theory and history of architecture

Theory and History of ArchitectureArki Tayo

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Which historic style of architecture first introduced the clerestory?A. Egyptian (Your Answer)B. RomanC. West AsiaticD. Greek

Question. 2) Correct

Architect of the Erechtheion. A. LibonB. TheronC. CossutiusD. Mnesicles (Your Answer)ExplanationThe temple as seen today was built between 421 and 406 BC. Its architect may have been Mnesicles, and it derived its name from a shrine dedicated to the legendary Greek hero Erichthonius. The sculptor and mason of the structure was Phidias, who was employed by

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Pericles to build both the Erechtheum and the Parthenon. Some have suggested that it may have been built in honor of the legendary king Erechtheus, who is said to have been buried nearby. Erechtheus was mentioned in Homer's Iliad as a great king and ruler of Athens during the Archaic Period, and Erechtheus and the hero Erichthonius were often syncretized. It is believed to have been a replacement for the Peisistratid temple of Athena Polias destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC.The need to preserve multiple adjacent sacred precincts likely explains the complex design. The main structure consists of up to four compartments, the largest being the east cella, with an Ionic portico on its east end. Other current thinking[1] would have the entire interior at the lower level and the East porch used for access to the great altar of Athena Polias via a balcony and stair and also as a public viewing platform.The entire temple is on a slope, so the west and north sides are about 3 m (9 ft) lower than the south and east sides. It was built entirely of marble from Mount Pentelikon, with friezes of black limestone from Eleusis which bore sculptures executed in relief in white marble. It had elaborately carved doorways and windows, and its columns were ornately decorated (far more so than is visible today); they were painted, gilded and highlighted with gilt bronze and multi-colored inset glass beads. The building is known for early examples of egg-and-dart, and guilloche ornamental moldings.[2]The Porch of the CaryatidsOn the south side, there is another large porch with columns, and on the south, the famous "Porch of the Maidens", with six draped female figures (caryatids) as supporting columns, each sculpted in a manner different from the rest and engineered in such a way that their slenderest part, the neck, is capable of supporting the weight of the porch roof while remaining graceful and feminine. The porch was built to conceal the giant 15-ft beam needed to support the southwest corner over the metropolis, after the building was drastically reduced in size and budget following the onset of the Peloponnesian war.


Plan shape of a Japanese PagodaA. RoundB. TriangularC. Square (Your Answer)D. Rectangle


Roman apartment blocks.A. ThalamusB. DomusC. Insulae (Your Answer)D. Villa


Which of the following is true about Egyptian pyramids and Babylonian ziggurats?A. Pyramids have square plans, while plans of ziggurats are rectangular (Your Answer)B. Pyramids are sun-dried bricks faced with kiln-burnt bricks, while ziggurats use masonry, huge blocks of

stoneC. Pyramids are used as temple observatories, while ziggurats are royal tombsD. Both pyramids and ziggurats have square plans

Question. 6) Incorrect

Romanesque architecture in Italy is distinguished from that of the rest of Europe by the use of what material for facing walls.

A. LimeB. CementC. Bricks (Your Answer)D. Marble (Correct Answer)


The fortified high area or citadel of an ancient Greek City.A. Acropolis (Your Answer)B. ParthenonC. PantheonD. Apotheca


Architect of the World Trade Center.A. Kenzo TangeB. Arata IsozakeC. Tadao AndoD. Minoru Yamasaki (Your Answer)


The sleeping room of the 'megaron'.A. Thalamus (Your Answer)B. InsulaeC. DomusD. Balneum


Which of the following is a major contribution of Early Christian architecture?A. Basilican type of cruciform plan (Your Answer)B. Exterior peristyleC. Corbelled archD. Column and lintel


First president and founder of PAS.A. Juan Nakpil (Your Answer)B. Jose HerreraC. Felipe MendozaD. Cesar Concio


"Form follows function".A. Le CorbusierB. Buckminster FullerC. Marcel Lajos BreuerD. Louis Sullivan (Your Answer)


Architect of the Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum A. Cossutius (Correct Answer)B. MnesiclesC. LibonD. Theron (Your Answer)ExplanationThe temple is located about 500 m (1640 feet) south-east of the Acropolis, and about 700 m (2,300 feet) south of the center of Athens, Syntagma Square. Its foundations were laid on the site of an ancient outdoor sanctuary dedicated to Zeus. An earlier temple had stood there, constructed by the tyrant Pisistratus around 550 BC. The building was demolished after the death of Peisistratos and the construction of a colossal new Temple of Olympian Zeus was begun around 520 BC by his sons, Hippias and Hipparchos. They sought to surpass two famous contemporary temples, the Heraion of Samos and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Designed by the architects Antistates, Callaeschrus, Antimachides and Porinus, the Temple of Olympian Zeus was intended to be built of local limestone in the Doric style on a colossal platform measuring 41 m (134.5 feet) by 108 m (353.5 feet). It was to be flanked by a double colonnade of eight columns across the front and back and twenty-one on the flanks, surrounding the cella.The work was abandoned when the tyranny was overthrown and Hippias was expelled in 510 BC. Only the platform and some elements of the columns had been completed by this point, and the temple remained in this state for 336 years. The temple was left unfinished during the years of Athenian democracy, apparently because the Greeks thought it hubristic to build on such a scale. In the treatise Politics, Aristotle cited the temple as an example of how tyrannies engaged the populace in great works for the state and left them no time, energy or means to rebel.[1]It was not until 174 BC that the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who presented himself as the earthly embodiment of Zeus, revived the project and placed the Roman architect Decimus Cossutius in charge. The design was changed to feature three rows of eight columns across the front and back of the temple and a double row of twenty on the flanks, for a total of 104 columns. The columns would stand 17 m (55.5 feet) high and 2 m (6.5 ft) in diameter. The building material was changed to the expensive but high-quality Pentelic marble and the order was changed from Doric to Corinthian, marking the first time that this order had been used on the exterior of a major temple. However, the project ground to a halt again in 164 BC with the death of Antiochus. The temple was still only half-finished by this stage.Serious damage was inflicted on the partly built temple by Lucius Cornelius Sulla's sack of

