The World In the The World In the 1930s1930s

Cost of WarCost of War

Cost of war had been over $200 Billion Cost of war had been over $200 Billion for the European countriesfor the European countries

By 1918, almost all were bankruptBy 1918, almost all were bankrupt

Two Major OutcomesTwo Major Outcomes

Europe no longer dominates world affairsEurope no longer dominates world affairs U.S. & JapanU.S. & Japan

Democracy was spreading throughout Democracy was spreading throughout Europe and world rapidlyEurope and world rapidly Many were weak though because it was a Many were weak though because it was a

new concept and each had multiple parties new concept and each had multiple parties making it difficult to achieve a majority votemaking it difficult to achieve a majority vote

Germany in Midst of Germany in Midst of Disastrous InflationDisastrous Inflation

1918– Loaf of bread was 2 marks1918– Loaf of bread was 2 marks 1922– Loaf of bread was 1,500 marks1922– Loaf of bread was 1,500 marks Germans blamed their new government Germans blamed their new government

(Weimar Republic) for problems (Weimar Republic) for problems

Dawes PlanDawes Plan Helps Germany Helps Germany

1924, U.S. banker Charles Dawes gets a 1924, U.S. banker Charles Dawes gets a committee to lend $200 million from U.S. committee to lend $200 million from U.S. banks to Germanybanks to Germany

This will stabilize their currencyThis will stabilize their currency Then, they make a new schedule for Then, they make a new schedule for

repayment of reparations (more realistic)repayment of reparations (more realistic) By 1929, German factories producing at By 1929, German factories producing at

same rate as in 1913same rate as in 1913

Treaties for PeaceTreaties for Peace

LocarnoLocarno Germany and France would never wage war against Germany and France would never wage war against

each othereach other Germany would respect borders of Belgium and FranceGermany would respect borders of Belgium and France For this, Germany admitted into League of NationsFor this, Germany admitted into League of Nations

Kellogg-BriandKellogg-Briand ““Renounced war as an instrument of national policy”Renounced war as an instrument of national policy” Almost all countries signedAlmost all countries signed Problem: no way to enforce, L of N had no militaryProblem: no way to enforce, L of N had no military

19291929The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Factory production cut in halfFactory production cut in half 86,000 businesses failed86,000 businesses failed 9,000 banks closed9,000 banks closed 9 million people lost their 9 million people lost their

savingssavings 1932- unemployment 25% in 1932- unemployment 25% in

U.S.U.S.

What caused it?What caused it?

Faming became more like an industryFaming became more like an industry Competition from other countriesCompetition from other countries

Speculation led to Stock Speculation led to Stock market collapsemarket collapse

““Black Tuesday” 1929 Black Tuesday” 1929 Stock market fellStock market fell

Economic & Psychological AffectsEconomic & Psychological Affects

Overproduction and under Overproduction and under consumptionconsumption

Depression Throughout Depression Throughout the Worldthe World

American investors panicked and called American investors panicked and called back loans to foreign companies and back loans to foreign companies and governmentsgovernments

Disaster for Germany and AustriaDisaster for Germany and Austria Manufacturing dropped 38 % worldwideManufacturing dropped 38 % worldwide International trade dropped 65%International trade dropped 65% Democratic governments were faced with Democratic governments were faced with

a crisisa crisis

New DealNew Deal

RooseveltRoosevelt Relief, recovery, reformRelief, recovery, reform Public work projects– jobs for unemployedPublic work projects– jobs for unemployed Social Security Act of 1935Social Security Act of 1935 National debt instead of personal debtNational debt instead of personal debt

FascismFascism

Emphasized autocratic and nationalist Emphasized autocratic and nationalist policiespolicies

Glorified the stateGlorified the state Belief that nations must sufferBelief that nations must suffer Loyalty to the leader = loyalty to the stateLoyalty to the leader = loyalty to the state Denied individual rightsDenied individual rights

MussoliniMussolini Italy: high unemployment, Italy: high unemployment,

people demanding changepeople demanding change Blackshirts: group of Fascists Blackshirts: group of Fascists

who beat up Communists and who beat up Communists and SocialistsSocialists

1922 became Il Duce (leader)1922 became Il Duce (leader) Outlawed other political Outlawed other political

parties, censored radio parties, censored radio stations and newspapersstations and newspapers

HitlerHitler

Studied artStudied art Joined the National Joined the National

Socialist German Workers’ Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi for short)Party (Nazi for short)

Wrote Mein Kampf in 1923 Wrote Mein Kampf in 1923 while in jailwhile in jail

1932 Nazi party was German’s 1932 Nazi party was German’s largestlargest

Gestapo: secret policeGestapo: secret police SS: security force loyal to HitlerSS: security force loyal to Hitler Controlled economyControlled economy Used propaganda against “inferior Used propaganda against “inferior

races”races” Nuremberg Laws: Jews couldn’t Nuremberg Laws: Jews couldn’t

teach, act in films, work in banks, teach, act in films, work in banks, get German citizenshipget German citizenship

Kristallnacht: Nov 1938 Kristallnacht: Nov 1938 demonstration of anger against demonstration of anger against Jews. 7,500 shops, 275 Jews. 7,500 shops, 275 synagogues destroyedsynagogues destroyed

JapanJapan Power of the prime Power of the prime

minister limited by minister limited by constitutionconstitution

After Depression After Depression military leaders military leaders took overtook over

Took over Took over ManchuriaManchuria

Encouraged the Encouraged the cult of the emperorcult of the emperor

League of NationsLeague of Nations

WeakWeak US and Soviet Union not membersUS and Soviet Union not members

Didn’t take a strong Didn’t take a strong stand against fascismstand against fascismAppeasementAppeasement

InvasionsInvasions

Japan put a puppet government in place Japan put a puppet government in place in Manchuriain Manchuria Withdrew from League of NationsWithdrew from League of Nations

Italy attacked EthiopiaItaly attacked Ethiopia Mussolini wanted to form an empireMussolini wanted to form an empire

Germany tries to undo the Treaty of Germany tries to undo the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

GermanyGermany

League of Nations appeasedLeague of Nations appeased Rome-Berlin Axis: agreement between Rome-Berlin Axis: agreement between

Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy Axis which Europe would revolve aroundAxis which Europe would revolve around

Reoccupied RhinelandReoccupied RhinelandBetween Germany Between Germany and Franceand FranceWere welcomed inWere welcomed in

SpainSpain

Civil war 1936Civil war 1936

Used as a “training Used as a “training ground” for Germany and ground” for Germany and ItalyItaly

Sent tanks, cannons, airplanes to Nationalist forces

precursor to WWIIprecursor to WWII

Germany Germany ++ Austria Austria ++ Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

==

A Greater GermanyA Greater Germany

Austrians supported the Anschluss Austrians supported the Anschluss (union between Austria and Germany)(union between Austria and Germany)