Volume 112, Number 28 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Wednesday, June 24, 1992_ , , _...... __ .

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H. Ross Perot supports Ashley Reed on his shoulder atSaturday's Boston Common rally as her father Todd Reedlooks on.

INSIDEw Aspen, Vest address

graduating students as

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is not a stranger to me," he said."I've had contact with it for over 25years now, so it's not like the placeis a mystery. I think it's often usefulto have someone from the outside. Itgives everyone a chance to stepback, take a fresh look."

Asked what plans he has for theSchool, Mitchell said, "I'm justcoming in and I'm trying to get areal understanding of the workings"of the School. "It will not be a mat-ter of sweeping changes, but I willtry to focus on the real problems ofarchitecture and finding new innov-ative, fresh ways of looking atthem."

'"There will definitely be a newdirection... but that will come out ofconsultation with the faculty. Newprograms will be arrived at afterserious consultation with membersof the faculty, students, and othersconcerned."

In a recent article in Tech TalkMitchell said that "the problems ofour cities are deeply rooted and

affect us all in immediate, very per-sonal ways: I was shaken, a fewweeks ago, when the familiar neigh-borhood stores around my apart-ment in Los Angeles were lootedand bumed."

Asked to comment further,Mitchell said, "If there were a sim-ple solution to the LA problem, thenwe would be much better off thanwe are today. Unfortunately that isnot the case."

Mitchell, originally fromAustralia, received a Bachelor ofArchitecture degree from theUniversity of Melbourne, a Masterof Environmental Design degreefrom Yale University, and a Masterof Arts degree from the Universityof Cambridge. He is a fellow of theRoyal Australian Institute ofArchitects, and he previously wasthe head of the Architecture/UrbanDesign Program at the University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles.

.His scholarly interests includedesign theorem computer-aidedarchitectural and urban design, andelectronic media. Besides hisresearch in these areas, he has alsoworked as a consultant, co-foundeda software company, and served aspresident of The Urban InnovationsGroup in Los Angeles.

By Bill JacksonOPINION EDITOR

Professor of ArchitectureWilliamn JW lifchpll of HarvardUniversity has been named the nextdean of the School of Architectureand Planning. Mitchell, currentlydirector of Harvard's Master inDesign Studies Program, will takeover from current Dean John P. deMonchaux on July 1.

The selection follows a lengthyinternational search. De Monchauxhad originally planned to step downin January, but agreed to stay onuntil a faculty advisory committeecould find a suitable replacement.

Provost Mark S. Wrighton, inannouncing the appointment, saidthat the search committee had madea "careful assessment not only ofthe candidates' qualifications but ofthe needs and desires of the facultyand students in the School."

Mitchell is the author of severalbooks, some of which have beenpublished by the MlT Press. "MIT

Society.Smith's arrived at MIT in 1977

just after STS had been founded,and he played a major role in devel-oping a doctoral program in the his-tory and social study of science andtechnology.

Khoury said that Smith "is theideal person to help chart the nextgeneration of STS." Before joiningthe MIT faculty, Smith was associ-ate professor of history at OhioState University. He edits the JohnsHopkins series on the history oftechnology and serves on the historyadvisory committees of NASA andthe secretay of the Air Force. He isalso a Fellow of the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences.

Additionally, William C.Wheaton, professor of economicsand urban studies and planning, hasbeen appointed director of MIT'sCenter for Real Estate startingSeptember 1. Wheaton has been amember of the MIT faculty since1972, and he has been active in theCenter both in teaching a courseabout real estate economics and inresearching real estate markets.

Wheaton feels that MIlT's centerhas an opportunity to emphasize therole of basic economics in realestate. "if real estate is to remain avital industry in the 1 990s"s he said,"it must examine the economicforces that will guide property mar-kets in the fuxturee and recognize thatchanges are needed in the institu-tional vehicles through which realestate capital is raised and owned."

By Bill JacksonOWNION EDITOR

Dean of Engineering Joel Moseshas announced the appointment ofProfessor Rafael L. Bras '72 as headof the Department of CivilEngineering, effective July 1. Bras,who holds the William E. LeonhardProfessorship of Engineering, wasdirector of MIT's Ralph L. ParsonsLaboratory for Water Resources and'Hydrodynamics *.rom 1983 to 1991.

Bras will succeed ProfessorDavid B. Marks, the departmenthead since 1985. Marks recentlyaccepted an appointment to directthe new Program in Environmental -Engineering Education andResearch (PEEER) in the School ofEngineering.

Bras, a hydrologist, works on theinterpretation of natural phenomenaas random functions. Before joiningthe MIT faculty in 1976, Bras wasan assistant professor at theUniversity of Puerto Rico. He hasauthored two textbooks and 67 arti-cles in referenced journals, as wellas two symposia proceedings.

In a letter to faculty, Moses said"I expect that under [Bras'] leader-ship the department will continue todevelop leading educational andresearch programs."

In other administrative changes,Dean of the School of Humianitiesand Social Sciences Philip S.Khoury has announced thatProfessor of the History ofTechnology Merrit Roe Smith willbecome the director of the Programin Science, Technology, and

Parents sat separately

Despite heavy rains, which sub-sided by late afternoon,Commencement proceeded close tothe expected schedule. Rather thanmarch from the Johnson AthleticCenter to Killian Court, graduatesmarched into Rockwell Cage, wherethey were met by Aspen, Vest,Corporation members, and membersof the Classes of 1 942 and 1967.

Parents and friends of the gradu-ates sat in Kresge Auditorium,Johnson Athletic Center, and duPont Gymnasium, where they lis-tened to speeches on a public-address system. Television cover-age, which was available in suchpublic areas as Lobby 7, Lobby 10,and lecture halls, was provided byMIT Cable Television.

Once the speeches were over,graduates joined their family andfriends to receive their degrees.

Class gift

Also presented atCommencement was the Seniorclass gift, presented this year by theClass of 1992. The gift, known asthe Program for the Encouragementof Technology, will promote sci-ence among high school studentsnationwide. In remarks preecedinghis charge to the graduates, Vestpraised the gift as "an indication ofthe high regard that you all have forMIT."

The program, which was pre-sented to Vest by Ailcen W. Lee'92, senior class prcsident, will sendfive members of the Class of 1992and five current MIT undergradu-ates to two underfunded junior highschools in each of five regions ofthe United States. These students,who will travel during IndependentActivities Period, will bring donatedcomputers to each of these schools,instruct teachers on the use of thecomputers, and program themachines in LOGO, a languagedeveloped by Seymour A. Papert,

professor of electrical engineeringand computer science.

Corporation members elected

Also announced onCommencement was the election of11 new members to the Corporation,MIT's board of trustees. Elected lifemembers of the Corporation wereShirley A. Jackson '68, a professorof physics at Rutgers University,and Frank Press, president of theNational Academy of Sciences andformer head of the Department ofEarth, Atmospheric, and PlanetarySciences.

Other new Corporation mem-bers, each of whom will serve forfive years, are: Pedro Aspe Annella'78, the Mexican Finance Minister;Gerald J. Burnett '64; George N.Hatsopoulos '49; Robert B. Horton'71; Nannerl C). Keohane, presidentof Wellesley College; William B.Lenoir '61; Robert M. Metcalfe '68;Dava J. Newman '89, and RomanoProdi, professor of economics andindustrial policy at the University ofBologna, Italy.

Robert A. Mah '59, who will bepresident of the Alumni Associationfor this academic year, will be an exofficio member of the Corporationduring that time.

By Reuven M. LownNEWSEDlMI)R

Heavy rains notwithstanding,MIT's 126th Commencement tookplace on June 1, with the Instituteawarding 1,894 degrees to 1,705graduates. It was the first time in 13years that Commencement wasmoved indoors, rather than inKillian Court.

This year's Commencementspeaker, Rep. Les Aspin PhD '66(D-Wis.), told graduates that theywere "graduating into a new era,one in which the nuclear threat hasbeen radically altered."

In that light, Aspen, who chairsthe House Armed ServicesCommittee, said that the UnitedStates should consider a ban onnuclear testing.

"'There is no compelling reasonto do it any more," he said. "We'vebeen preaching non-proliferation toother nations, but we haven't beenwilling to give much on our ownnuclear program. Here's ourchance." [transcript of Aspen'sspeech, page 8J

President Charles M. Vest, whowas inaugurated as president only13 months earlier, told graduatesthat Commencement "celebratesyour accomplishments during yourstudent years."

