theme 1 - case study booklet

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Theme 1 Challenge of Living in a Built Environment GCSE Revision Guide 2011 Exam Dates: Unit 1²Monday 13th June am. Length: 1 hour (Themes tested = Theme 1: Challenge of Living in a Built Environment and Theme 2: People and the Natural World Interactions) Unit 2²Friday 17th June am. Length: 2 hours (Themes tested = Section A: 30 minutes test on Theme 3:People, Work and Development, Section B: 1hr 30 mins test on all three themes through a decision making exercise) Case Studies There will be one question (30 minutes long) based on Theme 1 or Challenge of Living in a Built Environment. It is worth 30 marks so should take 30 minutes to answer (a mark a minute!) At the end of this question you will have a choice of 2 case study questions! You will pick one of these and answer it. This section is worth 8 marks and so should take 8 minutes to answer! Any of the case study questions could ask you to draw a sketch map so you need learn these for certain case studies. The case study section will ask you to: Name the case study Locate the case study Describe something about it Explain something about it (nearly always asking for you to refer to specific groups of people in this section i.e. teenagers, councils officers, elderly people, dock workers etc.) It is vital that you learn every case study in this booklet so that you are prepared for this section. Look at the past case study questions in this booklet and practise matching case studies to ques tions and writing answers in 8 minutes.

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Theme 1 - Case Study BookletContains the WJEC B GCSE (2012/13 spec) Case Studies and Keywords

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Page 1: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Theme 1 -­ Challenge of Living in a Built Environment GCSE Revision Guide 2011

Exam Dates: Unit 1 Monday 13th June am. Length: 1 hour (Themes tested = Theme 1: Challenge of Living in a Built Environment and Theme 2: People and the Natural World Interactions) Unit 2 Friday 17th June am. Length: 2 hours (Themes tested = Section A: 30 minutes test on Theme 3:People, Work and Development, Section B: 1hr 30 mins test on all three themes through a decision making exercise)

Case Studies

There will be one question (30 minutes long) based on Theme 1 or Challenge of Living in a Built Environment. It is worth 30 marks so should take 30 minutes to answer (a mark a minute!)

At the end of this question you will have a choice of 2 case study questions! You will pick one of these and answer it. This section is worth 8 marks and so should take 8 minutes to answer!

Any of the case study questions could ask you to draw a sketch map so you need learn these for certain case studies.

The case study section will ask you to:

Name the case study Locate the case study Describe something about it Explain something about it (nearly always asking for you to refer to specific groups of people in this section i.e. teenagers, councils officers, elderly people, dock workers etc.)

It is vital that you learn every case study in this booklet so that you are prepared for this section.

Look at the past case study questions in this booklet and practise matching case studies to ques-­tions and writing answers in 8 minutes.

Page 2: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Theme 1 Challenge of Living in a Built Environment Glossary Please learn these key words!!

Word/Term Meaning

Standard of Living A measure of the relative wealth of individuals or fami-­lies. It can be measured.

Quality of Life (QoL) A measure of the happiness and contentment of an indi-­vidual or family. Often a number cannot be put on these things.

Inequality A difference in status: social or economic disparity be-­tween people or groups.

Income Poverty is less than 60% of the UK average household income.

Fuel Poverty A family who cannot afford to heat their home are said to live in fuel poverty. In the UK households who spend more than 10% of their income on fuel fall into this cate-­gory.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) A way of presenting geographical data onto maps to look for patterns i.e. flood data across the UK, no. smokers in UK in different regions.

Urban Land Use Models Models that help explain the spread and development of towns and cities.

Burgess Model

An urban land use model that claimed that in the centre of all towns and cities there was a central business dis-­trict (CBD). Burgess believed that towns grew outwards in a circular pattern from the CBD. As you move out of the centre the age of the buildings become younger and the occupants more wealthy.

Hoyt Model

Hoyt proposed his model after the development of public transport. He suggested that urban areas developed in sectors or wedges, alongside main roads and railway lines out of the city centre. He also claimed that if, for example, industry and low-­cost housing developed in one part of a town in the nineteenth century, then newer industry and modern low-­cost housing would also locate in the same sector.

Central Business District (CBD) Shops and offices in the centre of towns or cities. Rarely any residential areas. Land expensive.

Twilight Zone Inner city, low quality housing often built in 19th cen-­tury, in need of re-­development, poor quality of life and standard of living.

