theoar2 styles of architecture complete

8/3/2019 Theoar2 Styles of Architecture Complete

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GENERAL DIVISIONS IN THEDEVELOPMENT OF

ARCHITECTURE


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ARCHAICPERIOD

CHARACTERIZED BY AN ATTEMPT TOMASTER NEW PROBLEMS AND NEWMEDIUMS AND ALSO AN EFFORT TOFIND AN EXPRESSION FOR A NEW

MATERIAL


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PERIOD OF DECADENCE

CHARACTERIZED WITH LESSSTRUCTURAL AND TOO ORNATE

STRUCTURES AND IT IS MARKED BY THEDECLINE OF ART AND THE BEGINNING

OF THE END.


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PERIOD OF

MASTERY

DISCOVERY OF THE ARTISTS IN CONDITIONING

THE MEDIUM AND PERFECTING HIS TECHNIQUESAND PERFORMANCE.

LATER PART OF GREEK, ROMAN, BYZANTINE,ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC.


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Architectural styles classify architecture in terms of the use ofform, techniques, materials, time period, region and other stylistic

influences.

It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution andhistory of architecture.It would include all aspects of the cultural context that went into the

design and construction of these structures.Hence, architectural style is a way of classifying architecture that

gives emphasis to characteristic features of design.


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CLASSIFICATION OF

HISTORICAL STYLES


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STRUCTURAL(CREATIVE: EGYPTIAN

TO GOTHIC) POST AND LINTEL

ARCH AND VAULT


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IMITATIVE(DECORATIVE:RENAISSANCE)

POST AND LINTELARCUATED


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REVIVALCONSISTED OF MIXTURE OF

CLASSICAL, ROMANESQUE, GOTHICAND RENAISSANCE


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NON HISTORICAL STYLES


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CONTEMPORARY(MODERNISM)

BASED ON THE THEORY THAT FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION


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TRADITIONAL MODERNISMTHAT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH IS BASED ON A

PRIMARY CONSIDERATION OF FUNCTION , BUT WITH ARESERVATION THAT A HISTORICAL STYLE MAY BE USED AS

A BASIS FOR THE DESIGN.


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DECORATIVE FUNCTIONALISMBEGINS WITH THE INFLUENCE OF FUNCTION IN

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN BUT INTEGRATESDECORATION, WHICH GROWS FROM THE STRUCTURE INTHE FORM OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

TOGETHER WITH TEXTURE, COLORS, CARVING ANDRHYTHMIC ARRANGEMENT OF ACCENTS.


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NON-TRADITIONAL MODERNISMTHAT ARCHITECTURAL STYLE WHICH IS

NOT BASED ON ANY OF THEHISTORICAL STYLE.


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PURE FUNCTIONALISMAPPROACHES ARCHITECTURE THROUGH SCIENCE AND

INTERPRETS THE MACHINE AGE

REFERENCE TO THE FOLLOWING:

ECONOMY OF COST SPEED OF ERECTION EFFICIENCY OF OPERATION REDUCING THE STRUCTURE

TO ITS BAREST ESSENTIALS


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20th CENTURY

ARCHITECTURE


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ECCLECTICISM

It is usually applied toany building thatincorporates a mixtureof historical styles

Exponents1. USA Henry

Richardson/LouisSullivan

2. BRITAIN AugustusPugin/George GilbertSeatle/Norman Richard

Shaw/Alfred Waterhouse3. FRANCE Violet Le Duc4. GERMANY Godfried

Semper


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Structuralism

Refers to the ironconstruction andother large scale

engineering style ofstructure

Initiators: JosephPaxton


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Monumentalism

This architecture wasbased on a generalnotion that the form ofan object should last

and the structureshould stand out.

Exponents:1. Karl Friedrich Schinkel

2. Peter Behrenz

3. Hanz Poelzig4. Le Corbusier

5. Mies Van Der Rohe

6. Tony Garnier

7. Auguste Perret


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National Romanticism

A style which adopts particular,local, historical motifs anddevices as well as theassociated/associative aspectsof the historical periods.

Exponents:

1. Glasgow

Charles RennieMackintosh2. Finland Eliel Saarinen/Lars

Sonck/Gllen Kallela3. Britain Norman Shaw/Charles

Voysey4. Spain Antonio Gaudi5. Germany Paul Donatz/Albert

Speer


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Radicalism

Radical changes orshifts in emphasisfrom the buildings of

the past design ofstructures whichrequired the needsif modern life

Exponents:1. Walter Gropius

2. Henry Van de Velde


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Constructivism

Architecture whichpleads for ideas onform and space inarchitecture(anthropometrics and

ergonomics) Exponents:

1. Naum Gabo2. Vladimir Tatlin3. Kasimir Melvitch

4. Mart Sham5. El Ussitzky6. James Stirlin7. Antoine Pevsner8. Marcel Breuer


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Constructivism (1920s and early 1930s)design began with construction

Buildings emphasized abstract

geometric shapes and functionalmachine parts.

Constructivist architecturecombined engineering andtechnology with political ideology.

