theme8 (author o.mazuru).pdf

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The State University of Medicine and

Pharmacy “N. Testemitanu”

Chief of Histology, Cytology and Embryology departament

Lilian Saptefrati

Vice Chief of Histology, Cytology and Embryology departament

Tatiana Globa


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Тheme№8

TISSUES OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

Mesenchyme. Blood. Lymph


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Mesenchim

• derivated from all

embryo layers

• differentiates into

hematopoietic andconnective tissue

• are multipotent stem

cells that candifferentiate into a

variety of cell types

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis


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Morphological structure of

mesenchimal cells

are characterizedmorphologically by asmall cell body with afew cell processesthat are long and thin.

The cell bodycontains a large,round nucleus with aprominent nucleolus,which is surroundedby finely dispersedchromatin particles .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_body


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- blood,

- endothelial cells,

- smooth muscle tissues,


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Blood

- consists of blood cellswhich are suspended in aliquid (plasma).


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Blood

Hematocrit or packedcell volume (PCV)

- is the percentage

(%) of theconcentration of redblood cells in blood.

It is normally about:men- 40-48%

woman - 36-42%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood


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Blood

proteinNormal

level% Function

Albumins 3.5-5.0g/dl

60%

create oncotic pressure andtransports other molecules

Immuno

globulins

1.0-1.5

g/dl

18

%participate in immune system

Fibrinogens0.2-0.45

g/dl

4

%blood coagulation

alpha 1-antitrypsin

neutralize trypsin that has leakedfrom the digestive system

Regulatory

proteins


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Function of the blood are:

• transport(nutrients to cells, oxygen,

wastes from the cells),

• temperature regulation,

• immunity ,

• communication: hormones distributed to

all parts of the body in the blood,

• defence (coagulation of blood).


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Preparation of blood smear


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Blood consist of cellular material

white blood cells and

platelets .

red blood cells,


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Red blood cells

(erythrocytes, RBC )• tiny (7-8μ) biconcave

disc-shaped cells ,

• do not have nucleus,mitochondria,

ribosomes.• Cells full of

haemoglobin – bindsO2 (and CO2).

• made in the

bone marrow

– live

about 120 days.


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Hemoglobin

Types of it :

- Embryonic hemoglobin (first 3 month),- fetal hemoglobine -HbF ( 3-9 month),

- adult hemoglobine- HbA .

Normally level of hemoglobin is :

120-140 g/ l


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Red blood cells

(erythrocytes)

- normocytes

(7-8,2μ)

- microcytes

(8,2 μ)

-megalocytes (>12μ)

=Anisocytosis

(diferent dimentions)


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The most important protein for

erythrocytes‟ flexibility is spectrin.


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Poikilocytosis

different forms of the red bloodcells.

• Acanthocytes or Spur/Spikecells

• Codocytes or Target cells

• Echinocytes and Burr cells

• Elliptocytes and Ovalocytes

• Spherocytes

• Stomatocytes or Mouth cells

• Drepanocytes or Sickle Cells

• Degmacytes or "bite cells"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovalocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherocytosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomatocyte&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepanocytosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degmacytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degmacytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepanocytosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomatocyte&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherocytosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovalocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocyteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codocytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocyte


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Normal RBC Sickle-shaped RBC

Sickle cell anemia


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Elements of cytoskeleton of red

blood cells


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Action of different osmotic pressure

of solutions on red blood cells.


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Reticulocytes

They are young

(immature) form of

red blood cells, which

consist one part ofribosomal RNA that is

visible on light

microscope.

Normally level is about1%


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White blood cell

(leucocytes )

-are cells of immune system involved intodefending the body from infection disease.

The number of leukocytes in the blood is between4×109 and 9,0×109 /l.

They are 5 types of leucocytes.Group number one – granulocytes

- neutrophils

- eosinophils

-basophils

Group number two – agranulocytes

- limphocytes

- monocytes


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White blood cell

(leucocytes )

– have a nucleus and organelles,

– can move from the capillary to the

surrounding connective tissue using

pseudopodia , – derived from stem cells in the bone marrow,

– found in blood, lymph and loose connective

tissue, – circulate in the blood stream some time, but

their function make in the connective tissue.


