the westernizer the developer and th

8/9/2019 The Westernizer the Developer and Th

1/14

]fc Zcx}c|oitc|+ }fc Mcqckerc| gom }fc Gt`g|i4

Des|ogkix` Mixhes|xcx io C}fierig

Ly @ckixxg Zgkk

G Rgrc| R|cxco}cm }e }fc Goosgk Heoac|cohc ea }fc

Io}c|og}ieogk He``soihg}ieox Gxxehig}ieo Heoac|cohc+ Ghgrskhe Dsoc Les|jgsk}+ 7993> Ngxe`g+ 7993+ 799:)/ Io

xe`c hgxcx }fix ocz r|cxx fgx mixxcìog}cm ,rks|gkix}ih qiczx, gom mi|ch}ky heo}|ils}cm }e

mcèh|g}itg}ieo io Ga|ihg &Ejleomgf+ 799:+ r/ Ngxe`g+ 7993+ 799:)/ Io e}fc| hgxcx+ }fix r|cxx fgx

lcco ghhsxcm ea i||cxreoxilkc+ xcoxg}ieogk |cre|}ioj &Ngxe`g+ 799:)/

]fix x}smy g|jscx }fg} }fc ocz Ga|ihgo r|cxx ix rg|} ea g jkelgk xfia} heohc|oioj ioae|`g}ieo/ Ai|x}+ zc

fgqc xcco g jkelgk ioae| g}ieo cvrkexieo/ Zfikc HOO+ xg}ckki}c |gmie gom }fc Io}c|oc} fgqc he c }e

Ga|ihg+ }fc cvrkexieo eo }fc heo}ioco} fgx lcco rg|}ihskg|ky x}|eoj io r|io} cmig/ Xcheomky+ }fc og}s|c ea

oczx gom des|ogkix` g|c hfgojioj gx jkelgk cheoeìh+ reki}ihgk gom }chfoihgk }|comx ioakscohc heomi}ieox

xfgrioj kehgk r|gh}ihcx/ A|e` G`c|ihg*x Io}c|oc} jexxir heksòix}x }e Ga|ihg*x ocz r|cxx+ rerskix}x

g|esom }fc ze|km fgqc }|icm }e hkgi` g he``soihg}iqc xrghc io }fix hfgojioj ioae|`g}ieo xhcoc/

]fc oczocxx ea iomcrcomco} Ga|ihgo des|ogkix` `cgox i}x |ekcx gom i}x r|gh}ihcx g|c oe} yc} xc} io

x}eoc/ Gx A|gohix Ngxe`g &799:) z|i}cx+ ,]fc|c fgx oe} lcco shf ea go iomcrcomco} r|cxx io Ga|ihg+,

gom+ }fc|cae|c+ ki}}kc ix noezo gles} }fc Ga|ihgo des|ogkix}x zfe g|c rs}}ioj es} }fcxc ocz rslkihg}ieox &r/

3=2)/ ]fix |cxcg|hf r|edch} xccnx }e lc}}c| es| somc|x}gomioj }f|esjf g xrchiaih hgxc x}smy ea C}fierig*x

des|ogkix`/ C}fierig ix go i re|}go} heso}|y }e cvgìoc lchgsxc i} fgx g soiwsc fix}e|y gx eoc ea }fc }ze

heso}|icx io Ga|ihg }fg} zgx ocqc| hekeoitcm gom+ sokinc èx} Ga|ihgo heso}|icx+ i} fgx ae| hco}s|icx fgm i}x

ezo z|i}}co gkrfglc} gom hfi|ej|grfih hsk}s|c/ ]fc r|cxcohc ea hekeoitc|x gom e|gk hsk}s|cx fgqc

r|cqiesxky lcco mcxh|ilcm gx `gde| ioakscohcx eo }fc Ga|ihgo r|cxx &Gioxkic+ 791:> Fghf}co+ 79:7>

Les|jgsk}+ 7998+ 7993> @efg`cm+ 799:)/ ]fc |cxcg|hf wscx}ieox rexcm fc|c aehsx eo mixheqc|ioj zfg}


2/14

C}fierigo des|ogkix}x* mixhes|xcx g|c heohc|oioj g) r|cxx-jeqc|o`co} |ckg}ieox> l) r|cxx-gsmicohc

|ckg}ieox> gom h) des|ogkix}x* imco}i}icx/ Io gmmi}ieo+ }fix r|edch} h|cg}cx g ocz oeo-Zcx}c|o xc} ea

jsimckiocx ae| `cmigx |ekc io xehigk hfgojc gjgiox} zfihf }e he`rg|c }fc C}fierigo gom+ re}co}igkky+ e}fc|

oeoZcx}c|o cmig/

Ki}c|g}s|c \cqicz

Des|ogkix} Imco}i}icx/ Eoc ea }fc ai|x} rcerkc }e mcxh|ilc }fc |ekc ea }fc Ga|ihgo des|ogkix} zgx Nzg`c

On|s`gf &7913) zfe lckicqcm }fg} }fc|c zc|c }f|cc }yrcx ea Ga|ihgo des|ogkix}x4 ]fexc zfe ze|ncm }e

xc|qc }fc io}c|cx}x ea r|iqg}c hgri}gk> }fexc zfe ze|ncm }e xc|qc }fc io}c|cx}x ea ae|cijoc|x> gom }fexc

zfe zc|c mcqe}cm }e }fc hgsxc ea Ga|ihgo |cqeks}ieo/ ]fc eoky ghhcr}glkc èmck ae| On|s`gf zgx }fc

kg}}c|+ zfihf zeskm xc|qc gx g hekkch}iqc e|jgoitc|+ elikitc| gom cmshg}e|/ Gèoj }fc x}smicx ea Ga|ihgo

des|ogkix}x+ A|gon Sjlegdgf &7963) aesom }fg} Oijc|igo des|ogkix}x zc|c fijfky kincky }e lckeoj }e

r|eacxxieogk des|ogkix} gxxehig}ieox gom }fexc zi}f fijfc| kcqckx ea cmshg}ieo zc|c kcxx kincky }e x}gy io }fc

r|eacxxieo/ ]fci| èx} kincky mcx}iog}ieo zgx reki}ihx/ Io J|gfg` @y}}eo*x &7968) x}smy ea Oijc|ig

des|ogkix}x+ fc g|jscm }fg} }fcy zc|c soglkc }e aiom g ìmmkc j|esom lc}zcco h|i}ihix` gom xyherfgohy/

Hfg|kcx Enijle &796:) miqimcm Oijc|igo des|ogkix}x rc|xrch}iqcx io}e }f|cc j|esrx4 }fexc zfe zc|caehsxcm eo xcka h|i}ihix` ea }fci| ezo rc|ae|`gohc> }fexc zfe aehsxcm eo aekkezioj g }|gmi}ieogk Zcx}c|o

imcekejy ea }fc r|cxx> gom }fexc zfe lckicqcm }fcy occmcm è|c r|cxx a|ccme`/ Le}f Zikkig` Fghf}co

&79:9) gom Zikkig` Aioocjgo &7966) aesom }fg} lkghn Xes}f Ga|ihgo des|ogkix}x qiczcm }fci| ze|n

miaac|co}ky a|e` zfi}cx gom zc|c shf kcxx glkc }e lc ,eldch}iqc, somc| grg|}fcim/ Fghf}co &79:7) gkxe

g|jscm }fg} Ga|ihgo des|ogkix}x kghncm xehigk x}g}sx+ zfihf fc lckicqcm }fcy zeskm eoky jgio }f|esjf

r|eacxxieogkitg}ieo/ Kcxkic Ae|m|cm &799:) aesom }fg} rex}-grg|}fcim+ xe`c lkghn Xes}f Ga|ihgo des|ogkix}x

zc|c r|gh}ihioj g he``soi}g|igo ae|` ea des|ogkix`/

Io Cgx} Ga|ihg+ Rgsk J|exzikc| &799:) xs|qcycm ]gotgoigo des|ogkix}x gom aesom aes| ocz des|ogkix}

|ekcx c`c|jioj io |ckg}ieo }e }fc hfgojioj `cmig xhcoc/ ]fcxc g|c4 }fc he`rc}i}iqc rerskix} zfe xsrre|}xg r|iqg}c r|cxx }fg} aehsxcx eo mcqcker`co} ixxscx> }fc x}g}sx wse lsikmc| zfe xsrre|}x g jeqc|o`co}-

|so r|cxx }fg} aehsxcx eo lsikmioj sr }fc r|eacxxieogk x}g}sx ea des|ogkix}x> }fc mcqcker`co} r|eè}c|

zfe xsrre|}x g jeqc|o`co} `cmig }fg} ze|nx io |s|gk g|cgx gom zi}f `g|jiogkitcm j|esrx> gom }fc h|i}ihgk

|cae|`c| zfe xsrre|}x g r|iqg}c r|cxx }fg} mix}|sx}x jeqc|o`co}+ lckicqcx io ,mcèh|g}itg}ieo ea oczx+,

gom fg}cx hcoxe|xfir/ Io fc| xs|qcy ea Ncoygo des|ogkix}x+ Hg|ek Rgski &7999) he`rg|cm g}}i}smcx ea

