Elements of Literature:

Theme, Irony, Ambiguity, and Symbols

Theme—the central idea, or insight, about life or human behavior that a story reveals

Living a simple life leads to greater personal freedom.

Even one small person can make a difference.

What Is Theme?

-In most stories, the theme is not stated directly.

-Instead, it is revealed to us through the characters’ experiences.

Theme (cont.)

• A theme is a generalization about life or human nature.

• Certain types of experiences are common to all people everywhere.

Different writers from different cultures often express similar themes.

Universal Themes

• shine a light on our common experiences

Universal themes

• come up again and again in literature

• can help guide us through our lives

• deal with basic human concerns—good and evil, life and death, love and loss

Universal Themes

The theme is not the same thing as the subject.• The subject is simply the topic. It can be stated

in a single word, such as loyalty.• The theme should be expressed in a sentence:

“Loyalty to a leader is not always noble.”

Finding the Theme

Writers often express theme through what their characters learn.

• Does the main character change?

Sometimes the title gives clues.

• Does the title have a special meaning?

The theme applies to the entire work.• Test your statement of the theme. Does it apply

to the whole work, not just parts of it?

How Do We Find the Theme?

Conflict helps reveal theme.• How is the conflict resolved?

Writers include irony in stories to reflect the real world—a world where expectations aren’t always fulfilled and unexpected events often surprise us.

IronyIrony is the difference between what we expect or what seems suitable and what actually happens.

In stories, we find three kinds of irony.

Irony

• Verbal irony occurs when someone says one thing but means the opposite.

• Situational irony occurs when an event is not just surprising but actually contrary to what we expected.

• Dramatic irony occurs when the audience or the reader knows something important that the character does not know.

Ambiguity is an element of uncertainty in a text.

Ambiguous texts offer several conflicting consequences or meanings that readers must sort out.

Ambiguity

A story with an ambiguous ending or theme

• keeps us wondering about what it means

• tends to stick in our memory

Ambiguity

A symbol is an ordinary object, event, person, or animal to which we have attached a special meaning.

What Is a Symbol?

Public symbols are widely known and have been handed down over time.

Where Do We Get Symbols?

Invented symbols come about when writers make a character, object, or event stand for some human concern.

Writers use symbols to:

• suggest layers of meaning that a simple, literal statement could never convey

• speak more powerfully to the reader’s emotions and imagination

• make their stories rich and memorable

Symbols in Literature

Allegory—a story in which characters, setting, and actions stand for something beyond themselves, such as

• abstract ideas, moral qualities, or historical figures or events

Allegory

• can be read on two levels: literal and symbolic