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    THE WORLDS TALLEST BUILDINGS

    Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for

    AAE 456 20th century Architecture

    University of Nevada, Las VegasSchool of architecture

    Frank Reynolds AICP Instructor

    ByJacob BuntingApril 8, 2002

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    List of Illustrations iiWhy Build Tall 1Existing Towers

    Jin Mao Tower 2Sears Tower 4Petronas Towers 6

    Future Superstructures

    Taipei Financial Center 8Union Square 9

    Conclusion 10

    Appendix

    The worlds 50 Tallest skyscrapers 12Chronology of the worlds tallest buildings 14

    Works Cited 17

    Table of Contents

    i

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    Figure 1 Empire State Building 1

    Figure 2 Detail of Jin Mao glass and steel Faade 2

    Figure 3 Section of Jin Mao Tower 2

    Figure 4 Floor Plan of Jin Mao Tower 3

    Figure 5 Jin Mao Tower 3

    Figure 6 Profile of Sears Tower 4

    Figure 7 Ground view of Sears Tower 4

    Figure 8 Sears Tower Megaclusters 5

    Figure 9 Sears Tower 5

    Figure 10 View of Petronas form Across the Bay 6

    Figure 11 Profile of Petronas Towers 6

    Figure 12 Petronas Design Scheme 7

    Figure 13 Petronas Towers 7

    Figure 14 Taipei Financial Center 8

    Figure 15 Proposed Rendering of Taipei Financial Center 8

    Figure 16 Union Square Park 9

    Figure 17 Union Square 9

    Figure 18 Bank of China 11

    Figure 19 Ryugyong Hotel 13

    Figure 20 T & C Tower 15

    Figure 21 John Hancock Center 17

    List of Illustrations

    ii

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    Why Build Tall

    Since the beginning of time, man has been fascinated

    by height of construction. Starting from the biblical story of the

    tower of Babel to gothic cathedrals, people used large buildings

    as a symbol of reaching divinity. Now, super tall structures

    have put on a different meaning. For financial employers and

    hotel operators, height has become a synonymous with power.

    Placing their structure in the view for thousands to see reminds

    people of their presence or dominance over other companies.

    Many cities do not have much land, therefore height is the only

    way to increase their commerce. Building up increases

    population and promotes business.

    Currently the four tallest towers in the world are

    Petronas towers one and two in Kula Lumpur, the Sears Tower

    in Chicago, and Jin Mao in Shanghai. These towers, despite

    the reasons for their height, lead the world as examples for their

    height and structure. These towers will not keep their record

    status for long as there are a few buildings that are currently in

    planning and under construction that will surpass these current

    record heights.

    Figure 1 Empire State Building

    1

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    The Jin Mao Tower is Symmetrical in plan . This

    symmetry is reinforced by the four entrances on ground

    level. Office space occupies the lower 47 floors and a five

    star Grand Hyatt Hotel resides in the top 38 floors. This

    composition allows easy access for employees to their

    offices and impressive view for the residence. On the 88th

    floor there is an observation deck that allow panoramic

    view of Shanghai. This deck is the largest (1520 m2) and

    the tallest (340.1 m) observation deck in the China.

    Underneath the impressive tower lies a three story parking

    garage. This garage houses the mechanical, electrical,

    and sewage equipment as well as holds up to 993 cars and

    1000 bicycles, the most popular way to travel in China.

    Surrounding the tallest building in China lies a

    landscaped courtyard and a six story arcade of shops and

    services. This green space is intended to be a transition

    between the busy street of Shanghais financial district and

    2

    Jin Mao Tower

    Figure 2 Detail of Jin Maos glass and steel Faade

    Figure 3 Section of Jin Mao Tower

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    Location2 shi Ji Avenue, Lujiazui Centeral

    Financial District, PudongShanghai, China 200121

    HeightTip Structure 421 mRoof 370 Top floor 366

    Floors Above ground Below ground

    Design TeamArchitects

    Skidmore, Owings & MerrillShanghai Institute of Architecture

    StructuralSkidmore, Owings & Merrill

    General InformationDeveloper

    China Shanghai Foreign TradeCenter Ltd

    Style

    Function Materials Reinforced concrete,

    steel, and glassYears of construction

    1993-1998Gross floor area

    278,707 m2 (3,000,002 ft2)

    the Jin Mao Tower. Whether people come to enjoy the reflecting

    pool or to sit among the trees it is also a place to relax.

    The stepped heights and the final crown of the Jin Mao

    Tower is designed after the Chinese pagoda. This ancient

    structure is a sacred vernacular symbol for the country, in which

    one may honor Buddha. The 1380 foot tall tower also refers to

    the number eight, a lucky number in Chinese tradition. The tower

    has 88 floors which signifies double good fortune. Starting from

    the 56th floor, an atrium opens up from the center of the building

    all the way to the crown creating interesting views for hotel

    occupants ( see figure 3).

