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- - :

N =

1

expT

1 g d3pd3x

(2)3 =

0

1

expT

1 g 4p2 dp V

(2)3 =

= 4g V (2m)3/2

(2)3

0

1

expT

1 d2 =

= 2g

V

(2m)

3/2

(2)3

0

1/2

exp

T 1 d

n = NV = const, (T). T = Tc ( = 0) T Tc ( = (T) Tc, T); :

0

1/2

exp(T)

T

1

d=

0

1/2

exp Tc

1

d

0

1/2

1

exp(T)

T

1

1exp

T

1 d=

0

1/2

e/Tc 1 d

0

1/2

e/T 1 d

;

T3/2c T3/2 32 32. , . , T ; . :

T

0

1/2

1

(T)1

d=

T3/2c T3/2

3

2

3

2

T (T)

0

d ( (T))=

T3/2c T3/2

3

2

3

2

= t2 (, (T)< 0!); :

T (T) | (T)| =

T3/2c T3/2

32

32

(T) TTcT 1 :

(T) (T Tc)2

Tc

332

322

2

- - - :

( , T, V ) = T

ln

1 exp

T

g

d3pd3x

(2)3 =

= T V

(2)3

0

ln

1 exp T g 4p2dp== T V

(2)3 4 (2m)3/2

0

ln

1 exp

T

g d

2

:

( , T, V ) = 2g T V (2m)3/2

(2)3

0

exp T 1 exp T

1

T

2

33/2d=

= 43

g V (2m)3/2

(2)3

0

3/2

exp T 1

d

1

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( , T, V ) = P(, T) V, :

P(, T) =4

3 g (2m)

3/2

(2)3

0

3/2

expT

1 d ( T=Tc:

I =

0

3/2

exp T 1

d=

0

3/2

1

exp T 1

1exp T

1+

1

exp T1

d=

=

0

3/2

1

expT

1 1exp T 1

d+T5/2

5

2

5

2

0

3/2 exp

T

expT

12

T

d+T5/2

5

2

5

2

( . , :

I

3

2

T3/2

0

z

ez 1dz+T5/25

2 5

2 =

= 32

T3/2

3

2

3

2

+T5/2

5

2

5

2

, , :

P 43

g (2m)3/2

(2)3 T1/2c (T Tc)2

332

322

3+T5/2

5

2

5

2

, :

n= 2g (2m)

3/2

(2)3 T3/2

c 3

2

3

2

:

P(T) = n(T Tc)2

Tc

332

322

2+Pc(T)

Pc(T) =4

3 g (2m)

3/2

(2)3 T5/2

5

2

5

2

=

2

3n T

5/2

T3/2c

52

52

32

32

P(T) T < Tc. , P Pc

P(T) Pc(Tc), , . , Pc(T) Pc(Tc) , , :

P(T) Pc n (T Tc) 53

52

52

32

32

P(T) Pc(T) +n (T Tc)2

Tc

332

322

2

Pc(Tc) +n (T Tc) 53

52

52

32

32

2