Page 3: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Word/Term Meaning Industrial Zone Area in a city which consists mainly of factories.

Inner City The area surrounding the CBD where terraced housing and industry are found together.

Inner Suburbs The area outside the inner city consisting mainly of semi-­detached housing.

Outer Suburbs The area outside the inner suburbs, one the out-­side of the city, consisting mainly of detached housing (rich areas, more open space).

Tenure The legal right to live in a house. Housing tenure is usually split into council housing, owner occu-­pied, private rented.

Owner Occupied When you own your own house. Most home owners will have a mortgage to repay.

Council Housing Housing owned by the council. Cannot be changed in anyway but may have the opportunity to buy outright.

Housing Associations Properties owned by non-­profit making organisa-­tions providing low-­cost housing for sale or rent.

Terraced house A house attached on either side to other houses

Semi-­detached house A house attached on one side to another house.

Detached house A house attached to no other. A single dwelling.

Conurbation Two cities that have grown so large that they have merged i.e. Liverpool and Manchester.

Census Data Data collected every ten years on social and eco-­nomic characteristics within households in the UK. Next census due in 2011.

Urban services Services found in towns and cities i.e. banks, res-­taurants, gyms and badminton courts, cash ma-­chines.

Urbanisation The physical and human growth of towns and cities. Involves the movement of people from the countryside into cities.

Counter urbanisation The movement of people and businesses from large cities to the countryside (rural).

Migration Movement of people from one area to another

Push Factors Reasons that force people to move away from their existing home i.e. high crime rates, bad schools, pollution.

Page 4: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Word/Term Meaning Pull Factors Reasons that attract people into an area i.e. jobs,

better weather.

Infrastructure The systems needed to make a region work effi-­ciently. These include paved roads, communica-­tion facilities, power supply, water supplies and sewers.

Shanty Towns/Favelas/Squatter Settlements/Informal settlements

An area of poor quality housing, lacking in ameni-­ties such as water supply and electricity, which often develops overnight and illegally in cities in developing countries. The people do not legally own the land they live on so can be removed at any time.

Self-­help schemes Improvement projects carried out by ordinary people rather than by businesses or govern-­ments. People are provided with the materials to build their own houses. It is a way of improving housing in shanty towns.

Site and service schemes Another way of improving shanty towns, where people are provided with a plot of land which is supplied with water, sewerage systems and elec-­tricity already. They can then build a property on this plot of land.

Sanitation The safe disposal and treatment of sewage and waste water.

Brownfield Site Development sites where older buildings are de-­molished or renovated before a new development takes place. They have been used for industry before.

Greenfield sites Plots of land which have not been used before for building.

Sustainable development Making changes that improve the quality of life for people today but without damaging the envi-­ronment so that future generations will also be able to have a reasonable quality of life

Stakeholders Any person or group of people who have an in-­terest in a planning/development issue.

Enterprise Zone Set up in areas where huge economic decline has been experienced with the aim of regenerating the area and attracting new industry and busi-­nesses.

Page 5: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Word/Term Meaning

Population Pyramids Graphs to show the number of males/females within selected age groups, in a country. These countries are north of the Brandt Line.

Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC) Countries that tend to have a low income. These countries are south of the Brandt Line.

More Economically Developed Country (MEDC) Countries that have a high income.

Demographic Transition Model A model that tries to show how changes in birth and death rates over a period of time may be related to different stages of economic develop-­ment.

Mega City A city with over 10 million residents.

Depopulation The loss of people due to migration and low birth rates. For example, many of the rural areas of Iceland are suffering from depopulation.

Ecotourism Small-­scale tourist projects that create money for conservation as well as creating local jobs.

Affordable homes Houses that are either sold or rented at a rela-­tively low cost.

Sustainable development Making changes that improve the quality of life for people today but without damaging the envi-­ronment so that future generations will also be able to have a reasonable quality of life

Economic Migrant A migrant who moves in order to find work.

Gender Inequality Differences in income or quality of life that exist between men and women.

Green Belts A government policy used to prevent the spread of cities into the countryside. It is very difficult to get planning permission for new homes inside a greenbelt.

Micro-­credit Where small loans are given to businessmen and women who are too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans.

Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) An attempt by the government to rejuvenate ar-­eas, often in inner cities, which had undergone economic, social and environmental decay i.e. London Docklands.