Athens in 86 BC. While looting the city, Sulla seized some of the incomplete columns and transported them back to Rome, where they were re-used in the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. A half-hearted attempt was made to complete the temple during Augustus' reign as the first Roman emperor, but it was not until the accession of Hadrian in the 2nd century AD that the project was finally completed around 638 years after it had begun.In 124-125 AD, when the strongly Philhellene Hadrian visited Athens, a massive building programme was begun that included the completion of the Temple of Olympian Zeus. A walled marble-paved precinct was constructed around the temple, making it a central focus of the ancient city. Cossutius's design was used with few changes and the temple was formally dedicated by Hadrian in 132, who took the title of "Panhellenios" in commemoration of the occasion.[2] The temple and the surrounding precinct were adorned with numerous statues depicting Hadrian, the gods and personifications of the Roman provinces. A colossal statue of Hadrian was raised behind the building by the people of Athens in honour of the emperor's generosity. An equally colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus occupied the cella of the temple. The statue's form of construction was unusual, as the use of chryselephantine was by this time regarded as archaic. It has been suggested that Hadrian was deliberately imitating Phidias' famous statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon, seeking to draw attention to the temple and himself by doing so.[3]The Temple of Olympian Zeus was badly damaged during the Herulian sack of Athens in 267. It is unlikely to have been repaired, given the extent of the damage to the rest of the city. Assuming that it was not abandoned it would certainly have been closed down in 425 by the Christian emperor Theodosius II when he prohibited the worship of the old Roman and Greek gods. Material from the (presumably now ruined) building was incorporated into a basilica constructed nearby during the 5th or 6th century AD.[4]


A term given to the mixture of Christian, Spanish, and Muslim 12th-16th century architecture.A. ByzantineB. Saracenic (Your Answer)C. Mudejar (Correct Answer)D. Romanesque


What historic style of architecture contributed the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian “Orders of Architecture?A. Early ChristianB. EgyptianC. Greek (Your Answer)D. Byzantine


The oldest and most important forum in Rome.

A. Imperial ForumB. Forum CuppedinisC. Forum VinariumD. Forum Romanum (Your Answer)Explanationhe Roman Forum (Latin: Forum Romanum, Italian: Foro Romano) is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum. It was for centuries the center of Roman public life: the site of triumphal processions and elections, venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches, and nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men. The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.[1] Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archeological excavations attracting numerous sightseers.Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum. The Kingdom's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge. These included the ancient former royal residence, the Regia (8th century BC), and the Temple of Vesta (7th century BC), as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins, all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome. Other archaic shrines to the northwest, such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), developed into the Republic's formal Comitium (assembly area). This is where the Senate — as well as Republican government itself — began. The Senate House, government offices, tribunals, temples, memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area. Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia (179 BC). Some 130 years later, Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia, along with the new Curia Julia, refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself. This new Forum, in what proved to be its final form, then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial, political, judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers.Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures (Trajan's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia) to the north. The reign of Constantine the Great, during which the Empire was divided into its Eastern and Western halves, saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex — the Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD). This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later.


What do you call the long colonnaded building used around public places and as shelters at religious shrines in Greek architecture?

A. Agora (Your Answer)B. PropylaeC. Stoa (Correct Answer)D. Peristyle


The architect of the Quiapo Church before its restoration.A. Juan Nakpil (Correct Answer)B. Tomas MapuaC. Cesar Concio (Your Answer)D. Jose Herrera


Designer of the Bonifacio Monument.A. Felipe Mendoza (Your Answer)B. Juan Nakpil (Correct Answer)C. Tomas MapuaD. Cesar Concio


Amphitheaters are used for ___.A. Public meetingsB. Gladiatorial Contests (Your Answer)C. Sports competitionD. Marathon race


The first plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Bramante.A. French CrossB. Latin CrossC. Greek Cross (Your Answer)D. English Cross


From what style of architecture were the Chinese pagodas derived?A. EuropeanB. Indian (Correct Answer)C. MuslimD. Japanese (Your Answer)


Due to generally rainless and bright sunshine climate, which of the following describe Egyptian structures?

