theory of the electromagnetic causality

8/14/2019 Theory of the Electromagnetic Causality

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}{lgufe eiefw{nf bl{fev( Tnwaluw wlufanhd wae`) ̀ cwe{nci wacw acv keeh eiefw{nfcii~ fac{deg }uiiv lh

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nw wl {ecfw wl ~lu{ vwnùin( Kuw wae nhnwnci vwnùin fch civl ke ehgldehluv) inje taeh ~lu c{e acrnhd chndaw`c{e l{ ègnwcwe nh c vniehw {ll` l{ taeh wae{e nv c wu`l{ }{evehw nh wae }nwunwc{~ dichg(

^lu cbbefw ~lu{ ehrn{lhèhw chg nh wu{h) l{ cv c flhvesuehfe lb ~lu{ vwnùin) ~lu{ ehrn{lhèhw{ev}lhgv wl ~lu) waeh ~lu {e}i~ cdcnh wl ~lu{ ehrn{lhèhw v {ev}lhve) vl klwa flhvwchwi~ vw{uddie bl{wae vu}{e`cf~ lb fac{dev( L hi~ lhe fch {uie vu}{eè) kenhd wacw flhvnvwehw tnwa hcwu{e( ^lu c{e dlnhdwl bnhg ouvw lhe ci}ac tlib nh wae }cfj(

Wae lre{cii nhw{c} e{vlhci fac{de lb ch nhgnrnguci !inrnhd wanhdv. ge}ehgv lh wae kcichfe kewteeh waehedcwnre chg }lvnwnre fac{dev tnwanh( Ch nhgnrnguci fch ke dehewnfcii~ } {lhe wl ke hedcwnrei~ !chnlh. l{} lvnwnrei~ fac{deg !fcwnlh. ) chg enwae{ wehgehf~ nv `cnhwcnheg wa{ludaluw inbe( Vee Bndu{e 3 keilt(



Vl) te acre ch nhw{c}e{vlhci fac{de enwae{ }{lhe wl wae fcwnlhnf l{ chnlhnf) dehewnfcii~ gewe{`nheg) wacwhere{ keflèv heuw{ci( L he gc~ te `ndaw ke `l{e }lvnwnrei~ l{ hedcwnrei~ fac{deg) ciwaluda citc~vflhve{rnhd lu{ hcwu{ci eiefw{nf wehgehf~( Hl `cwwe{ wae ged{ee lb nhwehvnw~ lb eiefw{l`cdhewnfbiufwucwnlhv wacw te `c~ eq}e{nehfe nh c gc~ l{ wa{luda lu{ inrev) lu{ lre{cii eiefw{l`cdhewnf wehgehf~nv citc~v `cnhwcnheg nh c d{ecwe{ l{ ievve{ ged{ee( Bl{ nhvwchfe) c }e{vlh tnwa 3== * chg >= - fac{devwacw biufwucwev wl 3== * chg >4 l{ 1; - fac{dev nv citc~v }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg) chg wacw wehgehf~ fchhlw ke{ere{veg nhwl c hedcwnre lhe(

Wae nhw{c}e{vlhci fac{dev nhwe{cfw tnwa wae ehrn{lhèhwci fac{dev kefcuve cii lb lu{ cwl`v chg waecwl`v b{l` wae ehrn{lhèhw c{e nh flhwcfw wa{luda c flhwnhuluv } a~vnfci-eiefw{l`cdhewnf hcwu{cièva !]E@. ( Waeh lhe fch wcij ckluw }lvnwnre l{ hedcwnre nhw{c}e{vlhci chg eqw{c-}e{vlhci!ehrn{lhèhwci. cgocfehw l{ cgolnhnhd ehe{dnev( Wanv nv c `cdhewnf tl{ig( Wae Ec{wa nv civl c `cdhew(

Wae eqw{c-} e{vlhci fac{dev fl`}{nve ere{~wanhd luwvnge wae }e{vlh? wae fac{dev lb lwae{ }el}ie)lkoefwv) `cwe{nciv) hcwu{ci bl{fev) ewf( Wae~ uvucii~ luwhu`ke{ wae nhw{c}e{vlhci fac{dev lb ch~nhgnrnguci) vnhfe wae eqw{c-}e{vlhci fac{dev c{e {e}{evehweg k~ wll `ch~ wanhd ,bl{fev vu{{luhgnhd waenhgnrnguci) hlw fluhwnhd wae bcfw wacw te c{e uvucii~ nh flhwcfw tnwa wae d{luhg !lhe lb wae`.( Hlt) nb te te{e uhfilwaeg tanie b{ee-bciinhd b{l` wae vj~ tnwa hl }c{cfauwe) wae c`luhw lb eqw{c-}e{vlhcinwe`v !chg waen{ fac{dev. vu{{luhgnhd uv tluig ke fiec{i~ gn`nhnvaeg(

Wae }lvnwnre eqw{c}e{vlhci fac{dev }uva ctc~ wae nhw{c}e{vlhci }lvnwnre fac{dev) tanfa c{e civl

cww{cfweg k~ wae eqw{c}e{vlhci hedcwnre fac{dev( Cw wae vcè wnè) wae eqw{c}e{vlhci hedcwnre fac{dev}uva ctc~ wae nhw{chedcwnre fac{dev) civl cww{cfwnhd wae nhw{c}lvnwnre fac{dev( Waeh c knl}a~vnfcikngn{efwnlhci beegkcfj kcveg lh {e}uivnlh chg cww{cfwnlh nv flhvwchwi~ dlnhd lh kewteeh wae hedcwnrechg wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb klwa wae nhw{c}e{vlhci chg eqw{c-}e{vlhci ehrn{lhèhwv(

Iew v hlw bl{dew wacw waeeiefw{lhv c{e wae `lknie lhev ( Wae lre{cii eiefw{nfci kcichfe !enwae{ }lvnwnre l{hedcwnre. lb klwa wae nhw{c}e{vlhci ehwnw~ chg wae eqw{c-}e{vlhci ehrn{lhèhw gebnhev wae



eiefw{l`cdhewnf vfehc{nl tae{e cii wae fac{dev b{l` klwa vngev nhwe{cfw( Waeh te fch acre chnhw{c} e{vlhci-fcwnlh !N-F. vu{{luhgeg k~ ch eqw{c-} e{vlhci fcwnlh !E-F. ) ch nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlhvu{{luhgeg k~ ch eqw{c-} e{vlhci chnlh !E-C. ) ch nhw{c} e{vlhci-chnlh !N-C. vu{{luhgeg k~ ch E-F) chg chN-C vu{{luhgeg k~ ch E-C(

K~ wae tc~) wae nhw{c}e{vlhci }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg ehe{d~ nv nh hl tc~ {eicweg wl }lvnwnre luwflèv l{}lvnwnre cwwnwugev nh inbe) hl{ wl wae dllg wanhdv wacw ac}}eh wl uv( Vl) tacw ac}}ehv wl uv nh lu{ inrevge}ehgv lh tae{e !tacw }icfe lb wae eiefw{nfcii~ fac{deg tl{ig. te }icfe lu{ dehewnfcii~ nhgufegeiefw{nf wehgehf~( Taeh }el}ie vc~ wacw ere{~wanhd ac }} ehv bl{ c {ecvlh ) wae~ c{e {ndaw) ouvw wae~ glh w{eicwe wae lfu{{ehfev wl lu{ eiefw{l`cdhewnf tl{ig(

NHWE[CFWNLHV KEWTEEH CH NHW[C]E[VLHCI-FCWNLH CHG CH EQW[C-]E[VLHCI FCWNLH?