Page 6: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Word/Term Meaning Natural Increase A population increase which is due to there being

more births than deaths.

Net out-­migration When more people leave the region than move in.

NIMBY People who object to a development because they live close by it are said to be NIMBYS. The

Population Density The number of people per square km.

Refugees People who are in danger and who leave their homes for their own safety. Refugees may move because of a natural disaster such as a volcanic eruption or because of conflict.

Repossession Repossession occurs when an owner occupier who has a mortgage fails to make their regular payments to the bank or building society. At this point they can be forced to leave the home and the bank will sell the house so that it can get its money back.

Second homes Houses which are used for holidays or at week-­ends. Also called holiday cottages.

Unsustainable development Improving the lives of people but in a way that is using up too many natural resources and/or is polluting the environment so badly that future generations will have a lower quality of life.

Urban Sprawl The growth of towns and cities into the country-­side. Sprawl is often considered to have negative impacts.

Urban Towns or cities

Rural An area dominated by countryside

Page 7: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Past Case Study Questions

Year Question (worth 8 marks) What case study to use?

Speci-­men

Name a rural area in which service provision has changed. Describe the changes in service provision and explain the effects of the changes on different groups of people.

OR

Name a town or city where there are differences in housing provision. Describe the differences in housing provision and explain why these

differences exist.

Speci-­men

For a named area you have studied, describe and explain how access to services varies between different groups of people.

OR

For a named area you have studied, describe and explain how access to housing varies between different groups of people.

2010 For a named area in a MEDC where services have changed: Name the area Describe how the services have changed Explain how different groups of people have gained or lost from the changes.

OR

For a named rural area under pressure from many visitors: Name the area Describe the attractions of the area Explain the conflicts the visitors may cause.

2009 Service Provision in an area of a city

Name an area where you have studied service provision. With the aid of a sketch map, describe the distribution of services in that area.

Explain how this service provision affects different groups of people.

2009 Urban to rural migration

Name an area that you have studied where urban to rural migration has occurred

Describe the effects of this migration on both urban and rural areas. Explain why this migration occurred.

Page 8: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Past Case Study Questions

Year Question (worth 8 marks) What case study to use?

2008 Rural out-­migration in a Less Economically Developed Country

Name a rural area in a LEDC that has been affected by out-­migration Describe the effects of this rural out-­migration Explain why the people migrated from the area

2008 Housing provision in a city in a Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC)

Name a city in a LEDC that you have studied Describe the housing provision in that city Explain how the housing affects the lives of the people who live there

2006 Population Change and how it affects a place. Name a place where the population is changing, describe how the population is changing, explain to what extent the changes have affected the place.

OR

A planning issue in a town or city Name an area in a town or city where changes to the environment have been planned. Descirbe the changes, explain the effects of these changes on different groups of people.

2005 Where people live in a town or city Name a town or city you have studied. Describe where different groups of people live in this town or city (Draw a diagram or map if you wish), explain why different groups of people live in these areas.

OR

An area where services have been changed in a MEDC. Name and locate an urban or rural area where services have been changed in an MEDC. Describe how the services in this area have been changed. Explain how different groups of people and or-­ganisations have gained or lost from these changes.

Page 9: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Studies

Case Study 1 Ghana, West Africa (LEDC) Topics: Investigating standard of living and looking at how differences in Quality of Life affect people in Ghana.

What patterns exist in Ghana? The average standard of living in Ghana is much lower than in the UK. The average Ghanaian earns about 30 times less than the average person in the UK. In rural areas problems exist such as lack of electricity, unsafe water supply -­ much different to the problems encountered in rural England. There is a massive gap between rural and urban communities. Standard of living is rural areas is less than half that found in ur-­ban areas in Ghana. Not only is there a divide between rural and urban areas but also between the North and the South. Northern Ghana is very rural whereas the south is much more urban. Incomes in the more urban south are 2.4 times higher than in the more rural north. The reasons for this include:

The south has more cities and better transport so industry has grown faster there. The south is more accessible to tourists and has benefited from the growth of tourism. The north has unreliable patterns of rainfall, which make farming more difficult than in the south.

The map clearly shows this difference in income earned between North and South.