A. Small openings (Your Answer)B. Absence of open courtC. Large openingsD. Steep roofs


Invented reinforced concrete in France.A. Erich MendelsohnB. Hennevique (Your Answer)C. Le CorbusierD. Mies van de Rohe


On either side of the choir, pulpits for the reading of the epistle and the gospel are called _______.A. Bema (Your Answer)B. CellaC. CancelliD. Ambo (Correct Answer)


Architects of the Hagia Sophia. (St. Sophia,Constantinople)A. Cossutius and MnesiclesB. Theron and LibonC. Anthemius and Isidorus (Your Answer)D. Callicrates and Ictinus


Parts of an entablature, in order of top to bottom. i. Cornice ii. Frieze iii.ArchitraveA. iii, i, iiB. ii, i, iiiC. i, ii, iii (Your Answer)D. i, iii, ii


A kindred type to the theater.A. PodiumB. EpidaurosC. PinacothecaD. Odeion (Your Answer)


"A house is a machine to live in".A. Frank Loyd WrightB. Walter GropiusC. Le Corbusier (Correct Answer)D. Mies van de Rohe (Your Answer)


The dominating personality who became an ardent disciple of the Italian renaissance style.A. John VanbrughB. William ChambersC. Iñigo Jones (Correct Answer)D. Christopher Wren (Your Answer)


From the 5th century to the present, the character of Byzantine architecture is the practice of using....A. Arch and vaultB. Helm RoofC. Domical roof construction (Your Answer)D. Columnar trabeated


The dressing room of the Thermae.A. Apodyteria (Your Answer)B. CalidariumC. SudatoriumD. Unctuaria


What art principle shows the relationships between the various parts of an object/structure/groups of objects and structures?

A. VolumeB. SizeC. Proportion (Your Answer)D. Scale


The Hot Room of the Thermae.A. TepidariumB. Calidarium (Correct Answer)C. Sudatorium (Your Answer)D. Unctuaria


Usual number of stories for a Chinese pagoda.A. 11B. 12C. 13 (Your Answer)D. 10


Type of plan of the Byzantine churches.A. RectangularB. Cross-typeC. Centralized (Your Answer)D. Circular


Architect of the Batasang Pambansa.A. Felipe Mendoza (Your Answer)B. George RamosC. Gabriel FormosoD. Leandro Locsin


An ancient Greek Portico, a long colonnaded shelter used in public places.A. Stoa (Your Answer)B. AntefixC. PteromaD. Anthemion


Architect of Central Bank of the Philippines, Manila.A. Froilan Hong (Your Answer)B. Leandro LocsinC. Gabriel Formoso (Correct Answer)D. George Ramos


What do you call the enclosed space at the top of a ziggurat in Mesopotamia?A. Altar (Your Answer)B. God’s houseC. ObservatoryD. Priest house


First elected U.A.P. president.A. Felipe MendozaB. Juan Nakpil (Your Answer)C. Cesar ConcioD. Jose Herrera (Correct Answer)


Who commenced the 'hall of hundred columns'? A. Xerxes (Your Answer)

B. HystaspesC. DariusD. AmytisExplanationAccording to the inscription known as A1Pb, construction of the Hall of Hundred Columns at Persepolis (map 8) was started by the Achaemenid king Xerxes; the building was finished by his son and successor Artaxerxes I Makrocheir (465-424). This throne hall was Persepolis' second largest building, measuring 70 x 70 meters.At an unknown moment, its function was changed and it became a store room, probably because the Treasuryhad become too small to contain all treasures that were hoarded in Persepolis. A new function may have been envisioned, however, because Artaxerxes III Ochus was building a new road and a new gate to the palace, suggesting that the Hall of Hundred Columns might have been used for audience.The entrance was to the north, where a portico was decorated by two large bulls. The entrances themselves - two on each of the four sides of the square building - were decorated with the usual motifs:. audience scenes, throne scenes, and "royal warriors" fighting against wild animals.


Architect of the Rizal Memorial Stadium.A. Cesar Concio (Your Answer)B. Juan Nakpil (Correct Answer)C. Jose HerreraD. Tomas Mapua


A Greek building that contains painted pictures.A. OdeionB. PodiumC. Pinacotheca (Your Answer)D. Epidauros


Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form.A. DolmenB. TumulusC. Cromlech (Your Answer)D. Menhir


Architect of the Philippine Heart Center.A. Felipe MendozaB. George Ramos (Correct Answer)C. Leandro LocsinD. Gabriel Formoso (Your Answer)


The room for oils and unguents in the thermae.A. CalidariumB. Unctuaria (Your Answer)C. SudatoriumD. Apodyteria

Question. 48) IncorrectThis church, 1st built by the Augustinian Fr. Miguel Murguia, has an unusually large bell which was made from approximately 70 sacks of coins donated by the towns people.

A. Quiapo ChurchB. Las Pinas Cathedral (Your Answer)C. Panay Cathedral in Capiz (Correct Answer)D. Laoag CathedralExplanationSanta Monica Church – the famous cathedral which houses the biggest bell in Asia and third biggest bell in the world.


