theories of motivation

31
FACTORS INFLUENCING MOTIVATION Presented by: Dr. S.M. Yasir Arafat MBBS (DMC), MBA, FCPS (P1) Psychiatry, MD Phase A Resident Psychiatry, BSMMU. MPH, Batch-11, ID: 14-2-42-0004 ASAUB, Dhaka. December 05, 2014.

Upload: teresa-healthcare-services

Post on 24-Jul-2015

46 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Theories of Motivation

FACTORS INFLUENCING MOTIVATION

Presented by:

Dr. S.M. Yasir Arafat

MBBS (DMC), MBA, FCPS (P1) Psychiatry,

MD Phase A Resident Psychiatry, BSMMU.

MPH, Batch-11, ID: 14-2-42-0004

ASAUB, Dhaka.

December 05, 2014.

Page 2: Theories of Motivation

Motivation

The set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways

Page 3: Theories of Motivation

Motivation

Factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms

Motives - particular desired goals that underlie behavior

Exemplified in behavior

Steer one’s choice of activities

Forces that direct future behavior

Page 4: Theories of Motivation

Conceptual Approaches

Instinct

Drive-reduction

Arousal approaches

Incentive approach

Cognitive approach

Page 5: Theories of Motivation

Instinct approach

Inborn pattern of behavior

Biologically determined not learned

Born with preprogrammed set of behavior essential for survival

Provide energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions

Page 6: Theories of Motivation
Page 7: Theories of Motivation

Drawbacks

No agreement on nature & number of primary instinct

18 instinct (McDougall, 1908) 5,759 instinct (Bernard, 1924) Can’t explain development of specific

behavior pattern of a given species However focus on evolution and genetic

inheritance

Page 8: Theories of Motivation

Drive-reduction approaches

Hull, 1943

Lack of some basic biological requirement produce a drive to obtain that requirement

Drive- a motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill some need

Primary drives: related to biological needs of body or species as a whole; hunger, thirst, sleepiness, sex  Secondary drives: created by prior experience and

learning: achievement, affiliation, power 

Page 9: Theories of Motivation
Page 10: Theories of Motivation

Homeostasis

Try to satisfy primary drive by reducing the need underlying it

Body has a tendency to maintain a steady internal state

Operates through feedback loops bring deviations in body function back to an optimal state 

Page 11: Theories of Motivation
Page 12: Theories of Motivation

Drawbacks

Inadequate to explain behavior to maintain or even increase level of excitement or arousal

Curiosity and thrill seeking behavior

Page 13: Theories of Motivation

Arousal Approaches

Try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity

Increasing or reducing them as necessary

Page 14: Theories of Motivation
Page 15: Theories of Motivation

Incentive approaches

Based on Operant Conditioning Theory

Stem from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives

Desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person’s motivation

Act as an anticipated reward or incentive

Punishment

Page 16: Theories of Motivation
Page 17: Theories of Motivation

Drawbacks

Not a complete explanation of motivation seek to fulfill needs even when incentives are not apparent   Internal drives proposed by drive-

reduction theory work in tandem with the external incentives theory to “push” and “pull” behavior

Page 18: Theories of Motivation

Cognitive approaches

Product of people’s thoughts and expectations – their cognition

  Intrinsic motivation: participate for our

own enjoyment

Extrinsic motivation: for any concrete, tangible reward

Page 19: Theories of Motivation

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motivation

Motivation progresses up the pyramid from the broadest, most fundamental biological need to higher order ones.

Certain primary, lower order needs, at the bottom level, must be satisfied before more sophisticated, higher, order needs, in order to work effectively.

Page 20: Theories of Motivation

Lower and higher order need

Basic physiological need Safety & security Then, need for love and

belongingness Strive for esteem, to develop a sense of

self-worth by knowing that other know and value one’s competence, comes next.

Highest-level need, self-actualization – a state of self fulfillment.

Page 21: Theories of Motivation

Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs

Self-Actualization

Realize one’s full potential

Use abilities to the fullest

EsteemFeel good

about oneselfPromotions

& recognition

BelongingnessSocial

interaction, loveInterpersonal

relations, parties

Safety Security, stabilityJob security,

health insurance

PhysiologicalFood, water,

shelterBasic pay level

to buy items

Need Level Description Examples

Page 22: Theories of Motivation
Page 23: Theories of Motivation

Drawbacks

Unable to validate the specific ordering Difficult to measure self-actualization  Important:   Highlights the complexity of human

needs Emphasizes that until more basic

biological needs are met, people will be unconcerned with higher order needs.

Page 24: Theories of Motivation

Secondary Drive

Need for achievement: striving for success

A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.

Page 25: Theories of Motivation

People with high achievement need

Seek out situation to compete with standard to prove success

Tend to avoid situation where success is easy or unlikely

Take task of intermediate difficulty Produce positive outcome in success

oriented society Indicates future economic and

occupational success

Page 26: Theories of Motivation

Personality & Motivation

Internal Locus of Control

External Locus of Control

Type-A personality

Type-B personality

Page 27: Theories of Motivation

Need for Affiliation

Striving for friendship Interest in establishing and maintaining

relationships with other people.

People with higher affiliation need: Emphasize desire to maintain or reinstate

friendships Show concern over being rejected by friends Sensitive to relationships with others More time with friends- gender difference

Page 28: Theories of Motivation
Page 29: Theories of Motivation

Need for Power

Striving for impact on others A tendency to seek impact, control, or

influence over others, To be seen as a powerful individual People with strong need for power: Apt to belong to organizations and seek

office Work in professions that fulfill power need Gender differences exist

Page 30: Theories of Motivation

References

1. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry:

Behavioral Sciences, 10th Edition

2. Psychology, 6th Edition- Andrew B. Crider

3. Understanding Psychology, 10th Edition-

Feldman

4. Principles of Marketing, 11th Edition- Kotler

Page 31: Theories of Motivation