Wae Bndu{e; keilt valtv ch nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh !N-F. nhgnrnguci !}lvnwnrei~ fac{deg. tnwanh c d{ecwe{lre{cii }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg eqw{c-}e{vlhci fcwnlh ! E-F. ehrn{lhèhw( Wae nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh nv {e}eiiegk~ nwv ehrn{lhèhw(

Vere{ci gnbbe{ehw wanhdv fch ac}}eh nh c vnwucwnlh inje wanv?

3( Wae N-F nhgnrnguci)} u{} lvebuii~ vwc~v kefl`nhd `l{e }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e nh l{ge{ wl kewwe{bnw wacw ehrn{lhèhw( Bl{ wacw) wae lre{cii N-F tnii ilve `l{e hedcwnre fac{dev !eiefw{lhv) waeh kefl`nhdc gnbbe{ehw nlh lb wae vcè veib. {cwae{ wach dcnhnhd }lvnwnre fac{dev !}{lwlhv) rc{~nhd anv,ae{ lre{cii

cwl`nf hu`ke{ chg kefl`nhd vlèlhe bl{èg k~ gnbbe{ehw eieèhwv. nh wae cwl`nf hufien( Wae `l{e}lvnwnrei~ fac{deg wacw nhgnrnguci) wae filve{ wl c heuw{ci eiefw{l`cdhewnf esunink{nu` lb fac{dev tnwawae ehrn{lhèhw) tnwa c ievv nhwehve eiefw{l`cdhewnf {e}uivnlh wl ke ehgu{eg l{ beiw k~ wacw }c{wnfuic{nhgnrnguci( Bl{ eqc` } ie) ch uhiecvaeg ehe{dewnf chg b{uvw{cweg gld ! E-F. c}}{lcfaev ~lu {uhhnhd chgkc{jnhd wl nhwn`ngcwe ~lu !N-F.) ~lu }chnf bl{ c `lèhw kuw {edcnh rcil{ illjnhd wl wae gld nh wae e~etanie flhb{lhwnhd an` !ilvnhd eiefw{lhv) waeh 8 * fac{dev.( Wae gld keflèv aevnwchw) viltv glth chgvwl}v kc{jnhd kefcuve ~lu{ }lvnwnre fac{dev c{e hlt vn`nic{ wl anv(



; ( Wae vcè N-F nhgnrnguci) wanv wnè hlw sunwe vw{lhd kuw acrnhd wl vwc~ wae{e uhge{ wae ilhd vuvwcnhegnhbiuehfe lb wae }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg E-F) nhvwecg lb ilvnhd eiefw{lhv dcnhv wae`) kefl`nhd ievv }lvnwnrei~fac{deg !`l{e hedcwnrei~ fac{deg. chg flhvesuehwi~ `l{e vere{ei~ {e}eiieg k~ anv,ae{ hlt {eicwnrei~vw{lhde{ }lvnwnre ehrn{lhèhw(

Wanhj lb waeve vcè hu`ke{v? N-F? 3== * chg >= - tnwa E-F? 6== * chg ; 1= -( Wae N-F acv ch eqfevv lb 3= *fac{dev) tanie wae E-F acv ch eqfevv lb ; = * fac{dev( Waeh wae N-F nv flhvwchwi~ {e}eiieg k~ wae E-F tnwach nhwehvnw~ lb 3= uhnwv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe( Nb wae N-F keflèv ievv }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e)iew v vc~ k~ dcnhnhd 7 `l{e eiefw{lhv !N-F? 3== * chg >7 - 0 eqfevv lb 2 * fac{dev.) waeh nw tnii acre wlehgu{e hlt 37 uhnwv lb {e}uivnlh nhvwecg b{l` wae E-F) eq}e{nehfnhd ch ereh tl{ve chg uhaeciwa~ bnwwae{e( Cw wae vcè wnè) walve 7 eiefw{lhv dcnheg k~ wae N-F c{e dlnhd wl f{ecwe c vw{lhde{ cww{cfwnreklhg kewteeh wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F chg wae hlt d{ecwe{ c`luhw lb hedcwnre fac{dev lb wae N-F) vl wae E-F acv nhf{ecveg nwv vu}{e`cf~) gl`nhchfe chg flhw{li lre{ wae N-F nh wacw }c{wnfuic{nhwe{cfwnlh( Wacw fluig ke waefcve tae{e wae nhwn`ngcweg vwugehw keflèv `l{e chg `l{e kuiineg lre{wae teejv) uhckie wl vwchg u} wl wae`) l{ taeh ch ckuvnre auvkchg anwv ae{ nhf{ecvnhdi~ bec{bui tnbe(

Wae flhvesuehfev lb waeve hedcwnre w{chvbl{`cwnlhv fch ke {ecii~ gercvwcwnhd nh wae inrev lb waecbbefweg lhev !taeh ch N-F dcnhv eiefw{lhv nh c } lvnwnrei~ fac{deg ehrn{lhèhw. (

Nb wanv nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh dcnhv 3= eiefw{lhv nh wlwci !N-F? 3== * chg 3== - tnwaE-F? 6== * chg ; 1= -. waeE-F tluig ilve wlwci nhwe{evw nh wae N-F kefcuve nw acv keflè eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ heuw{ci) vl wae vwnùinbl{ wae E-F nv hlw wae{e ch~`l{e chg hlt wae E-F nhgn{efwi~ glev hlw acre ch~ eqfevv lb fac{dev( Kuw tejhlt wacw wanv au`ch eiefw{l`cdhewnf esunink{nu` nv andai~ uhinjei~( Nb ch N-F fchhlw dew eiefw{l`cdhewnfheuw{cinw~) waeh wae ngec lb kefl`nhd c gnbbe{ehw eiefw{l`cdhewnf ehwnw~ !dcnhnhd hlw 3= kuw 33 eiefw{lhvbl{ N-F? 3== * chg 3=3 - 0 eqfevv lb 3 - fac{de 0 N-C. tluig ke }icnhi~ {ngnfuiluv( Wacw v ta~ N wanhj wacw cdehewnf eiefw{l`cdhewnf wehgehf~ fchhlw ke {ere{veg nhwl wae l}}lvnwe lhe(