In addition to praising theClasses of 1942 and 1967 for reach-ing their respective 50th and 2Sthanniversaries, Vest told the gradu-ates of the importance of toleranceand diversity: "I can think of nogreater goal to ask you to set foryourselves, and 1 for myself, thanthat of restoring some modicum oftolerance and Civility in this countryand world.

"In the United States, we are los-ing the great goals of this nation ofimmigrants, of a society built to bean amalgamation of cultures andraces that is greater than the sum ofits parts." [Transcript of Vest'sspeech, page 8 J

Bly Kadne ShimNEWSEDnV

department, especially since MIT isheavily involved in the development ofone of te detectors for the SCC. It is agreat loss in terms of physics."

If financing is ended, "the largegroup of MIT researchers who areinvolved in the SCC will have to rear-ganize themselves. If the SCC is notfunded it will have a serious negativeeffect on high energy research. Thefield will shrink significantly. It willhave a negative effect on science in theUnited States," said Professor ofPhysics Wit Busza

In a surprise vote, the House ofRepresentatives Wednesday endedfinancing for the $8.3 billionSuperconducting Supercollider particleaccelerator (SCC) currently being builtin Texas. If approved in the Senate, thestoppage will be a move viewed byMIT physicists as a blow to MITphysics research and to American lead-ership in physics as a whole.

Professor of Physics Jerome l.Friedman said the possible de-financ-ing of the SCC will have "'a largeimpact on MIT and on the physics Supercollider, Page 6

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Oldest and LargestNewspaper

The WeaitherToday: Mostly cloudy, 70'F (21°C)

Tonight: Showers, 60'F (15'C)Tomorrow: Muggy, 70'F (21°C)

Details, Page 2

Architecture Deanc Appointed

Bras New Cours I Head

Rain Fais to Stop Commencement

SCC Funding Revoked

Jesse Jackson RenewsAssault on 'Distant' Clinton

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Page 2 THE TECH June 24, 1992

HOUSTON

Jesse Jackson renewed his biting assault on Bill Clinton Tuesday,accusing the Democratic presidential candidate of attacking him onthe Sister Souljah question 1 0 days ago as part of a "political calcula-tion."

The rebuke was stiff enough to be a warning to Clinton that hemay have an extremely tricky political situation to resolve in the lessthan three weeks before the party's national convention in New York.

Only minutes after praising Clinton's economic plan before theannual meeting of the U.S. Conference of Mayors, Jackson pointedlyavoided endorsing the Arkansas governor and accused him of follow-ing a strategy of "distancing" himself from Jackson's RainbowCoalition and other Democratic constituency groups to seek the votesof conservative whites.

The civil rights leader also raised once again the question ofClinton's having played golf at an all-white country club in LittleRock. Referring derisively to Clinton's claim that he had beenangered by Sister Souljah's remarks about blacks killing white peo-ple, Jackson told a press conference: "When Bill Clinton left the all-white country club, he didn't say he left because of moral outrage. Hejust said he'd left."

Jackson's renewal of the attack came as something of-a surprise.In his speech to the conference seeking support for his own "RebuildAmerica" plan, lie called Clinton's economic blueprint a step "in theright direction" that "shows an authentic concern for the urban crisisand the need to reinvest."

Jesse Jackson also had received a late-night telephone call fromMaynard Jackson, one of the nation's most influential black politi-cians, urging him to respond with a "ino comment"' when asked aboutthe controversy with Clinton. Maynard Jackson had followed thatcourse himself here Monday, and he told the civil rights leader that itwas time to cool the controversy. Such a course, Maynard Jacksonreportedly advised his old ally, would be the only way to gain anyattention for his urban investment proposal.

But Jesse Jackson made it clear that since Clinton was the one dis-tancing himself, the Arkansas governor would have to be one to closethe breach.

The problem is touchy for Clintonl because he and his managersare determined to avoid a situation at the convention in which theywould be obliged to convene some kind of "summit meeting" withJackson to resolve their dispute. Both Walter F. Mondale in 1984 andMichael S. Dukakis in 1988 held such sessions with Jackson -totheir.political detriment because of the perception they had caved into the black leader.

Libya Offers Bombingf Suspecbvto U.N.Sponsored 6Fai Cour~t

THE WASHINGTON POST

By Daniel Wlillians Rabin, who would return to the nation that agree with our way ofLOS ANGELES TIMES prime minister's job he left in dis- seeking peace will be included. The

JERUSALEM grace in 1977, can be expected to nation knows what we plan to do."Yitzhak Rabin and the dovish try to accelerate Middle East peace Rabin is willing to divest Israel

Labor Party scored dramatic gains talks by quickly offering of land heavily populated byin Israel's national election Tuesday Palestinians elections and self-rule- Palestinians in the W~est Bank andwith a plurality that apparently "The first stage has begun," Gaza. He also indicated that hegives Rabin, a proponent of speedier Rabin told jubilant supporters at a would curb construction of settle-Middle East peace talks, a large hotel headquarters in Tel Aviv. In ments in the occupied territories, anenough base to form a government response, the crowd shouted, issue pressed by the Bush adminis-without the arch-rival Likud Party, "Rabin, king of Israel!" tain fRbndlvrIre'headed by Prime Minister Yitzhak "I see myself and Labor carrying strailned relations weivers WashingoShamir. great responsibility to the nation," ar ieyt elqiky

With 85 percent of the vote Rabin continued. "We will go The lelection appeardtospelcounted, returns showed Labor on according to our policies. The The end tof Sh pamr's pltica careerthe way to winning 46 seats in the nation knows what we plan to do. the end Lao r Shakers plikudint care120-member Knesset, or parliament. We plan to realize the dreams we -ulsI ao aksLkdit Meretz, a pro-peace party, took 12, set before the nation." coalition. For the past two years,and two pro-Arab leftist parties If the results hold, Rabin -will Shamir, 76, doggedly pursued thegained 2 seats each, providing have a strong hand in bargaining for settlement program at the expenseRabin with a bloc that can stop coalition partners. It is clear that of new U.S. foreign aid in the formLikud, even in alliance with far- Labor has ended a 15-year drought of support for development loans.right and religious parties, from during which the best it could do President Bush refused to grant loanreturning to power. was share power with Likud, usual- guarantees unless Shamir froze set-

Thc early results gave Likud 33 ly in a junior role. Labor dominated tlement construction.seats, down from the 40 it held in the first 30 years of the country's In a speech to downcast support-the outgoing Knesset. political life but was unseated by ers early Wednesday, Shamir

With a so-called blocking major- Likud in 1977 and held only 38 promised to fight on. "Sometimesity of 62 seats, a Rabin Cabinet seats in the outgoing Knesset. the righteous fall, but in the end allcould withstand a vote of confi- Tuesday's results indicate a halt the good things we did will live indence in the Knesset. But he will to the rightward drift of Israeli poli- Israel's memory. We have achievedundoubtedly try to gain a majority tics. Likcud has not sat in oppositionmade up of Jewish parties in parlia- since its 1977 rise to power. things. Never say we give up. Noment by enticing at least one other "This is virtually an upheaval, his fist wildly. h ai, avnparty, probably from the religious maybe a revolution, said Ehud Shamist waredagintlakngtbloc, to his side. Sprinzak, a political scientist and thestret torndagispute the ection

A televised exit poll gave Labor expert on right-wing politics. tesresuts. "We wilpute whth willction47 seats, with 13 going to Meretz, In addressing his supporters, the reut.WwilsehawllapLabor's presumptive coalition part- 70-year-old Rabin kept his coalition pen without excess anger. We willner, and 4 to the two minor pro- plans to himself but pledged that he watch for danger, and we will notArab parties, largely representing would choose partners who -will abuse the people who want to hurtArab citizens of Israel -all told, a allow us to execute our policies." the things that are holy to us, but to64-seat blocking majority. "Don't worry," he continued in a continue on our guard," he said to a

A center-left coalition under hoarse voice. "All the forces in the flurry of cheers.

AN Beas i NgoaUn

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CAIRO, EGYPT

Delegates to Libya's General People's Congress declared Tuesdaythat the two Libyans accused in the 1988 bombing of a Pan Americanairliner that killed 270 people could be delivered for trial in a "justand fair court."