Constructivist architects tried tosuggest the idea of humanity'scollectivism through theharmonious arrangement ofdiverse structural elements.

Constructivist buildings havemany of these features:

Glass and steel Machine-made building parts Technological details such as

antennae, signs, and projectionscreens

Abstract geometric shapes A sense of movement


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Expressionalism

Term used to describe the work of thesearchitects who prefigured in the internationaland functionalist period of the modernmovement.

Exponents:1. Erich Mendelsohn2. Walter Gropius3. Mies Van Der Rohe

4. Hanz Belzig5. Bruno Paut6. Finsterun7. Hans Scharcon


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Futurism

Refers to the architectof calculation, ofaudacity and simplicity.

The architecture if

reinforced concrete ofiron, glass and all thosesubstitute for wood,stone and brick whichmakes possible

maximum elasticity andlightness.

Exponent:1. Antonio Sant Ella


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Neo Plasticism

Relates to thetheory of pureplastic art, very

much used amongDutch architects

Exponents:

1. Theo Van Doesburg

Founder: De Stijl

2. Cor Van Esteren


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Bauhaus Style

Founder: Walter Gropius

Concept: Different styles,furniture, posters

Design methods inconsumer productsranging from furniture toposter and all over theworld.

Last architect: Mies VanDer Rohe


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CIAM and INTERNATIONALMODERNISM

CIAM CongresInternational D

Architecture Modernism

International Style

Standard Style ofArchitecture

Trend: House Design

Character:

1. Cubic

2. White Surface

3. Flat Roof Architecture


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Organicism

Organic Architecturenature of Frank Lloyd Wright

The whole structure shouldblend with the environment

Examples: Prairie Houses

(Informal Style of Planning) Followers:

1. Claude Bragbon

2. Henry Hitchcock

3. Hugh Harring

4. Hans Scharoon5. Bruce Goff

6. Paolo Soleri

7. Herb Greene


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Organic Architecture Organic buildings are

never linear or rigidlygeometric. Instead,wavy lines and curvedshapes suggest

natural forms.

Examples of Organic Modernism:

Frank Lloyd Wright used shell-like spiral forms when he

designed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York CityEero Saarinen is known for designing grand bird-likebuildings such as the TWA terminal at New York's Kennedy Airportand Dulles Airport near Washington D.C.

Jorn Utzon borrowed shell-like forms for the Sydney Opera

House in Australia.


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Utilitarianism

Pre-fabricatedConstruction

Examples: Housing

Projects


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Brutalism

Style: Exposure of allutilities of the Buildingand use of glass andsteel

Exponent: Mies Van DerRohe

Style: Use of exposedconcrete finishes

aggregates are exposed Exponent: Le Corbusier


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BrutalismRugged reinforced concrete construction, or Bton Brut, lead to an

approach popularly known as Brutalism.

The Bauhaus architect LeCorbusier used the French phrasebton brut, or raw concrete, todescribe the construction of hisrough, concrete buildings.Brutalism grew out of the BauhausMovement and the bton brut

buildings by Le Corbusier and hisfollowers. Heavy and angular,Brutalist buildings can beconstructed quickly andeconomically.

Common features include: Precast concrete slabs

Rough, unfinished surfaces Exposed steel beams Massive, sculptural shapes


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Metabolism

Meta structure

Initiated by JapaneseArchitects

Refers to therelationship of manand the environment

Exponent: KenzoTange


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Post Metabolism

Larger Scope:Relationship of thehouse with the city

Urban Architecture


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Contextualism

Blending of the newstructure with oldstructures


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PostmodernismCombining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings

may startle, surprise, and even amuse.

Postmodern architecture evolved fromthe modernist movement, yetcontradicts many of the modernistideas. Combining new ideas withtraditional forms, postmodernistbuildings may startle, surprise, andeven amuse. Familiar shapes anddetails are used in unexpected ways.

Buildings may incorporate symbols tomake a statement or simply to delightthe viewer. Philip Johnson's At&THeadquarters is often cited as anexample of postmodernism. Like manybuildings in the International Style, theskyscraper has a sleek, classicalfacade. At the top, however, is an

oversized "Chippendale" pediment. The key ideas of Postmodernism are

set forth in two important books byRobert Venturi: Complexity andContradiction in Architecture andLearning from Las Vegas.

Postmodern Architects:Robert Venturi and Denise ScottBrown

Michael GravesPhilip Johnson


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Minimalism One important trend in

Modernist architecture is themovement toward minimalist orreductivist design. Hallmarksof Minimalism include:Buildings are stripped of all butthe most essential elements

Emphasis is placed on the

outline, or frame, of thestructure

Interior walls are eliminated Floor plans are open Lighting is used to dramatize

lines and planes The negative spaces around

the structure are part of theoverall design

Minimalist in its emphasis onlines, planes, and openspaces.

Architects known for Minimalist designsinclude:

Tadao Ando

Luis Barragan

Yoshio Taniguchi

Richard Gluckman


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theoar2 styles of architecture complete

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