    The building resists lateral loads by a central reinforced

    concrete core surrounded by a compellation of eight slabbed

    pillars and eight smaller pillars around the perimeter ( as seen in

    figure 4).

    3

    Figure 5 Jin Mao Tower

    Figure 4 Floor Plan of Jin Mao Tower

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    The Sears Tower was the tallest building in

    the world for over twenty years , only recently to be

    surpassed by the Petronas Towers. The Sears,

    Roebuck and Company wanted a headquarters

    where they could consolidate all of their many

    functions into one structure. SOM was hired to build

    the Sears Tower. This tower contains almost 98

    acres of office space. The first 49 floors were

    designed for the use of Sears, Roebuck and

    Company and the remaining floors were designed to

    be leased out to tenants.

    The shape of the structure became an

    inspiration for other buildings. Most of its

    predecessors were rectangular in shape no matter

    the height. The Sears Tower tapers at the

    50th, 60th, and 90th floors creating a massive

    structure that appears to be getting lighter as it

    4

    Sears Tower

    Figure 6 Profile of Sears Tower

    Figure 7 Ground view of Sears Tower

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    Location233 south Wacker Drive

    Chicago, Illinois 60606United States of America

    HeightTip Structure 4Roof 44Top floor 43

    Floors Above ground

    Design TeamArchitect

    Skidmore, Owings & MerrillStructural

    Skidmore, Owings & MerrillMechanical

    Jaros Baum & Bolles

    General InformationOwner

    TrizecHahn PropertiesDeveloper

    Sears, Roebuck and Co.Construction company

    Morse DieselStyle

    Function Materials steel, a

    and glassYears of construction

    1974Gross floor area

    320,171 m2 (3,446,321 ft2 )

    5

    ascends. The stepped profile and smooth curtain walls are

    constructed from darkly clad aluminum and glass.

    The great structure is

    supported by nine seventy-five

    foot square cluster tubes,

    creating nine separate towers

    combined to make one. Each

    cluster has a different height with

    only two reaching the full height

    (see figure 8). The building

    resists lateral loads by dividing

    the stress among the nine

    megaclusters.

    The monstrous building is just that. The building

    creates extreme high winds at the foot of the tower creating

    discomfort for pedestrians. Tenants are subject to terrifying

    heights. One employee reported creaking columns, vibrating

    window panes, and noticeable swaying of the building. Birds

    and bats are unable to distinguish between the reflective glass

    and the sky, crashing into the solid wall to their deaths. In 1988,

    the Sears, Roebuck and Company relocated to the suburbs

    due to the problems caused by the monster and unexpected

    commercial inactivity.

    This building was not only a lesson for a better faade,

    but it was a lesson for a poor climatic design.

    Figure 9 Sears Tower

    Figure 8 Sears Tower Megaclusters

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    6

    Petronas Towers

    Upon completion of the Petronas

    Towers, the United States lost a symbol of its

    own invention, the worlds tallest tower. The

    national oil company, Petronas, occupies both

    towers. Each tower consists of conference

    rooms, dining facilities, observation decks, and

    shared facilities on the 41st and 42nd floors,

    the same level as the sky bridge connecting the

    two towers. Each of the twin towers also have

    a Surau, which is a small prayer mosque where Muslim employees can go to pray toward

    Mecca. The ground level holds a symphonic concert hall and commercial centers. The

    Petronas towers are the first phase of a master project encompassing 96 acres in Kuala

    Lumpurs business center. The new city

    center will encompass 21 million square

    feet of office space, hotel rooms, shops

    and recreation, all surrounding a core of

    a large park.

    The main requirement at the

    beginning of the project was to keep a

    Malaysian style of architecture. Cesar

    Pelli embraced this concept and

    designed the towers after traditional

    Figure 10 View of Petronas form Across the Bay

    Figure 11 Profile of Petronas Towers

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    LocationKuala Lumpur City Centre 50088

    Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaHeightTip Structure 452 mRoof 378 Top floor 375 Floors Above ground Below ground Design TeamArchitect Cesar Pelli & Assoc.Structural Thornton-TomasettMechanical Flack + KurtzFaade Design Enclos Co

    General InformationDeveloper

    Kuala Lumpur City CentreConstruction company

    Pavarini Construction Co., Inc.Style

    Function Materials Reinforced concrete,

    steel, and glassYears of construction

    1992-1998Gross floor area

    395,000 m2 (4,251,780 ft2)

    7

    Malaysian buildings and objects, the climate and, more

    importantly, the dominant Islamic culture. The impressive towers

    create a portal into Kuala Lumpur, created not by the building but

    by the void in between the two towers.