C }e{vlh `ndaw hlw acre chlwae{ l}wnlh !gnbbe{ehw {ecvlhv? olk) }{nvlh) `c{{ncde) ewf(. lwae{ wachvwc~nhd nh ch eiefw{nfcii~ uhvwckie !ouvw bl{ ae l{ vae. {ednlh lb wae tl{ig) ehgu{nhd wae {e}eiiehw ebbefwwae{e) tanie ouvw tnvanhd wl ke l{ cfwucii~ kenhd we`}l{c{ni~ !{eicwnrei~ k{neb. eq}lveg wl lwae{vu{{luhgnhd ehrn{lhèhwv wacw tluig fl`}ieèhw chg heuw{cinze anv,ae{ lre{cii }lvnwnre nhw{c}e{vlhcifac{de(

Ere{~ gc~ te vw{uddie w{~nhd wl bnhg wacw eiefw{nfcii~ heuw{ci ehrn{lhèhw }e{befw bl{ uv) kuw wacw v re{~uhinjei~ wl bnhg vnhfe te glh w jhlt tae{e wl bnhg nw !tacw vu{{luhg uv b{l` wae eiefw{l`cdhewnfvwchg}lnhw<.( Te `lre k{nebi~ kuw g~hc`nfcii~ wa{luda auhg{egv lb eqw{c-}e{vlhci ehrn{lhèhwv nh cgc~) uhge{dlnhd ehl{`luv c`luhwv lb ehrn{lhèhwci nhwe{cfwnlhv) vlè lb wae` {e}eiiehw chg vlè

lwae{v c}}{l}{ncwe bl{ lu{ }c{wnfuic{ lre{cii nhw{c}e{vlhci fac{de(

6( Wae nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh rliuhwc{ni~ chg flhrehnehwi~ `nd{cwev wl chlwae{ eqw{c-}e{vlhci c{ec civl

}lvnwnrei~ fac{deg !tnwa ievve{ fac{dev wach nh eqc`}iev 3 chg ; cklre. l{ wl c hedcwnrei~ fac{deg c{ec?

C( Nb wae lre{cii {efn}nehw eqw{c-}e{vlhci c{ec nv civl }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg kuw tnwa c ievve{ c`luhw lb }lvnwnre fac{dev !`l{e hedcwnrei~ fac{deg wach nh 3 chg ; cklre. wae N-F waeh acv wl ilve ereh bete{



eiefw{lhv nh l{ge{ wl bnw wacw het ehrn{lhèhw( Ch~ dnreh c`luhw lb hedcwnre nlhnf w{chvbl{`cwnlheq}e{nehfeg wae{e k~ wae nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh !rliuhwc{~ l{ fn{fu`vwchwnci. tluig acre wl lffu{ cw cievve{ ged{ee wach nh 3 cklre vnhfe wanv het {efn}nehw ehrn{lhèhw acv) wl kednh tnwa) c ic{de{!{eicwnrei~ v}ecjnhd. c`luhw lb hedcwnre fac{dev !`l{e cww{cfwnre lb wae {eicwnrei~ nhf{ecveg hu`ke{ lb }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae N-F chg cw wae vcè wnè ievv {e}eiinhd lb wae hlt {eicwnrei~ ievve{ c`luhw lb N-F

hedcwnre fac{dev. wach nh eqc`}ie 3 (

Wanhj lb waeve nhnwnci hu`ke{v? N-F? 3== * chg >= - tnwaE-F? ; >5 * chg ; 1= -( Wae N-F acv ch eqfevv lb 3= *fac{dev) tanie wae E-F acv ch eqfevv lb 35 * fac{dev( Waeh wae N-F nv {e}eiieg k~ wae E-F tnwa ch nhwehvnw~lb 5 uhnwv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe( Nb wae N-F keflèv `l{e }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e) iew v vc~ k~ilvnhd ouvw 3 `l{e eiefw{lh !N-F? 3== * chg 1> - 0 eqfevv lb 33 * fac{dev.) waeh nw tluig ehgu{e ouvw 7uhnwv lb {e}uivnlh k~ wae E-F( Ereh waluda wae nhgnrnguci nv civl wae{e uiwn`cwei~ {e}eiieg) ae,vae hlteq}e{nehfev c `l{e hcwu{ci chg kewwe{ bnw vnhfe wae eiefw{l`cdhewnf ehrn{lhèhw nv }c{wnfuic{i~ ievvuhvwckie chg {e}eiinhd wach nh eqc`}ie 3 ( Bl{ c }e{befw bnw) wae N-F tluig acre wl ilve c wlwci lb 5eiefw{lhv wae{e !N-F? 3== * chg 15 - 0 eqfevv lb 35 * fac{dev. fl`}c{eg wl 3= eiefw{lhv nh eqc`}ie 3( Vl)

cdcnh) ch N-F !} lvnwnre. ̀ uvw ke nlhnzeg ilvnhd eiefw{lhv nh l{ge{ wl vu{rnre nh ch E-F ! } lvnwnre.ehrn{lhèhw (

Tacw ckluw nb) a~}lwaewnfcii~ v}ecjnhd) wae N-F ilvev `l{e wach 5 - fac{dev) vu{}cvvnhd wae c`luhw lb eqfevvnre }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F< Nb cw wae ehg wae N-F }lvvevvev 3== * chg 16 - fac{dev) acrnhd ilvw 4eiefw{lhv nh wlwci) waeh nw tnii acre ch eqfevv lb 34 * fac{dev cdcnhvw 35 * lb wae E-F( Wae E-F tluig kehlt wae lhe kenhd {e}eiieg tnwa ; uhnwv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe eqe{weg k~ wae N-F( Kuw cv N vcng cklre)wae c`luhw lb lre{cii }lvnwnre fac{dev dcnheg k~ wae N-F !wa{luda ilvnhd eiefw{lhv. nv dlnhd wl kel}}lveg k~ wae c`luhw lb }lvnwnre fac{dev }{evehw nh wae vu{{luhgnhd ehrn{lhèhw) nh c tc~ wacw nv hlwdlnhd wl ke ecv~ bl{ wae N-F wl cwwcnh `l{e }lvnwnre fac{dev wach nwv vu{{luhgnhd ehrn{lhèhw( Vl) wanv

tluig re{~ gnbbnfuiw wl ac}}eh) ciwaluda hlw n`}lvvnkie(

K( Nb wae lre{cii {efn}nehw eqw{c-}e{vlhci c{ec nv w{ui~ hedcwnrei~ fac{deg !eqw{c-}e{vlhci chnlh l{ E-C.)wae N-F waeh tnii bnw {ndaw ctc~ nh wacw het teifl`nhd ehrn{lhèhw lb wae lre{cii }lvnwnrei~ fac{degnhgnrnguci( Wanhj lb waeve nhnwnci hu`ke{v? N-F? 3== * chg >= - tnwaE-F? ; 1= * chg 6== -( Wae N-F acv cheqfevv lb 3= * fac{dev) tanie wae E-C acv ch eqfevv lb ; = - fac{dev( Waeh wae ge}ehgehw N-F nv 3= * eqw{cfac{dev keanhg l{ ctc~ b{l` dewwnhd c }e{befw eiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa tnwa wae vu{{luhgnhd gl`nhchw E-C( Nh lwae{ tl{gv) wae E-C acv ch eqfevv lb 3= - fac{dev uhuveg l{ tcvweg k~ wae N-F kefcuve ae,vaeicfjv lb 3= eqw{c * fac{dev( @l{e wach injei~) wae N-F tnii beei wae{e ch~tc~v inje bnwwnhd {ndaw( Vee Bndu{e 6keilt(