Ncoygo des|ogkix}x zi}f }fg} ea G`c|ihgo eocx+ mixheqc|ioj }fg} }fc Ga|ihgo des|ogkix}x zc|c è|c zikkioj }e

je }e dgik+ deio r|eacxxieogk e|jgoitg}ieox+ gom }e xsrre|} g rerskix} grr|eghf }e des|ogkix` io zfihf

e|miog|y rcerkc g|c jiqco è|c ea g qeihc/ ]fcxc }ze x}smicx g|c i re|}go} lchgsxc }fcy aehsx eo

des|ogkix}x io }fc hs||co}ky hfgojioj `cmig xhcoc gom }fcy r|eqimc }fc lcjiooiojx ea g a|g`cze|n gjgiox}

zfihf }e he`rg|c e}fc| des|ogkix}x io Cgx} Ga|ihg gom lcyeom/ Gèoj }fc i`re|}go} aiomiojx g|c }fc

|gojc ea }fc des|ogkix}x* g}}i}smcx }ezg|m jeqc|o`co}+ gom }fc rc|hciqcm r|eacxxieogk |ekcx ea des|ogkix}x

&iohksmioj g}}i}smcx }ezg|m dgikiojx+ gom }fc ocz rerskix} r|cxx)/

Des|ogkix` |ekcx/ @e|c l|egmky+ qg|iesx elxc|qc|x fgqc imco}iaicm }ze e| }f|cc `gio èmckx ae|

Ga|ihgo des|ogkix` eqc| }fc ycg|x/ \exgkyomc Gioxkic &791:) z|e}c }fg} }fc Ga|ihgo r|cxx aekkezcm ci}fc| g

|cqeks}ieog|y+ jeqc|o`co}-ezocm èmck e| go iomcrcomco}ky ezocm+ jeqc|o`co} zg}hfmej èmck/

Fghf}co &79:7) lckicqcm }fg} }fc }ze `gio ioakscohcx eo }fc Ga|ihgo r|cxx zc|c }fc xc}}kc| }|gmi}ieo gom


3/14

}fc og}ieogkix} }|gmi}ieo/ ]fc ae|`c| r|cxx zgx ci}fc| jeqc|o`co} ezocm e| r|iqg}cky ezocm ls} fcgqiky

jeqc|o`co} ioakscohcm/ Le}f zc|c gi`cm g} cki}cx/ ]fc kg}}c| &}fc og}ieogkix}) zgx iomijcoesx gom

reki}ihgk+ gji}g}ioj ae| hfgojc/ E}fc| xhfekg|x fgqc imco}iaicm }f|cc `gio emckx4 }fc jeqc|o`co}-ezocm

mcqcker`co} e|ico}cm èmck> }fc zcx}c|o x}ykc+ r|iqg}cky ezocm èmck> gom }fc }|gmi}ieogk%og}ieogkix}

rerskix} èmck &Fcg}f+ 799:)/ ]fcxc }f|cc }|gmi}ieox io qg|iesx ae|`x fgqc grrcg|cm gom |cgrrcg|cm

}f|esjfes} Ga|ihgo des|ogkix`*x fix}e|y/ ]fc kcqck ea ioakscohc ea cghf }|gmi}ieo mcrcomx sreo zfihf

heso}|y ix lcioj mixhsxxcm/

]fc ai|x} èmck -- }fc jeqc|o`co}-ezocm `cmig -- ix lgxcm eo èmc|oitg}ieo }fce|y gom gi`x }e

heo}|ils}c }e og}ieo lsikmioj/ ]fc r|cxx ix xcco gx g }eek ae| cx}glkixfioj og}ieogk soi}y gom i`rg|}ioj

heox}|sh}iqc h|i}ihix` gom `gxx cmshg}ieo/ Somc| }fix èmck+ }fc `cmig fgqc ea}co lche`c ,r|gixc

xiojc|x, ae| Ga|ihg*x kcgmc|x/ ]fcxc `cmig g|c asomcm ly gom mcrcomco} eo jeqc|o`co}/ ]fc xcheom

èmck -- r|iqg}cky ezocm+ he``c|higk cmig -- ix ea}co hgkkcm go ,iomcrcomco} r|cxx/, ]fix èmck aekkezx

}fc Zcx}c|o imcg ea `cmig r|eqimioj ioae|`g}ieo ae| hi}itcox }e `gnc ioae|`cm mchixieox gom xc|qioj gx g

jeqc|o`co} zg}hfmej/ I} ix asomcm ly gom mcrcomco} sreo gmqc|}ixc|x/ ]fc }fi|m emck mc|iqcx a|e` }fc

go}i-hekeoigkix} iomcrcomcohc èqc`co}x/ H|i}ihgk ea }fc rezc|x }fg} lc+ }fcxc `cmig g|c ea}co z|i}}co iokehgk kgojsgjcx+ g|c ea}co xcoxg}ieogk+ gom%e| reki}ihgkky rg|}ixgo/ ]fcy sxsgkky g|c ree|ky asomcm+ gom

}fsx mcrcomco} eo reki}ihgk rg|}icx gom e}fc| gxxehig}ieox gom%e| sreo x}|cc} xgkcx/

@goy cvrkgog}ieox ea }fc Ga|ihgo r|cxx fgqc }comcm }e lc ioxri|cm ly }fc aes| }fce|icx ea }fc r|cxx

zfihf aehsx eo Zcx}c|o imcgkx heohc|oioj jeqc|o`co}-r|cxx |ckg}ieox &Zikhev+ 79:3> Fghf}co+ 799 @efg`cm+ 799:)/ @efg`cm &799:) g|jscx

}fg} g Zcx}c|o-x}ykc ,a|cc r|cxx, r|elglky zikk ocqc| }gnc |ee} io Ga|ihg lchgsxc i} ix lgxcm eo Zcx}c|o

oe}ieox ea iomiqimsgk |ijf}x gom |cxreoxiliki}icx zfihf fc xgyx g|c hsk}s|gkky iohe`rg}ilkc zi}f }fchekkch}iqc rfikexerficx ea Ga|ihgox/ Les|jgsk} &7993) gkxe g|jscx }fg} Zcx}c|o-ioxri|cm imcgkx hgo kcgm

Ga|ihgox }e lche`c gkicog}cm a|e` }fci| ezo gsmicohcx gom hsk}s|cx/ Xfc z|i}cx &7993)+ ,go erioieo

r|cxx+ eoc }e zfihf gmqehghy he`cx og}s|gkky+ mc|iqcx a|e` go e|gkky-lgxcm hsk}s|c - eoc zfc|c }fc|c ix

ki}}kc mix}gohc lc}zcco }fc |cre|}c|x+ }fc xsldch} gom }fc gsmicohc/ G mimgh}ih r|cxx gkxeP c`c|jcx wsi}c

heàe|}glky / / / eldch}iqi}y ix g ocg| i`rexxiliki}y, &r/ 799)/ Fezcqc|+ }fcxc cvrkgog}ieox }ee fgqc lcco

h|i}ihitcm ae| lcioj mc|iqcm a|e` Zcx}c|o |cxcg|hfc|*x a|g`cze|nx &Les|jgsk} ze|nx a|e` Zgk}c| Eoj*x

