the water-energy nexus: opportunities and challenges
DESCRIPTION
The Water-Energy Nexus: Opportunities and Challenges, presented by Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute, at the Electrochemical Energy Summit in San Francisco on October 27.TRANSCRIPT
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The Water-Energy Nexus:
Opportunities and Challenges
Heather Cooley, Pacific Institute
October 27, 2013
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The Water-Energy Nexus
Energy Water
• Energy Extraction
• Fuel processing
• Transportation
• Generation
• Emissions Control
• Water Extraction
• Conveyance
• Treatment
• Distribution
• Customer End Use
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Once-Through Cooling System
Source: GAO
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Recirculating Cooling System
Source: GAO
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Dry Cooling Systems
Source: GAO
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Not All Energy Systems are the Same!
Source: Averyt et al.
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Water for Thermoelectric Generation
Water Withdrawals Water Consumption
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Lake Mead Water Levels, 1983 & 2007
Source: Pat Mulroy, General Manager, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Lake
Mead Intake No. 3, Keynote address, PowerPoint presentation, Environmental
Services Association of Alberta, Banff, Alberta, Canada, April 22, 2010
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Mohave Generating Plant
Photo: Jonathon LeFaive
Photo: Center for Land Use Interpretation
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Growing Concern: Water Availability Threatens Energy Security
Source: U.S. DOE 2013
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Shale Gas Resources
Data Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2011). Annual Energy Outlook.
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Energy Sector Trends
• Unconventional oil and gas (hydraulic
fracturing)
• Increased demand for electricity
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
• Transportation fuels (ethanol, biofuels,
and electricity)
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The Water-Energy Nexus
Energy Water
• Energy Extraction
• Fuel processing
• Transportation
• Generation
• Emissions Control
• Water Extraction
• Conveyance
• Treatment
• Distribution
• Customer End Use
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Source: Oregon Climate Service, 1995
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California Water
Projects
Federal Projects
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California Water
Projects
State Projects
[map from CDWR 2002]
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Photo Courtesy of California Department of Water Resources
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California Water
Projects
Local Projects
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California Water
Projects
All Water Projects
[map from CDWR 2002]
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Source: GAO 2011
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Source: California Energy Commission 2005
Water
Supply and Treatment
14%
End Use
83%
Wastewater
Treatment3%
Water Supply and Treatment
<1%
End Use99%
Wastewater Treatment
1%
Water-Related Electricity and Natural Gas Use
Electricity Natural Gas
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=
5 minutes
60-W light bulb for 14 hours
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Water Sector Trends
• Emerging contaminants and stricter
water quality regulations
• Climate change
• Population and economic growth
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Proposed Seawater
Desalination Plants
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Challenges = Opportunities!
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Water Conservation and Efficiency
• Urban and agricultural sectors
• Indoor and outdoor savings
• Social, economic, and environmental
benefits
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Capturing Stormwater
Reduces storm water flows
Improves water quality
Promotes groundwater recharge
Saves energy by reducing pumping and
treatment requirements
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Rainwater Harvesting
• Surface water from roofs or hard surfaces
caused by rainfall
• Common uses: irrigation, flushing toilets,
washing machines, process uses
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Water Reuse
Capturing wastewater and reusing it for
non-potable or in some cases potable uses
Can occur at various scales
Residence, facility, building
Small group of buildings or district
Municipal scale
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654 13th Street, Preservation Park, Oakland, CA 94612
Phone:: (510) 251-1600 Email: [email protected] Web:
www.pacinst.org