The World of Cities: The World of Cities: Changing Attitude & Changing Attitude &

ValuesValues

The Fight Against DiseaseThe Fight Against Disease

Germ Theory-Germ Theory- Certain microbes Certain microbes cause specific infectious diseasescause specific infectious diseases– Louis Pasteur- developed vaccines & Louis Pasteur- developed vaccines &

pasteurization: kills disease-carrying pasteurization: kills disease-carrying microbes in milk microbes in milk

Hospitals could be dangerous: Hospitals could be dangerous: unsanitary & dirtyunsanitary & dirty

The Life of the Cities The Life of the Cities

Urban Renewal-Urban Renewal- rebuilding of the rebuilding of the poor areas of a citypoor areas of a city

Paved streets & sewage systems Paved streets & sewage systems made cities more livable made cities more livable – Sewage systems= clean water, very Sewage systems= clean water, very

helpful to poorhelpful to poor Skyscrapers were builtSkyscrapers were built

Working-Class StrugglesWorking-Class Struggles

Lived in slums; whole families crowded Lived in slums; whole families crowded into single roominto single room

Mutual Aid Societies-Mutual Aid Societies- Self-help groups Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workersto aid sick or injured workers

Workers protested their conditions, Workers protested their conditions, eventually governments pass laws to eventually governments pass laws to regulate working conditions regulate working conditions

Standard of living- measures the quality & Standard of living- measures the quality & availability of necessities & comforts in availability of necessities & comforts in societysociety– Rose for workers, despite everythingRose for workers, despite everything

Emerging Middle ClassEmerging Middle Class

Middle class grew & pushed its way up the Middle class grew & pushed its way up the social laddersocial ladder

Had their own views & way of life:Had their own views & way of life:– Children were to be seen and not heardChildren were to be seen and not heard– Successful husband: made enough money to Successful husband: made enough money to

keep his wife at homekeep his wife at home– Successful wife: raised children, directed Successful wife: raised children, directed

servants, tending to the house servants, tending to the house – Only applied to middle class, lower class Only applied to middle class, lower class

women had to work in factorieswomen had to work in factories– Led to a movement for women’s rights…Led to a movement for women’s rights…

Rights for Women Rights for Women

Women realized the severe Women realized the severe restrictions on their livesrestrictions on their lives

Some women broke the barriers that Some women broke the barriers that kept them out of universities and kept them out of universities and professionsprofessions

Women demanded the right to voteWomen demanded the right to vote In some countries, women won the In some countries, women won the

right to control their own propertyright to control their own property

Growth of Public Education Growth of Public Education

Reformers persuaded governments Reformers persuaded governments to set up public schools and require to set up public schools and require education for all childreneducation for all children

More & more children went to schoolMore & more children went to school Quality of education improvedQuality of education improved Secondary (high school) schools grewSecondary (high school) schools grew College & Universities expandedCollege & Universities expanded

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin

Wrote Wrote On the Origin of SpeciesOn the Origin of Species- argued that - argued that all forms of life had evolved into their all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years present state over millions of years ((EvolutionEvolution))– Challenged traditional beliefs: Christians Challenged traditional beliefs: Christians

believed the bible held true account of creationbelieved the bible held true account of creation Natural Selection- “Survival of the Fittest”- Natural Selection- “Survival of the Fittest”-

members of each species competed to members of each species competed to survive; natural forces selected those w/ survive; natural forces selected those w/ physical traits best adapted to their physical traits best adapted to their environmentenvironment

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Social Darwinism applies the idea of Social Darwinism applies the idea of survival of the fittest to war & survival of the fittest to war & economic conditioneconomic condition– Ex. Industrial tycoons more fit than Ex. Industrial tycoons more fit than

those they put out of businessthose they put out of business Encouraged racismEncouraged racism

– Many Europeans & Americans claimed Many Europeans & Americans claimed that success of western civilization was that success of western civilization was due to supremacy of the white racedue to supremacy of the white race

Vocabulary Vocabulary Define the following vocabulary terms Define the following vocabulary terms in your in your

own words: own words: Draw a picture for each word. (Use Draw a picture for each word. (Use Pgs. 556-565)Pgs. 556-565)– Cult of domesticityCult of domesticity– Temperance movementTemperance movement– Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage– RacismRacism– Social GospelSocial Gospel– RomanticismRomanticism– RealismRealism– Impressionism Impressionism

You will get a stamp for this. If you do not finish in You will get a stamp for this. If you do not finish in class, it is homework & will be checked at the class, it is homework & will be checked at the beginning of the period tomorrow. beginning of the period tomorrow.