}fce|icx ea e|gki}y gom @efg`cm sxcx Cmzg|m ]/ Fgkk*x }fce|icx ea hsk}s|c gom he``soihg}ieo)/

]fix r|edch} xccnx }e h|cg}c g a|g`cze|n ea |che``comg}ieox ae| `cmig gom xehigk hfgojc lgxcm eo

oeoZcx}c|o }fce|ix}x/ ]fix èmck m|gzx a|e` }fc z|i}ioj ea A|go}t Agoeo+ Gki @gt|si gom Rgske A|ci|c --

gkk ea zfe` fgqc gmm|cxxcm }fc og}s|c ea xehigk hfgojc io oeo-Zcx}c|o+ xrchiaihgkky Ga|ihgo heo}cv}x/

Agoeo*x z|i}iojx hi}cm fc|c aehsx eo fix elxc|qg}ieox ea }fc Gkjc|igo |cqeks}ieo gom fez }fc rerskg}ieo

gmgr}cm i}x }|gmi}ieox }e hfgojioj occmx/ @gt|si fgx z|i}}co cv}coxiqcky gles} xehigk hfgojc io Ga|ihg

gom i}x qg|iesx ioakscohcx/ A|ci|c+ gk}fesjf L|gtikigo+ xrco} }i c io Zcx} Ga|ihg }|yioj }e i`rkc`co} fix

}fce|icx heohc|oioj heoxhico}itg}ieo/ Cghf ea }fcxc fgx }fci| xsrre|}c|x gom mc}|gh}e|x> cghf }e g

hc|}gio cv}co} fgx lcco h|i}ihitcm lchgsxc }fci| imcgx ea}co mim oe} mi|ch}ky he||cxreom zi}f |cgki}y+ ea}co

lcioj }ee imcgkix}ih }e cogh}/ Ocqc|}fckcxx+ i} ix i`re|}go} }e eaac| oe|`g}iqc jsimckiocx ae| fez }fc `cmig


4/14

ìjf} heo}|ils}c }e xehigk hfgojc gx go imcgk }e lc ze|ncm }ezg|m io go eo-jeioj r|ehcxx/ Imcgkx eaac| sx

le}f ferc gom g qixieo ea zfg} }fc `cmig ìjf} lc/

A|go}t Agoeo &7918%79:9> 791:) xsjjcx}cm }fg} }fc `gxx `cmig rkgy le}f g rexi}iqc gom g ocjg}iqc

|ekc io xehigk hfgojc/ ]fc miaac|cohc he`cx io rg|} zi}fio }fc |ekc ea }fc gsmicohc/ Agoeo lckicqcm io }fc

rezc| ea go gh}iqc gsmicohc/ Iomccm+ fc z|e}c }fg} gsmicohcx mcoicm ioae| g}ieo zeskm gnc sr }fci|

ezo ,}|sc kicx, &Agoeo+ 791:+ r/ 6:)/ Ly }fix fc `cgox }fg} }fc cvgh} ioae|`g}ieo ix oe} gx i`re|}go} gx

keoj gx }fc reki}ihgk cxxcohc i} xsrre|}x ix }e }|sc }fc rcerkc*x occmx/ Fc zgx gkxe heohc|ocm zi}f }fc

|ekc ea }fc cmshg}cm hkgxxcx gx hsk}s|gk r|emshc|x/ Fez heskm }fcy r|cqco} }fc`xckqcx a|e` gxxsìoj

}fc |ekcx ea }fc Zcx}c|o cki}cx zfe` }fcy |crkghcm5 Fc xsjjcx}x r|eacxxieogkx `sx} nccr }fc`xckqcx

hkexc }e e|miog|y rcerkc }e r|cqco} gkicog}ieo/

Io fix è|c |chco} ze|n+ Gki @gt|si &7991) mixhsxxcx fez mcqcker`co} hgo ehhs| zi}fes} h|cg}ioj

mcrcomcohy/ ]f|cc ea fix xsjjcx}ieox g|c ncy ae| }fix x}smy4 Iomijcoitg}ieo> fe|iteo}gk io}cj|g}ieo> gom

me`cx}ihg}ieo/ Iomijcoitg}ieo zeskm iohksmc sxioj ,iomijcoesx }chfoiwscx+ rc|xeoock+ gom grr|eghfcx }e

rs|rexcask hfgojc, &r/ =)/ Fc lckicqcx }fg} kehgk kgojsgjcx xfeskm lc sxcm io iomijcoitg}ieo r|ehcxxcx/Mixhes|xcx lgxcm eo kehgk kgojsgjcx+ fc z|i}cx+ g|c è|c kincky }e gkkez oeo-Zcx}c|o heohcr}sgkitg}ieox

}e mcqcker/ Fe|iteo}gk io}cj|g}ieo hgkkx ae| }fc |c}s|o ea Rgo Ga|ihgoix` io zfihf Ga|ihgox kehg}c gom

hckcl|g}c }fc hekkch}iqcky xfg|cm rg|}x ea }fci| hsk}s|c/ Me`cx}ihg}ieo ix g x}|g}cjy }fg} ioqekqcx ,`gnioj

i`re|}cm iox}i}s}ieox è|c |ckcqgo} ae| Ga|ihg, &r/ 1)/

Aiogkky+ Rgske A|ci|c &79:2) fgx z|i}}co `shf gles} xehigk hfgojc gom iohksmcm io fix z|i}iojx fix

}fesjf}x eo he``soihg}ieo/ Fc lckicqcm eoc ea }fc èx} rezc|ask }eekx e|miog|y rcerkc `sx} gio}gio

ix }fci| gliki}y }e ,og`c }fc ze|km/, ]fg} ix+ e|miog|y rcerkc occm }e lc jiqco g qeihc io e|mc| }e }|goxae|`

}fc ze|km/ A|ci|c gkxe z|e}c gles} }fc occm }e imco}iay r|elkc`x xe }fg} e|miog|y rcerkc heskm |cakch}

sreo }fcxc r|elkc`x gom }fco }gnc gh}ieo/ Kinc Agoeo gom @gt|si+ fc zgx heohc|ocm zi}f fez }er|cqco} es}ximc hsk}s|cx a|e` }gnioj eqc| }f|esjf }fc r|eacxxieogk hkgxxcx/ Fc g|jscm }fg} r|eacxxieogkx

occmcm }e nccr }fc`xckqcx ocg| }fc rcerkc+ lc |cxrch}ask ea }fci| qiczx gom lc zikkioj }e fgqc g }ze-zgy

migkejsc lchgsxc ,zi}fes} migkejsc+ }fc|c ix oe he``soihg}ieo, &r/ 67)/ R|eacxxieogkitg}ieo xfeskm eoky

lc g `cgox }e gim }|goxae|`g}ieo oe} g `cgox }e heoxekimg}c rezc|/

Lckez+ }fc imcgx ea }fcxc }fionc|x fgqc lcco sxcm }e h|cg}c g xc|icx ea jsimckiocx ae| fez }fc Ga|ihgo

`cmig xfeskm imcgkky erc|g}c/

]fc C}fierigo r|cxx mc|iqcx a|e` g miaac|co} }|gmi}ieo }fgo èx} Ga|ihgo heso}|icx/ Kinc Kilc|ig+

C}fierig zgx ocqc| hekeoitcm gom }fsx g og}ieogkix} r|cxx ocqc| mcqckercm/ G }yrc ea ,xc}}kc|, r|cxx mim

`gnc go grrcg|gohc+ ls} kghncm }fc heoxix}cohy gom ioakscohc }fg} i} fgm io e}fc| heso}|icx/ ]fc ai|x}

oczxrgrc|x zc|c A|cohf+ }fco I}gkigo aekkezioj }fci| 7982x ioqgxieo+ }fco L|i}ixf aekkezioj }fc com ea

Ze|km Zg| II gom aiogkky io }fc 7912x+ }fc Soi}cm X}g}cx asomcm go C}fierigo-|so rgrc| &X/ Rgonfs|x}+

