in Feb. 1778

►France would not make peace unless France would not make peace unless Britain recognized independenceBritain recognized independence

Valley Forge, PAValley Forge, PA

►Waiting on French Supplies, Washington Waiting on French Supplies, Washington held the army at Valley Forgeheld the army at Valley Forge

►Winter conditions were harshWinter conditions were harsh

►Over 2,000 men died due to sickness, Over 2,000 men died due to sickness, hunger, and weatherhunger, and weather

►Maintained their positionMaintained their position

Financing the WarFinancing the War

►Congress ran out of gold and silver to Congress ran out of gold and silver to back their currencyback their currency

►They began to sell bonds to American They began to sell bonds to American investorsinvestors

►Printed more money which caused Printed more money which caused inflation (Rising Prices)inflation (Rising Prices)

Cont.Cont.

►Congress struggled to equip the armyCongress struggled to equip the army

►Some government officials engaged in Some government officials engaged in profiteering (selling scarce goods for profiteering (selling scarce goods for profit)profit)

►Robert Morris & Haym Salomon – Robert Morris & Haym Salomon – borrowed on personal credit to help pay borrowed on personal credit to help pay for suppliesfor supplies

Cont.Cont.

►Raised money from Quakers and JewsRaised money from Quakers and Jews

►Troops were finally paidTroops were finally paid

►Boosted their confidence and more Boosted their confidence and more importantly, attracted more soldiersimportantly, attracted more soldiers

Civilians at WarCivilians at War

►Women sewed uniforms, managed Women sewed uniforms, managed farms, and made ammunition from farms, and made ammunition from household items like silverware household items like silverware

►Some women even volunteered on the Some women even volunteered on the battlefieldbattlefield

Section 4Section 4

Winning the WarWinning the War

4.4 Objectives4.4 Objectives

►Describe the war contributions of European Describe the war contributions of European alliesallies

► Trace the Revolution in the Southern ColoniesTrace the Revolution in the Southern Colonies

► Summarize the British surrender at YorktownSummarize the British surrender at Yorktown

► Recognize the symbolic value of the Recognize the symbolic value of the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

4.4 Main Idea4.4 Main Idea

►Strategic victories in the South and at Strategic victories in the South and at Yorktown enabled the Americans to Yorktown enabled the Americans to defeat the Britishdefeat the British

Valley Forge, PAValley Forge, PA

►February 1778 – Harsh winter February 1778 – Harsh winter conditionsconditions

►1/5 of troops died (2,000)1/5 of troops died (2,000)

►Friedrich von Steuben – Prussian Friedrich von Steuben – Prussian (German) military officer who taught (German) military officer who taught continental army how to be “soldiers”continental army how to be “soldiers”

Cont.Cont.

►Marquis de Lafayette – 20 yr. old Marquis de Lafayette – 20 yr. old French aristocratFrench aristocrat

►Asked the French to help the causeAsked the French to help the cause

►Assisted Washington at Valley Forge, Assisted Washington at Valley Forge, commanded a division in Virginiacommanded a division in Virginia

The British Move SouthThe British Move South

►After Saratoga, the British changed After Saratoga, the British changed their strategytheir strategy

►They shifted their focus to the They shifted their focus to the Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

►They want to gain loyalist support, They want to gain loyalist support, reclaim southern colonies, and re-reclaim southern colonies, and re-advance on the northadvance on the north

Cont.Cont.

►Britain took Savannah, GA in 1779Britain took Savannah, GA in 1779

►This led to Charles Cornwallis & Henry This led to Charles Cornwallis & Henry Clinton to sail SouthClinton to sail South

►They captured Charlestown, SC and They captured Charlestown, SC and took close to 6,000 troops prisonertook close to 6,000 troops prisoner

Cont.Cont.

►Greatest victory in the war for the BritishGreatest victory in the war for the British

►Clinton left for New York, Cornwallis Clinton left for New York, Cornwallis stayed behind to re-conquer NC and SCstayed behind to re-conquer NC and SC

►Cornwallis was successful in part due to Cornwallis was successful in part due to slaves joining the British causeslaves joining the British cause

The Battle of CamdenThe Battle of Camden

►Camden, SC – August 1780Camden, SC – August 1780

►Cornwallis defeated GatesCornwallis defeated Gates

►Occurred in part due to Gates Occurred in part due to Gates “overconfidence”“overconfidence”

►““The Patriot”The Patriot”

Cont.Cont.

►British immediately marched into NC, British immediately marched into NC, but Patriot militia cut their supply linesbut Patriot militia cut their supply lines

►Cornwallis retreated back to SC Cornwallis retreated back to SC

►Washington ordered Nathaniel Greene Washington ordered Nathaniel Greene to have his army harass the British to have his army harass the British and keep them occupiedand keep them occupied

Cont.Cont.

►Greene split his troops into 2 armiesGreene split his troops into 2 armies

► Cornwallis did the same; sent Lt. Banastre Cornwallis did the same; sent Lt. Banastre Tarleton to chase down Daniel Morgan Tarleton to chase down Daniel Morgan (Continental)(Continental)

► Led to a chase through SC and Battle of Led to a chase through SC and Battle of Cowpens in 1781Cowpens in 1781

► A Continental VictoryA Continental Victory

Cont. Cont.