Which of the following indicates the name of a color?A. Chroma (Your Answer)B. Hue (Correct Answer)C. IntensityD. Value


The best example of a German Romanesque church with apses at both east and westA. Tournai CathedralB. Worms Cathedral (Your Answer)C. Bamberg Cathedral

D. Trier Cathedral


Corresponds to the Greek naos.A. CancelliB. BemaC. AmboD. Cella (Your Answer)


A raised stage reserved for the clergy in early Christian churches.A. AmboB. Bema (Your Answer)C. CancelliD. Cella


most famous and perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome.A. ApothecaB. ParthenonC. Pantheon (Your Answer)D. Acropolis


The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in Greek temple.A. AntefixB. StoaC. AnthemionD. Pteroma (Your Answer)


The most beautiful and best preserved of the Greek

theaters.

A. Epidauros (Correct Answer)B. PinacothecaC. PodiumD. Odeoin (Your Answer)ExplanationThe prosperity brought by the Asklepieion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments too: the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theater was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the skênê is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people.The theatre is marveled for its exceptional acoustics, which permit almost perfect intelligibility of unamplified spoken word from the proscenium or skênê to all 15,000 spectators, regardless of their seating (see Ref., in Greek). Famously, tour guides have their groups scattered in the stands and show them how they can easily hear the sound of a match struck at center-stage. A 2007 study by Nico F. Declercq and Cindy Dekeyser of the Georgia Institute of Technology indicates that the astonishing acoustic properties are either the result of an accident or the product of advanced design: The rows of limestone seats filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and amplify/reflect high-frequency sounds from the stage.[4]


Sculptor for the Bonifacio Monument.A. Antonio GuillermoB. Guillermo Tolentino (Your Answer)C. Antonio TolentinoD. Ang Kiukok


One of the few churches of its type to have survived having a square nave and without cross-arms, roofed by a dome which spans to the outer walls of the

building. A. Church of the Most Holy Trinity, Portugal (Your Answer)B. Nea Moni (Correct Answer)C. Church of Saint SimonD. Liverpool Cathedral , U.K.ExplanationThe monastery complex covers an area of approximately 17,000 m2 and consists of the katholikon, two smaller churches (dedicated to the Holy Cross and to St Panteleimon) the dining hall ("trapeza"), the monks' cells ("kelia"), the reception hall or "triklinon" and underground water cistern ("kinsterna"). The complex is surrounded by a wall (the original Byzantine wall was destroyed in 1822), and in the northeastern corner stands a defensive tower, in earlier times used as a library.[2] In addition, outside the walls, near the monks' cemetery, there is a small chapel to St Luke.[3]The katholikon is the monastery's central structure, dedicated to the Dormition of the Virgin Mary.[2] It is composed of the main church, the esonarthex and the exonarthex. The main church is of an octagonal shape, the so-called "insular" type, found in Chios and Cyprus. Although all three sections date to the 11th century, the main church suffered significant damage in 1822 and 1881, with the result that its current, rebuilt, form is different from the original. The bell tower was constructed in 1900, replacing an older one built in 1512.[3] Originally, the remains of the three founders were kept in the exonarthex, but most of these were destroyed during the sack of 1822.[2]Along with the katholikon, the only remaining 11th century buildings are the partially ruined tower, the chapel of St Luke, the cistern and parts of the trapeza.[2] The cells, most of which are in a ruined state, date to the Venetian and Genovese periods. A small museum, opened in 1992, exists to the NW of the katholikon, housed in a renovated cell. The displayed artifacts date mostly from the latter 19th century


A type of Roman wall facing which is made of small stone laid in a loose pattern roughly resembling polygonal work.

A. Opus Incertum (Your Answer)B. Opus Mixtum

C. Opus TesselatumD. Opus Recticulatum


Architect of the National Library, Philippines.A. Jose HerreraB. Cesar ConcioC. Felipe Mendoza (Correct Answer)D. Juan Nakpil (Your Answer)


A small private bath found in Roman houses or palaces.A. DomusB. ThalamusC. InsulaeD. Balneum (Your Answer)


In early Christian churches, the bishop took the central place at the end of the church called ___.A. NaosB. Nave (Your Answer)C. Apse (Correct Answer)D. Narthex


Which of the following represent the primary colors?A. Red, yellow, greenB. Red, yellow, blue (Your Answer)C. Green, orange, violetD. Blue, yellow, violet


The council house in Greece.A. PrytaneionB. Bouleuterion (Your Answer)C. DomusD. Insulae

Question. 64) CorrectSmallest cathedral in the world. (Byzantine period)

A. Sao Paulo Cathedral, BrazilB. Cathedral of San Giovanni, RomeC. Aachen Cathedral, GermanyD. Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens (Your Answer)

ExplanationThe Little Metropole Cathedral, Athens (c. A.D. 1250) (p. 234), is the smallest building in the world dignified by the name of cathedral, for it measures only 38 ft. by about 25 ft., and the dome, supported on a high octagonal drum, is only 9 ft. in diameter, pierced by tiny windows, and its facades are largely made up of miscellaneous marbles from old Greek buildings.


The space for the clergy and choir is separated by a low screen wall from the body of the church called ___.

A. CellaB. Cancelli (Your Answer)C. BemaD. Ambo


Public buildings are important structures in Greek architecture. What do you call the town square used as center of Greek social and business life?