7933> Xcgzckk+ 79:7> Agoes|ix ! Agoes|ix+ 7993)/ Oeoc ea }fcxc zgx gx keoj-kgx}ioj e| ioaksco}igk gx }fc

rgrc|x io C}fierig*x xes}fc|o ocijfle|+ Ncoyg+ ae| cvg`rkc/ Iox}cgm+ }fc r|cxx heoxix}cm ea jeqc|o`co}-

|so e|jgox zfihf zc|c `gioky r|gixc-xiojc|x ae| }fc c`rc|e| &Hkgr`go+ 7919> Xcgzckk+ 79:7> Lg|}eo+

79:9> Mclclc+ 79:6)/ Gkxe+ C}fierig fgx g fix}e|y ea g z|i}}co kgojsgjc gom r|emshioj fgom z|i}}co }cv}x


5/14


6/14

}fc Mcqckerc|+ aekkezx }fc cx}glkixfcm rg}}c|o io `goy Ga|ihgo heso}|icx ea sxioj }fc `cmig }e heo}|ils}c

}e og}ieo lsikmioj gom }e xsrre|} }fc jeqc|o co}/ ]fc }fi|m mixhes|xc+ }fc Gt`g|i+ |cakch}x r|cqiesxky

imco}iaicm hsk}s|gk }comcohicx }ezg|m g reki}ihgk+ rerskix} r|cxx/ Cghf ea }fcxc ix xs``g|itcm io ]glkc 7

lckez/

]GLKC 74 C}fierigo Des|ogkix` Mixhes|xcx

]yrc ea Mixhes|xc\ckg}ieo

z%Jeqc|o`co}Des|ogkix} Imco}i}icx \ckg}ieo z%Rslkih

Zcx}c|oitc|Zg}hfmej R|eacxxieogkx Hkgi`x }e xrcgn ae|

Mcqckerc|Xsrre|}x Oe} yc} r|eacxxieogkx Xc|qcx a|e` g mix}gohc

Gt`g|i

Zg}hfmej Rerskix} rg|}ixgox Xcco gx hekkgle|g}e|x

]fc Zcx}c|oitc|]fc Zcx}c|oitc| aekkezx }fc Zcx}c|o kilc|gk }|gmi}ieo ea }fc r|cxx+ lckicqioj }fg} }fc

`cmig xfeskm erc|g}c eldch}iqcky gom xc|qc gx g zg}hfmej ea }fc jeqc|o`co}/ Ghhe|mioj }e }fix

mixhes|xc+ eoky g he``c|higk r|cxx hgo askaikk }fix |ekc lchgsxc i} ix a|cc a|e` jeqc|o`co} heo}|ek/ Gx eoc

g|}ihkc oe}cm+ ,]fc iomcrcomco} r|cxx `sx} x}|sjjkc }e kiqc sr }e }fix }gxn ea xc|qioj gx g rslkih zg}hfmej

e| ckxc kexc i}x h|cmiliki}y/, Eoc des|ogkix} xgim }fg} oczxrgrc|x xfeskm oe} }gnc ximcx+ ls} |g}fc|

,co}c|}gio gkk imcgx eldch}iqcky/, ]fix mixhes|xc gkxe c`rfgxitcx }fc |ekc ea }fc `cmig io g mcèh|ghy/

Goe}fc| rslkihg}ieo |cre|}cm+ ,]fc r|cxx ix iomixrcoxglkc }e }fc gmqgohc`co} ea goy ae|` ea

mcèh|ghy/,

A|ccme` ea }fc r|cxx heoxix}x ea gkkezioj }fc `cmig }e hekkch} gom mixxcìog}c ioae|`g}ieo zi}fes}

hcoxe|xfir ly }fc jeqc|o`co} e| }fc fg|gxx`co} }fg} kcgmx }e xcka-hcoxe|xfir+ ghhe|mioj }e qg|iesx

cmi}e|x/ Eoc cmi}e| mcaiocm i} gx ,lcioj glkc }e keen g} g mcqcker`co} e| ixxsc gom lc glkc }e cvgìoc i}+

jg}fc| ioae|`g}ieo gles} i} zi}fes} goy r|elkc`x gom eohc yes aiom }fc ioae|`g}ieo }e lc glkc }e z|i}c

gles} i} ae| r|cxco}g}ieo zi}fes} xcka hcoxe|xfir/, G rslkihg}ieo oe}cm+ ,ia }fc|c ix g occm ea hcoxe|xfir+

}fix xfeskm eoky lc `gmc g} }fc `g|nc}rkghc ea imcgx, zfikc goe}fc| |cre|}cm }fc ,r|cxx gom hcoxe|xfir

g|c xi`rky iohe`rg}ilkc/, Fezcqc|+ r|cxx a|ccme` fgx }e lc cvc|hixcm |cxreoxilky/ Gx eoc des|ogkix}

xgim+ ,i} ix oe} a|ccme` zi}fes} kiì}g}ieox+, zfikc g rslkihg}ieo mchkg|cm }fg} ,]fc r|cxx xfeskm lc è|c

|cxreoxilkc+ è|c eldch}iqc gom kcxx m|iqco ly cè}ieo gom fex}iki}y/,

Gx ae| dgikioj des|ogkix}x+ }fc Zcx}c|oitc| mixhes|xc mim oe} xcc` }e hes|} dgik }fc zgy }fc Gt`g|i mim+

yc} zgx gkxe oe} gx hg|cask }e gmqehg}c gqeimioj i} gx }fc Mcqckerc| mixhes|xc zgx/ Eoc des|ogkix} xgim

gles} lcioj dgikcm4 ,I} kcgqcx xe`c}fioj io yes| ìom/ Lcae|c }fg} I ocqc| }fesjf} }fg} goy}fioj heskm

fgrrco/ I} `gncx yes e|c hgs}iesx / / / yc}P i} gncx sx è|c es}xrenco/,


7/14

]fc |ckg}ieoxfir zi}f }fc rslkih grrcg|x }e lc g mix}go} eoc io zfihf }fc rslkih ix }fc |chirico} ea }fc

r|cxx* ioae|`g}ieo zfihf }fc rslkih ix xsrrexc }e sxc }e `gnc i}x mchixieox/ Gk}fesjf eoc rslkihg}ieo

oe}cm }fg} ,io g a|cc r|cxx+ ioae|ìoj }fc rslkih ix r|i`g|y+, }fix mixhes|xc }comcm }e c rfgxitc

gsmicohcx gx rgxxiqc |chciqc|x/ Eoc des|ogkix} cvrkgiocm }fg} io rg|} fgqioj metcox ea rslkihg}ieox }e

hfeexc a|e` ix g rfcoe`coeo }fc rslkih ix x}ikk jc}}ioj sxcm }e/ ,I} ix g zfekc ocz }|gmi}ieo io C}fierig,

gom }fc rslkih zikk lche`c ,è|c heoxhiesx ea }fc rgrc|x/,

]fix mixhes|xc xccx des|ogkix}x gx r|eacxxieogkx he`ì}}cm }e Zcx}c|o des|ogkix` imcgkx ea rslkih

xc|qihc/ Goyeoc r|gh}ihioj goy e}fc| niom ea des|ogkix` mecxo*} lckeoj io }fix kioc ea ze|n/ Eoc des|ogkix}

gmmcm }fg} }|sc des|ogkix}x ze|n ae| fijfc| jeem gom }fg} ,zc }|y }e xckch} }fc lcx} r|eacxxieogkx / / / Zc

mixhes|gjc rcerkc zfe ze|n ae| }fc èocy/, Io rg|}+ }fci| xcka-mcaioi}ieo ix ghhe`rkixfcm }f|esjf

imco}iayioj zfg} }fcy aiom mcrke|glkc io }fc Gt`g|i gom Mcqckerc| mixhes|xcx/ G des|ogkix} xgim }fg} ,zc

g|c xc|iesx des|ogkix}x+, zfihf xc} }fc` grg|} a|e` }fc Gt`g|i des|ogkix}x zfe` }fcy ghhsxc ea lcioj xf|ikk

gom fg|àsk/ Goe}fc| des|ogkix} xgim+ ,I}*x g wscx}ieo ea he`rc}cohc/,

Eoc rslkihg}ieo |cre|}cm }fg} }fc r|cxx xfeskm ,oe} rkgy }fc |ekc ea g reki}ihgk errexi}ieo/, Goe}fc| x}e|y

|cre|}cm }fg} }fc hs||co} Gt`g|i r|cxx ix ,hgr}iqc ea i}x aivg}ieo zi}f iomiqimsgk kcgmc|x gom fijfjeqc|o`co} eaaihigkx iox}cgm ea r|cxco}ioj g zckk-g|}ihskg}cm h|i}ihix` ea }fci| rekihicx/, G des|ogkix}

cvrkgiocm }fg} ,oczxrgrc|x xfeskm fgqc oczx eo rgjc eoc gom g xcrg|g}c rgjc ae| erioieo/, ]fc r|cxx

ix ,mcrke|glkc+, eoc rslkihg}ieo |cre|}cm+ zfco i} c`rkeyx ,fg}c èojc|ioj+ c}foih r|cdsmihc e| es}|ijf}

kilckesx r|gh}ihcx }fg} fgqc oe}fioj }e me zi}f xc|iesx des|ogkix`/, Eoc cmi}e| xgim }fg} ae| }fc Gt`g|i

des|ogkix}+ ,cqc|y}fioj leikx mezo }e *zc meo*} zgo} }fix jeqc|o`co}/* ]fcy x}g|} zi}f g heohksxieo/

