their conservation and research · •all nutrients come from water ... natural events … but...
TRANSCRIPT
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Marine Forests
Their conservation and research
Infant & Junior School, Stanley – Falkland IslandsSCIENCE WEEK - 4th July 2018
Neil Golding & Marina Costa
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Marine Forests – what are they?
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Marine Forests – what are they?
Two key species of brown seaweed within the Falklands:•Macrocystis (latin for large
bladders)• These bladders are known
as pneumatocystspneumato – gas filled
cysts - bladders
© SMSG
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Marine Forests – what are they?
Two key species within the Falklands:•Macrocystis (latin for large
bladders)• Lessonia (tree kelp)
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Marine Forests – what are they?
Two key species within the Falklands:•Macrocystis (latin for large
bladders)• Lessonia (tree kelp)•Both known generally as ‘kelp’
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Marine Forests – where are they?
Distribution
•Kelp forests occur globally, from N & S America, Africa & Australia. From islands near Antarctica up to Alaska.
• Tend to favour cold temperate waters which are nutrient rich.
© SMSG
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Marine Forests – where are they?
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Marine Forests – How they grow?
•Unlike other plants, they don’t have roots – have a ‘holdfast’
• Use sunlight to produce food
Photosynthesis
• All nutrients come from water
• Giant kelp can grow >50m long –twice as long as a blue whale
• It can grow as fast as nearly one metre per day
One of the most productive ecosystems on the planet
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Marine Forests – Reproduction
• Adult plants release spores.
• Grow into tiny male and female plants.
• These produce sperm or eggs.
• After fertilization, mature plants develop.
• Giant kelp can live 7 years.
• Forms raft that can drift 1000’s of miles in Southern Ocean.
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The kelp forest off Cape Pembroke
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The ecological role of kelp
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Lessonia
Durvillaea
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Kelp generates habitat
complexity
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Kelp provides shelter and
habitat for many species
© SMSG
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@SMSG
@SMSG
@SMSG@SMSG
@SMSG
@SMSG@SMSG
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© SMSG
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High productivity and turnover of
kelp…
puts many nutrients into
system
@SMSG
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The greenhouse
effect
Increases the temperature on
Earth
Climate changes
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Kelp stores and remove carbon
from the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
sugar
nutrients
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Carbon dioxide
Kelp forest
carbon storage of kelp forests
equivalent to carbon dioxide emissions
from 3 to 6 million cars Dead kelp buried
Floating kelp
Air bladder burst
Air bladder
Sinking kelp
Dead kelp buried
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Kelp dampen wave action
reducing coastal erosion
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Marine Forests – Human UsesAlginic acid is extracted from brown seaweed such as Macrocystis. It is
used in hundreds of products.
EmulsifyingEmulsion paint
Polish
Ice-cream
ThickeningToothpaste
Shampoo
Hand cream
Gelling & BindingJelly
Tablets
Dental impressions
Wound dressings
Film formingSausage casings
Washable wallpaper
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Marine Forests – Human Uses
Bull kelp, Durvillea antarctica, is harvested for food in Chile and sold as cochoyuyo. It is boiled and eaten with potatoes!
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Threats to Kelp Forest
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Storms
Natural events…
but climate changes are intensifying
extreme weather events
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Over harvesting
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Overgrazing
Sea urchins are“herbivores” and
feed on kelp
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Sea otters
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Marine pollution and water
clarity
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Climate changeson top of other threats
Warm ocean temperatures, a sea star disease outbreak, and a boom in urchin populations decimated several major kelp beds in northern California between 2008 and 2014
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QUIZ TIME
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Quiz time …..
Q1 – What length can giant kelp grow to?
(a) 1 metre
(b) Up to 5 metres
(c) more than 50 metres
(d) Over 500 metres
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Quiz time …..
Q2 – How many species of seaweed (red, green and brown) are there in the world?
(a) 120 species(b) 1,200 species(c) more than 12,000 species(d) more than 120,000 species
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Quiz time …..
Q3 – Can you name three things that can be made from a substance extracted from giant kelp?
Q4 – How does giant kelp make sure its blades/leaves are near the sunlight in the surface waters?
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Quiz time …..
Q5 – How do you think our marine forests benefit the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands?
…..and now the answers….
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Quiz time …..
Q1 – What length can giant kelp grow to?
(a) 1 metre
(b) Up to 5 metres
(c) more than 50 metres
(d) Over 500 metres
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Quiz time …..
Q2 – How many species of seaweed (red, green and brown) are there in the world?
(a) 120 species(b) 1,200 species(c) more than 12,000 species(d) more than 120,000 species
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Marine Forests – Human UsesAlginic acid is extracted from brown seaweed such as Macrocystis. It is
used in hundreds of products.
EmulsifyingEmulsion paint
Polish
Ice-cream
ThickeningToothpaste
Shampoo
Hand cream
Gelling & BindingJelly
Tablets
Dental impressions
Wound dressings
Film formingSausage casings
Washable wallpaper
Q3 – Can you name three things that can be made from a substance extracted from giant kelp?
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Quiz time …..
Q4 – How does giant kelp make sure its blades/leaves are near the sunlight in the surface waters?
Gas-filled bladders called pneumatocysts
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Quiz time …..
Q5 – How do you think our marine forests benefit the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands?
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SAERI Research Projects
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Dolphins of the KelpData priorities for Falkland’s inshore cetaceans
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Mapping the coastal margins of the Falklands & South
Georgia
DPLUS065 Coastal Mapping Project – Grant aided by the Darwin Initiative through UK Government funding
Satellite images courtesy of Digital Globe Foundation
#SouthAtlanticCoastalMapping
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Building foundations to monitor and conserve Falklands marine forest habitats
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What can we do?
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Care and be aware!
Spread knowledge!
i.e. adopt code of conduct when at sea
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Promote sustainable usage!
Be a responsible consumer!
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Speak aloud:
your opinion is important!
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Acknowledgements
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Dolphins of the KelpData priorities for Falkland’s inshore cetaceans
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Mapping the coastal margins of the Falklands & South
Georgia
DPLUS065 Coastal Mapping Project – Grant aided by the Darwin Initiative through UK Government funding
Satellite images courtesy of Digital Globe Foundation
#SouthAtlanticCoastalMapping
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Photographs courtesy of Shallow Marine Surveys Group
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The End