Re{~ injei~) wae N-F nv dlnhd wl {e`cnh nh wacwE-C ehrn{lhèhw( Kuw nb wae N-F keflèv `l{e hedcwnrei~fac{deg {ndaw wae{e dcnhnhd eiefw{lhv !N-F? 3== * chg >5 - 0 eqfevv lb ouvw 5 gn`nhnvaeg * fac{dev. ae,vaetnii beei c gn`nhnvaeg cww{cfwnre }lte{ b{l` wae E-C) vnhfe hlt wae N-F nv 35 * eqw{c fac{dev keanhg l{ctc~ b{l` dewwnhd c }e{befw eiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa tnwa wae vu{{luhgnhd E-C( Nh lwae{ tl{gv) wae E -Cacv hlt ch eqfevv lb 35 - fac{dev uhuveg l{ tcvweg k~ wae N-F( Vl) ch N-F !} lvnwnre. ̀ uvw {eb{cnh b{l`dewwnhd `l{e hedcwnre fac{dev nh l{ge{ wl `cnhwcnh wae } lte{ lb cww{cfwnlh eqe{weg lre{ anv,ae{} lvnwnre fac{dev k~ ch E-C !hedcwnre. ( Ch~tc~v) wae E-C nv dlnhd wl l}}lve) wa{luda {e}uivnlh) waenhf{eèhw lb hedcwnre fac{dev e{{lheluvi~ }ichheg k~ wae N-F kefcuve wacw glev hlw kehebnw enwae{ lhe(Nh wae tl{vw fcve vfehc{nl) nb wae N-F dcnhv 3= eiefw{lhv !N-F? 3== * chg 3== - 0 heuw{ci. nw tluig keflèeiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ uhcww{cfwnre wl wae E-F) hlt bu{wae{ ctc~ b{l` nw k~ ; = - fac{dev lb gnbbe{ehfe(

Hlt) nb wae ge}ehgehw N-F keflèv `l{e }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e ilvnhd eiefw{lhv !N-F? 3== * chg15 - 0 eqfevv lb 35 * fac{dev. ae,vae tnii ke cww{cfweg k~ wae gl`nhchw E-C hlt tnwa c d{ecwe{ nhwehvnw~)ciwaluda vwnii icfjnhd lb 5 * fac{dev lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe bl{ wae }e{befw `cwfa( Waeh bl{ c }e{befweiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa) ch N-F !} lvnwnre. valuig w{~ wl ilve wae {esun{eg c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv hefevvc{~wl ̀ cwfa tnwa anv eqfeegnhd } lvnwnre fac{dev) wae c`luhw lb eqfeegnhd hedcwnre fac{dev } {evehw nhwae E-C( Wae E-C tlh w ke l}}lveg wl wacw vnhfe wae E-C icfjv lb }lvnwnre cww{cfwnre fac{dev: nhvwecg) waeE-C tnii c}}icug wacw nhnwncwnre lb wae N-F chg ereh tnii aei} wae N-F wl dew {ng lb wae hefevvc{~ eiefw{lhv){e}eiinhd walve tnwa wae eqfevv lb anv,ae{,nwv hedcwnre fac{dev( L hfe klwa w~}ev lb fac{dev c{e nh }e{befwesunink{nu` ! ; = * tnwa ; = -. wae E-C tlh w aei} wae N-F wl ilve `l{e eiefw{lhv kefcuve cii lb wae E-Cfac{dev c{e hlt nh flhvlhchfe tnwa cii wae fac{dev lb wae N-F(

Fl`}c{e waeve wtl eqc` } iev? vlèlhe hlw vl b{nehgi~ !N-F. kednhv anv vl}al`l{e ~ec{ nh anda vfalli nhchlwae{ wlth cbwe{ `lrnhd( Wae bn{vw gc~) ae èewv c b{nehgi~ vwugehw ! E-C. wacw v}lhwcheluvi~teiflèv an` chg valtv an` wae ink{c{~ chg tacw v wae kevw bllg nh wae fcbewe{nc( Wae het vwugehwfachdev lre{ wae teejv !ilvnhd eiefw{lhv. nh c tc~ wacw ehgv u} kenhd wae kevw b{nehg lb wae hcwnrevwugehw !}e{befw esunink{nu`.(L{) wae het vwugehw keacrev c{{ldchwi~ chg nv hlw re{~ c}}{efncwnre lb wae aei} lbbe{eg k~ wae hcwnre vwugehw !dcnhnhd eiefw{lhv.( Wae hcwnre flhwnhuev wl ke b{nehgi~ !l}}lvnhd



wae fac{dev dcnheg k~ wae N-F. wanhjnhd wacw wae het vwugehw keacrev inje wacw kefcuve ae glev hlw tchwch~klg~ wl wanhj wacw ae nv vfc{eg lb wae het }el}ie( Teejv }cvveg chg wae het vwugehw nhf{ecvnhdi~dlw `l{e c{{ldchw chg hlt gnvalhevwi~ fl`}ewnwnre !dcnheg ereh `l{e eiefw{lhv.( Waeh wae hcwnrevwugehw dlev ctc~ }e{`chehwi~(

Hlt) w{~nhd wl }uva nw ke~lhg wae in`nw) nb wae N-F ilvev `l{e eiefw{lhv wach wae hefevvc{~ lhev bl{ c}e{befw `cwfa) bl{ nhvwchfe N-F? 3== * chg 41 - 0 eqfevv lb ;; * fac{dev) waeh tluig keflè gl`nhchwlre{ c hlt ge}ehgehw E-C lb ; = - fac{dev( Wauv) wae E-C valuig dcnh ; `l{e eiefw{lhv bl{ c }e{befw`cwfa !wae cww{cfwnlh kewteeh klwa nv `cnhwcnheg) ciwaluda gn`nhnvaeg k~ ; uhnwv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnfbl{fe.) keacrnhd inje nb wae E-C te{e hlt ch N-C !hedcwnre. chg wae N-F te{e ch E-F !}lvnwnre.) fehwe{ lb lu{ heqw nhwe{cfwnlh keilt( Wanv w~}e lb wu{hc{luhg vnwucwnlh tae{e cww{cfwnlh nv nhrlireg nv re{~}lvvnkie) ouvw {esun{nhd hlt b{l` wae E-C wl keflè wae ac{ge{ `cnhwehchfe tl{je{ nh wae N-F chg E-Ceiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwe{cfwnlh(

Cv te acre veeh) ch nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh fch `lre wa{luda re{~ gnbbe{ehw eiefw{nfcii~ fac{degehrn{lhèhwv !fac{de chg nhwehvnw~ lb wae fac{de. wa{ludaluw wae gc~v chg inbe) uvucii~ ge`chgnhd waeicwwe{) nh c ievve{ l{ g{cvwnf tc~) c fachde nh wae N-F v fac{de(

NHWE[CFWNLHV KEWTEEH CH NHW[C]E[VLHCI-CHNLH CHG CH EQW[C-]E[VLHCI FCWNLH?