By not ruling out the Libyans' eventual extradition to either theUnited States or Britain, the declaration appeared to be a further signthat Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi is preparing his people forcompliance with a UJ.N. demand that he surrender the suspects toWestern Courts for trial.

The congress, regarded as a rubber-stamp body for Gadhafi'swishes, also set up special committee under the prime minister'soffice to resolve the dispute, a Western diplomat in Tripoli said.

However, Tuesday's vague statement regarding the suspects' pos-sible extradition left many questions unanswered. And it did not gomuch beyond past Libyan -offers to have the men, suspected by U.S.officialss to be Libyan intelligence agents, tried in a "Sneutral" court orin any venue other than the United States or Britain.

"While emphasizing their adherence to Libyan penal and proce-dural laws," the congress's 600-plus delegates said they "Sdo notobject to the investigation and trial being carried out through thecommittee of seven constituted by the Arab League or through theUnited Nations before a just and fair court to be agreed upon."

The Arab League had set up a seven-nation committee to seek aresolution of the dispute between Gadhafi and the Westcrn countriesbefore the United Nations voted~on limited sanctions against Libya inMarch.

The United States and Britain have said they will ask the U.N.Security Council to impose stiffer sanctions if the two men are nothanded over. The bombed airliner exploded in mid-air overLockerbie, Scotland.

Since the congress convened June 13, government-run newspa-pe-rs have carried editorials criticizing Gadhafi for his pan-Arab poli-cies and urging better ties with the West to improve Libya's econo-my. The articles are widely seen as inspired by Gadhafi as a way tomold public opinion to accept the possible surrender of the twobombing suspects.

Today: Mostly cloudly with a chance of aftemoon chowers, hightemperature around 70°F (21°C). Wind from the south at 20 mph (32kph). Chance of rain 40 percent.

Tonight: Showers and thunderstorms likely, low around 60°F (I150Q). Chance of rain 70 percent.

Tomorrow: Partly sunny and muggy, 40 percent chance of ashower or thunderstorrn. High around 75°F (24°C).

By Scott KraftLOS ANGELES TIME.S

Freedom Party with the aid of thepolice.

President de Klerk said theANC's decision to halt talks was"based on a fundamental untruth":that the government was behind theviolence and the massacre.

And the president said the ANC,with its campaign of mass protests,was only heightening tensions in thecountry.

"It can be compared to lighting amatch next to a gasoline tank," deKlerk told reporters in Spain onTuesday before his return to SouthAfrica. He added that the only routeforward was through "constructivenegotiations."

The ANC said it would resumenegotiations only if de Klerk'swhite-minority government met 12demands, which Mandela said heplanned to present to the presidentpersonally later this week.

Among those demands are thatthe government cease all covertoperations, suspend and prosecuteall police involved in township vio-lence and force its self-governingblack homelands to end politicalrepression.

Other demands are that the gov-ernment carry out its year-oldpromises to phase out the migrantworker hostels, such as the Inkatha-controlled one from which lastweek's massacre was launched.

"These are demands that are do-able. They are not outrageousdemands," Ramaphosa told a newsconference. "We are really justexpressing and echoing what ourpeople have beenl asking."

However, ANC leaders kept thedoor open for a return to negotia-tions.

"If the government meets somedemands, the most important ones,we will sit down and review our

position," ANC President NelsonMandela said. "But we are deter-mined that the (white) minority inthis country is not going to dictateto the (black) majority."

The ANC, reflecting the feelingsof millions of blacks, has lost faithin the government's sincerity,believing that de Klerk is pursuing adouble agenda: embracing negotia-tions while conducting a covertstrategy to subvert the politicalprocess and destroy the ANC.

Mandela had suspended alldirect talks with the governmentSunday pending Tuesday's closedmeeting. "The question facing uswas: How do we get negotiationsback on track?" said RaymondSuttner, director of political educa-tion for the ANC and a popularnational executive member.

He said a return to the so-calledarmed struggle, the largely ineffec-tual guerrilla war waged for 30years by the ANC, was not raised asa serious option at the meeting. Butthe feeling of most ANC leaderswas that the talks had failed to fiorcethe government to end the violenceor acknowledge the role of its ownagents in the bloodshed.

"We felt that breaking off thetalks was one of the surest ways ofreturning to negotiations in the longrun," Suttner said.

Among the stronger demandsthat were considered and discardedwas a suggestion that the ANC seekto restore the international sportsboycott of South Africa. Whiteshave relished their new-found placein world athletic competition, andthe South African team in theOlympics next month in Barcelonawill be the first in the Games in 32years.

JOHANiNESBURGi, SOUTH AFRICA

The African National Congressformally broke off constitutionalnegotiations with all partiesTuesday and vowed not to return tothe table until President Frederik W.de Klerk met a long list of demandsaimed at ending security forceinvolvement in township violence.

The decision by South Africa'sleading black opposition, approvedwithout dissent by its 90-membernational executive committee, indef-initcly halted the search for a neg~o-tiated settlement.

IIt also marked the first full col-lapse of contact between the gov-ernment and the ANC since NelsonMandela's release from prison morethan two years ago. And it opened adangerous and uncertain new roadfor a country already racked bybloodshed, deepening black povertyand widespread distrust of thewhitc-controllcd-security fiorces.

"We cannot tolerate a situationwhere the regime's control of statepower allows it ... to deny and coverup its role in fostering and fioment-ing violence," said ANC Secretary-General Cyril Ramaphosa, readingthe executive committee's state-ment.

ANC officials called on de Klerkto set up an international commis-sion of inquiry into the massacrelast week of 39 blacks in theBoipatong township, the most seri-ous incident in a pattern of townshipviolence that has left 8,000 blacksdead since D~e Klerk launched hisreform program in 1990.

Ramaphosa said the government"cannot escape culpability" for theBoipatong massacre, which theANC contends was carried out byblack supporters of the Inkatha

Israeli ElcdnRslsSoMletory~ fo ai, ao a

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June 24, 1992 THE TECH Page 3

By Guy GugllottamE WASHINGTON POST

four senators will be allowed to askquestions.

Sources familiar with the investi-gation said the decision to holdclosed hearings on the "OctoberSurprise" was an attempt to addresstwo major concerns: the Democrats'desire for a full airing of the affairand the Republicans' fear that pub-lic hearings would be transformedinto an election-year "witch hunt"unfairly smearing the Bush andReagan administrations.

But one committee member,Sen. Frank H. Murkowski, R-Alaska, said he had not beeninformed of the hearing arrange-ment until after the fact and criti-cized the committee for "generatingan ad hoc committee with no formalauthorization."

Also critical of the arrangement

was Allen, who in a June 22 letter tothe committee urged that the hear-ings be open "to full public view."He said in an interview Tuesday thathe had "long advocated ... any bal-anced open forum," and questionedthe need for "nuclear secrecy."

The Senate and House are con-ducting separate investigations intoallegations that the Reagan cam-paign and the Iranian governmentconspired to delay the hostagerelease beyond the November 1980presidential election, thus avoidingan "October Surprise" that wouldpropel President Jimmy Carter to areelection victory.

The House has earmarked up to$2.5 million for a bipartisan OctoberSurprise Task Force whose prelimi-nary report is due by July 1. In theSenate, the Foreign Relations

Committee last October authorizedits subcommittee on Near Easternand South Asian affairs to conductan investigation, but the Senatefailed to fund the probe.

Subcommittee Chairman TerrySanford, D-N.C., and rankingminority member Sen. James M.Jeffords, R-Vt., nonetheless decidedto proceed using available commit-tee funds, and apparently developedthe idea of closed-door hearings,Murkowski said. Neither Sanfordnor Jeffords responded to telephoneinquiries.

Under a "procedural agreement"reached early this month, only foursenators will question witnesses in ad"secure" room on the fourth floor ofthe U. S. Capitol. They wereSanford, Jeffords, Foreign RelationsCommittee Chairman Sen.

Claiborne Pell, D-R.I., and ActingRanking Minority Member RichardG. Lugar, R-lnd.

