The Wilmot Proviso1846, Rep (PA) David Wilmot attached amendment

to military spending billThe amendment had nothing to do with military spending, Is that

okay?Amendment proposed to prohibit slavery in all

territories ceded by MexicoWhich territories are we speaking about?North’s reaction? South reaction?

Why did it pass in House? Why not in Senate? Pair-Share

Sen. Lewis Cass (MI) proposes compromise-Popular Sovereignty; Pros and cons of Popular Sovereignty?

Congress fails to pass, so becomes issue in 1848 Election

The Election of 1848The Candidates

Whig Zachary TaylorFree-Soiler Martin Van BurenDemocrat Lewis Cass

The candidates did not want to take an affirmative stance on slavery issueWhy?How is slavery issue similar to abortion issue today?

Whigs win and Free-Soilers lose badly as they fail to carry any Electoral Votes

The Election of 1848

The Gold Rush of 1849Gold discovered in CA in 1848Inspirational Devotional reading on Gold RushPeople from all over world descend upon CA

Population swells, San Francisco grows into sin city

Discrimination and racismTaylor has free-soil agenda and wants CA and

other territories to apply for statehood ASAPCA against slavery (not morally, but

competition)CA applies for statehood as free stateSouth upset-WHY?

The Compromise of 18505 Major SECTIONALIST Issues that Divide North &

South1. California, free or slave?2. Texas (slave state) border dispute with NM

(undecided); why important?3. North wants abolition in Washington, D.C. WHY?4. South wants North to enforce Fugitive Slave Act of

17935. Utah and New Mexico territories to become free or

slave?Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay to prevent the South from seceding from the Union; he wanted to preserve the Union

“Great Compromiser”; saved the Union 3 timesSEE HANDOUT ACTIVITY-COMPROMISE OF 1850

The Compromise of 1850

Zachary Taylor & Millard FillmoreTaylor from South & owned slaves, but only

moderate stance as to slavery; supported CA as free state

dies suspiciously 1st year of 1st termREADING FROM PRESIDENTS BOOKWho would want Taylor dead? Why? Political

motives?His VP Millard Fillmore take overFillmore pushes Compromise through with help of

“Little Giant” Stephen A. Douglas of ILDouglass proposed each provision individually

instead of as a package; explain why this was successful.

The Fugitive Slave ActMost controversial part of Compromise of 1850Webster caught hell back in MA for his support of

Comp.Where did runaways have to flee to escape law’s

reach? Why?Federal Commissioner (Duties and Conflict of Interest)Due Process?

Could not testify, no counsel, no public trial-WHY IMPORT?

Affidavit of owner-OPEN TO CORRUPTION? WHY? HOW?Northern states respond with Personal Liberty Laws

Right to counsel & public trial; draw out proceedingsWhat about federalism and the Supremacy Clause?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852 (later a play)

Fanned the fires of sectionalism by rallying Northern abolitionists; portrayed slaves as “people” not property

No firsthand knowledge of slavery; relied accounts of her abolitionist friends

Bestselling novel of the 19th Century; melodramatic

South called it an unfair characterization and slanderous

Slave owners depicted as both good and evil

Connection to Beloved and the Margaret Garner story

Stephen A. Douglas (“The Little Giant”) Dem. Sen. from IL; got Comp. of 1850 thru CongressThe “Little Giant”2 Main Political Goals

Expansion (supported War with Mexico; Lincoln did not)

Popular Sovereignty on slavery issueDems slight him in favor of Franklin Pierce who

beats Whig “Old Fuss and Feathers” Winfield Scott in 1852

Wanted R.R. from Chicago to San Fran (his real estate)He needs to promote settlement of Nebraska TerritoryWhat about the Gadsden Purchase?

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854Pierce very weak and sectionalism tearing nation

apartHow does a weak leader make this situation worse?Would Jackson have done a better job? Leadership styles?

Provisions of Douglas’ billSpilt Neb. Terr. In 2 (Neb. & Kan)Popular Sovereignty to both on slavery issueWhat did Douglas think final result would be?How will it make matters worse?

Pierce signs it; Violate the Missouri Compromise? How?

South’s reaction? North’s reaction? THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Country is dangerously close to Civil War

Sketch map into your notes

The WhigsSlavery splits the party in two

Southern WhigsNo support for Winfield Scott in 1852Backed the Compromise of 1850 because it

allowed them to be both pro-slavery and pro-union; EXPLAIN!

Northern WhigsSupport for Winfield Scott in 1852Strongly opposed to the Fugitive Slave Act, so

also opposed to the Compromise of 1850South lack of support-Scott loses to

Pierce in 1852Sectionalism eventually destroys the

party, and its members join other parties

The DemocratsWhat were they called before 1840?Strong support for state rights and limit

federal powerJefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, and PolkNational party, but dominated by SOUTH-

WHY?Dem. James Buchanan wins in 1856 b/c nat’l

supportNortherner but support came from the South (many

friends)What does it mean to be a national candidate?

The Free-SoilersOpposed extension of slavery into the territories, but not necessarily abolitionWhat is the difference? Why is the difference important?-Think-Pair-Share

Concerned mainly with labor issues; did not want the spread of the slavery into the North because it would take away jobsHOW?

The Know-NothingsA.K.A. the “American Party”-story of nameWhy the response? Why membership not ever

grow large?NATIVISM-main platformMiddle-class Protestants who feared the “hordes”

of Catholic immigrants (like the Irish) coming to USFear of Pope gaining eventual control of U.S. government

Immigrants backed DemocratsParty splits in 1856

Northern back Rep. John C. FremontSouthern back Millard Fillmore

The Republicans1854-N. Whigs, anti-slavery Dems and Free-

SoilersWhy were called the “Big Tent Party”?