Hlt) te acre wl vee tacw fluig ac}}eh wl ch nhw{c} e{vlhci-chnlh !N-C. vu{{luhgeg k~ ch eqw{c-} e{vlhci fcwnlh !E-F. (

Wae Bndu{e 7 keilt valtv ch N-C nhgnrnguci !hedcwnrei~ fac{deg. tnwanh c d{ecwe{ lre{cii }lvnwnrei~fac{deg E-F ehrn{lhèhw( Wae nhw{c}e{vlhci-chnlh nv teiflèg k~ nwv ehrn{lhèhw(

Wanhj lb waeve nhnwnci hu`ke{v? N-C? >= * chg 3== - tnwaE-F? 6== * chg ; 1= -( Wae N-C acv ch eqfevv lb 3= -fac{dev) tanie wae gl`nhchw E-F acv ch eqfevv lb ; = * fac{dev( Waeh wae ge}ehgehw N-C nv 3= - guefac{dev keanhg l{ ctc~ b{l` dewwnhd c }e{befw eiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa tnwa wae cww{cfwnre vu{{luhgnhd



gl`nhchw E-F( Nh lwae{ tl{gv) wae E-F acv ch eqfevv lb 3= * fac{dev uhuveg l{ tcvweg k~ wae N-Ckefcuve ae,vae icfjv lb 3= eqw{c - fac{dev( @l{e wach injei~ wae N-C tnii beei wae{e inje bnwwnhd {ndaw(

Nb wae N-C keflèv `l{e hedcwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e dcnhnhd 5 eiefw{lhv !N-C? >= * chg 3=5 - 0 eqfevvlb 35 - fac{dev. ae,vae tnii beei ch nhf{ecveg }uiinhd ebbefw b{l` wae E-F) vnhfe hlt wae N-C nv ouvw 5 -

eqw{c fac{dev keanhg l{ ctc~ b{l` dewwnhd c }e{befw eiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa tnwa wae vu{{luhgnhd E-F( Nhlwae{ tl{gv) wae E-C acv hlt ch eqfevv lb 5 * fac{dev uhuveg l{ tcvweg k~ wae N-C( Vl) ch N-C !hedcwnre.ùvw w{~ wl dew `l{e hedcwnre fac{dev nh l{ge{ wl nhf{ecve wae } lte{ lb cww{cfwnlh eqe{weg lre{anv,ae{ hedcwnre fac{dev k~ ch E-F ! } lvnwnre.( Nh waeeqc` } ie lb wae ; vwugehwvcklre) wae hcwnrevwugehw tluig ke ae{e wae E-F chg wae het vwugehw tluig ke wae N-C( Waeh bl{ c }e{befweiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa !N-C? >= * chg 33= - 0 eqfevv lb ; = - fac{dev.) ch N-C !hedcwnre. valuig w{~ wl dcnhwae {esun{eg c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv hefevvc{~ wl ̀ cwfa tnwa anv eqfeegnhd hedcwnre fac{dev) waec`luhw lb eqfeegnhd } lvnwnre fac{dev } {evehw nh wae E-F( Wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F tnii }{erehwwa{luda cfwnre {e}eiinhd ch nhf{eèhw nh wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae N-C !het vwugehw kefl`nhd `l{ec{{ldchw chg gnvalhevwi~ fl`}ewnwnre.) tanie cw wae vcè wnè tnii aei} wae nhf{eèhw lb hedcwnre

fac{dev lb wae N-C !het vwugehw fachdnhd bl{ wae kewwe{. wl ke c vuffevv wa{luda cfwnre cww{cfwnlh(

Vl) nb wae ge}ehgehw N-C keflèv `l{e }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e ilvnhd eiefw{lhv !N-C? >= * chg >5 -0 eqfevv lb 5 - fac{dev. ae,vae tnii ke cww{cfweg k~ wae gl`nhchw E-F hlt tnwa c ievve{ nhwehvnw~)kefcuve wae N-C nv hlt icfjnhd lb 35 - fac{dev lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe bl{ wae }e{befw `cwfa( Waeh ch N-C !hedcwnre. valuig {eb{cnh b{l` ilvnhd eiefw{lhv nh l{ge{ wl `cnhwcnh wae } lte{ lb cww{cfwnlh eqe{weglre{ anv,ae{ hedcwnre fac{dev k~ ch E-F ! } lvnwnre.(

Iew v bchwcvnze chci~znhd wtl `l{e a~}lwaewnfci vnwucwnlhv? Nb wae N-C) bciieh nhwl lkinrnlh) flhwnhuevilvnhd ereh `l{e eiefw{lhv !bl{ nhvwchfe) c wlwci lb 3= bl{ wanv v}efnbnf fcve. tanie kenhd vu{{luhgeg k~wae E-F) wae N-C wefahnfcii~ tluig hlw ke ch N-C ch~`l{e kuw ch nhgnrnguci eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ heuw{ci tanfa nhrnvnkie }{evehfe tluigh w `cwwe{ bl{ wae E-F ch~`l{e !N-C? >= * chg >= - 0 hl eqfevv fac{dev)waeh c }e{befw nhw{c}e{vlhci eiefw{l`cdhewnf `cwfa.( Kefcuve cii wae >= - fac{dev lb waeeiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ heuw{ci nhgnrnguci tluig ke vefu{eg nh }icfe k~ wae }uiinhd lb wae l}}lvnwe >= *fac{dev) wae injeinallg lb chlwae{ eiefw{lh kenhd ilvw b{l` wae d{lu} tluig ke `nhn`ci nb hlwn`}lvvnkie( Kuw) nb wae eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ heuw{ci nhgnrnguci tluig ke fc}ckie lb ilvnhd ereh `l{eeiefw{lhv !iew v vc~ 5 `l{e c{knw{c{ni~. tanie kenhd vu{{luhgeg k~ wae E-F) anv,ae{ bnhci fac{dev tluig ke>= * chg 15 - tnwa ch eqfevv lb 5 * fac{dev) wauv kefl`nhd c ge}ehgehw nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh !N-F. nh cgl`nhchw E-F hlt ehgu{nhd ch eqfevv lb 35 * {e}eiiehw fac{dev b{l` wae E-F( Te jhlt wacw henwae{ lhelb walve ; vnwucwnlhv fluig ke becvnkie wl ac}}eh(

NHWE[CFWNLHV KEWTEEH CH NHW[C]E[VLHCI-CHNLH CHG CH EQW[C-]E[VLHCI CHNLH?

