the war of resistance: 1937-45 hi 168: lecture 9 dr. howard chiang

20
The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

Upload: charles-blair

Post on 24-Dec-2015

216 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

The War of Resistance:1937-45

HI 168: Lecture 9Dr. Howard Chiang

Page 2: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW

- Rehash- The Marco Polo Bridge Incident- Nanjing Massacre- The Second United Front- Japanese Marches Southwards- Collaboration- Chinese Communism without Mao

(New 4th Army)- Mao Zedong and the Yan’an Years

Page 3: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang
Page 4: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

REHASH

1. Reorganization of the Nanjing government2. Halt to all civil war3. Release of patriotic leaders4. Release of all political prisoners5. Lifting of restrictions on the mass patriotic movement6. Guarantee of political freedom7. GMD should follow Sun’s testament8. National Salvation Convention

Page 5: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

MARCO POLO BRIDGE

- July 7 at the Lugouqiao or Marco Polo Bridge

- the Japanese forces demanded a house-to-house search in Wanping

- On July 29, Japanese forces occupied Beijing Tianjin on July 30 Wusong on September 1 Nanjing in December Shanghai in November

- On November 20, National Government relocated to Chongqing

Page 6: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

NANJING MASSACRE

- Charles Maier (2000):“The Nanjing rampage seems all the more atrocious in that it involved not what has seemed so horrifying about the Holocaust—its bureaucratized planning and mechanical execution—but the often gleeful killing of perhaps hundreds of thousands of civilians by individual soldiers using sword and bayonet as well as bullet. The killings were all the more appalling in that they were unnecessary for the military objective, continued after the victory was secured, and apparently involved such joyful or at least indifferent murder.”

Page 7: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

NANJING MASSACRE

- 2 aspects stand out:1. scale of brutality unparalleled2. testimonies of Chinese victims were supported by eye-witness reports of foreign residents

- Nanjing memorial site: “Victims 300,000”

- Japanese historians, esp. right-wing nationalist historians, and Japanese history textbooks continue to deny the very fact of the massacres

Page 8: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

Iris Chang

Page 9: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

THE SECOND UNITED FRONT

- Zhu De and Peng Dehuai were sent by Mao Zedong to Nanjing to negotiate with the National Government

- Aug. 22, the CCP’s Red Army was re-designated the Eight Route Army

- Sep. 6, the CCP’s Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Soviet base Border Region

- Oct. 12, Red Army south of Yangzi after the Long March became New 4th Army

Page 10: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang
Page 11: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

JAPANESE MARCHES SOUTHWARDS

- Dec 1937-May 1938, Shandong + Henan

- Oct 25, 1938, Wuhan- Oct 21, 1938, Guangzhou- Feb, 1939, Island of Hainan- Apr 1939 to Jan 1942, 3 “Battles of

Changsha”- “Three All”: kill all, burn all, destroy all- Dec 1941, Hong Kong; Jan 1942, Malay

Peninsula; Feb 1942, Singapore; Apr 1942, the Philippines

Page 12: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

WWII Participating Countries: Allies (Green) and Axis (Blue)

Page 13: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

COLLABORATION

- Collaboration: actions that had the effect of maintaining Japanese power, attaining Japanese ends, or making Japanese control tolerable

- “provisional government” – Beiping- “Reformed government” – Nanjing- Wang Jingwei – believed in peaceful

accommodation with Japan’s “new order of East Asia”; expelled from GMD on Jan. 1, 1939; hanjian (漢奸 ) – “traitor”

Page 14: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

Wang Jingwei

Page 15: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

CHINESE COMMUNISM WITHOUT MAO (NEW 4TH ARMY)

- One important group of the CCP did not participate in the Long March became the New Fourth Army (more modern and cosmopolitan than Mao’s group?)

- In 1940 and 1941 (in Southern Anhui), New 4th attacked by GMD troops severed the Second United Front

- Jan 20, 1941, New 4th established new headquarters in Jiangsu, independent from the GMD

Page 16: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

LONG MARCH OF 25,000 LI

- 1 Li = 500 meters

- 1. Guizhou- 2. Sichuan- 3. Shaanxi- 4. rest rejoined- Significance:

- away from Japan- Party meetings(Edgar Snow)

Page 17: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

He Zizhen (1928)

Mao Zedong (1927)

Page 18: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

MAO AND THE YAN’AN PERIOD

- Mao’s two rivals: Zhang Guotao and Wang Ming

- Autumn 1938: the Central Secretariat- 1942-44: the Rectification Movement

the CCP focused on defining their ideological standpoint, reorganizing the party into a tight Leninist structure, and rewriting the history of the 1930s to show that the leadership of Mao Zedong and his colleagues had been correct throughout all the political crises and controversies and was the only legitimate authority in the Party

Page 19: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

MAO AND THE YAN’AN PERIOD

- 1942-44: the Rectification Movement- Feb 1942, “Rectify the Party’s Style of Work”- Aim: the eradication of dogmatism in the CCP- a thinly disguised attack on Wang Ming- 3 Phases: Phase 1 study and discussion, Phase 2 investigation of Party work, Phase 3 final report- Style of management: consolidation and control- to restrict the free-thinking and broad-minded approach that many of émigrés had arrived with- to persuade them putting their talents at the disposal of the Chinese Communist Party without question

Page 20: The War of Resistance: 1937-45 HI 168: Lecture 9 Dr. Howard Chiang

MAO AND THE YAN’AN PERIOD

- At the end of the war:- 19 Communist base areas spread across Northern China in the provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Rehe, and Liaoning, with Communist units in Anhui and Jiangsu- Communist regimes stretched over a roughly 250,000-square-mile area- Mao claimed that there were 1.2 million CCP members- Communist military forces had increased almost tenfold from the opening of the war: from 92,000 in the 8th Route and New 4th armies in 1937 to 910,000 in 1945