Platform-stop spread of slavery (e.g., Kan-Neb Act)Why? Would an abolitionist join the party?

Full spectrum-from radical to conservativePros and cons of having this wide range of support?

Main competition was Know-NothingsSupport after “Bleeding Kansas” and “Bleeding

Sumner”Supported John C. Fremont in the 1856 election

Pathfinder and Mexican War hero

The Election of 1856Dem strategy- “northern man with southern

principles” Buchanan (true nat’l candidate) crushes

FremontWhat would have happened if Fremont won?

Why? When did it eventually happen?3 Lessons learned from the election

Dems could win with a nat’l candidate Know-Nothings in decline b/c slaveryRepublicans were a growing force in the North

Bleeding KansasKan-Neb Act of 1854 gives Kansas pop. sov. on slaveryFree-soilers and slave supporters wanted Kan.-WHY?1854 Election-MO Border Ruffians corrupt the votePro-slavery gov’t wins and set up capital at LecomptonFree-soilers don’t recognize it; set up capital at Topeka

Dangers of two capitals?Pro-slavery and anti-slavery towns and settlementsSack of Lawrence

Pro-slavery town grand jury indictment of entire Lawrence

Pro-slavery posse and destruction; Why destroy presses?

John Brown & Pottawatomie MassacreJohn Brown-abolitionist, God told him end slavery

Firm believer in racial equalityRumor that 5 abolitionists killed at Lawrence;

revengeNight raid of pro-slavery town Pottawatomie

Creek5 men-hands cut off, hacked to death w/ broad

swordTerrorist or hero? THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Act triggers acts of violence across Kansas- “bleeding”200 deaths result

Violence on the Senate FloorHeated debates in Senate over events in Kansas &

slaverySen. Charles Sumner (MA) multiple speeches, and

in one personally attacks Sen. Andrew Butler (SC)-not cool!

Rep. Preston Brooks (SC) seeks out Sumner to maintain family and South’s honor

Brooks canes Sumner over head repeatedly; breaks cane

Rep. Laurence M. Keitt (SC) blocks way with pistolSumner suffers head injury & PTS disorder (3 years)How did the South view this incident?How did the North view this incident?

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)Facts of the case and Dred Scott’s (slave) claim

Visits Wisconsin Territory(free)-north of MO CompromiseReturns to MO (slave state); master dies; lawsuit

Issue: Congress outlaw slavery in territories?Holding: Scott loses, stays a slave

CJ Taney wrote decision (slave owner, but did not like it)

Blacks not citizens, so Scott did not have standing to sue

Home state laws apply-MO is slave, so Scott stays oneResidence in free territory did not matter because MO Comp. unconst. (Congress cannot outlaw slavery in terr.)

5th Amendment Due Process Clause argument

The Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery gov’t at Lecompton draft state const. for KS

Most of state pop. are Free-Soilers; They vote down the constitution

Pres. Buchanan recognizes the const.-WHY?Why does Stephen Douglas publically disagree with fellow Democrat Buchanan? Is this political suicide?

1857, voters in KS vote const. once again, yet the pro-slavery gov’t is recognized by the federal gov’t

Honest Abe LincolnBorn in KY, 1809; successful lawyer1846, Whig elected to Congress (1 term)Becomes Republican in 1855 after Kan-Neb ActFelt slavery wrong, but compassionate to slave

ownerWhite supremacist view like 99% of populationColony policy up through his 1st term as

president“A house divided against itself cannot stand.”Wanted to stop spread of slavery b/c felt that

would stifle westward expansion and “American Dream”

Lincoln-Douglas Debates1858 IL Senate Race7 Debates2 distinct personages Neither wanted

slavery in territories and neither wanted it abolished

Both point the fingerFreeport Doctrine

Lincoln’s questionDouglas’ replyDouglas kills his

chance in 1860 as Dem national candidate

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s FerryFederal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA (present-

day WV)John Brown leads band and take arsenalPlan-distribute weapons to slaves and start

rebellion that would spread throughout the SouthNo slaves showed up, but Lee and the Marines

didMurder, treason, slave rebellion-hangedThoreau and Emerson (“Courage”)At first Northerners condemned his acts, but

eventually started to be seen as a Christian hero, martyr

Election of 1860Douglas could have been the perfect candidate,

but…Republicans-Chicago Convention nominate Lincoln

Lincoln’s moderate views won him the daySouth did not believe in these promises; famous quoteLincoln wins-carries North but not one Southern stateCarries North and wins election-WHY?

Southern Democrats-John Breckinridge (wins South)Constitutional Union-John Bell (VA, TN, KY)North. Democrats-Stephen Douglas (MO, part of NJ)Lincoln wins and did not carry majority of popular

vote-Does that matter? Should it matter? PAIR-SHARE

The Secession CrisisDec. 20, 1860-SC secedes from Union (days after

Lincoln announced winner of 1860 Election)Buchanan a “lame duck” and he’s no Andy Jackson!6 other states follow suitFebruary 4, 1861 create Confederate States of

AmericaConstitution

Each state “sovereign and independent”-Familiar? Problems?

Jefferson Davis (former MS Senator) 1st presidentWhat did the South fear in Lincoln and the

Republicans?7 Southern states seceded leaving 8 slave states in

the Union and Lincoln has yet to be sworn in