Hlt) tacw ac}}ehv taeh te acre c ge}ehgehw N-C fleqnvwnhd tnwanh ch E-C< Iew v vee Bndu{e 5 keilt(



Wae nhw{c}e{vlhci-chnlh nv {e}eiieg k~ nwv ehrn{lhèhw( Wanhj lb waeve nhnwnci hu`ke{v? N-C? >= * chg 3== -tnwa E-C? ; 1= * chg 6== -( Wae N-C acv ch eqfevv lb 3= - fac{dev) tanie wae gl`nhchw E-C acv ch eqfevv lb ; = - fac{dev( Waeh wae N-C nv {e}eiieg k~ waeE-C tnwa ch nhwehvnw~ lb 3= - uhnwv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe( Nb wae N-C keflèv `l{e }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e) iew v vc~ k~ ilvnhd 7 eiefw{lhv !N-C? >= * chg >2 - 0eqfevv lb 2 - fac{dev.) waeh nw tluig ehgu{e ch nhf{ecveg hu`ke{ lb 37 - uhnwv lb {e}uivnlh k~ wae E-C)`cjnhd anv,ae{ vwc~ wae{e ereh tl{ve( Vl) ch N-C valuig hlw ilve ch~ lb nwv eiefw{lhv taeh e`keggegnh ch E-C( Nhvwecg) ch N-C valuig dcnh eiefw{lhv wl fluhwe{cfw wae {e } uivnre ebbefw lb wae ehrn{lhèhw ( Vl) nb wae N-C keflèv `l{e hedcwnrei~ fac{deg {ndaw wae{e) iew v vc~ k~ dcnhnhd 7 eiefw{lhv !N-C? >= * chg3=7 - 0 eqfevv lb 37 - fac{dev.) waeh nw tluig ouvw acre wl ehgu{e c hlt gef{ecveg hu`ke{ lb 2 - uhnwv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf {e}uivnlh k~ wae E-C) `cjnhd anv,ae{ vwc~ wae{e c ilw `l{e flhrehnehw) ciwaluda hlw

}e{befw ~ew( Wl dew ereh tnwa wae ehrn{lhèhw `cwfanhd wae ebbefw lb anv,ae{,nwv ehrn{lhèhwci{e}uivnlh) wae N-C valuig cfwucii~ dcnh 3= eiefw{lhv !N-C? >= * chg 33= - 0 eqfevv lb ; = - fac{dev.(

Wae eqc` } iev lb wae kuiinev chg wae `nvw{ecweg vwugehw) cv teii cv wae eqc`}ie lb wae b{uvw{cweg gldchg wae fac{deg k~vwchge{ }l{w{c~eg cklre nh wae vefwnlh w{ecwnhd wae N-F chg E-F nhwe{cfwnlhv) fch kecivl uveg bl{ N-C, E-C nhwe{cfwnlhv( Wae kuiinev chg wae gld tluig ke E-Cv) tae{ecv wae nhwn`ngcwegvwugehw chg wae fac{deg k~vwchge{ tluig ke N-Cv(

Hlt) nb wae N-C dcnhv `l{e wach 3= eiefw{lhv !vu{}cvvnhd anv,ae{ ierei lb }e{befw bnw. acrnhd bl{ nhvwchfecw wae ehg >= * chg 335 - fac{dev) waeh wae E-C ehrn{lhèhw tluig ke {e}eiieg k~ wae N-C tnwa c bl{fe lb 5 - fac{dev kefl`nhd wae N-C wae gl`nhchw lhe wae{e( Kuw iew uv {eè`ke{ wacw gewcfanhd l{ cggnhd

eiefw{lhv {esun{ev ehe{d~ nh we{`v lb ehl{`luv }a~vnfci chg èhwci !}a~vnlildnfci) nh wanv fcve. ebbl{w)kenhd wanv jnhg lb wu{hc{luhg vnwucwnlh re{~ uhinjei~ kuw hlw n`}lvvnkie( Jee} nh `nhg wacw wae E-C veqfevv lb hedcwnre fac{dev nv dlnhd wl l}}lve wae nhf{eèhw lb eiefw{lhv uhge{wcjeh k~ wae N-C) eiefw{lhk~ eiefw{lh) w{~nhd wl {e}eci wae N-C v {ekeiinlh(

VU@@C[^ LB WAE CBL[E@EHWNLHEG NHWE[CFWNLHV?



Vl bc{ te re veeh ere{~ }lvvnkie fl`knhcwnlh lb nhw{c}e{vlhci chg eqw{c-}e{vlhci fcwnlhv chg chnlhv(Waeh vu``c{nznhd tacw walve wtl v}efnbnf nhw{c}e{vlhci ehwnwnev valuig chg valuigh w gl nh wae}{evehfe lb wae wtl eqw{c-}e{vlhci ehrn{lhèhwv?

~ N-F tnwa E-F?Ch N-F !}lvnwnre. ùvw dew nlhnzeg ilvnhd eiefw{lhv nh l{ge{ wl vu{rnre uhge{ wae

nhbiuehfe lb c vw{lhd E-F !civl }lvnwnre. ehrn{lhèhw uhge{dlnhd c } lvnwnre w{chvbl{`cwnlh(C hedcwnre w{chvbl{`cwnlh ae{e fch ke {ecii~ gercvwcwnhd) hcèi~ taeh ch N-F dcnhv eiefw{lhvnh c }lvnwnrei~ fac{deg ehrn{lhèhw(

~ N-F tnwa E-C?Ch N-F !}lvnwnre. ùvw {eb{cnh b{l` dewwnhd `l{e hedcwnre fac{dev !kefl`nhd ievv}lvnwnre. nh l{ge{ wl `cnhwcnh wae }lte{ lb cww{cfwnlh eqe{weg lre{ anv,ae{ }lvnwnre fac{dev k~ch E-C !hedcwnre.( Waeh ch N-F valuig w{~ wl ilve wae {esun{eg c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv !kefl`nhd`l{e }lvnwnre. hefevvc{~ wl `cwfa tnwa anv eqfeegnhd }lvnwnre fac{dev) wae c`luhw lb eqfeegnhdhedcwnre fac{dev }{evehw nh wae E-C(

~ N-C tnwa E-F?Ch N-C !hedcwnre. ùvw w{~ wl dew `l{e hedcwnre fac{dev !kefl`nhd ievv }lvnwnre. nhl{ge{ wl nhf{ecve wae }lte{ lb cww{cfwnlh eqe{weg lre{ anv,ae{ hedcwnre fac{dev k~ ch E-F

!}lvnwnre.( Ch N-C valuig w{~ wl dcnh wae {esun{eg c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv hefevvc{~ wl `cwfa tnwaanv eqfeegnhd hedcwnre fac{dev) wae c`luhw lb eqfeegnhd }lvnwnre fac{dev }{evehw nh wae E-F( ChN-C valuig {eb{cnh b{l` ilvnhd eiefw{lhv nh l{ge{ wl `cnhwcnh wae }lte{ lb cww{cfwnlh eqe{weglre{ anv,ae{ hedcwnre fac{dev k~ ch E-F !}lvnwnre.(

~ N-C tnwa E-C?Ch N-C !hedcwnre. valuig hlw iew dl ch~ lb nwv eiefw{lhv !kefl`nhd `l{e }lvnwnre.taeh e`keggeg nh ch E-C) vnhfe glnhd wacw ilvev anv,ae{ fluhwe{cfwnhd {e}uivnre ebbefw lre{ waeehrn{lhèhw( Ch N-C valuig dcnh wae {esun{eg c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv hefevvc{~ wl `cwfa tnwa anveqfeegnhd hedcwnre fac{dev) wae c`luhw lb eqfeegnhd hedcwnre {e}uivnre fac{dev }{evehw nh waeehrn{lhèhw(

@EWALGV WL FCIFUICWE WAE UIWN@CWE GN[EFWNLH CHG @CDHNWUGE C@LHD WAE NHWEHVNWNEEIEFW[L@CDHEWNF NHWE[CFWNLHV?