What impact do these differences have? The northern regions of Ghana face severe problems such as poverty, lack of job opportunities (especially for women), and lack of safe drinking water. The region has a harsh climate and farming is an unreliable way of making a living. The lack of decent roads and public transport makes it difficult for rural families to get to local towns to visit friends, go to the shops, or get medical attention. There is a severe shortage of teachers in the northern regions of Ghana. In rural northern Ghana, the infant mor-­tality rate (IMR) is twice as high as in urban areas in the south. Malaria, acute respiratory infections, diar-­rhoea, malnutrition and measles are still the five main causes of death in young children. Groups highlighted in bold!!!

Page 10: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 2 Camberley, Surrey (MEDC) Topics: Looks at housing provision and where people live in the town of Camberley. Comparing quality of life across wards in Camberley. Each ward has different standards of living and quality of life.

Old Dean Ward Semi-­detached (58.6%) (Council owned) Group Young families

Detached (Owner occu-­pied) (85.3%) Group Affluent 44-­65 years old

Town WardDetached (40.8%) Group Families

Watchetts WardDetached (37.7%) Group 44-­65 years old

Where people live? Different wards in Camberley have different groups of people living within them. For exam-­

are affluent 45-­64 year olds. This could be due to the fact that these couples have no children to look after. Also the people that live

highly educated with 36% having achieved a first degree or higher, this then gives access to the finances needed to be able to afford the detached housing found in this ward. Within Old Dean Ward just to the north of

-­detached (council owned). The dominant group in this area are young families which have been best suited to the more affordable housing avail-­

group is young 16-­24 year olds. This is explained by the fact that Town Ward is the clos-­est to the leisure and entertainment services

attract young single people.

Access to housing Old Dean Ward is a council estate with the dominant house type being semi-­detached (58.6%). The dominant group in this area are young families on lower incomes. These people benefit from the affordable housing offered in this area specifically for young families. In the more affluent ward of St Pauls, education rates are high. This means that the majority of the occupants have access to well paid jobs and therefore access to the dominant housing type (detached), which can be found in this ward. This also accounts for the high % of owner occupied property (85.3%). The highest in Camber-­ley!

Page 11: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 3 Barcelona, Spain (MEDC) Topics: Access to services for different groups of people (mosques and badminton courts)

Badminton Courts Mosques

Barcelona District Key 1 Sants-­Montjuic 2 Ciutat Vella 3 Sant Marti 10 Gracia 4 Sarria-­Sant Gervasi 5 Horta-­Guinardo 6 Nou Barris 7 Les Corts 8 Eixample 9 Sant Andreu

Access to mosques and badminton courts in Barcelona

be found in El Raval. Muslims from Morrocco and Pakistan who migrate to Barce-­lona, may chose to live here as they have better access to particular services such as mosques, which cater for Islamic religion. Ciutat Vella and El Raval are also one of the cheapest districts of Barcelona in which to live. Many immigrants from these countries do poorly paid work and cannot afford to live in other, more expensive, parts of the city. Hence the concentration of mosques in this area. On the other hand, Badminton courts are more evenly spread but do seem to be concentrated to the north of the city in richer districts such as Sarria-­Sant Gervasi (3 courts). This may be due to the fact that it is expensive to play badminton on a regular basis so therefore badminton courts are located in more affluent areas where Where more affluent people can afford to play badminton regularly. Poorer re-­gions and those on lower incomes (Ciutat Vella and El Raval) do not have as good access to badminton courts as those from the richer districts.

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Page 12: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 4 Nairobi, Africa (LEDC) Topics: How are urban areas changing? What is quality of life like? What techniques are being used to combat urban poverty?

Map of poverty in Nairobi Nairobi is undergoing rapid urbanisation, people moving in from outer rural areas. As a consequence, the following problems are encountered;; not enough suitable housing, lack of piped water supply, poor levels of sanitation, lack of paved roads or street lighting, and no electricity. In a lot of cases people in Nairobi live in squatter set-­tlements, in poor conditions, on land that is not legally owned by themselves (meaning that they could be evicted at any time). These slums are also often located in the citys least desirable locations situated on steep hillsides, on floodplains, or down-­stream from industrial polluters leaving residents vulnerable to disease and natural disasters. As can be seen from the map of Nairobi, the areas of Ngundu and Lunga Lunga have particularly high levels of poverty.