A. StoaB. TenemosC. Agora (Your Answer)D. Propylae


The dining hall in a monastery, a convent, or a college.A. ApseB. Refectory (Correct Answer)C. DipteralD. Cortel (Your Answer)


Architect of SM Megamall.A. Gilbert YuB. Antonio Sin Diong (Correct Answer)C. Jose Siao Ling (Your Answer)D. Jonathan Gan


“The man of learning… can fearlessly look down upon the troublesome accidents of fortune. But he who thinks himself entrenched in defense not of learning but of luck, moves one slippery path, struggling though life unsteadily and insecurely.”

A. Ten books of Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius (Your Answer)B. A New Architecture by Frank Lloyd WrightC. Space, Time and Architecture by Sigfried GideonD. The Poetry of Architecture by John Ruskin

Question. 70) IncorrectThe Grandest Temple of all Egyptian temples, it was not built by upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to the work of many Kings. Built from the 12th Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period.

A. Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak (Correct Answer)B. Temple of Queen HATSHEPSUT (Your Answer)C. The Great temple of Abu-SimbelD. Temple of Ramsesseum, ThebesExplanationThe Karnak Temple Complex—usually called Karnak—comprises a vast mix of decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and other buildings, notably the Great Temple of Amun and a massive structure begun by Pharaoh Ramses II (ca. 1391–1351 BC). Sacred Lake is part of the site as well. It is located near Luxor, some 500 km south of Cairo, in Egypt. The area around Karnak was the ancient Egyptian Ipet-isut ("The Most Selected of Places") and the main place of worship of the eighteenth dynasty Theban Triad with the god Amun as its head. It is part of the monumental city of Thebes. The Karnak complex takes its name from the nearby, and partly surrounded, modern village of el-Karnak, some 2.5 km north of Luxor.The complex is a vast open-air museum and the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt, second only to the Giza Pyramids near Cairo. It consists of four main parts (precincts), of which only the largest, the Precinct of Amun-Re, currently is open to the general public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the Precinct of Amun-Re only, because this is the only part most visitors normally see. The three other parts, the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Montu, and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep IV, are closed to the public. There also are a few smaller temples and sanctuaries located outside the enclosing walls of the four main parts, as well as several avenues of goddess and ram-headed sphinxes connecting the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Amun-Re, and the Luxor Temple.The Precinct of Mut is very ancient, being dedicated to an Earth and creation deity, but not yet restored. The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatsheput, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings.The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the

Middle Kingdom and continued through to Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are overwhelming. The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV, the pharaoh who later would celebrate a near monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, using buildings of the Ancient Egyptians by later cultures for their own religious purposes.One famous aspect of Karnak, is the Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re, a hall area of 50,000 sq ft (5,000 m2) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. 122 of these columns are 10 meters tall, and the other 12 are 21 meters tall with a diameter of over three meters.The architraves on top of these columns are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers. This would be an extremely time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such great heights. A common alternative theory about how they were moved is that there were large ramps made of sand mud brick or stone and the stones were towed up the ramps. If they used stone for the ramps they would have been able to build the ramps with much less material. The top of the ramps presumably would have either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths.There is an unfinished pillar in an out of the way location that indicated how it would have been finished. Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.[1][2] Several experiments moving megaliths with ancient technology were made at other locations – some of them are listed here.In 2009 UCLA launched a website dedicated to virtual reality digital reconstructions of the Karnak complex and other resources.[3]The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region and with the establishment of the current capital of the unified culture that changed several times. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building here would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided temple from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes. He was identified with the Ram and the Goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amen is, "hidden" or, the "hidden god".[4]Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt.Thutmose I erected an enclosure wall connecting the Fourth and Fifth pylons, which comprise the earliest part of the temple still standing in situ. Construction of the Hypostyle Hall also may have begun during the eighteenth dynasty, although most new building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II.Almost every pharaoh of that dynasty has added something to the temple site. Merenptah commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court, the start of the processional route to the Luxor Temple.Hatshepsut had monuments constructed and also restored the original Precinct of Mut, the ancient great goddess of Egypt, that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. She had twin obelisks, at the time the tallest in the world, erected at the entrance to the temple. One still stands, as the tallest surviving ancient obelisk on Earth; the other has broken in two and toppled. Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge, was intended as a barque shrine and originally, may have stood between her two obelisks. She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her sixteenth year as pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and thus, a third was constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where it still remains. Known as The Unfinished Obelisk, it demonstrates how obelisks were quarried.[5]The last major change to Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the first pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole Precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I.