►Cornwallis was angered by the defeat Cornwallis was angered by the defeat and attacked Nathaniel Greene 2 and attacked Nathaniel Greene 2 months later in NCmonths later in NC

►Cornwallis was victorious; HOWEVER, Cornwallis was victorious; HOWEVER, his army suffered heavy losseshis army suffered heavy losses

►This led to Cornwallis deciding to flee This led to Cornwallis deciding to flee to VA and fight to VA and fight

Cont.Cont.

►Cornwallis gained reinforcements in VACornwallis gained reinforcements in VA

►Unsuccessful attempt in capturing Unsuccessful attempt in capturing armies led by Lafayette and von Steuben armies led by Lafayette and von Steuben

►After debacle, he led 7,500 troops onto a After debacle, he led 7,500 troops onto a peninsula between the James & York peninsula between the James & York Rivers (Yorktown)Rivers (Yorktown)

Cont.Cont.

► Cornwallis wanted to establish a fort in Cornwallis wanted to establish a fort in YorktownYorktown

► Afterwards, he planned on capturing VirginiaAfterwards, he planned on capturing Virginia

►He then hoped to move to NY and meet up w/ He then hoped to move to NY and meet up w/ Clinton’s forcesClinton’s forces

► The victory would belong to the British if this The victory would belong to the British if this occurredoccurred

The British Surrender at The British Surrender at YorktownYorktown

►6,000 French troops had landed in RI 6,000 French troops had landed in RI when the British left for the Southwhen the British left for the South

►The were operating a fleet of ships from The were operating a fleet of ships from therethere

►Lafayette suggested to Washington that Lafayette suggested to Washington that they combine their armies, meet up with they combine their armies, meet up with the French Navy, and attack Yorktownthe French Navy, and attack Yorktown

The Battle of YorktownThe Battle of Yorktown

►French Navy fleet defeated British Navy French Navy fleet defeated British Navy fleet and blocked entrance to the fleet and blocked entrance to the Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

►British could not rescue their troops by British could not rescue their troops by seasea

►Meanwhile, 17,000 Colonial & French Meanwhile, 17,000 Colonial & French Troops attacked British fort at Yorktown Troops attacked British fort at Yorktown day and nightday and night

Cont.Cont.

►Siege lasted almost 3 weeksSiege lasted almost 3 weeks

►Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 17, Cornwallis surrendered on Oct. 17, 17811781

►Cornwallis surrendered his sword to Cornwallis surrendered his sword to WashingtonWashington

““PEACE”PEACE”

► In 1782, Peace talks between Britain, In 1782, Peace talks between Britain, France, U.S., and Spain occurred in ParisFrance, U.S., and Spain occurred in Paris

► Britain did not want America to gain full Britain did not want America to gain full independenceindependence

► France supported American IndependenceFrance supported American Independence

► Spain wanted land between Appalachian Spain wanted land between Appalachian Mountains and MS RiverMountains and MS River

Cont.Cont.

►Negotiators for the U.S. – Benjamin Negotiators for the U.S. – Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John AdamsFranklin, John Jay, and John Adams

►They demanded American They demanded American Independence before any talks beganIndependence before any talks began

►September 1783 – Treaty of Paris was September 1783 – Treaty of Paris was signedsigned

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

►Recognized American Independence Recognized American Independence from Britainfrom Britain

►Boundaries – Atlantic Ocean to MS Boundaries – Atlantic Ocean to MS River; Canadian Border to FloridaRiver; Canadian Border to Florida

►Treaty did have some problemsTreaty did have some problems

Problems w/ TreatyProblems w/ Treaty

► Native American interests were not Native American interests were not consideredconsidered

► British did not specify when they would leave British did not specify when they would leave their fortstheir forts

► Loyalists were allowed to sue in state courts Loyalists were allowed to sue in state courts for lossesfor losses

► British debt collectors were supposedly British debt collectors were supposedly allowed to collect debts from warallowed to collect debts from war

A Symbol of LibertyA Symbol of Liberty

►A rise in Egalitarianism – belief that all A rise in Egalitarianism – belief that all people are equalpeople are equal

►Sadly, It only applied to white males Sadly, It only applied to white males

►Several Southerners did free slaves Several Southerners did free slaves (ex. George Washington)(ex. George Washington)

Cont.Cont.

►Maryland and Virginia’s free African-Maryland and Virginia’s free African-American population increased to near American population increased to near 20k from 4k20k from 4k

►Native Americans were displaced due to Native Americans were displaced due to warwar

►Native Population east of the Miss. River Native Population east of the Miss. River declined by 50%declined by 50%

The New ChallengeThe New Challenge

►Americans wanted a fresh startAmericans wanted a fresh start

►A government of the people, by the A government of the people, by the people, and for the people was desiredpeople, and for the people was desired

►Motto: “A new order for the ages”Motto: “A new order for the ages”

Questions to be Answered!!!Questions to be Answered!!!

►Who should participate in governmentWho should participate in government

►How should government answer to the How should government answer to the people?people?

►Who should have a voice?Who should have a voice?

Essay QuestionEssay Question

►What events brought the Colonies What events brought the Colonies from supporting the British during the from supporting the British during the French & Indian War to Declaring their French & Indian War to Declaring their Independence from Britain in 1776.Independence from Britain in 1776.

►Describe the Revolutionary War from Describe the Revolutionary War from the Beginning to the End. (Cite Specific the Beginning to the End. (Cite Specific Battles, People, & Strategies)Battles, People, & Strategies)