Contrasting Methods of Managing Poverty Self-­Help Often improvements are made to houses by the residents themselves with help from Non-­governmental organisations (NGOs) and the local council. This is one method to reduce poverty which can be seen in more detail in the Sao Paulo, Brazil case study. Micro-­credits Another alternative is the micro-­credit scheme in Nairobi. The Population Council is an international, not-­for-­profit NGO. In Kenya the Population Council decided to introduce a micro-­credit scheme for young women. The scheme is called TRY. If you earn less than $1 US dollar a day you cannot save money or even consider starting your own business. So micro-­credit loans are now being used to sup-­

-­credit is where small loans are given to entrepreneurs who are too poor to qualify for traditional bank loans. The TRY micro-­credit scheme pro-­vides small loans to young women living in the squatter settlements of Nairobi. The girls receive basic financial training and are then grouped into teams of five. Each girl agrees to save a minimum of 50 Kenyan shillings each week. The girls meet once a week. At these meetings they collect and record their savings and are given business advice. After saving for 8 weeks, each team of five girls decides which two of its members are going to receive the first loan. These loans are in the order of 10,000 Kenyan Shillings. The young women have used their loans in all sorts of businesses such as hairstyling, tailoring or running a market stall. Before joining the scheme each girl had average savings of just US$43. After three years each member has average savings of US$95.

Page 13: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 5 Sao Paulo, Brazil (LEDC) Topics: What techniques are being used to combat urban poverty and the problem of favelas/shanty towns?

1 The comprehensive redevelopment programme $150 million spent on the Morumbi district of Sao Paulo. The scheme involved three phases. Phase 1 Identify the district with the poorest living conditions Phase 2 Bulldoze the site, forcing everyone to leave the area. Phase 3 Re-­house 33,000 people (who can afford to pay rent) 55,000 people live in this favela in total this scheme only re-­houses 33,000 of them. The site is fully serviced with running water, sewage, waste disposal, electricity and street lightning. Rent ranges between $120 and $180 per month. The money for the scheme was provided by the Inter-­American Bank and the mayor of Sao Paulo.

those who cannot afford the rent) will have their houses bulldozed and be moved away. It does however improve the quality of life for those people who can afford the rent but does not tackle other issues like the lack of jobs, schools and doctors.

2 Self-­help scheme The diagram to the left gives an example of a house pro-­vided by the self-­help scheme. In the Diadema favela a scheme costing $30 million was introduced to improve the quality of life for 80,000 people. Getting the locals to sup-­ply the labour saved money. The houses constructed were basic but functional. 90% of the original residents were re-­housed. Rent started at $60 a month. There were winners and losers in this scheme. Winners: Houses were clean, children can have a shower whenever they want. Everyone looks after their homes really well as they helped build them and there is a real community spirit in the area now. Losers: Not everyone could afford the $60 a month rent. Some people had to move their family away leading to an uncertain future.

3 Site and Service Schemes Jardim Icarai, a suburb of Sao Paulo, has seen a recent influx of new migrants. The land on the northern edge of the city is largely undeveloped for housing because it is: over 45km from the city centre, under a major flight path, adjacent to an industrial area, a steep hilly area where mudslides are common. In spite of this, migrants continue to settle in this area. Authorities have provided 5000 plots at a cost of $25,000. This has included major slope stabilisation, construction of water and sewage treatment works and the preparation of each individual plot. Each plot has a concrete base, fresh water supply a washing sink and the owners, if rent is paid, will legally own the land. You only pay for the plot of land though, residents have to build their own house on that plot with their own materials.

Page 14: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 6 Barnes Reservoir (MEDC) Topics: A case study of the redevelopment of a brownfield site.

Project and Groups Involved In 1995 a huge project began in Barnes, south west London, to redevelop a brownfield site occupied by four disused reser-­voirs. The old concrete structures of the reservoirs were an eyesore and were too dangerous for use by local people for recreation. However, they were being used by waterfowl for feeding and nesting. So a project was devised with three main partners:

The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust: a conservation charity that manages nine wetland sites around the UK. They have created a 40-­hectare wetland ecosystem on part of the site by bulldozing the old concrete walls of the reservoir and creating bodies of water of different size and depths to suit different birds. Thames Water: the company that owned the reser-­voirs. Berkeley Homes: a property developer that helped to finance the project by building and selling hoes on part of the site.

Benefits of the development Green spaces act like the lungs of the city. They help to control pollution levels. More than 130 species of wild bird are recorded at the site each year. Bodies of water in a city help to reduce summer air temperatures. It may be desir-­able to create more urban wetlands to make cities more sustainable in the face of climate change.

