Is inevitable that the Global Commons

will be degraded?

Antonio Blanco

2015S01 GE0234BNN01:

Themes in Sustainable Development

The Global CommonsTragedy of the commons

Three pillars of sustainabilityThe Big 5

Management of the Commons/Conclusions

QuestionsReference

The term "global commons" is typically used to indicate the earth's shared natural resources, such as the deep oceans, the atmosphere, outer space and the Northern and Southern polar regions, the Antarctic in particular Dauvergne, Peter (ed.)(2012).

According to the World Conservation Strategy (2009) ,International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in collaboration with UNESCO and with the support the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wild Life (WWF):

.

The commons, in its totality, is the bounteous inheritance of resources that

makes life possible.

Today, the Internet, Raymond, Mark (2012). "The Internet as a Global Commons?"

1.Level and Types Table (Nonini, 2007)

G.Hardin: “ Over Human population is killing the planet”“Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.” Governance as a Solution.

E.Ostrom Political scientist Elinor Ostrom, who later won the Nobel Prize in economics, and others revisited Hardin's work in 1999.

They found the tragedy of the commons not as prevalent or as difficult to solve as Hardin maintained, since locals have often come up with solutions to the commons problem themselves; when the commons is taken over by non-locals, those solutions can no longer be used.

Susan Jane Buck Cox argues that social changes and agricultural innovation led to the demise of the commons; not the behaviour of the commoners.

Kopelman, Weber, & Messick (2002), in a review of the experimental research on cooperation in commons dilemmas, identify nine classes of independent variables that influence cooperation in commons dilemmas:

social motives, gender, payoff structure, uncertainty, power and status, group size, communication, causes, and frames.

.

the Logic of Appropriateness suggests that the cooperation is better explained by the question: "What does a person like me (identity) do (rules) in a situation like this (recognition) given this culture (group)?"

Tri Robinson. “Three Pillars of Sustainability and the Fall of a Nation.” Huffington Post, May 7, 2009.

Global OceanThe global or world ocean, as the

interconnected system of the Earth's oceanic (or marine) waters that comprise the bulk of the hydrosphere, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays. Significant means of transportation.

A large proportion of all life on Earth exists in its ocean, about 300 times the habitable volume of terrestrial habitats.

The Law of the Sea , Maritime law ( domestic law and private international law) However, these bodies of law do little to nothing to protect deep oceans from human threats

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Ship Breaking and Disposal :Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

January 2015, Volume 17, Issue 1, pp 72-83 Mohammad Sujauddin, Ryu Koide, Takahiro Komatsu, Mohammad Mosharraf Hossain, Chiharu Tokoro, Shinsuke Murakami

Pollution of breathable air is a central problem in the management of the global commons. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases and may be natural or man-made.

methods of enforcement, in several parts of THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE, paying for the damage done to the natural environment, is accepted. Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European (EC) countries. It is also known as extended producer responsibility (EPR).

the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), directed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) There are 192 parties to the convention. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Procter and Gamble http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/285492/20010804/greenpeace-denuncia-costa-maresme-deteriora-forca.html

The eight Arctic nations and Arctic Council are Canada, Denmark ,Norway, the United States, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and Russia, are all members of the treaty organization,, as are organizations representing six indigenous populations.

Antarctica faces growing threats from global warming, loss of sea ice and landed ice, increased tourism, over-fishing in the region, pollution, and invasive species creeping into the area.

by Bustnes, Jan Ove; Miland, Øystein,Fjeld, Magnus; Erikstad, Kjell Einar; Skaare, Janneche Utne (2005)

Space policy regarding a country's civilian space program, policy on both military use, commercial , science policy, defence policy, for applications such as spy satellites and anti-satellite weapons.

The Outer Space Treaty 1958 and The 1979 Moon Treaty , outer space multiple resolutions by the United Nations General Assembly. 50 international co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

No legal prohibitions against deploying conventional weapons in space and anti-satellite weapons have been successfully

tested by the US, USSR and China.

ISS $150 Billions The International Space Station programme NASA, the Russian (RSA), Japan (JAXA), European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian (CSA).

Debris in Space:over 2, 500 Satellites and Debris travelling from 8 to 14 km per second. Estimated 10.000 man-made objects 10 cm 10 billion objects less than 1 cm. Jennifer Frakes, (2003)

Largely privately owned and subject to private property law, although many are government owned and subject to public law.

Access to those digital commons and the actual freedom of expression allowed does vary widely by geographical area.

In addition to issues related to inequity in access, issues such as net neutrality, Internet censorship, Internet privacy, and electronic surveillance arise.

Edward Snowden interview: 'Smartphones can be taken over' US National Security Agency (NSA) and UK GCHQ. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34444233

http://newint.org/features/2003/06/05/shares/

The key challenge of the global commons is the design of governance structures and management systems capable of addressing the complexity

of multiple public and private interests, subject to often unpredictable changes, ranging from the local to the global level

Only using one system can kill the commons instead of curing it

If members cannot adequately safeguard it They will loose it and that we depend on it

Ostrom, Elinor; Burger, Joanna; Field, Christopher B.; Norgaard, Richard B.; Policansky, David (1999). "Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges". Science 284: 278–282.Hardin, G (1968). "The Tragedy of the Commons". Science 162 (3859): 1243–1248..Kopelman, Weber, & Messick (2002) A Conceptual Review of Decision Making in Social Dilemmas: Applying a Logic of Appropriateness.Goode, Erica (May 24, 2015). "John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a 'Beautiful Mind,' Dies at 86". The New York Times.Dauvergne, Peter (ed.) (2012). Handbook of Global Environmental Politics (2nd edition). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing"Managing the Commons by Garrett Hardin and John Baden". Ecobooks.com. Retrieved 22 October 2013)." Chapter 18, The global commons." World Conservation StrategyInternational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, accessed 22 May 2009.The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, or Montreal Protocol (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) http://ozone.unep.org/en/handbook-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer/5Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. January 2015, Volume 17, Issue 1, pp 72-83 Mohammad Sujauddin, Ryu Koide, Takahiro Komatsu, Mohammad Mosharraf Hossain, Chiharu Tokoro, Shinsuk Murakami .by Bustnes, Jan Ove; Miland, Øystein,Fjeld, Magnus; Erikstad, Kjell Einar; Skaare, Janneche Utne Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, 2005, Volume 136, Issue 1, pp. 175 - 185The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. April 22, 2009from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2009. Polar Conservation Organisation. December 28, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2011.Wassmann, P.; et al. (2011). "Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem.". Global Change Biology 17 (2): 1235–1249.john E. Catchpole (17 June 2008). The International Space Station: Building for the Future. Springer-Praxis..Loader, Brian D (2004). The Governance of Cyberspace: Politics, Technology and Global Restructuring. Routledge.(Research Group Processes & Intergroup Relations John M. Levine and Michael A. Hogg, editors, University of Pittsburgh , Claremont Graduate University., A SAGE Reference Publication, 2010).Astronaut Sandra MagnusISS EMERGENCY: Debris incoming! http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02yvlfk 5 August 2015.Tri Robinson. “Three Pillars of Sustainability and the Fall of a Nation.” Huffington Post, May 7, 2009.Jennifer Frakes, (2003) The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wiscoscin International Law Journal, 21, at 409http://newint.org/features/2003/06/05/shares/Simulating space debris with a baked bean can http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02yvrtq