the working cell unit 5. i. cell transport a cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE WORKING CELL
Unit 5
![Page 2: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. CELL TRANSPORT
A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved into the cell and _________ must be transported out of the cell. In addition, some cells produce ____________ and other materials designated for export. All materials moving in and out of the cell must pass through the __________________, a _____________boundary found in ____ cells.
workinghomeostasis nutrients
wastes
hormones
Cell membrane Semi permeableall
![Page 3: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
![Page 4: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
There are two basic mechanisms for transport of materials into and out of the cell:
A. Passive Transport (pgs. 183 – 187) Does not require _____. Movement of substances from a ______concentration to _______. There are three types of passive transport:
energy
higherlower
high
low
Weeee!!!
![Page 5: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Diffusion
1. Diffusion – Due to the random movement of molecules in ______ or ________. Many substances move across the ______________ by diffusion, for example,________________.
liquidgas
cell membranePerfume, food coloring, farts
•diffusion clip
![Page 6: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Facilitated Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion – Diffusion of _________________ through a _________________. Protein channels provide larger openings for larger molecules like _________________.
Larger Molecules
Protein channel
Glucose, fructose, galactose
•Clip of Facilitated Diffusion
![Page 7: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Facilitated Diffusion Cont.
In addition, due to the __________ fatty acid tails that make up most of the phospholipid bilayer, _____ molecules and _________utilize protein channels. This includes _________, which utilizes specialized protein channels known as __________.
Non-polar
Polarions
Na and K
aquaporins
![Page 8: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Osmosis
3. Osmosis – Diffusion of water from a ______ water concentration to a __________ water concentration through a _____________ membrane. There are comparative terms used to describe the water versus solute concentration on either side of a membrane:
high
low
Semi- permeable
![Page 9: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tonicity
Hypertonic = _________________ solute; ___________________ water
Hypotonic = __________________ solute; ___________________ water– Water always moves from
___________________ → _________________________
Increased concentration of
Decreased concentration of
Decreased concentration of
Increased concentration of
hypotonic
hypertonic
![Page 10: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tonicity
Isotonic = Relative concentrations of _____________ and _____________ are ___________– There will be ________ net movement of water
if two solutions are isotonic
water solute
equal
no
![Page 11: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tonicity
![Page 12: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cell Pressure Controls
Cells must have a mechanism for counteracting the pressure osmosis can create, otherwise a cell could swell & burst or explode when it is placed in a ____________ environment.
Cell Wall - Rigid boundary found in ________________, ______________, and _______________ cells
Contractile Vacuole - Actively ___________ water out of cell in single-celled organisms without _____________________
Blood/Extracellular Fluid – Designed to be _______________ with cells
hypotonic
plants fungibacteria
pumps
Cell walls
isotonic
![Page 13: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
B. Active Transport – Requires energy in the form of _____ (pgs. 188 – 189)ATP
high
low
This is gonna
be hard
work!!
![Page 14: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Protein Pumps
1. Protein Pumps – Energy-requiring process during which membrane proteins pump molecules across a membrane ___________________________from a _________ concentration to a _______concentration. An example is the sodium-potassium pump. Its purpose is to establish an ____________________ gradient in cells by pumping _______ sodium ions (______) out of the cell for every ______ potassium ions (_____) pumped into the cell. This slight _____charge inside the cell relative to the outside is very important for ____________________________ and___________________.
against a concentration gradient LOWHIGH
Electrochemical 32Na
K K +-
Muscle contractionNerve impulses
![Page 15: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Endocytosis
2. Endocytosis – “__________________”. Larger substances
are moved into the cell from the exterior by extending____________, forming a _________ around the substance.
Examples include macrophages,
amoeba, etc.
Cell eating or sucking
the cell membrane
vesicle
![Page 16: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Endocytosis
![Page 17: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Exocytosis
3. Exocytosis – “_________________”. Export of molecules
from the inside of the cell to the exterior of the cell by a _______ fusing with the cell membrane. Mechanism used to release ________
from cells
Cell Pooping or spitting
vesicle
hormones
![Page 18: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
II. METABOLISM
There are countless numbers of chemical reactions occurring in every cell all the time. Virtually all of these reactions require the action of _____________, catalytic ___________________. A catalyst _________ a chemical reaction without being _____________________. An enzyme works by lowering the activation energy, that is the energy required to ____________________.
enzymes proteinSpeeds up
Used up in the reaction
Get the reaction going
![Page 20: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Enzymes share four common features:
A. Enzymes work best within a narrow _______ and ______________ range. This is because of the importance of the ______________ or ________________________ of the enzyme. When the pH or temperature is altered, the
_________________________ and interactions are also changed, changing the shape of the enzyme.
B. Enzymes do not make a reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much __________.
pH
temperatureshape
conformation
Chemical bonds
faster
![Page 21: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
C. Enzymes are not _________________________. The same enzyme may be used over and over again.
D. Enzymes are _____________________________. The substrate is the ________________________. The substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme called the _______________________. As the substrate fills the active site, this leads to a phenomenon known as _____________________________, almost like a ___________. It is this induced fit that is responsible for lowering the ________________________ of the reaction.