In 323 AD, Constantine the Great recognised the Christian religion, and in 356 ordered the closing of pagan temples throughout the empire. Karnak was by this time mostly abandoned, and Christian churches were founded amongst the ruins, the most famous example of this is the reuse of the Festival Hall of Thutmose III's central hall, where painted decorations of saints and Coptic inscriptions can still be seen.[edit]European knowledge of KarnakThebes' exact placement was unknown in medieval Europe, though both Herodotus and Strabo give the exact location of Thebes and how long up the Nile one must travel to reach it. Maps of Egypt, based on the 2nd century Claudius Ptolemaeus' mammoth work Geographia, have been circling in Europe since the late 14th century, all of them showing Thebes' (Diospolis) location. Despite this, several European authors of the fifteenth and 16th century who visited only Lower Egypt and published their travel accounts, such as Joos van Ghistele or André Thévet, put Thebes in or close to Memphis.The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown Venetian in 1589, although his account relates no name for the complex. This account, housed in the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, is the first known European mention, since ancient Greek and Roman writers, about a whole range of monuments in Upper Egypt and Nubia, including Karnak, Luxor temple, Colossi of Memnon, Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, Philae, and others.Karnak ("Carnac") as a village name, and name of the complex, is first attested in 1668, when two capuchin missionary brothers Protais and Charles François d'Orléans travelled though the area. Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot (Relations de divers voyages curieux, 1670s–1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb (The Present State of Egypt, 1678).The first drawing of Karnak is found in Paul Lucas' travel account of 1704, (Voyage du Sieur paul Lucas au Levant). It is rather inaccurate, and can be quite confusing to modern eyes. Lucas travelled in Egypt during 1699–1703. The drawing shows a mixture of the Precinct of Amun-Re and the Precinct of Montu, based on a complex confined by the three huge Ptolemaic gateways of Ptolemy III Euergetes / Ptolemy IV Philopator, and the massive 113 m long, 43 m high and 15 m thick, first Pylon of the Precinct of Amun-Re.Karnak was visited and described in succession by Claude Sicard and his travel companion Pierre Laurent Pincia (1718 and 1720–21), Granger (1731), Frederick Louis Norden (1737–38), Richard Pococke (1738), James Bruce (1769), Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1777), William George Browne (1792–93), and finally by a number of scientists of the Napoleon expedition, including Vivant Denon, during 1798–1799. Claude-Étienne Savary describes the complex rather detailed in his work of 1785; especially in light that it is a fictional account of a pretended journey to Upper Egypt, composed out of information from other travellers. Savary did visit Lower Egypt in 1777–78, and published a work about that too.


The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in Greek temple.A. AnthemionB. StoaC. Pteroma (Your Answer)D. Antefix


It is a traditional house that was called binangiyan. It was a single room dwelling elevated at 1.50 meters from the ground; the floor were made of hard wood like narra which rested on 3 floor joist which in turn were supported by transverse girders.

A. BadjaoB. KalingaC. Kankanay (Your Answer)

D. Bontoc


Which of the following is a contribution of byzantine architecture?A. Use of conical timber roof over domesB. Use of domes on pendetives (Your Answer)C. Interior peristyleD. Triumphal arch


A roman house with a central patio.A. Domus (Your Answer)B. VillaC. Atrium House (Correct Answer)D. Thalamus


Tomb of Atreus, a noted example of the tholos type of tomb is also known as:

A. Mausoleum, HelicarnassosB. Tomb of Agamemnon (Your Answer)C. Thersilion, MegapolisD. Tomb of ClytemnestraExplanationThe Treasury of Atreus or Tomb of Agamemnon[1] is an impressive "tholos" tomb on the Panagitsa Hill at Mycenae, Greece, constructed during the Bronze Age around 1250 BCE. The lintel stone above the doorway weighs 120 tons, the largest in the world. The tomb was used for an unknown period of time. Mentioned by Pausanias, it was still visible in 1879 when the German archeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the shaft graves under the 'agora' in the Acropolis at Mycenae.The tomb perhaps held the remains of the sovereign who completed the reconstruction of the fortress or one of his successors. The grave is in the style of the other tholoi of the Mycenaean World, of which there are nine in total around the citadel of Mycenae and five more in the Argolid. However, in its monumental shape and grandeur it is one of the most impressive monuments surviving from Mycenaean GreeceIt is formed of a semi-subterranean room of circular plan, with a corbel arch covering that is ogival in section. With an interior height of 13.5m and a diameter of 14.5m,[2] it was the tallest and widest dome in the world for over a thousand years until construction of the Temple of Hermes in Baiae and the Pantheon in Rome. Great care was taken in the positioning of the enormous stones, to guarantee the vault's stability over time in bearing the force of compression from its own weight. This obtained a perfectly smoothed internal surface, onto

which could be placed gold, silver and bronze decoration.The tholos was entered from an inclined uncovered hall or dromos, 36 meters long and with dry-stone walls. A short passage led from the tholos chamber to the actual burial chamber, which was dug out in a nearly cubical shape.The entrance portal to the tumulus was richly decorated: half-columns in green limestone with zig-zag motifs on the shaft,[2] a frieze with rosettes above the architrave of the door, and spiral decoration in bands of red marble that closed the triangular aperture above an architrave. Segments of the columns and architraves were removed by Lord Elgin in the early nineteenth century and are now held by the British Museum. The capitals are influenced by ancient Egyptian examples, and one is in the Pergamon Museum as part of the Antikensammlung Berlin. Other decorative elements were inlaid with red porphyry and green alabaster, a surprising luxury for the Bronze Age.


A type of roman wall facing with rectangular block with or without mortar joints.A. Opus Quadratum (Your Answer)B. Opus MixtumC. Opus TesselatumD. Opus Recticulatum


"cubicula" or bedroom is from what architecture.A. Roman (Your Answer)B. EgyptianC. ByzantineD. Greek

Question. 78) IncorrectArchitect of the Bi-Nuclear House, the H-

Plan. A. Buckminster FullerB. Louis SullivanC. Marcel Lajos Breuer (Correct Answer)D. Le Corbusier (Your Answer)ExplanationThe original title of Marcel Breuer's December 1943 article for California Arts & Architecture was "Design for Postwar Living." But he changed it to "On a Design of a Bi-Nuclear House." [Actually, on the typescript, he wrote "By Nuclear," which is either a non-native English speaker's error, or a slip revealing Breuer's top secret involvement in the Manhattan Project.]