Hlt) iew v vee alt wl bndu{e luw wae {evuiwchw nhwehvnw~ lb a~}lwaewnfci eiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwe{cfwnlhvkewteeh ch N-F vu{{luhgeg k~ ch E-F ehrn{lhèhw( Cv ~lu fch vee) wae N-F nv nh buii flhwcfw tnwa cii waefl`}lhehwv lb wae E-F) vl wae gnvwchfe kewteeh wae` nv hlw c bcfwl{ ae{e wacw {egufev wae vw{ehdwa lb wae nhwe{cfwnre bl{fev !{eè`ke{ Fluil`k v Ict.( Vee Bndu{e 2 keilt(



Wae }lvnwnre l{ hedcwnre c`luhwv,vndhv dnreh wl wae eqw{c}e{vlhci lkoefwv l{ nhgnrnguciv nh Bndu{e 2cklre èch wacw waen{ }c{wnfuic{ lre{cii eiefw{l`cdhewnf fl`}lvnwnlh `cje wae` enwae{ c fcwnlh l{chnlh( Civl) wae c`luhwv lb fac{de dnreh tanfa {e}{evehw wae {evuiweg kcichfe kewteeh waen{ }lvnwnrechg hedcwnre fac{dev tnwanh) c{e vw{nfwi~ c{knw{c{~ chg }e{ac}v eqcdde{cweg( N tluig hlw jhlt taewae{walve hu`ke{v valuig ke dnreh nh wae l{ge{ lb wae gefn`civ) wehv) auhg{egv) waluvchgv) l{ }e{ac}v nhl{ge{v lb `cdhnwuge(

N acg wl flè u} tnwa c vfcie wl ficvnb~ waeged{ee lb wae nhwehvnwnevehgu{eg k~ wae ge}ehgehw ehwnwnevnh waen{ eiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwe{cfwnlhv tnwa wae ehrn{lhèhw( L b flu{ve) `~ vfcie glev hlw acre ke waelhi~ lhe( ]e{ac}v ~lu fluig flè u} tnwa vlèwanhd kewwe{ wach `nhe( Wl kednh tnwa) nb wae }lvnwnrefac{dev lb wae N-F {e}{evehw wae3 % wl 3>(>> % lb wae fac{dev lb c dnreh E-F nhwe{cfwnhd tnwa nw) waeh waeN-F tnii ke {e}eiieg tnwa c anda eiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwehvnw~k~ wae E-F( Bl{ eqc`}ie) wae N-F acv ch eqfevv

lb ; = * fac{dev !2= * chg 7= -. chg lhe lb wae ehwnwnev lb wae E -F acv ch eqfevv lb ; 7= * fac{dev( Wae *fac{dev lb wae N-F {e}{evehw wae 1(66 % lb wae c`luhw lb * fac{dev lb wae E-F) waeh wae N-F tnii ke{e}eiieg tnwa c anda nhwehvnw~ k~ waeE-F( Kenhd v}efnbnf tnwa hu`ke{v) wae N-F nv uwn`cwei~ {e}eiieg k~;; = * fac{dev ! ; 7= * `nhuv ; = * fac{dev.( Injetnve) nb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae N-F {e}{evehwch~tae{ekewteeh wae ;= % wl 6>(>> % lb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F) wae N-F tnii ke {e}eiieg tnwa c`lge{cwe - anda nhwehvnw~( Bl{ eqc`}ie) N-F 0 ; = * fac{dev chg E-F 0 11 * fac{dev( Wae N-F fac{dev{e}{evehw ;; (4; % lb wae E-F fac{dev) vl wae N-F nv {e}eiieg tnwa wae `lge{cwe - anda nhwehvnw~ lb wae 21 *



fac{dev lb wae E-F( Vn`nic{i~) nb N-F fac{dev 07 = % wl 5>(>> % lb wae E-F fac{dev) waeh wae N-F tnii ke{e}eiieg tnwa c `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~( Bl{ eqc`}ie) N-F 0 ; = * fac{dev chg E-F 0 72 * fac{dev( Wae N-Ffac{dev {e}{evehw 76(74 % lb wae E-F fac{dev) vl wae N-F nv {e}eiieg tnwa wae `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~ lb waeeqw{c; 2 * fac{dev lb wae E-F( Nb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae N-F {e}{evehw ch~tae{e kewteeh wae 2= % wl4>(>> % lb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F) wae N-F tnii ke {e}eiieg tnwa c ilt - `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~ ( Bl{

eqc`}ie) N-F 0 ; = * fac{dev chg E-F 0 ; > * fac{dev( Wae N-F fac{dev {e}{evehw 21(>2 % lb wae E-Ffac{dev) vl wae N-F tni ke {e}eiieg tnwa wae ilt - `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~ lb wae eqw{c > * fac{dev lb wae E-F( Nb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae N-F {e}{evehw kewteeh wae 1= % wl >>(>> % lb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F)wae N-F tnii ke {e}eiieg tnwa c ilt nhwehvnw~( Bl{ eqc`}ie) N-F 0 ; = * fac{dev chg E-F 0 ;; * fac{dev( Wae N-F fac{dev {e}{evehw wae >=(>= % lb wae E-F fac{dev) vl wae N-F tni ke {e}eiieg tnwa wae ilt nhwehvnw~ lb wae eqw{c; * fac{dev lb wae E-F( Hlt) nb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae N-F {e}{evehw wae3== % lb wae}lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-F) wae N-F tlh w ke }uiieg wltc{gv wae E-F kefcuve wae N-F nv civl }uiinhd wae E-Ftnwa wae vcè eqcfw nhwehvnw~) vl wae N-F {e`cnhv vwnii {ndaw wae{e(

Wae vcè eqcfw }{nhfn}iev chg ged{eev lb nhwehvnwnev c}}i~ wl c ge}ehgehw N-C vu{{luhgeg k~ c gl`nhchw