    The Petronas towers consist of a simple structure. Cast

    in place high strength concrete core and 16 cylindrical tube

    framing around the exterior hold the building erect. The

    foundation is a thick concrete raft under each tower supported by

    104 barrette piles, ranging up to 340

    feet deep. Even at that depth, the

    piles dont reach bedrock.

    The plan of the towers

    consists of two interlocking squares

    underlying eight small circles,

    creating a 16 pointed figure. A

    similar feature to many Islamic

    temples (see figure 12).

    Figure 13 Petronas Towers

    Figure 12 Petronas Design Scheme

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    Under Construction

    Location8, Sung-Chih Road,

    Shin-Yi District, Taipei, Taiwan

    HeightTip 508 m (1667 ft)Structure 508 m (1667 ft)Roof 448 m (1470 ft)Top floor 438 m (1437 ft)

    Floors Above ground 101Below ground 5Design TeamArchitect C.Y. Lee & PartnersStructural Thornton-Tomasetti

    General InformationDeveloper

    Taipei Financial Center Corp.Construction company

    The Turner CorporationStyle setback skyscraperFunction off iceMaterials

    Reinforced concrete, Steel,and glass

    Years of construction

    1999-2003Gross floor area

    412,500 m2 (4,440,150 ft2)

    The Taipei Financial Center will be the largest project in the

    history of the National Architectural field, as well as the tallest building

    in Taiwan. This project, which is currently under construction, will be

    include an arched shopping mall, a multi-functional social space, and

    an observation loft in the tower.

    The financial center takes advantage of traditional Japanese

    architecture for the creation of it form. The building also was designed

    after a blossoming flower. In the Japanese culture this type of flower

    signifies financial richness and everlasting vitality. The newest tower in

    Taipei takes on these characteristics by opening upward.

    The tower will be built with high technological, energy conserv-

    ing equipment, including crystal clear, low-e glazing and economical,

    innovative lighting. With this combination the building will radiate at

    night and be beautifully transparent during the day. The Taipei Finan-

    cial Center will reorganize the citys skyline and provide a light of hope

    to all that live there.

    8

    Figure 14 Taipei Financial Center

    Figure 15 Proposed Rendering ofTaipei Financial Center

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    Proposed Tower

    LocationKowloon Station

    Hong Kong, ChinaHeight

    Tip Structure Roof

    Floors Above ground

    Design TeamArchitects

    Kohn Pedersen Fox AssociatesDLN Architects & Engineers

    Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill LLP

    General InformationDeveloper

    Sun Hung Properties

    Function Years of construction

    2003-2007Gross floor area

    356,838 m2 (3,841,004 ft2)

    Union Square is a proposed land development using the latest

    technology in every aspect. Situated on 266.8 acres, this master

    complex will include luxury apartments, two high class hotels, one

    million square foot indoor shopping mall, 2.5 million square foot state

    of the art office space, 700,000 square foot beautifully landscaped

    park, and plenty of parking

    spaces for residents, workers and

    guests. Residential living

    includes three 75 story towers

    providing 1,122 high quality

    apartments, top class clubhouse,

    and serviced apartments. The

    soon to be largest shopping mall in Asia will include a range of

    international and local brands, as well as, a wide variety of different

    cuisines. The Park will include a multi-sport and entertainment

    complex. Residents, workers, guests, and tourists will have

    panoramic views over Victoria Harbor to the sea.

    Union Square is conveniently placed minutes from the airport,

    the business district of Hong Kong, and a new Disneyland Theme

    Park in Hong Kong. Union Square is also traveling distance from

    mainland China. Proposed roadways and railways will help to

    improve traffic.

    In 2007, upon completion, Union Square will be the tallest

    building in the world. Officials are hoping that this will be the global

    gateway of the world as China becomes the new focal point of the

    21st century. This will be the trademark of Hong Kong and an

    architectural icon to the world.

    Figure 17 Union Square

    Figure 16 Union Square Park

    9

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    Buildings of the Future

    Despite the collapse of the World Trade Center in New

    York, construction of new towers will continue to soar higher and

    higher into the sky. New technology, New materials, and new

    construction methods unknown to us today will let us build taller

    then ever before. Perhaps up is not the direction of the future.

    Future structures could easily be build underground, in the sea, or

    even on the moon. In the 1960s, people never dreamed of anyone

    being able to reach the moon, yet Neil Armstrong touched the lunar

    surface in 1969. We cannot predict the future of our built

    environment, but we do know that it will be grand.

