theory of evolution a. idea supported by scientific evidence (but no concrete experiments) over a...
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Theory of Evolution
A. Idea supported by scientific evidence (but no concrete experiments) over a long period of time
B. Change in a species due to mutation of the DNA code that occurs over a long time
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Evolution of Air Breathing:
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Evolution of Brains:
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Echolocation & Prey Detection:
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Charles DarwinNatural Selection:
“Survival of fit” Fit reproduce Competition for
resources Best adapted
species survive
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HMS Beagle Voyage 1835
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Darwin’s key ideas: A. REPRODUCTION: Organisms produce
more offspring than can survive B. VARIATION:Variety in traits exist C. SURVIVAL OF THE FIT: Some traits
allow survival & are passed on D. Over time certain variations make up
most of a population & they may be different from their ancestors
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Malthus’s contribution:
Populations grow to a maximum level
Environmental limitations
Fit animals out compete the less fit
-10%
10%
30%
50%
10 yr 20 yr 40 yr 60 yr 80
POPULATION
CarryingCapacity
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Evolution Evidence:1. Adaptations2. Fossils3. Comparative anatomy4. Comparative embryology5. Comparative Biochemistry6. Plate Techtonics
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1. Adaptations: feautres suited to a particular environemnt that allow organisms to survive
Inuit people, who live in the extreme cold of the Arctic, have short, stout bodies that conserve heat.
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Masai people, who live in the arid lands of eastern Africa, have tall, lean bodies that disperse heat well.
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Plant Adaptations:Venus Fly Trap Captures
Animals Acquires
Minerals For Photo- synthesis
Help!!!
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Leaf Adaptations:Succulents Thick Store Water Prevent
Drying out
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Leaf Adapatations:Pine Needles Shed snow Less water
loss Reduced
surface area Tolerate wind
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Flower Adaptations:Fly pollination:Hair along petals
Putrid smell
Bee pollination:Smooth petalSweet smell
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2. Fossil Evidence: Once living
remains of organisms
Limited:
1. Type of material preserved (bone, shell, impressions, amber)
2. Incomplete record
3. Easily disrupted
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Plant Fossil Evidence:
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3. Comparative Anatomy: Structural similarities link related species
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Comparative Anatomy Structures:Analogous:
1. Different ancestors
2. “analogy”=like
3. Different underlying structures
4. Same Function
5. Similar Environments
Homologous:
1. Same ancestor
2. “homo”=same
3. Same underlying structures
4. Different Functions
5. Different Environments
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Analogous Structures Different underlying structures (different
ancestors) Same function, similar environments
Fly wing
Bird Wing
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Homologous Structures: Same underlying structures, different functions,
different environments & common ancestor
Bird Wing
Porpoise Flipper
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4. Comparative embryology:Similar embryo development in closely related species
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5.Comparative Biochemistry Similar DNA
sequences= Similar Gene
segments of the DNA
Code for similar traits
In closely related species
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6. Plate Techtonics Geological theory: Continental masses were one
land mass that explains Closely related species have
common ancestors on now separated continents
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Early Theories of Evolution:
Darwin: Current theory Natural Selection “Survival of fit” Reproduction of
the best adapted species
Lamark: “Use & Disuse” Abandoned No knowledge
of genetic traits or mutations in sex cells
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Lamark’s Theory
“Use and Disuse” Use of structure
results in evolution
Does not take into account DNA or sex cell mutations
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Gene pool? Group of
reproducing organisms
Specific frequency of allele types:25% AA50% Aa25% aa
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Changes in the Gene Pool: Changes in the
environment= New mix of allele
frequencies:10% aa 60% Aa 30% AA
Dominant had advantage
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Variations: Differences in traits Come about by mutations in
genes Random Occur in sex cells Passed on to future generations
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Bird Beak Adaptations:
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Genetic DriftChanges in the gene pool due to:
1. Random mating
2. Over a long time period
3. No immigration of males
4. No emigration of females
5. Sufficient resources that match the adaptations
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Same Species Must: Show similar
characteristics Successfully
interbreed Producing
fertile offspring Donkey + Horse=
Mule (infertile)
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Speciation Evolution New Species Over time By Isolation Natural
Barriers
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Geographic Isolation Separation of
organisms by geographic features
Mountains Lakes, oceans, rivers Desserts
(May result in new species over time)
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Reproductive IsolationWhen two different species can not mate and have successful offspring
Geographic barriers Anatomy or physiology Social behaviors
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Reproductive Isolation:Two organisms cannot mate Separated by geographic
boundaries Anatomical differences Physiological differences Social behaviors
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Gradualism
“gradual” Small
changes Over a long
time
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Punctuated Equilibrium “punctuation!” Large changes Happen rapidly Periods of no
change
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Gradualism: Punctuated Equilibrium
Time
#SPECIES
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Adaptive Radiation: “radiation”= branching from
one source “adaptive”= survival of fit Evolution of many branches of
organisms from a single source
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Adaptive Radiation
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Divergence “diverge”=
branch off Homologous
structures Same origin Same underlying
structure Difference
functionsOriginal Species:
Mammal
Whale flipper
Human arm
Bat wing
Cat limb
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Convergence “converge”=come
together” Analogous features From different
origins Similar
environments= Similar functions Different structures
Bird wing
Bat wing
Butterfly wing
Organisms that fly
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Convergent EvolutionPlacental mammals
Marsupial mammals
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Convergent Evolution
Although marsupial mammals once populated all land masses, they remain diversified only on the isolated Australian continent, where they have evolved to fill the same ecological niches that placental mammals occupy elsewhere. The Tasmanian wolf, for example, closely resembles the doglike carnivores of other continents. More specialized parallel adaptations include those of the marsupial and placental anteaters, the marsupial sugar glider and placental flying squirrels, and the burrowing marsupial wombat and placental ground hog. In this illustration, placental mammals are in the top row, and their marsupial equivalents are in the bottom row.