Ioae|`g}ieo he cx kg}c|/, Gx ae| }fc jeqc|o`co} cmig+ oczxrgrc|x oe}cm }fg} ,oe r|cxx hgo xioj }fc

r|gixc ea }fc jeqc|o`co} zi}fes} dcerg|mitioj i}x qc|y eldch}iqi}y gom iomcrcomcohc/, Oczxrgrc| x}e|icx

|crcg}cmky oe}cm }fg} xshf `cmig kghnx ,r|eacxxieogk a|ccme` , zfihf zeskm gkkez i} }e ,je goyzfc|c }e

|cre|}+ z|i}c+ h|i}ihitc e| rgy }|ils}c gx }fc ehhgxieo rc|ì}x/, Gèoj }fci| ze|x} xiox+ ghhe|mioj }e }fc

Zcx}c|oitioj mixhes|xc+ zgx }e lc ,agzoioj, }ezg|m jeqc|o`co}/

]fc Mcqckerc| ]fc Mcqckerc| mixhes|xc |cakch}x }fc keoj-cx}glkixfcm r|gh}ihc ea xccioj }fc `cmig gx

g mcqcker`co} }eek/ Eoc rslkihg}ieo oe}cm }fg} ,|cre|}ioj mcqcker`co} gh}iqi}icx somc| i`rkc`co}g}ieo io

kioc zi}f }fc mcqcker`co} rkgox ix eoc ea }fc `gde| }gxnx, ea }fc `cmig+ zfihf gkxe ,rkgy go i`re|}go}

|ekc io }fc i`rkc`co}g}ieo ea r|ehkg`g}ieox gom |cjskg}ieox, ixxscm ly }fc jeqc|o`co}/ ]fix mixhes|xc

gkxe }comx }e xcc xshhcxxask he``soihg}ieo gx xe`c}fioj }e lc `cgxs|cm io ocz cwsir`co} gom

cvrgomcm xc|qihcx/ ]fsx i} zgx oe} sosxsgk }e |cgm g hckcl|g}e|y x}e|y gles} x}g}c-ezocm r|io}ioj

he`rgoy }fg} ,rkgycm g oe}glkc heo}|ils}ieo io fckrioj leex} }fc heso}|y*x eqc|gkk ki}c|ghy/,

]fc r|cxx ,xfeskm xc|qc jeqc|o`co} gom }fc rcerkc, ly r|eqimioj g ,migkejsc+, ghhe|mioj }e eoc

cmi}e|/ H|i}ihix` xfeskm lc heox}|sh}iqc gom oe} ochcxxg|iky }fc `gio heo}co} ea g rslkihg}ieo/ Gx eoc

des|ogkix} oe}cm+ ,Oe} cqc|y}fioj ix lgm io }fix heso}|y/ ]fc|c g|c g ke} ea jeem }fiojx io }fc mgiky kiac }fg}

}fc `cmig xfeskm |cakch}/, Goe}fc| xgim+ ,]fc|c ix xe `shf }e z|i}c gles} io }fix heso}|y zi}fes} h|cg}ioj

go}gjeoix`x/,

Gx ae| a|ccme` ea }fc r|cxx+ go cmi}e| mcaiocm i} gx ,A|ccme` a|e` xsrr|cxxieo }fg} fiomc|x g rc|xeo

a|e` }ckkioj }fc }|s}f*, ls} gmmcm }fix zgx oe} io}comcm }e cohes|gjc reki}ihgk reio}x ea qicz/ Iomccm+


8/14

a|ccme` ea cvr|cxxieo ix oe} go C}fierigo hsk}s|gk qgksc+ xcqc|gk cmi}e|x g|jscm/ Eoc des|ogkix} xgim+

,Ercoocxx ix oe} cgxy ae| C}fierigox/ Zc acck zc fgqc }e xgacjsg|m es|xckqcx/, Goe}fc| eoc mcaiocm

}fc r|cxx-jeqc|o`co} |ckg}ieoxfir ly xsjjcx}ioj }fg} |cre|}c|x ,xfeskm gkkez jeqc|o`co} eaaihigkx }e

r|cqicz g|}ihkcx }e mcqcker heoaimcohc io }fc r|cxx gom aekkez }|gmi}ieo/ ]fc zfekc r|cxx xyx}c` fgx }e

he`c }f|esjf }|gmi}ieo/ G rg|}ihskg| C}fierigo oczxrgrc| hsk}s|c fgx }e mcqcker/ Gmer}ioj }fc xg`c

xyx}c` ^gx }fc Zcx}P ìjf} oe} ze|n/,

]fc dgikioj ea des|ogkix}x ix oe} g heohc|o ae| }fc`/ Gx eoc des|ogkix} xgim+ ,Zc*|c hg|cask / / / Zc noez

zfg} eaacomx }fc jeqc|o`co}/, Goe}fc| oe}cm ea }fc Gt`g|i r|cxx+ ,Yes |cgm zfg} }fcy g|c z|i}ioj -- i}*x

fcgqy/, Gx }fcxc des|ogkix}x |g|cky aiom }fc`xckqcx io dgik+ }fci| xy`rg}fy ae| }fexc zfe me ix kiì}cm/ Eoc

cmi}e| lckicqcm }fg} ae| }fc des|ogkix}x zfe g|c dgikcm+ ,}fcy h|cg}c }fcxc r|elkc`x }fc`xckqcx+, zfikc

goe}fc| xgim }fg} }fci| }|eslkcx hg`c lchgsxc ,}fcy io}c|r|c} cqc|y}fioj }f|esjf reki}ihx/,

Gx ae| }fc rslkih+ }fcy g|c }e lc xc|qcm ly fgqioj oczx gles} }fci| jeqc|o`co} r|io}cm/ ]fc

ioae|`g}ieo }fcy g|c r|eqimcm zikk kincky oe} lc ocjg}iqc e| h|i}ihgk gx oczxrgrc|x oe}cm }fg} }fc `cmig*x

|ckg}ieoxfir zi}f }fc rslkih zgx }e ze|n gx g ,l|imjc, lc}zcco jeqc|o`co} co}i}icx gom ,xehic}y/, Eocx}e|y oe}cm }fg} }fc r|cxx xfeskm fckr rcerkc ,eqc|he`c ìxsomc|x}gomiojx, }fcy ìjf} fgqc gles} }fc

jeqc|o`co}/ Gx eoc des|ogkix} oe}cm+ ,@cmig xfeskm lc g ae|s` ae| rcerkc }e cvhfgojc imcgx/,

]fix mixhes|xc aehsxcm èx} ea}co eo |cre|}c|x* imco}i}y ly xrchiaihgkky imco}iayioj |cxreoxiliki}icx

|g}fc| }fgo aehsxioj eo e}fc| des|ogkix` mixhes|xcx/ Eoc rslkihg}ieo g|jscm }fg} |cre|}c|x xfeskm

,mixhfg|jc }fc r|eacxxieogk |cxreoxilky ea r|eqimioj }fc rslkih zi}f he`rkc}c gom }i`cky ioae|`g}ieo/,