The highly technical bi-nuclear house would ideally suit the needs of "the postwar man" who will "tend to use his mechanical equipment to supply color and balance to his life, especially if he is returning from the war. His mechanized world, his job, will probably only keep him busy not more than three or four days a week. He will quite naturally want to utilize his free time around the house, which ought to be a more versatile instrument."

In 1943 Breuer envisioned the postwar house split into "two separate zones," one for living and socializing [including "eating, sport, games, gardening, visitors (and) radio"], and the other for "concentration, work, and sleeping." ["The bedrooms are designed and dimensioned so that they may be used as private studies."] After all those years in bunks and tents, it sounded like the postwar man needed his space, someplace quiet to be alone.


In some churches, there is a part which is raised as part of the sanctuary which later developed into the transept, this is the ___.

A. AmboB. Cancelli

C. CellaD. Bema (Your Answer)

Question. 80) IncorrectThe senate house of the Greeks.

A. InsulaeB. Prytaneion (Correct Answer)C. DomusD. Bouleuterion (Your Answer)ExplanationA Prytaneion (Πρυτανεῖον) was seat of the Prytaneis (executive), and so the seat of government in ancient Greece. The term is used to describe any of a range of ancient structures where officials met (normally relating to the government of a city) but the term is also used to refer to the building where the officials and winners of the Olympic games met at Olympia. The Prytaneion normally stood in centre of the city, in the agora. The building contained the holy fire of Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, and symbol of the life of the city.


Mexican Architect/Engineer who introduced thin shell construction.A. Francisco SanchezB. Carlos RodriguezC. Felix Outerino Candela (Your Answer)D. Luis Soria y Mata


First school which offered architecture in the Philippines.A. MapuaB. USTC. Liceo de Manila (Your Answer)D. National University


With the use of concrete made possible by pozzolan, a native natural cement, the Romans achieved huge interiors with the...

A. Columnar trabeatedB. Arch and vault (Your Answer)C. Helm RoofD. Domical roof construction


Architect of the Lung Center of the Philippines.A. George Ramos (Your Answer)B. Froilan HongC. William CosculluelaD. Gabriel Formoso

Question. 85 Correct

)

It is the eclectic style of domestic architecture of the 1870’s and the 1880’s in England and the USA and actually based on country house and cottage Elizabeth architecture which was characterized by a blending of Tudor Gothic, English Renaissance and colonial elements in the USA:

A. Jacobean ArchitectureB. Queen Anne style (Your Answer)C. Stuart ArchitectureD. Mannerist Phase

Question. 86) CorrectForming the imposing entrance to the acropolis and erected by the architect Mnesicles is the...

A. StoaB. Propylaea (Your Answer)C. ParthenonD. PteromaExplanationThe monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was built under the general direction of the Athenian leader Pericles, but Phidias was given the responsibility for planning the rebuilding the Acropolis as a whole at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, but we know nothing more about him. Construction began in 437 BCE and was terminated in 432, when the building was still unfinished.The Propylaea was constructed of white Pentelic marble and gray Eleusinian marble or limestone, which was used only for accents. Structural iron was also used, though William Bell Dinsmoor[1] analyzed the structure and concluded that the iron weakened the building. The structure consists of a central building with two adjoining wings on the west (outer) side, one to the north and one to the south. The core is the central building, which presents a standard six-columned Doric façade both on the West to those entering the Acropolis and on the east to those departing. The columns echo the proportions (not the size) of the columns of the Parthenon. There is no surviving evidence for sculpture in the pediments.

The central building contains the gate wall, about two-thirds of the way through it. There are five gates in the wall, one for the central passageway, which was not paved and lay along the natural level of the ground, and two on either side at the level of the building's eastern porch, five steps up from the level of the western porch. The central passageway was the culmination of the Sacred Way, which led to the Acropolis from Eleusis.Entrance into the Acropolis was controlled by the Propylaea. Though it was not built as a fortified structure, it was important that people not ritually clean be denied access to the sanctuary. In addition, runaway slaves and other miscreants could not be permitted into the sanctuary where they could claim the protection of the gods. The state treasury was also kept on the Acropolis, making its security important.


An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof, concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.

A. ApothecaB. Acroterion (Your Answer)C. AnthemionD. Antefix (Correct Answer)


What manifestation in a structure that identifies it as a work of architecture shows the adequate scheme or structural arrangement, effective choice of materials, and effective construction system?

A. Aesthetic sense of beautyB. Structural stability (Correct Answer)C. UtilityD. Economic quality (Your Answer)


He created the Dymaxion House, "the first machine for living".

