theories of growth and development 2
TRANSCRIPT
Kohlberg: Preconventional(Naïve instrumental orientation)
“You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours”
PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
• Stage 2 • Age Group : 4-7 years• Description of morality:– Individualism- Hedonism– Child carries out actions to satisfy own needs
rather than society’s. – The child does something for another if that
person does something for him in return- “an eye for an eye’
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 2)
• Stage 3 • Age Group : 7-10 years• Description of morality:– Orientation to interpersonal relations of
mutuality- CONFORMITY– A child follows rules because of a need to be
a good person in own eyes and in the eyes of others
– “Good boy or Good girl”
Kohlberg: Moral - Conventional
Before age 9Before age 9• Strict superegoStrict superego• Rule dominanceRule dominance• Things are black or Things are black or
whitewhiteAfter age 9After age 9• Recognizes differing Recognizes differing
points of viewpoints of view
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 2)
• Stage 4 • Age Group : 10-12 years• Description of morality:– Maintenance of social order, fixed rules and
authority– Child FOLLOWS RULES of authority figures as
well as parents to keep the system working– LAW and ORDER
POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 3)
• Stage 5 • Age Group : 12 and above • Description:– social contract, utilitarian law making
perspective– child FOLLOWS STANDARDS OF SOCIETY for
the good of all people
POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (level 3)
• Stage 6 • Age :older than 12 • Descriptions:–universal ethical principle orientation–Respect and dignity of humanity
Spiritual Development- Fowler
Stage Age Group Description
Undifferentiated 0-3 years No concept
Intuitive-Projective 4-6 years Imaginations
Mythic-literal 7-12 years Stories and Myths
Synthetic-Conventional Adolescent Expectations
Individuating-reflective Adult- after 18
One’s system
Paradoxical-consolidating
Adult- after 30
Various viewpoints
UNIVERSALIZING MAYBE never
Love and justice
Fowler's Stages of Spiritual DevelopmentStage Age Description
0 Undifferentiated 0 to 3 years Infant unable to formulate concepts about self or the environment
1 Intuitive-projective 4 to 6 years A combination of images and beliefs given by trusted others, mixed with the child’s own experience and imagination.
2 Mythic-literal 7 to 12 years Private world of fantasy and wonder; symbols refer to something specific; dramatic stories and myths used to communicate spiritual meanings.
3 Synthetic-conventional Adolescent or adult World and ultimate environment structured by the expectations and judgments of others; interpersonal focus
4 Individuating-reflexive After 18 years Constructing one’s own explicit system; high degree of self-consciousness
5 Paradoxical- consolidative After 30 years Awareness of truth from a variety of viewpoints.
6 Universalizing Maybe never Becoming an incarnation of the principles of love and justice.
Havighurst’s Theory of Developmental Tasks
Havighurst Developmental Task
• Babyhood/early childhood• Learning to take solid foods• Learning to walk, talk, read• Learning to control defecation• Learning sexual differences• Learning right/wrong-beginning
consciousness
Late childhood
• Physical skills (ordinary games)• Wholesome attitude• Study/play along with age mates• Sexual identity• Fundamental skills• Conscious and personal independence
Adolescence
• Matured roles of both sexes• Masculine/feminine roles• Accepting own’s body• Socially responsible behavior• Independence from parents• Prepare for economic career, marriage, family
life,ideology
Early adult
• Start occupation• Select a mate• Live with marriage partner• Start family• Rearing children• Manage home• Civic responsibility• Finding congenial group
Middle adult
• Adult and civic responsibility• Adjustment to changes of middle ages and
aging parents• Assist teen-agers to become responsible
adults• Reaching and maintain a satisfactory career
Old Age• Adjusting to decreasing physical
strength,retirement,less income and death of spouse
• Adapting to social roles, physical arrangements and affiliation to members of same age
Death Concepts (Kozier)
Death Concepts (Kozier)AGE Beliefs
Infancy to 3 years old
3 years to 4 years
NO clear concept of Death
It is Reversible, temporary sleep
5 to 9 years Understands DEATH is FINAL but can be AVOIDED
9-12 years Death is INEVITABLE, everyone will die someday
Understands own mortality
12-18 years Fears a lingering Death
18-45 Attitude is influenced by religion
45-65 years Experiences peak of death anxiety
65 and above Death as multiple meanings
Child’s Response to Death1. Infants and toddlers - toddlers may insist on seeing a
significant other long after that person’s death.2. Preschoolers - may see death as temporary; a type
of sleep or separation.3. School-age – See death as a period of immobility.
- Feel death is punishment.4. Adolescents - Have an accurate understanding of
death.
Newborn-1 month: raised head when prone;
turns head from side to side; cooing
2 months: shed tears; social smile; eyes follows object; coos
3 months: raised head; palmar reflex fades;
3 months:
Palmar reflex fades
4 months: raised head and chest;
laughs loud
4 months: moro reflex fade;
4 months: Extrusion reflex fade
5 months: rolls from abdomen to back;
babble with vowel sounds; raking grasp; grasp object voluntarily
6 months: sits with support; dentition begins; 2x BW; rolls from
back to abdomen
6 months: dentition begins
Schedule of Primary Tooth Eruption
ERUPTION LOWER UPPERCentral incisor 6 months 7 ½ monthsLateral incisor 7 months 9 monthsFirst molar 12 months 14 monthsCuspid 16 months 18 monthsSecond molar 20 months 24 months
Schedule of Permanent Tooth eruption
Eruption AgeFirst molar 5 ½ - 6 yearsMedial incisor 6 – 7 yearsLateral incisor 7 – 8 years Cuspid 10 -12 yearsBicuspid 10 -11 years First molar 11 – 12 yearsSecond molar 12 – 13 years
7 months: crawls and sits alone
7 months: parachute reflex begins
8 months: peak stranger anxiety
8 months:loves to watch self in front of a mirror
9 months: creeps
9 months: holds bottle steadily;
pulls self to stand
10 months: pincer grasp
11 months: attempts to walk
12 months: BW 3x; walks with minimal support;
drinks from a cup; Babinski reflex fades
Developmental Growth for the first year of life
• 1 month age – regards1 month age – regards• 2 months age – smiles2 months age – smiles• 3 months age – turns head3 months age – turns head• 4 months age – holds head4 months age – holds head• 5 months age – rolls over5 months age – rolls over• 6 months age – transfers objects6 months age – transfers objects• 7 months age – sits briefly7 months age – sits briefly
Developmental Growth for the first year of life
• 8 months age – creeps8 months age – creeps• 9 months age – pulls up9 months age – pulls up• 10 months age – cruises10 months age – cruises• 11 months age – walks with support11 months age – walks with support• 12 months age – stands alone12 months age – stands alone
Quiz 1• 1-2 differentiate growth & development• 3-5. give 3 principles of G & D and give an example
of each principle• 6. a reaction pattern that means the ability to
change one’s reaction to stimuli over time• 7. it is a reaction pattern which means the ability to
remain interested in an activity• 8. fixation at this task according to Freud includes
smoking and alcoholism
• 9. the major skill to be achieved during the Anal stage is?
• 10. This conflict refers to the male child’s attraction to his mother during the preschool years.
• 11. at this stage, sexual energies are repressed and directed to intellectual activities.
• 12. what is the major concept developed during infancy that is associated with the pleasure principle?
• 13. The psychosocial task of a toddler is?
• 14. The genital stage is observed at the age range of?
• 15. From birth till 1 year, the task according to Erikson is?