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Types of white blood cells

• Granular Leukocytes

– Neutrophils – 60-70%

– Eosinophils – 1-5%

– Basophils – 0,5-1%

• Agranular Leukocytes

– Lymphocytes – 20-35%

– Monocytes – 6-8%


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Leukocytes

Granulocytes- have segmented

nucleus,

- present specific

granulosity

(neutrophilic,

eosinophilic,

basophilic)using 2 types of stains

(acid – eosin & basic –

azur II)

Agranulocytes- have no segmented

nucleus ,

- absent specific

granulosity .


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Neutrophils

• Specific granules:

alkaline

phosphatases,

lysozyme –bacteriostatic &

bacteriocidic action

• Azurophilic granules:

deep red/purple,peroxidase &

lysosomal enzymes


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Neutrophils

The main function of neutrophils is the phagocytosis.


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Eosinophils• Azurophilic granules (primary

and secondary) – lysosomes

• Many large eosinophilic

granules with peroxidase,

hydrolytic enzymes,

histaminase & arginine-richprotein (major basic protein)

• Kill parasites, especially

worms

• Release histaminase at sitesof allergic reaction neutrolize

the activity of mast cells

(histamine)


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Eosinophils


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Basophiles• Rare, hard to find in smears

• Nucleus is kidney-shaped or bisegmented

• Many blue (basophilic) granules – specific

granules with heparin (acts as anticoagulant)

and histamine (cause vasodilation, capillary wallpermeability, development of edema)

• May supplement mast cell function


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Basophiles


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Lymphocytes

• 6-12 µm Ø most common,• dark, heterochromatic

nucleus,

• thin layer of blue cytoplasm,

many ribosomes,

• 2 functional types:

T-lymphocytes &

B-lymphocytes

• differentiation occurs in bone

marrow (B cells) and thymus

(T cells).


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Lymphocytes

• B cells form plasma cells, function in humoralimmunity via immunoglobulins,

• T cells function in cell-mediated immunity

(make up 80% of lymphocytes) and regulation ofhumoral immunity.

Types of T cells are:

T helper cells, T suppressor cells, cytotoxic Tcells ,T cells with “memory”( of antigen exposuresurvive long periods; immunization)

• Null lymphocytes – undifferentiated stem cells


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Lymphocytes


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Limphocytes

-

B T

Immunoglobulins

+

Th

Ts

Tk

Tm

Plasm cells

Bm

Nk 0( zero)

M


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Monocytes

• 17-20 µm Ø; oval or kidney shaped

nucleus, eccentric• lighter stained nucleus than large

lymphocytes

• In tissues, differentiate intomacrophages (histiocytes, osteoclasts,

alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cellsand others).

• Lifespan 12-100 hrs; do not re-entercirculation.

• Participate in the phagocytosis ofbacteria, other cells & tissue debris.

• Also play an important role in immuneresponses – presentation of antigens tolymphocytes.


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Monocytes


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Platelets(thrombocytes)

result fromfragmentation of

megakaryocytes.

• 200-400×109/l

• platelets clump at

the site of a

puncture in the skin

and usually seal thebreak.


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H (CBC) f d lt


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Hemogramm (CBC) of an adult:

Erythrocytes – 3,7-5,5x1012/l

Hb – 120-140 g/l

Leukocytes – 3,8-9x109/lTrombocytes – 200-400x109/l

The amount of leucocytes in the periphery blood:

segmented neutrophils – 65-75%

rods (juvenile)neutrophils – 1-5%

eosinophiles – 1-5 %

basophils –

0,5-1%lymphocytes – 20-35%

monocytes- 6-10%


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• A collection of special drainage vessels receiving

excess tissu• Once the tissue fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries

it is calle

• Lymph nodes (e.g. tonsils) filter the lymph andproduce lymp

• The lymph vessels have many valves, but lowpressure.

• The lymph is moved along by the squeezing actionof:

- the skeletal muscles,

- pressure changes in the thorax during breathingand

- by the rhythmic contraction of the lymph vesselwalls.

• Lymph re-enters the blood just before the rightatrium.

The Lymphatic System

F ti f th L h ti


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Functions of the Lymphatic

System:

Circulatory role

• Return the excess tissue fluid to the blood: thismaintains blood volume, pressure andconcentration.

• Collect and deliver the absorbed lipids from thesmall intestine to the blood .

Defence role

• The lymph nodes filter out pathogens in thelymph. Production and „export‟ of lymphocytesto the blood system for general distribution.

• Detection of antigens and production of specific

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