the written report: purpose and format major sections looking at a journal article preparing your...
TRANSCRIPT
The Written Report: Purpose and Format
Major Sections
Looking at a Journal Article
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
Making Revisions
What is in a research report?
Introduction
Research reports are a major part of the research process.
They are divided into several important sections:Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion.
Each report also includes an Abstract and list of References.
What is the purpose of a research report?
The Written Report: Purpose and Format
The primary purpose is communication of research findings.
It is written in scientific writing style – made to be informative and factual, not entertaining.
It must be concise due to limited space, and unbiased – words are chosen for precision.
What NOT to do in a research report?
The Written Report: Purpose and Format
Do not show bias of any kind.
Use generally accepted ethnicity terms.
Use ambiguous gender references unless your research needs otherwise.
Do not use the contraction “s/he” or “he/she.”Instead, use the plural “they” whenever possible.
What NOT to do in a research report?
The Written Report: Purpose and Format
Make sure that your writing will not be offensive to any group in any way.
How do I format a research report?
The Written Report: Purpose and Format
Psychological reports are expected to follow APA formatting.
Current standard: Sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010).
How do I format a research report?
The Written Report: Purpose and Format
It is necessary to follow common formatting rules due to the large amount of data published today.
The use of common formatting facilitates reading and understanding.
What is the Title?
Major Sections
A good title gives readers a description of what the report is about.
Include both the independent and dependent variables and their relationship in the title.
Be specific.
Be concise: 12 words or fewer.
What is the Abstract?
Major Sections
The Abstract is a summary of the report and is usually between 150 and 250 words and includes a concise synopsis of the experiment.
It should contain a statement of the problem studied, participants involved, the method, the results, and the major conclusions.
What is the Abstract?
Major Sections
Results should include significance levels and effect sizes.
What is the Abstract?
Major Sections
It is usually written after the report is finished
It must be written in such a way to encourage readers to read the whole article
The Abstract is the most frequently read portion of any article, so spend time making it right!
What is the Introduction?
Major Sections
The Introduction sets the stage for the research that follows. It should include:
•your hypothesis statement(s)
•evidence as to why your research is important and also how you came to your hypothesis
What is the Introduction?
Major Sections
• a literature review, including citations to background experiments from which you obtained ideas
What is the Method?
Major Sections
The Method tells how you performed the experiment and describes your participants, procedure, and materials.
A good Method offers sufficient detail to allow the reader to reasonably replicate your work.
What is included in the Method?
Major Sections
The Method usually includes several major subsections:
Participants – all information regarding participants in the study (age, sex, number, etc.)
Measures – describes the measures used in data collection and any instruments used
What is included in the Method?
Major Sections
Manipulations – describes the content used in each condition of the experiment, explicitly identifying the equipment and procedure used in each condition
Design – optional section including the exact design layout for your experiment
What is the Results section?
Major Sections
The Results section describes the statistical procedures you used to evaluate data and all obtained statistical values: df, significance levels.
Include all group means, measures of variability, estimated effect sizes, and confidence intervals.
What is the Results section?
Major Sections
Sometimes results can easily be summarized in tables (if so, take advantage).
As always, be concise while still reporting all necessary data.
What is the Discussion?
Major Sections
The Discussion evaluates the experiment, interprets the results, and brings the project full circle:
•explain and qualify your findings
•reexamine your initial hypotheses
•identify possible confounds and problems
•suggest future ideas and possible studies
What is the References section?
Major Sections
The References section lists all resources mentioned in your manuscript.
This section enables readers to do their own background research and qualify what you have done.
APA guidelines for references are very specific.
What is the General Orientation of a Journal Article?
Looking at a Journal Article
Journal articles are written for informed audiences and are strictly limited in length.
You must understand all the basics that the article addresses or you will be easily left behind.
Read and analyze as you go, as this is important for a full understanding of any published article.
Title, Names & Affiliations, and Abstract
Looking at a Journal Article
Title – gives you a good idea of the purpose of the article and where it is headed.
Names & Affiliations – the authors and their agency through which research was conducted.
Abstract – Quick summary of everything. Great way to check to make sure the paper covers what you are interested in.
Author Notes and Introduction
Looking at a Journal Article
Author Notes – includes contact information for the author and notes special research circumstances.
The Introduction states:
1) The problem area studied2) Pertinent facts about the problem area3) How these facts relate to the hypothesis
Running Head
Looking at a Journal Article
The Running Head is an abbreviated title printed above the pages of the article to identify it.
It is often used when an article is published in a journal with many articles.
Method
Looking at a Journal Article
The Method specifies how the experiment was carried out and includes these subsections: 1. Participants2. Measures3. Manipulations4. Design
Results
Looking at a Journal Article
The Results section reports statistical analyses that were used to test the hypothesis.
Before analysis is reported authors use a subsection called manipulation checks to verify factors in the experiment.
Results
Looking at a Journal Article
Be sure to carefully evaluate the methods used to obtain and measure data to ensure correct analysis.
Report findings carefully following APA publication guidelines.
Discussion
Looking at a Journal Article
The Discussion summarizes major findings and shows the study’s practical implications.
Include a subsection for Study Limitations and Future Research.
This is where the project comes full circle and the initial hypothesis is addressed.
References
Looking at a Journal Article
The References section only includes the resources mentioned in the manuscript.
When writing the References section, follow APA format exactly and compose in hanging style.
Be sure to follow the style conventions for the different sources you may have used.
How do I get published?
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
Currently, most journal submissions are online.
Your job is to put together a draft that could easily be turned into the published form.
Follow formatting guidelines exactly (double-spaced, 12-point font, margins, etc.).
What does a publishable piece look like?
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
The first page (a.k.a. title page):TitleYour name and Affiliation
(all centered in the top half of the page)
Authors are listed in order of contribution.
What does a publishable piece look like?
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
You will also need to prepare your running head on this page and start a numbering system.
Author notes will also be included on this page.
What does a publishable piece look like?
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
The second page is the Abstract.
The word Abstract is the heading for this page and that abstract itself should be printed in block form.
The third page begins the body of your article and should start with the title.
The Introduction is the only heading that is implied and not specifically typed.
What does a publishable piece look like?
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
Each new section is introduced by typing a boldfaced, centered heading (e.g., “Method”).
Do not skip to a new page for each of the remaining sections (except for References).
Follow APA guidelines for all tables and charts and continue in this manner until the references section.
What does a publishable piece look like?
Preparing Your Manuscript: Procedural Details
Only one other piece of information may be included in your report if needed: appendices.
An appendix is useful only if extra information is necessary to explain your article, but including it in the body merely jumbles what you have.
Adding an appendix can clean up this mess in the body while still including the information at the end.
Why are revisions necessary?
Making Revisions
Articles are often edited during the review process.
Be clear and grammatically correct and ask yourself:Can the reader follow?Can you make it clearer?
If so, then revise the report. It may take several revisions to produce a useable report – keep at it!
Why are revisions necessary?
Making Revisions
Work on polishing and refining as well as catching small errors.
Any small error greatly discredits any research done.
Know your grammar and special rules, and look them up when in doubt.
Why are revisions necessary?
Making Revisions
Finally, always keep to the point – this is about scientific research, not personal stories or popular knowledge.
Keep on task – make your article great!