used up in the reaction
substrate-specificreactant
active site
Induced fit Squeeze
activation energy
![Page 22: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ENZYMES
![Page 23: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
III. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND LIFE (pp. 201, 202)
A. Energy and Life Energy is the ______________________. Cells require
energy for _________________ reactions, ________________transport, cell ____________________, and maintaining __________________. We obtain energy from _______________, but most energy originally comes from the ________. Plants are able to capture the sun’s energy and use it to produce glucose, ____________. This process, known as _________________, occurs in the ___________________ of plant cells. The reaction for photosynthesis is:________________________________________
ability to do workmetabolic
active divisionhomeostasis
foodsun
C6H12O6photosynthesis
chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O + energy C6H12O6 + O2
![Page 24: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Energy and Life
Plants and other organisms that can make their own food are known as ________________________. Humans and other organisms that have to obtain food are known as _____________________________. Although glucose is the preferred energy molecule for the cell, other _________________________, ___________, and __________ can also be broken down for energy.
autotrophs
heterotrophs
carbohydrates lipids
proteins
![Page 25: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
B. Chemical Energy
The chemical energy in food (and all molecules) is stored in the ____________________________. This is ___________________________ energy. When the bonds are broken and the ___________________ are released, some energy is lost as ___________, but a percentage of the potential energy can be converted to useable energy in the form of ____________. Food molecules cannot be used as a direct energy source for the cell because food contains too much energy ... if it were released all at once, it would be _______________ and ___________________.
Chemical bondspotential
electrons
heat
ATP
wastefuldestructive
![Page 26: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C. ATP
__________________________________ is a ________________________ that is composed of:
___________________ - nitrogen base ___________________ - _______ carbon sugar ______________________ Energy is stored in
______________________________________. These “rechargeable batteries” are mostly present in the cell in two forms:
Adenosine TriPhosphatenucleotide
AdenineRibose 5Three Phosphate Groups
Phosphate-phosphate bonds
![Page 27: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ATP
ATP - ____________________________________. Has ___ phosphate groups.
ADP - ____________________________________. Has ____ phosphate groups.
________ has the most phosphate bonds, and therefore contains the most _______________ or stored energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate3
Adenosine Diphosphate2
ATP
potential
![Page 28: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a ______________ group.phosphate
![Page 29: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ATP-ADP Cycle
1. Energy can be used when a ___________ bond is ____________.
________________________________________________________ 2. Energy is stored; that is, ATP is “recharged” by ____________ a
phosphate group to ___________.
________________________________________________________ *Under normal conditions, both of these processes are occurring
at the _____________ and ______________ in a cell*
phosphate broken
ATPADP + Padding
ADP
ADP + P ATP
Same time All the time
![Page 30: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
IV. CELLULAR RESPIRATION - ___________ ENERGY PRODUCTION (pp. 221-223, 226-229)
Cellular respiration is the breakdown of _______________________ in the presence of _________________ to “make”___________. The oxygen required for cellular respiration is ___________ into the _________, __________ into the ____________, and is delivered to the __________________ of the body cells by ________________. The glucose needed is obtained through ____________________. The glucose is transported in the blood and enters the body cells via __________________________.
AEROBIC
glucoseOxygen O2 ATP
inhaled lungs diffusesblood
mitochondriaRed blood cells
digestion
Facilitated diffusion and protein channels
![Page 31: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
There are two major parts to cellular respiration:
A. Glycolysis – Means __________________________. Occurs in the ____________________ of the cell. Glycolysis does not require ___________________. The splitting of glucose, or glycolysis, occurs very quickly with the aid of _____________________, producing two _______-C molecules known as _________________________. In addition, when the bonds of glucose are broken, the high energy electrons that are released are caught by ____________, a molecule that acts as an electron carrier. This electron energy will be converted to ATP later in the
process. Glycolysis requires __________ ATP to occur, but results in the formation of _________ ATP, for a net ________________ of ________ ATP.
Reaction:
_______________________________________________________________ Net Energy Gain = _____________________
“Sugar-breaking”cytosoloxygen
enzymes 3Pyruvic acid
NADH
24 gain 2
C6H12O6 + 2ATP 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP + 2NADH
2ATP + 2 NADH
![Page 32: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Oxidative Respiration
B. Oxidative Respiration – Glycolysis releases less than ¼ of the chemical energy stored in glucose. Most of its potential energy remains bound in the _________________ formed from glycolysis. In aerobic conditions, meaning ____ is available, the pyruvic acid formed from the breakdown of ___________________ during ______________________ enters the ______________________________ of the cell where the __________________ of oxidative respiration complete the breakdown of glucose to produce _________, _________, and __________.