Sources close to the ForeignRelations Committee said thatSanford and Jeffords had looked tothe committee leadership and per-haps higher for support of its plan.Democratic leadership sources said,however, that Majority LeaderGeorge J. Mitchell, D-Maine, hadnothing to do with the agreement.The office of Republican leaderRobert J. Dole of Kansas did notreply to inquiries.

Lugar said he was "working onbehalf of Republican senators," butwould not elaborate. He said thefour-man group would likely con-duct more than one secret hearing,but expected to finish work in thenext two weeks.

WASHINGTON

Members of the Senate ForeignRelations Committee have struck anunusual agreement to hold closed-door hearings Wednesday into alle-gations that the Reagan campaign in1980 conspired with the Iraniangovernment to delay release of 52Americans held hostage in the U.S.Embassy in Tehran.

The committee has subpoenaed16 witnesses, among them formernational secutity advisers RichardV. Allen, Alton Frye, Robert C.McFarlane, former secretary of stateAlexander M. Haig Jr. and U.S.Ambassador to South Korea DonaldGregg, who served as national secu-rity adviser to then Vice PresidentGeorge Bush from l981-88. Only

Honvictedarrested. The crowd ballooned toalmost 1,000 with the arrival ofseven chartered buses from NewJersey, Queens and the Bronx.

"We want a fair trial for JohnGotti, like anybody else on Earth inthe United States of America,"Steven Barrucci said into a mega-phone. "He has a constitutional rightto be not guilty."

"I'm here because John Gotti gota raw deal," Barrucci said in a briefpause from the megaphone. "If yourname ends in a vowel," he said,alluding to Italian Americans, "youget what's not coming to you."

Gotti had eluded the govern-ment's grasp in three previous trials,winning one surprise acquittal afteranother at the side of his pugnaciouslawyer, Bruce Cutler.

But in the last trial, prosecutorshad their heaviest artillery: hours oftape recordings the FBI surrepti-tiously made in meeting placesGotti believed secure, and a witnessnamed Salvatore "Sammy Bull"Gravano, the number three man inthe Gotti crime family. Gravano hadbeen arrested with Gotti, but made a

deal with prosecutors after 10months in prison.

On top of that, Gotti faced thistrial without Cutler, who had beendisqualified by Glasser because hisvoice is heard on several of the FBItapes.

Gotti, 51, and his associate,Frank "Frankie Locs" Locascio, 597were convicted April 2 after ananonymous and sequestered jurydeliberated less than two days.Locascio also was sentencedTuesday to life in prison withoutparole. Both were ordered to payfines of $250,000.

Loyal to the last, Locascio stoodand told Glasser that he was inno-cent of all charges, but concluded:"I am guilty though. I am guilty ofbeing a good friend of John Gotti. Ifthere was more men like John Gottion this Earth, this would be a bettercountry."

Gotti's friends and associates,who filled the spectators' rows ofthe high-ceilinged courtroom, roseto their feet when Gotti andLocascio entered the courtroomn forthe sentencing. In the moments

before the judge's reckoning, Gottipatted Locascio on the back andsaid, "We've only just begun tofight," according to Gotti's attorneyAlbert Krieger.

"He accepts the sentence,"Krieger said of Gotti, "because hefeels that it will probably not outlastthe appeal."

A team of attorneys, includingcivil rights lawyer WilliamKunstler, is planning Gotti's appeal.Kunstler argued in court to delayGotti's sentencing, charging that thegovernment engineered the dis-missal of a juror believed sympa-thetic to Gotti. And Kunstler pro-duced a letter from another jurorwho said he was pressured into vot-ing to convict.

But Judge Glasser Tuesdaydenied a hearing on these allega-tions. And he prohibited Kunstlerfrom having any contact with jurorswho decided the Gotti case.

Among the protesters Tuesdaywere older women and young men,some Gotti's friends and neighbors,some who appeared to be employ-ees of businesses associated with

Gotti. Angelo Zuena, 27, said heand 200 other construction workersfrom New Jersey boarded a busfrom Newark that he said was char-tered by his bosses. "I'm laid offright now," Zuena said. "That's whyI could come."

Many protesters held similarhand-lettered signs saying "Justicefor John." Some passed out leafletsannouncing that a group called"Citizens for Equal Justice" hadcalled the rally.

James Fox, head of the FBI'sNew York office, said that JohnGotti Jr., Gotti's son, had organizedthe protests and would be charged iffederal property was damaged.Protesters smashed the windows offive cars and overturned one belong-ing to the Federal Marshals office.

Kenny Saricka, l8, a busboyfrom Cedarhurst, Long Island, saidhe had no reservations shouting sup-port for a convicted murderer."That's the Mafia," he said."They're not killing innocent peo-ple, they're killing each other.That's how Gotti lives. It's hislifestyle."

By Laude GoodsteinTHE WASHINGTON POST

NEW YORK

Mob kingpin John Gotti wassentenced Tuesday to life in prison,sparking a.pro-Gotti protest outsidethe courthouse that turned uglywhen the crowd battled police andflipped over a federal marshal's car.

Smiling and dressed in a char-coal suit and yellow tie, Gotti shookhis head when Judge 1. Leo Glasserasked if he wanted to say anything.

Gotti wisecracked his waythrough his 10-week trial, but whengiven center stage Tuesday he didnot protest the jury's guilty verdicton charges of masterminding fivemurders, evading taxes, bribing apolice officer, loan-sharking andrunning an illegal gambling ring.

But outside the Brooklyn court-house, his supporters chanted"Justice for John" and wavedAmerican flags. Stormning the glasscourthouse doors, they pelted policewith wood ripped from barricades,leaving at least two officers bloodyOMd bruised. Seven people were

1

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You can learn many more secrets of the journalism trade like this one if you

loin The Te ah

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Darshan Singh, M.D., noted Canadian cardiologist will speak on"How to Achieve the True Purpose of Life" on July 10, 7:30p.m., Boston Marriott Cambridge, 2 Cambridge St.

Matthew Raider, M.D., gerontology specialist from Connecticutwill speak on "Death and the Beyond: Medical Investigationsand Mystical Perspectives" on July 24, 7:30 p.m., BostonMarriott Cambridge, 2 Cambridge Str.

Sant Rajinder Sing, Banner of Peace recipient and head of theinternational organization, Science of Spirituality, will offer aweekend of public talks and meditations. The goal of his visit toNew England is to help people achieve spiritual enlightenmentwhile meeting the challenges of modern life.

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At Harvard University, Sanders Theater45 Quincy Streef., CambridgeAugust 8, 8 p.m. Public Talk, "'Inner Peace"

All events are free. For more information, call: (617) 444-2012

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OPINIOI

I ·---- - --

LETTERS;TO THE EDITORI- ' -Y - g - ' �' -- ' I '- � ' - I' '

------------ ---33E~~~~.-

FEA TURES STFF

Christopher Doeir G. Jon Orwant G. PawanSinha G. Mark Hurst '94, Cherry M. Ogata'94.

BUSINES.SrAFF

Advertising Manager: Haider A. Hamoudi'93; Associate Advertising Manager:Karen Schmitt '95; Circulation Manager:Pradeep Sreekanthan '95; Staff: TomasMatusaitus '95, Oscar Yeh '95.

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

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June 24, 1992Page 4 THE TECH

Editors: Reuven M. Lerner'92, KatherineShim '93, Joey Marquez '94; AssociateEditors: Sarah Keightley '95, SabrinaKwon '95, Eva Moy '95; Staff: SabrinaBirner SM '89, Alice N. Gilchrist '94, JudyKim '94, Sharon Price '94, Chris Schechter'94, Kai-Teh Tao '94, Vinu G. Ipe '95,Jayant Kumar '95, Trudy Liu '95, Ben Reis'95, Eric Richard '95; Meteorologists:Micharl C. Morgan G, Yeh-Kai Tung '93,Marek Zebrowski.

PRODUCTION STAFF

IDK)CY KNWOW NO MRib BOUWrI.

What happens to the "reasonable person"

standard if two reasonable people disagree? It

happens all the time. That's why society can't

be run by consensus. Does a behavior have to

be such that it would offend any reasonable

person, a majority, or just one of several mil-

lion in the appropriate category?

Also, how will MIT judge what a "rea-

sonable person" thinks? Obviously, it is an

arbitrary decision, but does the administration

have any guidelines about how to make the

determination? Has any thinking been done

about how to make this determination?"