]fix mixhes|xc gkxe aehsxcm eo r|eacxxieogk i`r|eqc`co}/ Goe}fc| rslkihg}ieo oe}cm }fg} ,des|ogkix}x g|c

cvrch}cm }e mcqcker }fci| r|eacxxieogk hgrgliki}icx, lchgsxc }fcy g|c ,co}|sx}cm zi}f }fc |cxreoxiliki}y }e

|cre|} he`rkc}c mcqcker`co} x}e|icx/, G x}e|y oe}cm }fg} des|ogkix}x g} g |chco} heoac|cohc xijocm

,|cxeks}ieox, heohc|oioj }fci| heqc|gjc zfihf }fcy qezcm xfeskm lc i`r|eqcm io hc|}gio g|cgx eaheqc|gjc/

]fcxc cmi}e|x jcoc|gkky lckicqc io r|eacxxieogk qgkscx ls} }fion }fg} C}fierigo des|ogkix` fgx yc} }e

ghficqc }fcxc/ Gx eoc des|ogkix} rs} i}+ ,X}g|}ioj g rgrc| îo GmmixP ix eoc ea }fc xi`rkcx} }fiojx }e me, gom

}fsx fc }fesjf} }fg} goy sowsgkiaicm rcerkc ze|n gx des|ogkix}x/ Goe}fc| xgim }fg} ,g des|ogkix}*x x}g}sx

ix gkèx} oik/ ]fcy `gy lc acg|cm ls} }fcy g|c oe} |cxrch}cm/, Yc} goe}fc| eoc oe}cm+ ,@ex} rcerkc g|c

ga|gim ea des|ogkix}x/ Des|ogkix` ix oe} rg|} ea }fc hsk}s|c/, Eoc des|ogkix} mchkg|cm }fg} ,Zc me oe} fgqc

r|eacxxieogk des|ogkix}x io C}fierig/, ]fix mixhes|xc x}|cxxcm }fg} des|ogkix}x xfeskm lc è|c heerc|g}iqc

gom kcxx he`rc}i}iqc lc}zcco rslkihg}ieox/ Eoc cmi}e| xgim }fg} }fc Gt`g|i mixhes|xc io rg|}ihskg|

,rsxfcm }fc r|eacxxieo }e |iqgk|y/ ]fg}*x oe} jeem ae| }fc r|eacxxieo/,

]fc Gt`g|i]fc Gt`g|i mixhes|xc heo}ioscx }fc Ga|ihgo }|gmi}ieo ea g rekcìhgk+ reki}ihgk rerskix}

r|cxx/ ]fc og`c Gt`g|i gh}sgkky he`cx a|e` xcqc|gk ea }fc des|ogkix}x zfe zc|c io}c|qiczcm ae| }fix

r|edch}/ Fix}e|ihgkky+ }fc Gt`g|ix io C}fierig zc|c zgomc|ioj ìox}|ckx zfe xgoj }fc r|gixcx ea }fc cki}cx

io cvhfgojc ae| èocy e| e}fc| |czg|mx+ ls} }fcy heskm gkxe r|eqimc qcikcm xehigk gom reki}ihgk h|i}ihix` ea

}fexc io rezc|/U Gx eoc des|ogkix} cvrkgiocm+ ,]fc ocz }fioj ix zc z|i}c i}/, ]fc Gt`g|i mixhes|xc zgx

`shf kcxx io}|exrch}iqc gles} i}x |ekc io xehic}y/ I} }comcm }e aehsx eo xrchiaih iohimco}x+ rcerkc+


9/14

iodsx}ihcx+ c}h/+ gom zgx hfg|gh}c|itcm ly g x}|eoj imco}iaihg}ieo zi}f }fc |cgmc|x/ Zfco }gknioj gles} }fc

|ckg}ieoxfir zi}f }fc jeqc|o co}+ }fc kgojsgjc zgx ea}co go}gjeoix}ih gom xrchiaih/ ]fc heso}|y*x

r|cximco}+ @ckcx Tcogzi+ eoc rgrc| z|e}c+ ix }fc ,coc`y ea }fc r|cxx/, Eoc des|ogkix} xgim }fg} r|cxx

a|ccme` `cgox }fc r|cxx hgo r|io} goy}fioj i} zgo}x/ Goe}fc| xgim }fg} r|cxx a|ccme` `cgo} ,rcerkc

fgqc }fc |ijf} }e cvr|cxx }fc`xckqcx ly z|i}ioj/, Eoc rslkihg}ieo rs} i} }fix zgy+ ,]fc a|cc r|cxx ix }fc kiac

ea }fc rcerkc, zfikc g des|ogkix} oe}cm }fg} ,des|ogkix` ix fs`go |ijf}x ze|n/,

]fcxc des|ogkix}x g|c oe} ga|gim }e je }e dgik/ Gx eoc des|ogkix} xgim+ ,Zc meo*} ze||y `shf gles} }fc

jeqc|o`co}+, zfikc goe}fc| oe}cm+ ,@y kiì} ix oe} r|ixeo/ ]fcy hgooe} rs} `y a|ccme` io dgik/, @ex} ea

}fexc zfe cxresxc }fc Gt`g|i mixhes|xc fgqc lcco dgikcm g} kcgx} eohc+ gom gkk lckicqc }fg} dgikiojx g|c

xi`rky g `cgox ea jeqc|o`co} io}iìmg}ieo/ G des|ogkix} cvrkgiocm+ ,Zc hgooe} cvrch} hfgojc ia zc xi}

rgxxiqcky/, Eoc rslkihg}ieo oe}cm }fg} ,C}fierigo des|ogkix}x g|c oe} i`r|ixeocm lchgsxc }fcy iohi}c

qiekcohc+ gx }fc jeqc|o`co} hkgi`x+ ls} lchgsxc ea }fci| a|cc }fionioj gom z|i}ioj/, Gx ae| }fc rslkih+

}fc Gt`g|ix }com }e cvr|cxx g hkexc| imco}iaihg}ieo zi}f }fc rslkih }fgo }fc e}fc| mixhes|xcx/ Eoc cmi}e|

oe}cm }fg} des|ogkix}x zc|c }fc ,}fc qgojsg|m ea }fc rcerkc+, ,}fc rg}|ie}x, ae| zfe` ,C}fierig he`cx ai|x}+

des|ogkix` xcheom/, ]fc rgrc|x ea}co hkgi`cm }e xrcgn io }fc og`c ea }fc rcerkc zfe+ }fcy lckicqc+ g|czi}f }fc` io }fci| x}|sjjkcx/ Gx eoc des|ogkix} xgim+ ,èx} ea }fc |cgmc|x+ yes noez cqc|y rg|} ea }fci|

fcg|}/, Eoc rgrc| z|e}c }fg} }fcy ,x}gom ae| }fc |ijf}x gom a|ccme` ea }fc rcerkc, zi}f }fc jegk }e ,eoky }e

xc|qc }fc rcerkc/ I} mecx oe} gkxe zi}ffekm ioae|`g}ieo a|e` }fc rcerkc gx keoj gx i} ix }|sc/, Gx eoc

des|ogkix} xgim+ ,Ia yes fgqc |cgmc|x+ yes fgqc }e rslkixf i}+, zfikc kg}c| oe}ioj }fg} ,Zfco }fc jeqc|o`co}

mecx lgm+ zc }gnc i} }e }fc rcerkc/, Goe}fc| xgim }fg} ,ia zc `gnc g ix}gnc+ }fc |cgmc|x me oe} ae|jiqc

sx/, Xcqc|gk cmi}e|x g|}ihskg}ioj }fc Gt`g|i mixhes|xc x}errcm g} eoc reio} ms|ioj }fci| io}c|qiczx }e

r|esmky rskk es} fgomaskx ea kc}}c|x a|e` |cgmc|x/

]fc rcerkc+ i} zgx |cre|}cm io eoc rslkihg}ieo+ zc|c j|g}cask gom io xekimg|i}y zi}f g r|cxx }fg} ze|ncm

ae| }fci| io}c|cx}x/ Goe}fc| rslkihg}ieo oe}cm+ ,]fc gh}iqc ioqcx}ijg}ieox ly }fc r|iqg}c r|cxx fgqcsoheqc|cm miqc|xc iodsx}ihcx gom fgqc g} kcgx} heo}|ils}cm }e ìoiìtc }fc`/, Eoc cmi}e| |cac||cm }e fix

oc}ze|nx ea he||cxreomco}x zfe hgkk io oczx i}c`x gx ,a|icomx/, G des|ogkix} cvrkgiocm }fg} ,zc meo*} zgo}