    10

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    Appendix

    Appendix AThe worlds 50 Tallest skyscrapers

    Appendix B

    Chronology of the worlds tallest buildings 14

    11

    Figure 18 Bank of China

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    # Building City Height Floors Year1 Petronas Tower Kuala Lumpur

    2 Petronas Tower II Kuala Lumpur 452

    3 Sears Tower Chicago 442 m 108 1974

    4 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai

    5 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou 391 m 80 1997

    6 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen 384 m 69 1996

    7 Empire State Building New York City 381 m 102 1931

    8 Central Plaza Hong Kong 374 m 78 1992

    9 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong 369 m 72 1989

    10 Emirates Office Tower Dubai 355 m 54

    11 The Center Hong Ko

    12 T & C Tower Kaohsiung 348 m 85 1997

    13 Aon Center Chicago 346 m 83 197314 John Hancock Center Chicago 344 m 100 1969

    15 Burj Al Arab Dubai 321 m 60 1999

    16 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok 320 m 9

    17 Chrysler Building New York City 319 m 77

    18 Bank of America Plaza Atlanta 312 m 55 1992

    19 Library Tower Los Angeles 310 m 73 1990

    20 Menara Telekom Kuala Lumpur 310 m 55 2000

    21 Emirates Hotel Tower Dubai 309 m 56 2000

    22 AT&T Corporate Center Chicago 307 m 60 1989

    23 Chase Tower Houston 305 m 75 1982

    24 Two Prudential Plaza Chicago 303 m 64 1990

    25 Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang 300 m 105 1991

    26 First Canadian Place Toronto 298 m 72 1975

    27 Kingdom Centre Riyadh 296 m 30 2001

    28 Wells Fargo Plaza Houston 296 m 71 1983

    29 Landmark Tower Yokohama 296 m 70 1993

    This was taken from the official SKYSCRAPERS.COM Tallest Buildings Listing of The World's100 Tallest buildings. This page holds the World's Top 50 high-rise buildings and is the mostaccurate compilation of its kind worldwide. The listing is determined through the members of theSBDC and is updated every three to twelve months. It contains completed and topped outtowers which are under construction or on hold. This Listing is based entirely on the buildings'structural height. TV towers, masts, or any other building types are not included. For moreinformation go to WWW.SKYSCRAPERS.COM.

    The Worlds 50 Tallest Skyscrapers

    12

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    # Building City Height Floors Year30 Bank of America Tower Seattle 295 m 76 1985

    31 311 South Wacker Drive Chicago 293 m 65 199032 SEG Plaza Shenzhen 292 m 72 2000

    33 American International New York City 290 m 66 1932

    34 Cheung Kong Center Hong Kong 290 m 70 1999

    35 Key Tower Cleveland 289 m 57 1991

    36 One Liberty Place Philadelphia 288 m 61 1987

    37 Plaza 66 Shanghai 288 m 66 2001

    38 Tomorrow Square Shanghai 285 m 55 2001

    39 Trump Building New York City 283 m 71 1930

    40 Bank of America Plaza Dallas 281 m 72 1985

    41 United Overseas Bank Plaza One Singapore 280 m 66 1992

    42 Republic Plaza Singapore 280 m 66 1995

    43 OUB Centre Singapore 280 m 63 1986

    44 Citigroup Center New York City 279 m 59 1977

    45 Scotia Plaza Toronto 275 m 68 1989

    46 Williams Tower Houston 275 m 64 1983

    47 Renaissance Tower Dallas 270 m 56 1974

    48 Heyin Plaza Guangzhou 269 m 66 2002

    49 Trump World Tower New York City 269 m 72 2001

    50 Al Faisaliah Center

    Riyadh267 m 30 2000

    13

    Figure 19 Ryugyong Hotel

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    Chronology of the worldstallest buildings

    14

    This page was taken From www.skyscrapers.com.This is a listing of the tallest buildings in the world inthe order of their construction. This chronology datesback to 1890. For further information go to

    WWW.SKYSCRAPERS.COM.

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    Works Cited

    Figure 21 John Hancock Center

    Cerver, Francisco Asensio. The Architecture of Skyscrapers. New York:Watson-Guptill Publications, 1997.

    Pelli, Cesar and Michael j. Crosbie. Petronas Towers. New York: WileyAcademy, 2001.

    Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 100 of the Worlds TallestBuildings. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press Inc., 1998.

    Pelli, Cesar. The Petronas Towers. Architectural Design. 65.7/8 (July-

    August 1995) 62-65.

    Jin Mao Building. Architectural Design. 65.7/8 (July-August 1995) 96.

    Mierop, Caroline. Skyscrapers, Higher and Higher. France: Institut Fran-cais DArchitecture, 1995.

    Dupre, Judith. Skyscrapers. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publish-ers, Inc., 1996.

    www.Skyscrapers.com

    www.skyscraperpage.com

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