Surely the Institute has some idea of how it

will enforce its own policies. If you have

received a copy, and have chosen not to

answer, please inform me of your decision so

that I can draw the logical conclusions. (I

would be happy to discuss this question face to

face but would appreciate a written answer on

this subject for the benefit of the community.)

Editors: Daniel A. Sidney G. David A.Maltz '93, Matthew Konosky '95, Garlen C.Leung '95; Associate Night Editor: ChrisCouncil '94; TEN Director: Reuven M.Lerner '92.

OPINION STAFF

Editors: Bill Jackson '93, Matthew H.Hersch '94; Staff: Mark A. Smith '92,Christopher M. Montgomery '93, Jae H.Nam '93, Jason Merkoski '94.

SPORTS STAFF

Editor: Dave Watt; Staff: Mike Purucker'93, Nick Levitt '94.

ARTSSTAFF

Editors: Joanna E. Stone '92, ChrisRoberge '93; Staff: Mark Webster G.Manavendra K. Thakur '87, Michelle P.Perry '91, Sande Chen '92, William Chuang'92, David Hogg '92, Ailison M. Marino'92, Rick Roos '92, Roy Cantu '93, BrianRose '93, Nic Kelman '94, David Zapol '94,Elaine McCormick, Chris Wanjek.

PHOTOGRAPHYSTAFF

Lars Bader G

, 'ITIte,r-P'll.11 )Editors: Michelle Greene '93, Douglas D.Keller '93, Associate Editor: Matt Warren'93; Staff: William Chu G. Morgan Conn G.Dan McCarthy G. Andy Silber G. David-Henry Oliver'91, Jonathan Kossuth '92,Lerothodi-Lapula Leeuw '92, Ben Wen '92,Sean Dougherty '93, Sang H. Park '93,Hugh B. Morganbesser '94, Anna G.Fortunato '95, Ben Gordon '95, Yueh Z.Lee '95, Michael Oh '95; DarkroomManager: Douglas D. Keller'93.

Vipul Bhushan C, Michael J. Franklin '88,Marie E.V. Coppola '90, Deborah A.Levinson '91, Lois E. Eaton '92, Mark E.Haseltine'92, Benjamin A. Tao '93.

ADVISOR Y BOARD

V. Michael Bove '83, Jon von Zelowitz '83,Bill Coderre '85, Robert E. Malchman '85,Thomas T. Huang '86, Jonathan RichmondPhD '9 1.

I'ROD(TlliN. STAFF FOR TIHIS ISSUE

Night Editor: Deborah A. Levinson '91;Staff: Vipul Bhushan G. Reuvcn M. Lemer'92, Bill Jackson '93.

The Tech (ISSN 0148-9607) is published on Tuesdays andFridays during the academic year (excep. during MITvacations). Wednesdays during January. and monthlyduring the summer for S20 00 per year Third Class by TheTech, Room W20-483. 84 Massachusetts Avenue,Cambridge, Mass 02139 0901. Third Class postage paid atAuburn, Mass. Non Profit Org. Permit No. 59720.POSTMASTER: Please send all address changes to ourmailing address: The Tech, PO Box 29, MIT Branch,Cambridge, Mass. 02139-0901. Telephone: (617) 253-1541. FAX: (617) 258-8226. Advertising, subsription, andtypesetting rates available. Entire contents 0 1992 TheTech. Printed on recordled paper by Masslelh Printing Co.

Chairman

Josh Hartmann '93

Editor in Chief

Brian Rosenberg '93

Business Manager

Jadene Burgess '93

Managing Editor

Jeremy Hylton '94

Executive Editor

Karen Kaplan '93

NEWSSTAFF

Keyser's ResponseSought on Harrassment

The Tech received a copy of this letteraddressed to Associate Provost for InstituteLife Samuel J. Keyser.

Provost Keyser, you have not answered

my email regarding the "reasonable person"

standard in the MIT harassment policy. You

have had three weeks to do so. Ombudman

Mary Rowe and assistant equal opportunity

officer Clarence Williams also received the

same question and have elected not to answer.

Professor Rowe has directed me to you as the

authority on the harassment policy, so it seems

reasonable for me to expect a reply from you.

Do you need another copy of the email I sent?

Here it is:

"I1 have one factual question to ask. MIT's

harassment policies make use of a "reasonable

person" standard. I am not exactly sure what

this means.

Dangerous Situation inEastgate PlaygroundI am writing in regard to a dangerous situa-

tion which MIT created in the playground

next to Eastgate.

On May 18th, workers were dismantling

a wooden fence enclosing the playground.

When I passed by at 6:00 that evening, I saw

that they had left the pieces of wood lying

around with numerous nails projecting from

them. At 10:30 the next morning all of the

debris had been removed.

The safety concern should be apparent. I

trust that the Institute will take more care in

future projects, especially those near chil-

drens' play areas.

Andrew M. Greene '91

TEL YM WHAT.VICE PRESIDENTQUAYLE... 1'LL STOP

WATC14INGuNURP14Y IBROWN" IF

YOU'LL STARr WATCHIN1G6'"SESAME STREET"'

irATO�r-

LETVERS POLICYEditorials, printed in a distinctive format, are the official opinion of The Tech. They are written by the editorial board, which consists of

the chairman, editor in chief, managing editor, executive editor, news editors and opinion editors.Dissents, marked as such and printed in a distinctive format, are the opinions of the signed members of the editorial board choosing to

publish their disagreement with the editorial.Columns and editorial cartoons are written by individuals and represent the opinion of the author, not necessarily that of the newspa-

per.Letters to the editor are welcome. They must be typed, double-spaced and addressed to The Tech, PO Box 29, MIT Branch,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139, or by interdepartmental mail to Room W20-483. Electronic submissions in plain text format may be mailed to,techgathena.mit.edu. All submissions are due by 4 p.m. two days before the issue date.

Letters and cartoons must bear the author's signatures, addresses, and phone numbers. Unsigned letters will not be accepted. No letteror cartoon will be printed anonymously without the express prior approval of The Tech. The Tech reserves the right to edit or condense let-ters. Shorter letters will be given higher priority. We regret we cannot publish all of the letters we receive.

_ II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~------- 4p

June 24, 1992 THE TECH Page 5

VIPU BH ;HA -' WETCVIPUL BHUSHAN - MHE TECH

VIPUL BHUSHAN - THE TECH

VIPUL BHUSHAN - THE TECH

Rep. Les Aspin PhD'66 (D-Wis.) drives home a pointin his graduation address (above-left), where hespoke about the role of nuclear arms in American for-eign policy and Its changing role In a new world.Outgoing Graduate Student Council President FurioClaccl PhD'92 delivers his salute to advanced degreerecipients (above). On a lighter note, away from thepomp and circumstance, a graduate gets a kiss(below-left), two others hug for the camera (below-right), and Varisara Gerjarusak SM'92 cracks a shysmile (below).

BEN WEN - TECHNIQUE VIPUL SHUSHAN - THE TECH BEN H'EN - TECHNIQUE

PHOTO ESSAY

Commencement 1992

Photos by Vipul Bhushan and Ben Wen

Aileen W. Lee '92, senior class president, and President CharlesM. Vest smile and shake hands for their audience during herpresentation of the Senior class gift (left).

Terence C. Yates PhD'92 receives his degree from Dean ofScience Robert J. Birgeneau In Kresge Auditorium, where manyof the advanced degrees were awarded (below).

. .- . ' .--..

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June 24, 1992Page 6 THE TECH

a belief in the "dignity of usefulwork," and we have a continuing,indeed increasing, commitment tointeraction with the worlds of industry,commerce and government. At thistime, when our nation must increaseits economic competitiveness and theworld must improve the efficiency ofits production systems, this is a veryimportant element of our mission.

Yet we must not take too narrowand utilitarian a view of science. Wemust not forget the importance and thejoy of science as a search for under-standing the unknown. The deep mys-teries and great questions must beexplored, and the iconoclastic scholarmust be valued.

As you leave here, then, I wouldhope that you will take with you morethan the knowledge you have gained.Take with you the sense of wonderthat both drives science and is instilledby science.

Recognize the promise that is heldin the exploration of nature and -tllequest for new knowledge. Recognizethat the courage that you have learnedthrough scientific and technologicalexploration will hold you in goodstead in all aspects of your life. Andrecognize the value of the intellectualheritage on which you build.