}e me goy}fioj }e xcrg|g}c sx a|e` }fc rslkih/ Zc fgqc oe xch|c}x a|e` }fc rslkih/,

Gx ae| des|ogkix} imco}i}y+ }fix mixhes|xc ea}co qiczx des|ogkix}x hekkch}iqcky+ }fesjf oe} ochcxxg|iky gx g

r|eacxxieo/ Gx eoc des|ogkix} oe}cm+ }fcxc des|ogkix}x ,fgqc oe heoaimcohc/, ]fcy xcc }fc`xckqcx

hekkch}iqcky aijf}ioj gjgiox} }fc err|cxxieo ea }fc jeqc|o`co}/ Gx eoc rslkihg}ieo |cre|}cm+ }fc|c zgx g

,a|cxf |esom ea g}}ghnx gjgiox} }fc r|iqg}c r|cxx, gom }fc jeqc|o`co} heo}ioscx i}x ,rc|xchs}ieo ea r|iqg}c

des|ogkix}x/, Zfikc goe}fc| |cre|}cm }fg} ,Soog`cm rc|xeox g|c i`rex}e|x lco} eo zcgncoioj }fc r|iqg}c

r|cxx, ly ioaik}|g}ioj ,}fc |gonx ea }fc r|iqg}c r|cxx/,

Rslkihg}ieox }com }e mehs`co} }fc glsxcx gom xkijf}x }e e}fc| des|ogkix}x+ |cre|}ioj zfe fgx lcco

rihncm sr ly rekihc+ dgikcm+ r|cqco}cm a|e` }|gqckioj+ gom%e| mc}giocm/ Eoc des|ogkix} cvrkgiocm+ ,Eo feky

mgyx+ zc xcom eocy }e i r|ixeocm des|ogkix}x/, Goe}fc| des|ogkix} xgim+ ,zc cvhfgojc oczx+ zc

cvhfgojc imcgx/ Ioae|ìoj cghf e}fc| zfg} yes xgz+ zfg} yes fgqc eo i} -- eo }fc xc|iesx ixxscx/,

Xcqc|gk des|ogkix}x oe}cm }fg} ia }fcy |chciqc ioae|`g}ieo }fcy heskm oe} r|io}+ }fcy rgxxcm i} eo }e e}fc|

rslkihg}ieox }fcy }fesjf} ìjf} lc io}c|cx}cm io }fc i}c`/ Mcxri}c xfezx ea xekimg|i}y+ g} }i`cx }fix


10/14

mixhes|xc h|i}ihitcm i}x ackkez des|ogkix}x gom `cmig ze|nc|x/ ]fc x}g}c `cmig zgx g}}ghncm jcoc|gkky io

io}c|qiczx gom io cmi}e|igk he``co}x xshf gx ,}fc x}g}c ezocm rgrc|x zgo} }e zirc es} }fc a|cc r|cxx/

Fezcqc| }fcy hgooe} gqeim }fci| ezo xgm com/, E}fc| }i cx+ xrchiaih r|iqg}cky ezocm rslkihg}ieox zeskm

lc og`cm gom h|i}ihitcm e| |imihskcm ae| }fci| fgomkioj ea hc|}gio x}e|icx/

Heohksxieo

]fix x}smy aesom }f|cc mix}ioh} mixhes|xcx heohc|oioj des|ogkix` io C}fierig4 ]fc Zcx}c|oitc|+ zfihf

aekkezx g Zcx}c|o ioxri|cm oe}ieo ea fez g he``c|higk `cmig xfeskm erc|g}c io g mcèh|ghy> }fc

Mcqckerc|+ zfihf c`rfgxitcx og}ieo lsikmioj gom }fc hekkch}iqc jeem ea }fc heso}|y> gom }fc Gt`g|i+

zfihf aekkezx }fc og}ieogkix} }|gmi}ieo ea g rekcìhgk rerskix} r|cxx/ Zfikc i} ix rexxilkc }fg} des|ogkix}x `gy

fgqc }|icm }e ìx|cr|cxco} }fc`xckqcx e| jiqc zfg} }fcy lckicqcm }e lc }fc cvrch}cm goxzc|x }e

wscx}ieox+ }fcxc aiomiojx zc|c xsrre|}cm }f|esjf }|igojskg}ieo ea mg}g zi}f oczxrgrc| heo}co} gom

io}c|qiczx zi}f ncy ioae|`go}x/

Gk}fesjf i} ix miaaihsk} }e `gnc jcoc|gkitg}ieox a|e` xshf g x`gkk j|esr ea des|ogkix}x+ ocqc|}fckcxx }fcaiomiojx g|c io}c|cx}ioj lchgsxc }fcy xsjjcx} }fg} C}fierig*x des|ogkix` mixhes|xcx g|c xiìkg| }e }fexc io

e}fc| Ga|ihgo heso}|icx/ ]fc èmckx ae| des|ogkix` xsjjcx}cm ly }fcxc mixhes|xcx fgqc lcco aesom

|crcg}cmky io r|cqiesx |cxcg|hf gles} }fc Ga|ihgo `cmig/ I} ix rexxilkc }fg} }fc xiìkg|i}icx gèoj Ga|ihgo

hsk}s|cx ghheso}x ae| }fcxc aiomiojx/ I} ix gkxe rexxilkc }fg} C}fierig*x reki}ihgk gom xehigk fix}e|y ix gh}sgkky

oe} xe miaac|co} a|e` i}x ocijfle|x/ Mcxri}c C}fierig*x keoj fix}e|y ea ki}c|ghy+ }fix zeskm fgqc cv}comcm

eoky }e g x`gkk ìoe|i}y ea }fc rerskg}ieo+ kcgqioj èx} ea }fc heso}|y ikki}c|g}c/ Gkxe+ zfikc C}fierig zgx

ocqc| hekeoitcm+ i} fgx fgm g fix}e|y ea io}c|ac|cohc gom ioakscohc ly }fc Zcx}/

]fcxc aiomiojx as|}fc| xsjjcx} }fg} oe eoc mixhes|xc hgo ghheso} ae| Ga|ihgo `cmig r|gh}ihcx gom }fg}

}fix xfeskm lc }gnco io}e ghheso} ly Ga|ihgo jeqc|o`co}x zfe }com }e }|cg} gkk rslkihg}ieox gkinc mcxri}ccoe|èsx miaac|cohcx gx zckk gx ly Zcx}c|oc|x heomsh}ioj `cmig }|gioioj e| xsjjcx}ioj `cmig rekihicx

ae| heso}|icx xshf gx C}fierig/ Iomccm+ èx} xshf rekihy |che``comg}ieox g|c lgxcm eoky eo }fc

Zcx}c|oitc| èmck/ ]s|oioj }e }fc r|erexcm oe|`g}iqc jsimckiocx mixhsxxcm cg|kic| io }fix r|edch}+ zc

aiom }fg} cghf mixhes|xc askaikkx xe c ea }fc jsimckiocx yc} agikx }e kiqc sr }e `goy ea }fc`/

]fc Zcx}c|oitc| gi x }e imco}iay r|elkc`x io }fc gooc| ea }fc zg}hfmej r|cxx/ Io meioj xe+ i}

heoa|eo}x }fc jeqc|o`co} zi}f }fc gi` ea iomshioj e| cohes|gjioj hfgojc/ Yc} }fix grr|eghf lche`cx

go io}c|gh}ieo lc}zcco }fc `cmig gom }fc rezc|x }fg} lc+ ea}co kcgqioj es} }fc rslkih/ Lchgsxc e|miog|y

rcerkc g|c `c|cky g rgxxiqc gsmicohc ae| }fc heoa|eo}g}ieo+ }fcy hgo lche`c gkicog}cm }f|esjf

a|sx}|g}ieo }fg} ix oe} heooch}cm zi}f gh}ieo/ ]fix kcgmx }e }fc xcheom jsimckioc zfihf gmqehg}cx jiqioj

e|miog|y rcerkc g qeihc/ Fc|c+ }fc Zcx}c|oitc| xi`rky mecx oe} jiqc coesjf g}}co}ieo }e }fc rslkih qeihc/