Reaction: __________________________________________________
pyruvic acidO2
glucose glycolysismitochondria
enzymesCO2
H2O ATP
2 pyruvic acid + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
![Page 33: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Oxidative respiration is a 2-part process:
1. Krebs Cycle – Series of reactions that occur in the _______________________, in which the energy stored in ________________ is released in the form of high-energy ________________ when bonds are broken and pyruvic acid is completely broken down to ________. There are only ______ additional ATP produced in the Krebs Cycle; most of the energy released is captured in the form of electron energy, producing additional __________. In addition, a second type of electron carrier is utilized, producing 2 “filled” ____________.
Net Energy Gain = __________________________________________________
mitochondriapyruvic acidelectrons
CO2 2
NADHFADH2
2 ATP + 8NADH + 2 FADH2
![Page 34: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Electron Transport Chain
2. Electron Transport Chain – In this step, the electron carriers, ___________ and ___________ “dump” their electrons. These electrons are passed along a series of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the ___________________ of _______________ cells. This same process occurs in the __________________ of __________________ cells. As the electrons “fall” down the ETC, the energy they release is used to power an enzyme known as _____________________, which attaches phosphate groups to _________ to produce _________. This process is known as _________________________________because__________________ must be present. It is the __________________ of oxygen that “pulls” the electrons down the ETC. As the electrons are collected by oxygen, ___________ is produced.
Net Energy Gain = ___________________
NADH FADH2
mitochondria eukaryoticcell membrane prokaryotic
ATP synthaseADP ATP
Oxadaitive phosphorylation oxygenelectronegativity
water
~ 32 ATP
![Page 35: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mitochondrion
![Page 36: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ETC
![Page 37: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Combined Reactions of Glycolysis + Oxidative Respiration (Krebs &ETC) = Cellular Respiration*
__________________________________________________________*Total ATP Yield Per Molecule of Glucose:*
Glycolysis = _________ ATPKrebs Cycle = _________ ATP ETC = _________ ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ~ 32 ATP
22
28
![Page 38: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
V. FERMENTATION - _______________________ ENERGY PRODUCTION (pp. 223, 224)
Glycolysis is constantly occurring in the _____________ of every cell under _________________ conditions, meaning ___________________ is not required. The reaction for glycolysis is _____________________________
Glycolysis is the first step for all cellular energy production
ANEROBIC
cytosol
anerobicoxygen
C6H12O6 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
![Page 39: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 40: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Oxygen Available
If oxygen is available, _________________________________ follows glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is broken down to ______________ and _______ ATP are produced.
Oxidative respiration
CO2 + H2O 32
![Page 41: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Oxygen is not Available
If oxygen is not available, some types of cells have a back-up mechanism for glucose metabolism called ______________________. If a cell cannot switch to fermentation, it cannot survive without oxygen.
– Cells that can carry out cellular respiration and fermentation are known as _______________________.
– Cells that cannot switch to fermentation are known as _______________________.
fermentation
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate aerobes
![Page 42: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A. General Description
In fermentation, the pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis does not enter the ________________, instead, the entire pathway takes place in the ________________. Fermentation does not produce any additional _____________, but the removal of ________________ from the cytosol allows the process of glycolysis and the net gain of _______ ATP to continue.
mitochondria
cytosolATP
pyruvic acid
2
![Page 43: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
B. Types of Fermentation
The 2 most common fermentation pathways used by cells are:
1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is converted to __________.
May be utilized by:
Lactic Acid
![Page 44: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Fermentation
Human Muscle Cells – Occurs when demand on muscles exceeds supply of oxygen. As lactic acid builds up in the muscle cells, it is felt as ______________________. This is referred to as ________________. As activity slows, and oxygen is re-supplied, the muscle cells switch back to _______________________ and the lactic acid is sent to the ________to be broken down.
Bacteria & Fungi – There are some types of bacteria & fungi that carry out lactic acid fermentation in _______________________ conditions. This is utilized by the dairy industry to produce ___________ and _____________.
Pain and fatigueOxygen debt
Cellular respirationliver
anaerobiccheese yogurt
![Page 45: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Alcoholic Fermentation – Pyruvic acid is converted to _________ and _________. When oxygen supplies are depleted, ____________ and many bacteria switch to alcoholic fermentation. This process is used commercially for ____________________________ ____________________________________
alcohol CO2
yeast
Brewing and bakingC6H12O6 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP
![Page 46: THE WORKING CELL Unit 5. I. CELL TRANSPORT A cell is defined as the smallest ______unit of life. In order to maintain __________,___________ must be moved](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649f1f5503460f94c37645/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
**TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION = ________ ATP **2