Our intellectual heritage is like the

lawns of Oxford. A visitor to Oxfordcannot help but admire the beauty ofits lawns, interspersed among thegothic towers. In the absence of theTru-Green service and other manifes-tations of overzealous modernity, anAmerican tourist might well wonderhow they are so beautifully kept.Indeed, one visitor once spotted agroundskeeper in one of the Oxfordcolleges and asked how he managedto keep the lawn so beautiful.

The groundskeeper thought for afew moments. Then he said, "It's real-ly quite simple. You just mow it,water it and roll it-fior 800 years." Youwill need to do your share off"endingthe lawns"-that is, of maintaining ourunderlying strengths and values and ofcontributing to the evolution of humanknowledge. But your greater task willbe to shape the future.

This is a task that will require morethan the knowledge and skills that youhave gained here. For, in the words ofthe philosopher Alfred NorthWhitehead, "It is the business of thefuture to be dangerous."

So you will need to be more thansmart, you will need to be courageous.

And if the world you invent is theworld we would wish for, you willneed to be creative and compassionateas well. We expect no less of you.

tures and heritage. . . that respects theindividual. . . that works toward thebetterment of all its people, and thattakes pride in being part of the greaterworld community.

There is fulfillment in such service.For as Albert Schweitzer stated it, "Idon't know what your destiny will be,but one thing I know: the ones amongyou who will be really happy are thosewho have sought and found how toserve." You are in a very good posi-tion to serve and to lead. For you haveacquired an outstanding educationhere at MIT. It has not been a gift- youhave worked, and worked hard, foryour knowledge and skills. But still, ithas been a privilege. Now you have aresponsibility to use your education-touse it wisely, and to use it well. Youhave been schooled in the applicationof science and technology to meet theneeds of society, and you thereforecan influence the circumstances ofyour lives and those of your fellowhuman beings.

It will be the destiny of most ofyou to lead through science and tech-nology. For despite our ever increas-ing breadth of interests and activities,MlT-the institution in which we havelived and worked and learned togeth-er-remains largely focused on scienceand technology. We were founded on

together with diverse races and cul-tures but with common goals, values,and aspirations.

One hundred years ago, at the1892 commencement, MIT awarded adegree to our first African-Americangraduate, Robert Robinson Taylor.

He went on to become a distin-guished architect who designed,among other things, most of the build-ings at Tuskegee Institute. And MIThas gone on to become a university ofthe world, one that continually evolvesto meet important needs of societywhile pushing out the envelope ofhuman knowledge and understanding.

MIT was founded on the beliefthat a new kind of educational institu-tion was needed-one that would beengaged, passionately and practically,in human affairs, one that wasdesigned to further the welfare of arapidly growing and changing society.And so I would ask that we take thiscentennial occasion to recommit our-selves to those founding principles byworking to better reflect the changingface of America among our students,faculty and staff, and in the work thatwe do.

And I would ask you-on the occa-sion of your graduation-to help usbuild a nation and a world communitythat embraces and values different cu&-

Vest, from Page 8

female as well as male, immigrantas well as native, follower as well asleader.

We are far from that goal. Indeed,we seem to be in the midst of whatArthur Schlesinger calls the "disunit-ing of America." You must help us tostem the centrifugal forces that wouldpull us apart. We need tolerance, notdivisiveness; mutual respect, not dis-dain; love, not hate; civility, notrevenge; hard work, not emptyrhetoric; excellence, not mediocrity;grand strategies, not just tactics.

And it must begin by each of usansweringg 'Yes" to that self-consciousbut strangely articulate voice thatcalled out to us from Los Angeles say-ing "People, can't we all get along?"Because if we can 'just get along,' thatcan be the starting point to make usmore than the sun of our parts. Just asElizabethan England flowered bymelding the tongues and cultures ofthe inhabitants of the Britisl Isles andtheir Norman invaders to create thelanguage and imagery of Shakespeare;just as the English, the Irish, theItalians and the Germans came togeth-er in New England to create theAmerica that Walt Whitman heardsinging; so too must we again come

ana eaucatlonally, we Wilt De worseoff," he said.

The particle accelerator, scheduledfor completion in 1999, is designed tobe housed in a 54-mile-long tunnelnear Waxahachie, Texas. Using I 1,000large, superconducting magnets, thefacility will be able to hurl beams ofprotons around a racetrack-shapedcourse and force collisions of subatom-ic particles at tremendous energies.Study of the collisions may reveal thenature of the fundamental forces thatmake up the universe. Construction ofthe accelerator began about 4 yearsago.

I.-research." "We'll work very hard tosee that those funds are restored on theSenate side," he said.

Spokesmen for the EnergyDepartment, which is sponsoring theproject, said they were optimisticbecause in the past the Senate has beenmore supportive of physics projectsthan the House, according to The NewYork Times.

Friedman, who is actively involvedin the effort to contact senators, said,"Individuals are getting involved toinfluence the Senate vote. I myself amtrying to communicate with theMassachusetts senators. Each state has

to interact with Its own set or leaders. Iam trying to ensure that all the appro-priate information is available to theMassachusetts senators - to conveyhow much this particle project meansto science, to MIT, and how much itmeans to the state in terms ofjobs."

"If financing of the SCC is stopped,a particle accelerator of the magnitudeof the SCC will not be reopened for atleast 50 years," said Busza. "Twothousand scientists have moved andrelocated to the site of the SCC. If theSCC is not financed, they will disperseand no project on this scale will beopened in another 50 years. Culturally

close.Supporters of the supercollider in

the Senate, including Lloyd Bentsen(D-TX) and Phil Gramm of (R-TX),and chairman of the Energy andNatural Resources Committee, J.Bennett Johnson (D-LA) say the fightto save the project is made especiallymore difficult at a time of severe bud-get cutting, according to Ae New YorkTimes.

In The New York Times, Bentsendescribed the SCC as "the most impor-tant basic research project in the worldtoday" and a crucial factor in theUnited States' "leadership in basic

Busza continued: "I believe thereare 3 frontiers of research: 1) trying tounderstand the origin of life, 2) tryingto understand the origin of the uni-verse, and 3) trying to understand theultimate structure of matter. If theUnited States decides not to supportthe SCC, the United States is decidingnot to support one of the frontiers ofresearch and the country will be worseoff."

Scientists hope that the Senate,which is expected to consider the SCCissue after its July recess, would restorefunding. The vote is expected to be

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THE ARTS

June 24, 1992 THE TECH Page 7

BATM RETRNSIDirected by rim Burton.Written by Daniel Waters.Starring Michael Keaton,Michelle Pfeiffer and Danny DeVito.Now playing at Loews Cheri.

.By Blil JacksonOPINION EDITOR

the first Batman would be. Quirky and origi-nal, balancing its dark side with an energeticand self-effacing sense of humor, the filmmanages to be that rare beast these days:worth the $6.75 you'll pay to get into the the-ater. (Even if, as at the showing I attended,somebody yells "LSC" and a good 30 to 40percent of the patrons respond "sucks!")

The dark side of the Batman story is still inplace. Gotham City is a steamy, disgustingurban nightmare, and Bruce Wayne/Batman(Michael Keaton) still cannot resolve his splitidentity as mild-mannered millionaire and

I lethal vigilante. In this film, however, this

double character has his own double inSelina/Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer), whosteals the movie as the demure secretary toevil businessman Max Schreck (ChristopherWalken). After Schreck pushes her out a win-dow - and over the edge - Selina gainsanother personality as Catwoman, a femaleanswer to Batnan.

The primary evil force in the film is thePenguin, played with an evil, horny gusto byDanny DeVito. He brings the film down withconstant innuendo toward every female on thescreen. In one scene, Schreck tries to convincePenguin to run for mayor because he could"fill a void." Penguin, seeing a woman out ofthe corner of his eye, says, "I'd like to fill hervoid." In the final hilarious scene, Penguinaddresses an "army" of actual penguins in oneof the best takes on a George C. Scott-stylescene ever filmed.

from the first Batman.And finally, after five films, it can be said

with confidence that Tim Burton is the mostoriginal visual director in commercial film-

making today. Credit also goes to his produc-tion team, especially production designer BoWelch, who designed the amazing sets. Manyof his sets are enormous parodies of actualplaces, including a monstrous and perverseversion of New York's Rockefeller Plaza. Theset itself is an elaborate visual joke.