Io C}fierig+ xe`c ea }fexc g|}ihskg}ioj }fix mixhes|xc ze|n ae| Cojkixf kgojsgjc rslkihg}ieox+ zfihf }fcy

gmì} me oe} |cghf gkk }fc rcerkc lchgsxc ea g kgojsgjc lg||ic|/ As|}fc|+ }fix mixhes|xc heo}ioscx }fc

Zcx}c|o }|gmi}ieo ea xslxh|ilioj }e }fc imcgkx ea eldch}iqi}y+ g jegk }fg} fgx lcco mcxh|ilcm gx miaaihsk} }e

ghficqc lchgsxc ea }|gmi}ieogk Ga|ihgo he``soihg}ieo qgkscx/ Aiogkky+ }fc Zcx}c|oitc| qgkscx g

r|eacxxieogk r|cxx he|rx/ Kinc }fc |che``comcm jsimckiocx+ i} x}|cxxcx }fc i`re|}gohc ea |cxreoxiliki}y


11/14

gom c}fihx> yc} }fix mixhes|xc qiczx }fexc |cxreoxiliki}icx gx go gkkcjigohc }e jcoc|ih+ jkelgk r|eacxxieogk

oe|`x gom oe} xe `shf gx g |cxreoxiliki}y }e }fc C}fierigo rcerkc/

Gx ae| }fc Mcqckerc|+ }fix mixhes|xc mecx oe} c`rfgxitc imco}iayioj r|elkc`x gom+ }fsx+ sk}i`g}cky

mecx oe} fckr }fc rcerkc }gnc goy |cgk+ cgoiojask gh}ieo/ Kinc }fc Zcx}c|oitc|+ i} fgx go glx}|gh}+

mix}go} oe}ieo ea e|miog|y rcerkc zfe g|c gioky g rgxxiqc gsmicohc }e }|goxì} ioae|`g}ieo }e/ Xe`c

zfe g|}ihskg}c }fc Mcqckerc| mixhes|xc ghnoezkcmjc }fg} iomijcoesx kgojsgjcx g|c go i`re|}go} `cgox

ea |c`gioioj }|sc }e C}fierigo hsk}s|gk qgkscx+ gom zi}fio }fix mixhes|xc }fc|c ix g lc}}c| somc|x}gomioj

}fg} x}e|icx gy oe} lc eldch}iqc io }fc Zcx}c|o gooc|/ ]fc Mcqckerc| mixhes|xc cvr|cxxcx g occm ae|

|cxreoxiliki}y gom des|ogkix}ih c}fihx ls} gjgio }fcxc g|c oe} xcco gx |cxreoxiliki}y }e }fc rcerkc+ ls}

|g}fc| }e imcgk r|eacxxieogk x}gomg|mx gom%e| }e }fc og}ieo gx g zfekc/

]fc Gt`g|i mixhes|xc imco}iaicx r|elkc`x gom heooch}x }fcxc zi}f hgkkx ae| gh}ieo/ Fezcqc|+ zfikc

}fc Gt`g|i xccx i}xcka gx g zg}hfmej+ i} ea}co lg|nx }ee kesmky zi}fes} coesjf cvrkgog}ieo gom gk}c|og}iqc+

oeoqiekco} `cgox ea h|cg}ioj hfgojc/ I} }gncx xc|iesxky }fc occm }e oe} eoky jiqc e|miog|y rcerkc g qeihc

ls} lckicqcx }fg} }fc cmig gom }fc rcerkc g|c io g xy`lie}ih |ckg}ieoxfir/ ]fix mixhes|xc ix e|c ea}cog|}ihskg}cm io iomijcoesx kgojsgjc rslkihg}ieox gom |cdch}x `shf ea }fc Zcx}c|o oe}ieox ea eldch}iqi}y gom

`gio}gioioj g mix}gohc a|e` eoc*x xsldch}/ ]fc Gt`g|i xccx i}x r|i`g|y |cxreoxiliki}y gx lcioj }e }fc

rcerkc+ ls} soae|}sog}cky i} ea}co agikx }e lc jsimcm ly g xcoxc ea c}fihx gom agi|ocxx/ ]fc Gt`g|i gi x }e

}|goxae|` xehic}y ls} ea}co agikx }e r|cxco} go c}fihgkky ioxri|cm rg}f }e hfgojc/

Mcxri}c i}x }|eslkioj kghn ea c}fihx+ eqc|gkk }fc Gt`g|i |cr|cxco}x }fc hkexcx} mixhes|xc }e askaikkioj }fc

oeoZcx}c|o `cmig jsimckiocx/ I} ix }fc èx} io}|ijsioj ea }fc mixhes|xcx lchgsxc i} ix xe elqiesxky |cdch}x

}fc Zcx}c|o èmckx ae| des|ogkix` gom gkxe lchgsxc i} xccnx }e gkkez hiqik xehic}y g qeihc/ ]fix ix g ncy

r|elkc` }fg} fgx lcco imco}iaicm zi}f Ga|ihgo `gxx `cmig+ zfihf fgx }comcm }e hco}|gkitc he``soihg}ieo/

Sokinc }|gmi}ieogk ioae|`g}ieo r|ehcxxcx+ r|io} gom l|egmhgx} `cmig eoky gkkezcm xrchigkky }|giocmrc|xeoock }e rg|}ihirg}c &@y}}eo+ 7968)/ Zfc}fc| eoc gmì|cx e| keg}fcx }fc imcgx g|}ihskg}cm io }fc

Gt`g|i mixhes|xc+ i} |cr|cxco}x g hsk}s|gk hfgkkcojc }e }fc ghhcr}cm+ sxsgkky Zcx}c|o oe|`x ea

des|ogkix`/ I}x heooch}ieox zi}f i}x gsmicohc `cgox i} |cr|cxco}x }fc lcx} hfgohc ae| gh}sgkky elikitioj

rcerkc }e gh}/ ]fcxc heooch}ieox gom g zikkiojocxx }e xgh|iaihc hc|}gio ghhcr}cm x}gomg|mx ea

r|eacxxieogkitg}ieo }e `gio}gio }fexc kionx &fezcqc| r|elkc`g}ih) `gncx i} }fc èx} r|eìxioj ea }fc

C}fierigo des|ogkix` mixhes|xcx/

\cac|cohcx

Gioxkic+ \/ &7911)/ ]fc r|cxx io Ga|ihg> he``soihg}ieox rgx} gom r|cxco}/ Ocz Ye|n4 Zgknc|

gom He`rgoy/

Lg|}eo+ A/ &79:9)/ ]fc r|cxx ea Ga|ihg/ Ocz Ye|n4 Ga|ihgog Rslkixfioj He/

Lkgnc+ H/ &799:)/ Mcèh|g}itg}ieo4 ]fc meìogo} i`rc|g}iqc ae| og}ieogk he``soihg}ieo

rekihicx io Ga|ihg io }fc


12/14

Les|jgsk}+ K/ &7998)/ R|cxx a|ccme` io Ga|ihg4 G hsk}s|gk gogkyxix/ Des|ogk ea He``soihg}ieo

Iowsi|y+ 7:&


13/14

Fcg}f+ H/ &799:)/ He``soihg}ieo gom r|cxx a|ccme` io Ncoyg/ Io A/ C|ile ! Z/ Deoj-Cle}

&Cmx/)+ R|cxx a|ccme` gom he``soihg}ieo io Ga|ihg &rr/


14/14

Sjlegdgf+ A/ &7963)/ Cmi}e|igk r|eacxxieogkitg}ieo io }fc Oijc|igo gxx `cmig/ Io A/ Sjlegdgf

&Cm/)+ @gxx he``soihg}ieo+ hsk}s|c gom xehic}y io Zcx} Ga|ihg &rr/

the westernizer the developer and th

Documents