London Wetland Centre Facts and Figures The site contains more than 30 different wetlands. There are 600m of boardwalk and 3.4km of pathway. More than 170 species of wild bird are recorded annually. 24 species of butterfly and 500 moth species have been recorded. 21 dragon and damselfly species have been recorded. Four species of amphibian are recorded annually.

Page 15: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 7 BedZED, Beddington, Surrey, UK (MEDC) Topics: A case study of a sustainable community.

What is BedZED? The BedZED community is a sustainable community of 82 homes built in Beddington, Surrey by a housing association called the Peabody Trust. The homes use green technologies to reduce their energy consumption. The development only uses renewable energy sources: solar power and wood chips.

The buildings have 300mm of insula-­tion in the walls (most modern houses have 50mm). This con-­serves heat en-­ergy so well that the homes need to be kept cool. These funnels di-­rect fresh cool air into the buildings.

Slate and tile roofs shed water quickly into storm drains. This can lead to problems of flash flooding. Roof gar-­dens use up some rainwater and slow down the flow of run-­off into the storm drains.

What are the features of BedZED? Strong emphasis on roof gardens, sunlight, solar energy and waste water recycling. Of the 82 homes, 34 are for outright sale, 23 for shared owner-­ship, 10 for key workers and 15 are affordable rent social housing for those people on low incomes. The project also includes a nursery. Bed ZED is built from natural materials. All wood used has been approved by the Forest Stewardship Council to ensure that it comes from a sustainable source. Heat from the sun and heat generated by the occupants and everyday activities such as cooking, are sufficient to heat BedZED homes to a comfortable temperature. BedZED also promotes a green transport plan. Its target is to reduce fossil fuel consumption by pri-­vate car use by 50% by encouraging walking, cycling, car sharing and the use of public transport.

Large windows on the south side of the build-­ing collect heat energy from the sun a technique known as pas-­sive solar gain.

Page 16: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

A sustainable community

Local facilities for people of all ages, e.g. crèche, youth group, community centre

Green technologies to reduce heating costs and carbon emissions

Schemes to reduce car ownership such as in-­creased parking costs

Public transport avail-­able to everyone

Some affordable housing for people on lower incomes

A brownfield site rather than a Greenfield site

Some buildings designed for elderly or disabled people with wide door-­ways for wheelchair users and ground-­floor bedrooms and bathrooms

Jobs available locally

Page 17: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 8 London Docklands, UK (MEDC) Topics: A case study of a changing services in an urban area and a planning issue where services and environment have been improved.

Why was London Docklands an area of deprivation? Until 1950s London was the busiest port in the world. Containerised boats could no longer reach the port. Docks left derelict. 19th century terraced housing needed urgent repair, poor trans-­port, lack of basic services and leisure amenities, high unemployment and crime rates. Those left unemployed were predominantly unskilled dock workers.

Improvements 728 hectares of derelict land reclaimed. Docklands Light Railway introduced 320,000 passengers/week Jubilee underground line extended City Airport 135km of new roads including link with M11. Employment and no. of businesses doubled from 1981 1996. Businesses like The Telegraph and ITV attracted by low rates offered by LDDC. Nearly 20,000 new homes (luxury flats)

Shopping centres and colleges.

Groups involved Local Housing associations, Newham council, LDDC, national government, Property developers, conservation groups, yuppies, elderly, dock workers.

Conflicts Local residents a shortage of low-­cost housing. Jobs in new high-­tech industry are few in number and demand skills not possessed by former dockers. Yuppie newcomers who found close-­knit community had been broken up. Not enough services for elderly.

Page 18: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 9 Rural to Urban Migration Limpopo to Johannes-­burg, Guateng Province, South Africa (LEDC)

looks at how urban change is managed in Johannesburg.

Migration from Limpopo province during 2005

tains three major cities of more than one million people: Johannesburg, Pretoria and Soweto. In Limpopo, 90% of the province live in rural areas. 249,000 people moved from Limpopo to Guateng in 2005.

Push Factors (What pushes people away from rural Limpopo Province?)

Pull Factors (What pulls people towards urban Guateng Prov-­ince?)

Dissatisfied with life in countryside. No connection to na-­tional grid and there-­fore no electricity. No electric cookers. Lack of money. Poor job opportuni-­ties. Poor quality of life. People rely on farm-­ing and tourism for their income. Which are both very sea-­sonal. Most households earn little less than 1,000 Rand per month. 60% of people live below the poverty line.