That's what makes this film better than thefirst: Burton and his gang seemed afraid tohave fun with the first one, as if they werescared to do something as frivolous as havefun when making a movie with a bazillion-jil-lion dollar budget. In this film, Burton is sure-handed and willing to be playful, and the filmis the better for it. Imagine an army of pen-guins, each with its own remote-controlled,A lot happens in this Batman Returns -

almost too much. Director Tim Burton andscreenwriter Daniel Waters seem to be tryingto make up for the slack pace of the first film.In geek terms, this means that if you tookBatman and Batman Returns, added up theamount of action in them, and divided by two,each film would have a decent amount ofaction.

The most exciting part of the film is the

beak-covering helmet. Imagine an officebuilding with giant, art deco, rotating cat facespoking out of the sides and top. The movieisn't deep; it's just great fiun

So what's wrong with Batman Returns?Well, the plot is muddled and tends to race allover the place, and I'm still unsure of many ofthe particular twists and turns the story took.(I can hear the Warner Bros. execs saying,"So go see it again!") The supposed depth ofCatwoman as Batman's doppelganger (bigfancy film term meaning "double") just isn'tthere. But go for the visuals, the wordplay andthe humor. Batman Returns is simply a greattime at the movies.

addition of humor. Besides the already men-tioned Penguin, Michael Keaton is givensome opportunity to display his comic talents(and that's how he became a star in the firstplace, remember?) I won't give away anymore of the film's lines, but he has some veryfunny moments, including a jab at a scene

Left: Danny DeVito plays the villainous, sleazy Penguln.Below: Catwoman (Mlchelle Pfeiffer) lounges in the Penguin's loft.

-- .. . I . ., I- . . . . .. t. I-·- : , ... L..~, -. 1 .,,.

BATMAN 'S OUTSTANDING RETURNBurton bip Gffiam's dark side to life with new vilbins, new visual and a newfound sense of humor

U MAY HAVE HEARD THATthere's a new Batman movie out.There's been a bit of media coverage.

Despite the over-hype, Batman Returns isan outstanding movie, everything you hoped

Tolerance Is Key for this Yeaes Gra1ua'es

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Page 8 THE TECH June 24, 1992

collapsed. The United States is thebiggest conventional power in theworld. There is no longer any needfor the United States to have nuclearweapons as an equalizer againstother powers. If we were to getanother crack at the magic wand,we'd wave it in a nanosecond. Aworld without nuclear weaponswould not be disadvantageous to theUnited States.

In fact, a world without nuclearweapons would actually be better.

Nuclear weapons are still the bigequalizer but now the United Statesis not the equalizer but the equal-izee.

Consider what would have hap-pened in Operation Desert Stormhad Saddam Hfussein's nuclear pro-gram produced a half dozen nuclearweapons-usable nuclear weapons-prior to 1990. Even if he had nodelivery system to get to the UnitedStates, suppose he could hit TelAviv, Riyadh or Ankara? Howwould that have affected our abilityto conduct that kind of conventionalmilitary operation? The outcomemay have been the same but I amnot sure.

This sobering thought brings meto my second proposition. In thisnew world, nuclear deterrence maynot always work. Our policy forhandling the old, superpowernuclear threat was deterrence. Theproposition was simple. If you useyour nuclear weapons against me Iwill retaliate with mine with suchforce that a decision to use nuclearweapons would be tantamount tosuicide on the part of the attacker.This policy was derided over theyears as mutual assured destruction,or MAD for short.

And, in truth, the prospect of sur-vival by owning a hair-trigger arse-nal with tens of thousands of H-bombs does not, on its face, makeone comfortable. A breakdown insuperpower deterrence could havemeant an end to life on earth.

But, over time, we accommodat-ed ourselves to this state of affairs.The superpowers, working throughseveral crises like the BerlinBlockade, the Cuban Missile Crisis,the crushing of uprisings in Hungaryand liberalization inCzechoslovakia, the 1973 war in theMiddle East, developed rules of theroad and we did become rather com-fortable with deterrence. Theweapons we built, the signals wesent were all intended to supportdeterrence. There was, after all, areal incentive to make it work.

But will it always work in thenew world? We don't know.

Will our nuclear adversariesalways be rational, or at least oper-ate with the same logic we do? Wecan't be sure.

Will we always be able to putour adversaries at risk to makedeterrence work? Not necessarily,particularly with terrorists whom wemay not even be able to find.

So, we can't rule out the notionthat deterrence might not work.

These first two propositions,then, bring us to the third, which isthat your generation is going to needa new set of answers for the nuclearthreat we face.

Wre don't know yet what all theanswers will be, but we know someof the main characteristics that anew nuclear policy will have tohave.

Characteristic One. Your solu-tions to the new nuclear problemswill be driven by two things: thefundamental change in our interestsregarding nuclear weapons and thepossibility that deterrence could fail.

Characteristic Two. A singlesolution, such as deterrence, will notsuffice. The problems are too com-plicated.

Characteristic Three. At the coreof your solution package will beinternational cooperation.Deterrence we could manage alone.

Dealing with proliferation willrequire cooperation.

Characteristic Four. The solutionwon't be a set of prescriptions fromeither the political right or the politi-

cal left. Those distinctions won'twork in the new era. Rather, it willbe a combination of elements ofboth. The old right/left axis is gone.What has replaced it is a new/oldaxis. The new problems you willface require a new synthesis of solu-tions from all sources.

Let me give you some examplesof how you might mix right/leftsolutions to get a new policy. Theexamples are defenses, the compre-hensive test ban treaty and preemp-tion.

Defense against missile attack isa nuclear response associated withthe right. And when I say defenses, Iam not talking about the impossibleAstrodome that Ronald Reaganwanted to build against a possibleSoviet attack. I am talking about atleast a ground-based defense againstin-coming missiles that complieswith the ABM treaty. It would be adefense against a developing nuclearballistic missile threat from thirdparties. Missile technology, just likeweapons technology, is proliferat-ing. A limited defense that complieswith the ABM treaty would be anappropriate response.

And defense also includes othermeans. It makees no sense to spendmany billions of dollars on an ABMVsystem if we are going to leave our-selves vulnerable to other deliveryvehicles. That means we have toconsider defenses against otherdelivery modes, including air- andsea-borne threats, and suitcasebombs. It means we have to increaseour intelligence capabilities and itmeans we have to put more effortinto out technology for the detectionof nuclear weapons by our customsofficers and coastal defense.

Next, the comprehensive test bantreaty. That's been a nuclear policyassociated with the left, but, likedefenses, its time has come. In thedays when we relied on nuclearweapons as the equalizer versusSoviet conventional forces, it wasnecessary to conduct nuclearweapons tests primarily for modern-ization. But no more.

That means there is no com-pelling reason to do it any more.

In addition, there's also an affir-mative reason to stop doing it.We've been preaching nonprolifcma-tion to other nations, but we haven'tbeen willing to give much on ourown nuclear program. Here's ourchance.

International cooperation is atthe core of nonproliferation effortsand that cooperation is going to bedifficult to achieve if the UnitedStates insists on continuing withnuclear testing.

Others have already gotten themessage. Look for Boris Yeltsin tobring up the comprehensive test bantreaty at the summit meeting inWashington next month. TheRussians declared a unilateralnuclear testing moratorium lastOctober and have been pressuringthe United States to do likewise. TheFrench announced in April that theywould halt tests this year to promotea moratorium. The Chinese haven'tgotten the message.

Last month, they set off theirlargest underground blast, equal tonearly one million tons of TNT. USprotests would be more likely to beheeded if we were not testing our-selves.

The Pentagon opposes more lim-its on nuclear testing, but pressure

has been building in this countryand elsewhere to halt testing.

The House next week will takeup the fiscal year 1993 defenseauthorization bill that the HouseArmed Services Committee has pro-duced.

I predict that an amendment willbe adopted by thle House to mandatea year's moratorium on nuclear test-ing.

Finally, your new mix of policiesfrom the right and policies from theleft will have to consider this one.It's preemption. It will undoubtedlybring widespread and strong dis-agreement, but the prospect is thatforce may be the only way in someinstances to stop the use of nuclearweapons.