A. Le CorbusierB. Buckminster Fuller (Correct Answer)C. Louis SullivanD. Marcel Lajos Breuer (Your Answer)ExplanationThe Dymaxion was completed in 1929 after two years of development, and later redesigned in 1945. Buckminster Fuller wanted to mass produce a bathroom and a house. His first "Dymaxion" design was based on the design of a grain bin. During World War II, the U.S. Army commissioned Fuller to send these housing units to the Persian Gulf.[1] In 1945, science-fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein placed an order for one to be delivered to Los Angeles, but the order was never filled.[2]The Siberian grain-silo house was the first system in which Fuller noted the "dome effect." Many installations have reported that a dome induces a local vertical heat-driven vortex that sucks cooler air downward into a dome if the dome is vented properly (a single overhead vent, and peripheral vents). Fuller adapted the later units of the grain-silo house to use this effect.The final design of the Dymaxion house used a central vertical stainless-steel strut on a single foundation. Structures similar to the spokes of a bicycle-wheel hung down from this supporting the roof, while beams radiated out supported the floor. Wedge-shaped fans of sheet metal aluminum formed the roof, ceiling and floor. Each structure was assembled at ground level and then winched up the strut. The Dymaxion house represented the first conscious effort to build an autonomous building in the 20th century.It was a prototype proposed to use a packaging toilet, water storage and a convection-driven ventilator built into the roof. It was designed for the stormy areas of the world: temperate oceanic islands, and the Great Plains of North America, South America and Eurasia. In most

modern houses, laundry, showers and commodes are the major water uses, with drinking, cooking and dish-washing consuming less than 20 liters per day. The Dymaxion house was intended to reduce water use by a greywater system, a packaging commode, and a "fogger" to replace showers. The fogger was based on efficient compressed-air and water degreasers, but with much smaller water particles to make it comfortable.


Orientation of the Roman temple is towards the ___.A. ParthenonB. Forum (Your Answer)C. AgoraD. Colloseum


The Greek council house which is covered meeting place for the democratically-elected council is called:

A. PrytaneionB. ThersihonC. DiathyrosD. Bouleuterion (Your Answer)


The architect who said that the exterior of the building is the result of the interior.A. Mies Van de RoheB. Frank Lloyd WrightC. William Ruskin (Your Answer)D. Le Corbusier (Correct Answer)


Triangular piece of wall above the entablature.A. ArchitraveB. Pediment (Your Answer)C. FriezeD. Pendentive


Roman architect of the Greek Temples of Zeus, Olympius.A. Cossutius (Your Answer)B. TheronC. LibonD. Mnesicles


Toranas or gateways are characteristic feature of what style of architecture?A. ChinaB. Indian (Correct Answer)C. FilipinoD. Japanese (Your Answer)


Which of the following indicates the brightness of a color?A. ChromaB. HueC. ValueD. Intensity (Your Answer)


The colosseum in Rome also known as the "flavian amphitheater" was commenced by whom and

completed by whom? A. NeroB. Vespasian / Domitian (Correct Answer)C. Julius CaesarD. Theodosius II (Your Answer)ExplanationIt was begun under the reign of the emperor Vespasian and probably finished under the reign of his son Titus. The arena can hold up to 20,000 spectators. The interior is mostly intact and one can still see parts of gears which were used to lift cages up to the arena floor.In the year 305, the arena was the setting for the persecutions of the patron of Pozzuoli, Saint Proculus, and the patron saint of Naples, Saint Januarius. After surviving being thrown to the wild beasts in the arena, the two were beheaded at the nearby Solfatara.The elliptical structure measures 147 x 117 meters (482 x 384 feet), with the arena floor measuring 72.22 x 42.33 meters (237 x 139 feet).The amphitheater can be visited by taking line number 2 of the Naples, Italy subway, and getting off at the Pozzuoli stop.The Flavian Amphitheater is the second of two Roman amphitheaters built in Pozzuoli. The

smaller and older amphitheater (Anfiteatro minore) has been almost totally destroyed by the construction of the Rome to Naples railway line. Only a dozen arches of this earlier work still exist. This lesser amphitheater measured 130 x 95 meters (427 x 312 feet).The site of the structure was chosen at the nearby crossing of roads from Naples, Capua and Cumae. It was abandoned when it was partially buried by eruptions from the Solfatara volcano. It was during the medieval period that the marble used on the exterior was stripped. This had the fortunate result of leaving the interior alone and perfectly preserved. Excavations of the site were performed 1839 to 1845, 1880 to 1882, and finally in 1947.

Known since the middle ages as the “Colosseum” because of the 100-foot-tall statue of the Sun god moved next to it by Hadrian (A.D. 76-138), this amphitheater was built by Vespasian in the valley between the Velia, the Esquiline and the Caelian Hills. The area had been a pond in the private gardens of Nero's Golden House. Vespasian restored it to public use for the popular animal hunts and gladiatorial games. The complex, which could hold ca. 45-50,000 spectators, replaced an earlier amphitheater elsewhere in the city that was destroyed in the great fire of A.D. 64. Despite the protest of Christian thinkers, the gladiatorial fights continued until well into the Christian period, ending in the fifth century A.D. The animal hunts continued a century longer.


In Indian, architecture, which of the following is not a characteristic feature?A. “sikhara”B. Pointed arch (Your Answer)C. Horseshoe archD. Stupa


The building that serve as a senate house for the chief dignitaries of the city and as a palace where distinguished visitors and citizens might be entertained.

A. Bouleuterion (Your Answer)B. DiathyrosC. ThersihonD. Prytaneion (Correct Answer)


In Greek temples, the equivalent of the crypt is the ___.A. NaveB. ApseC. Narthex (Your Answer)D. Naos (Correct Answer)

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