Jobs available that pay more. Better healthcare. Better schooling (In Limpopo only 120,000 children complete primary education, in Guateng 320,000 chil-­dren complete pri-­mary education). Most household earn 7,175 Rand a month. 77.86% own an elec-­tric stove. 87.26% own a fridge freezer. 57.65% have a phone connection.

What are the positive and negative impacts of this movement? (For Limpopo)

Brain drain rural areas lose their most skilled work-­ers, aged between 24 and 35. Can have an impact on the regions economy. Remittances the good thing is that money earned in Guateng (in the city) is sent home to rural Limpopo and used to support their families. Information and ideas new technologies and skills learned in the city flow back into the country where they are used to support local businesses. Circular migration occurs where migrants go back to Limpopo at busy times of the year to help with har-­vests etc. This reduces demand on water and food supplies in rural areas but on the negative side has encouraged the spread of AIDS which has a big impact on people of a working age.

What are the positive and negatives of this movement? (For Guateng province and cities like Johannesburg) Cities like Johannesburg are becoming overpopulated (1.5 million people) and services like water supply, sanitation, housing, transport and healthcare are fully stretched. Informal housing (shanty towns) are becoming larger as people move in and have nowhere to live. In Soweto, 12% of the population live in shanty towns. Often there are not enough jobs to go around.

Management of overpopulation in Johannesburg Johannesburg City Authority has improved water supply in Soweto. Many new pipes have been laid, and township roads have been paved (232km). This work was carried out by peo-­ple in Soweto, providing them with jobs as well. The number of street lights has been increased, in the past five years 16,427 lights have been installed or upgraded improving safety. 316,000 jobs have been created, many in self-­help projects to improve water supply, housing and sanitation in shanty towns. 31 million Rand has been spent on improving parks and in-­creasing quality of the environment (6 million trees). Police presence has been increased by 331%.

Page 19: Theme 1 - Case Study Booklet

Case Study 10 Bishops Castle, Shropshire, England (MEDC)

Push Factors (away from Birmingham)

Pull Factors (towards Bishops Castle)

Air, noise and land pollution from cars and indus-­try in city centres affect people with asthma.

A cleaner less polluted environment.

Poor quality housing Better quality housing.

Lack of open space. Access to the countryside.

Traffic congestion. Lower levels of traffic giving less congestion and air/noise pollution whilst still giving access to the motorway for jobs/leisure.

High crime rates. A safer environment to bring up children in.

Impacts on Bishops Castle Increase in the number of houses causing the countryside to be lost. Tension between existing residents and new comers. New residents drive to use services elsewhere so the village shop and local school have now

closed and the bus service has been reduced affecting locals. Changes to the structure of the population as more families move into the village. House prices have increased due to demand from new residents so that young locals cannot

afford to buy houses in the village. New residents tend to be professionals and managers who will pay more for houses than lo-­

cals can afford. New houses tend to be built for new residents (family homes) so that there is less housing available for local first time buyers. Some affluent people are buying properties in Bishops Castle as second homes. This causes two problems: 1) One less house is available to local people, increasing demand and pushing up house prices and 2) Even more village services are likely to close as owners of second homes may only use them during holidays or weekends.

Who is moving? Young people between the ages of 10 to 29 are moving out of the area either to go to university or because they are on low income and have been priced out of the market. Middle aged affluent people are moving into the area as they can afford the high prices of rural properties. Very few

How are some of these issues being managed? All home owners have to pat council tax. If you own a second home you only pay 50% council tax. To try and prevent the number of second homes, Shropshire County council have increased council tax payments to 90% for second home owners. During the period 2004-­2007 this raised an extra £500,000 a year which was spent on local services. One of the projects to benefit the

space and a modern gym complex. It means that local people no longer have to travel to places such as Shrewsbury, which is 40km away, to access local sports and leisure services.

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Case Study 11 Iceland (MEDC) Topics: A case study of impacts of migration and rural depopulation in Iceland. Also looks at how we can make rural populations in Iceland more sustainable.

Rural Depopulation

tinues to grow as migrants leave the remote rural regions of Iceland. The pull factors include better jobs and much better urban services.