If future leaders like SaddamHussein are intent on developingnuclear weapons and have~ a rela-tively advanced economy to supportthat effort the choice that is present-ed to you may be starkc-use force toput a halt to the potential use ofnuclear weapons or welcome a dan-gerous new member to the nuclearclub. Just about everyone agrees thatprolieration should be stopped.Everyone does not agree that thegoal is worth the use of force.

So there you have it -thenuclear threat your generation willface will be much smaller, muchchanged and in some ways tougherthan the superpower rivalry thatoccupied my generation. It willrequire you to abandon the old polit-ical labels that became affixed tonuclear policy during the Cold Warand it will call on you to do somefresh thinking.

I think the Class of '92 is up toit.

Following is tie text of theCommencement Address preparedfor delivery by Rep. Les Aspin PhID'66 (D-Wis.), chairman of the

House Armed Services Committee,as provided by the MIT News Office.During the delivery, Aspen short-ened his talk somewhat.

This is a season and a ceremonyof beginnings, and the Class of 92has a good one.

This is the first class of the post-Cold War, post-Soviet era. At thecenter of the era just past was thenuclear rivalry with the SovietUnion. I'd bet that few topics haveoccupied commencement speakers-and graduating classes - more overthe last 40 years than the specter ofnuclear war, and rightly so. It cer-tainly weighed heavily on my gener-ation. But you're graduating into anew era, one in which the nuclearthreat has been radically altered.This new world crystallized lastChristmas Day when MikhailGorbachev resigned as president ofthe USSR and the Soviet Union dis-solved.

The disappearance of the SovietUnion as an ideologically hostile,aggressive adversary means that thethreat of a superpower nuclearexchange has receded to the vanish-ing point. But your generation is stillgoing to face a nuclear threat. It willbe smaller, but perhaps harder tomanage. That threat is nuclear pro-liferation, the acquisition of nuclearweapons by more nations and evenby subnational or terrorist groups.

Of all of the threats that remainafter the breakup of the SovietUnion, this is the one threat that canstill do damage, physical damage, tothe United States. It is not the oldthreat of a nuclear war between thesuperpowers that threatened notonly national survival but life on theplanet itself. In a one-superpowerworld there is no country that canthreaten our physical survival, noteven a third country with nuclearweapons. But a third party withnuclear weapons could do enor-mous, unacceptable damage and thisis the residual nuclear threat youface.

Even one.-uclear weapon deto-nated in a major metropolitan areawould be an unimaginable disaster.Thus, for your generation, there is asharp irony in the new world you areinheriting. You will face a greatlyreduced chance of seeing manynuclear detonations, but perhaps anincreased chance of seeing onenuclear detonation.

Today I want to offer you threepropositions about what these devel-opments mean for your future.

The first proposition - and thisis at the heart of understanding thenuclear issues of your time-the firstproposition is that the United Stateshas undergone a fundamental shiftin its interest regarding nuclearweapons. In fact, it is a completereversal.

The United States has relied onnuclear weapons to offset numericalinferiority in conventional warfare.But we are now the only conven-tional superpower and our interestsin this regard are dramaticallyreversed.

Let me tell you how much werelied on nuclear weapons in thisconventional warfare context.Supposes somehow, that we hadbeen offered a magic wand thatwould wipe out all nuclear weaponsand the knowledge of their construc-tion. Would we have been happy?Not on your life. We would havesaid, 'No thanks, and don't daregive it to anyone else, either.' Aworld without nuclear weaponswould have been a world made safefor conventional war and the UnitedStates was numerically inferior tothe Soviet Union in weapons of con-ventional war. What's more, NATOwas inferior in weapons of conven-tional war to the Warsaw Pact.Nuclear weapons were the bigequalizer - the means by which theUnited States equalized the militaryadvantage of its adversaries.

But now the Soviet Union has

questioning the lifestyles and cul-tural values of their parents. .. atime when the country was dividedover the Vietnam War. . . a timewhen riots rocked cities through-out the nation.

And what about today? Wehear echoes of those earlier times,even though these times are differ-ent. The United States is no longerfaced with a political enemy ofmythic proportions. The USSR is,remarkably, dissolving, and itstotalitarian and communist founda-tions are giving way to democracyand capitalism. .. the boundariesbetween the European nations arebecoming semipermeable mem-branes. . . we are beginning to rec-ognize that we live in a globalcommunity.

How strange it is that just as theworld revolts against communismand moves toward democracy-atransition so dramatic Cthat FrancisFukuyama refers to it somewhathyperbolically as "the end of histo-ry" -we begin to fragment alongalmost every conceivable fault linein our society.

Diversity, Tolerance, andCivility I can think of no greatergoal to ask you to set forf your-selves, and I for myself, than thatof restoring some modicum of tol-erance and civility in this countryand world.

In the United States, we are los-ing the great goals of this nation ofimmigrants, of a society built to bean amalgamation of cultures andraces that is greater than the sumof its parts.

Thomas Jefferson said "Wehope to avail the nation of thosetalents which nature has sown asliberally among the poor as therich; but which perish without use,if not sought for and cultivated."This thought is more importanttoday than in the 18th century.And it must be extended to refer tothe nation's need to avail itself oftalents of black as well as white,

Following is a transcript ofPresident Charles -M. Vest'scharge to the graduates, asprovid-ed by the MlT News Office.

The Charge to the GraduatesAcceptance of Class Gift Thankyou, Aileen.. . It is a moving expe-rience to receive a gift from theclass at a moment like this-after allwe've put you through!

I like to think of it as an indica-tion of the high regard that you allhave for MIT - something thatanother visitor from Washingtoncommented on a few years ago.

Several years ago, WalterMondale came here to speak. Hereported later that as his car wasdriving up Amherst Alley toKresge, he was surrounded by acrowd of cheering students whoreally seemed to love this place. . .because, he said, they were allshouting "Tech is Swell!" RitualOnce again we are gathered to cel-ebrate accomplishment, heritage,and passage. It may, perhaps, seemodd that a community so dedicatedto the future, and so permeated byscientific objectivity, comestogether donning strange and col-orful medieval regalia. But indeedit is fitting, and seemingly fulfill-ing of deep human needs, that suchrituals take place.

This ritual reminds us of thecontinuity - through the ages ofdiscovery and learning - of ourrole in an unbroken, centuries-oldchain of human accomplishment ... achievements of mind and ofspirit.

But above all, it celebrates youraccomplishments during your stu-dent years.

This is not to say that theaccomplishment of graduationfrom MIT is yours alone, however!There are those parents, family,friends, spouses, and children whohave supported and sustained you.You will recognize them today bytheir smiles, brought about by theirgreat pride in your accomplish-ments ... and also by a sense ofgreat and immediate relief to their

bank accounts.Let us, then, express our deep

appreciation to a11 who have cometo Cambridge today to join in yourcommencement ceremony. Willyou, the graduates, please rise andgive them the applause they sorichly deserve.

It is also especially wonderfulto have all the babies and smallchildren here to see their mothersand fathers graduate.

They too are welcome. And asthis ceremony stretches onward, Igive them my special presidentialapproval to comment upon the pro-ceedings. . . at any time and in anymanner they see fit.

Milestones I would like to takea moment to recognize some otherspecial graduates of MIT who arewith us today. They are the mem-bers of the (Class of 1942 -thefifty year class-and the Class of1967, celebrating their twenty-fifthireunion. You will recognize themby the red or gray jackets they arewearing-along with a certain lookof wonder that time has passed soquickly since they were in yourshoes.

Time has passed quickly. . . ndit has brought extraordinarychange along with it.

Fifty years ago, in 1942, wewere in the midst of the SecondWorld War.

MIT had been called to nationalservice to help develop radar. . .and drew mathematicians, physi-cists,.electrical engineers, and oth-ers from throughout the nation tothe Radiation Laboratory. .. stu-dents moved through here in dou-ble time. . . it was a time of crisisfor the country, and the world, andMIT responded.

Twenty-five years ago, MITwas still at the forefront of discov-ery and achievement, but it wasfacing difficult times of a differentsort. How many members of theClass of 1967 remember JerryLettvin and Timothy Leary debat-ing a person's right to "turn son,tune in, and drop out"? It was atime when young people were Vest, Page 6

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