Depopulation in the Western Fjords The West Fjords is the rural region of Iceland that has been hardest hit by depopulation. In the period from 1986 to 2003 net out-­migration from the West Fjords averaged 27 people per 1,000 population. More women than men are leaving these regions, especially in the age range 20 to 49. The West Fjords is the most remote part of Iceland from Reykjavik. The many sea inlets or fjords make the coastline very long and inland it is mountainous. In addition the roads are poor, with many single-­track and unmade surfaces, so journey times are slow. The weather can be hazardous;; in 1995 two separate avalanches of snow killed 34 people. The traditional economy of the West Fjords is in decline. Fishing has always been the biggest employer, but the government has cut the number of fish that can be caught in order to conserve fish stocks in the sea. Sheep farming is the second-­biggest employer, but it is unprofitable and unpopular amoung the young.

Impact?

local people find that they are further and further away from healthcare. Rural communities could become unsustainable and have no future. Most migrants are young adults and more women than men migrate. In some of these regions the young men who remain in the rural area are experiencing severe social problems such as alcoholism and relatively high suicide rates.

How can remote rural areas in Iceland be made more sustainable? wants to create sustainable rural communities. They believe that new industries such

as tourism must be encouraged in order to diversify the rural economy. They are encouraging both Icelandic and multi-­national companies (MNCs) to invest in rural communities. Foreign investors locating in a rural region of Iceland will experience a number of advantages:

Business taxes in Iceland are lower than almost anywhere else in Europe. Energy is also cheap because Iceland uses renewable resources such as hydro-­electric power (HEP) and geothermal (heat from the ground) rather than oil. Foreign film-­makers who want to shoot their film in Iceland are offered a refund of 12% of all produc-­tion costs.

Farmers are diversify-­

ing their income by converting farms and outbuildings into holiday accommodation. Bed-­and-­breakfast type ac-­commodation is now widespread in rural Iceland, but the tourist season is short because of the climate. The West Fjords has much to offer tourists interested in the natural environment: Sea or river fishing Whale-­watching from the harbour at Isafjordur whale watching creates jobs and can continue without damag-­ing the environment so it is an example of sustainable development for rural communities of Iceland.

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Case Study 12 Ynyslas National Nature Reserve, Wales (MEDC) Topics: A case study of rural areas under pressure (tourism) and how they can be managed.

Why do people visit Ynyslas? The Dyfi estuary is a beautiful environment that attracts many visitors each year. People visit this part of West Wales for relaxation on the beach or in the dunes or to enjoy a number of leisure activities that include walking, riding, sailing and birdwatching. The Dyfi estuary was classed as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in the 1950s. This was because the Dyfi was seen to be one of the best, most unspoilt estuaries in the west of Britain. Much of the estuary, in-­cluding the sand dunes at Ynyslas at the mouth of the estuary, became a National Nature Reserve in 1969. The area is managed by the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW). This organisation has two main aims: 1

2 There is a natural tension between these two aims. If too many people visit a site such as Ynyslas they could disturb wildlife or even damage fragile physical features such as the sand dunes themselves.

How is Ynyslas being managed? 1969 Off road vehicles drove into the dunes causing damage to the landscape. Posts were sank into the beach to prevent cars driving into the dunes to prevent further trampling and erosion. 1980s Tourists walking on the sand dunes caused erosion. Areas were fenced off to prevent trampling. Wind traps also created with brashings (branches and wire) to try to encourage layers of sand to deposit. New marram grass was also planted to stabilise the dunes and signs were put up to educate tourists on how to be-­have while visiting Ynyslas. 1990s It was found that tourists and locals walked around the fenced off areas and created new trampled paths where nothing would grow. So fences were removed. Nowadays it is accepted that sand erosion is part of a natural process in the dunes. Litter bins were left out but it was found out that these overflowed so they were removed. Lots of song birds live in the dunes including Linnet, Stonechat, skylark and meadow pipit. These small birds nest on the ground and are easily disturbed. So we have fenced off the shingle area where they nest. A lot of rabbits live in the dunes they keep the grass short and stop it from choking the less competitive flow-­ering plants. The rabbit dung makes the soil much more fertile and as many as 40 different species of flowering plants can grow in just 1 square metre. Also some birds nest in the abandoned rabbit burrows. So they en-­courage a healthy population of rabbits. In recent years they have improved the visitor centre and the boardwalks. Now anyone can easily cross the site to get to the beach. One of the biggest problems today is dog fouling. Dog walkers are banned from walking their dogs in the summer months.