E-C) vnwucwnlh tae{e klwa w~}ev lb {e}eiinhd fac{dev c{e hedcwnre(

Hlt) nh wae fcve lb }cn{v lb ehwnwnev tnwa l}}lvnwe fac{dev) inje taeh ch N-F nhwe{cfwv tnwa ch E-C l{taeh ch N-C nhwe{cfwv tnwa ch E-F) nb wae }lvnwnre l{ hedcwnre fac{dev lb wae ge}ehgehw N-F l{ N-C bnwtnwanh wae3 % wl ;= % lb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae E-C l{ E-F {ev}efwnrei~) waeh wae bl{è{ lhev tniike cww{cfweg k~ wae icwwe{ lhev tnwa cilt nhwehvnw~: ilt - `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~ nb wacw }e{fehwcde nv; 3 %wl 7 = %) `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~ nb wacw }e{fehwcde nv7 3 % wl 2= %) `lge{cwe - anda nhwehvnw~ nb wae}e{fehwcde bnwv kewteeh wae 23 % chg 1 = %) chg anda nhwehvnw~nb wae N-F l{ N-C {e}{evehw wae13 % wl 3== % lb wae fac{dev lb wae E-C l{ E-F {ev}efwnrei~( Nh wanv w~}e lb cww{cfwnre nhwe{cfwnlhv) c3== % {eicwnlhvan} kewteeh klwa w~}ev lb l}}lvnwe fac{dev èchv wacw wae }e{befw eiefw{l`cdhewnf

esunink{nu` fch ke wae{e cfanereg tnwa wae d{ecwevw lb wae wndaw klhgv(

Nb te fl`}c{e wae lre{cii nhwehvnw~ lb {e}uivnlh tnwa wae lre{cii nhwehvnw~ lb cww{cfwnlh) klwa eqe{weg k~wae E-F nh Bndu{e 2 bl{ eqc`}ie) wae d{ecwevw lhe kewteeh klwa lb wae` nhgnfcwev tacw lre{cii w~}e lb bl{fe tnii ke eqe{weg wae `lvw lre{ wae N-F( Nh dehe{ci we{`v te fluig wanhj wacw wae lre{cii E-Fvu{{luhgnhd wae N-F cklre nh Bndu{e 2 nv eqe{wnhd c }lvnwnre bl{fe lb {e}uivnlh lre{ wae N-F esunrciehw wl6=5 uhnwv !lre{cii 725 * `nhuv lre{cii 32= - 0 6=5 *.) kuw wacw v hlw w{ue kefcuve wae gnvwchfev kewteehklwa wae N-F chg wae fl`}lhehwv lb wae E -F) chg wae gn{efwnlh lb ere{~ lhe lb wae bl{fev lb wae E-F acrehlw keeh flhwe`}icweg wae{e chg wae~ }ic~ ch nhgnv}ehvckie {lie bnhgnhd luw wae {eci `cdhnwuge lb waeuiwn`cwe bl{fe !vee nwe`nzeg chg fl`knheg fcifuicwnlhv keilt.( Nb te chci~ze chg fl`knhe wae uiwn`cwebl{fev lb ere{~ lhe lb wae E-F v fl`}lhehwv cklre eqe{weg lre{ wae N-F uvnhd refwl{v !cggnhd wae` k~}icfnhd wae wcni lb lhe refwl{ cw wae aecg lb wae lwae{ refwl{ bl{ wae gn{efwnlh - wae {evuiwchw refwl{ -.chg w{ndlhlèw{nf {eicwnlhv lb vnhe) flvnhe) chg wchdehw bl{ {ndaw w{nchdiev l{ wae ]~wacdl{cv$ Wael{e` wldew wae uiwn`cwe fl`knheg `cdhnwuge) te fch flè u} tnwa c vnhdie gn{efwnlhchg ch uiwn`cwe bl{fe eqe{weg lre{ wae N-F) {e}{evehweg klwa k~ c vnhdie refwl{ (

Vl) iew v fl`knhe hlt wae nhwehvnwnev lb wae bl{fev chg wae gn{efwnlhv lb wae bl{fev nh Bndu{e 2 cklre(Wtehw~ }lvnwnre fac{dev nh wae N-F c{e ouvw 1(66 % lb wae }lvnwnre fac{dev lb wae vefwnlh; 7= * lb wae E-F)



waeh wae N-F nv {e}eiieg tnwa c anda nhwehvnw~)glthtc{g chg wl wae iebw !}u{ei~ ch c{knw{c{~ hlh-`cwae`cwnfci gn{efwnlh lb c rnvucinzeg refwl{ }{lgufw lb `~ nheqcfw chg }c{wnfuic{ lkve{rcwnlh,}e{fe}wnlh. tnwa ; 7= * `nhuv ; = * 0 ;; = * uhnwv lb {e}uivnlh( Wae vcè talie chci~vnv ùvw ke glhe bl{ere{~ vnhdie }cn{ lb N-F chg E-F valth nh l{ge{ wl jhlt cw wae ehg nh tacw gn{efwnlh chg tnwa tacwged{ee lb nhwehvnw~ wae N-F nv dlnhd wl ke enwae{ }uvaeg ctc~ l{ cww{cfweg k~ nwv vu{{luhgnhd

ehrn{lhèhw( Cffl{gnhd wl wacw) wae N-F nh wae Bndu{e 2 nv dlnhd wl ke {e}eiieg cw wae ehg k~ 352 * uhnwvlb eiefw{l`cdhewnf bl{fe }lnhwnhd u} chg wl wae iebw?

Bl{ wae bn{vw; inhev lb wae gncd{c`) N vn`}inbneg klwa hu`ke{v ! ;; = chg 32=. k~ wae vcè bcfwl{v wnii Nw{chvbl{èg klwa nhwl v`ciie{ tl{jckie hu`ke{v bl{ è( Cffl{gnhd wl wacw) ;; = , 7= 0 5(5 chg 32= , 7=0 7( N c{knw{c{ni~ cvvndheg wl klwa vn`}inbneg hu`ke{v wae uhnw fehwnèwe{) vl;; = 0 5(5 f` chg 32= 0 7f`( Waeh N cggeg klwa refwl{v !waen{ f`. nh c }c}e{ uvnhd wae èwalg lb wae }c{ciieild{c` wl bnhg waen{fl`knheg gn{efwnlh) chg waeh ècvu{eg wae iehdwa nh fehwnèwe{v lb wacw {evuiwchw refwl{) kenhd wacw6(1 f`( Heqw) N ùiwn}ineg 6(1 f` k~ 7= wl bnhg luw wae `cdhnwuge lb wacw {evuiwchw refwl{) bnhgnhd wacwwae N-F acg keeh {e}eiieg wltc{gv wae Hl{watevw k~ 35 ; * fac{dev) }{lgufw lb wae fl`knheg`cdhnwugev chg gn{efwnlh lb bl{fev lb wae ; 7= * chg 31= * E-F fl`}lhehwv( Wae chdie lb wae refwl{fluig civl ke fcifuicweg) kuw iew uv {eè`ke{ wacw ch~tc~ wacw c`luhw tluig hlw ke `l{e wach chevwn`cwe) wae vcè cv wae gn{efwnlh chg `cdhnwuge lb wae {evuiwchw refwl{ bluhg) vnhfe klwa te{e`cwe{ncinzeg ouvw b{l` lkve{rcwnlh chg c{knw{c{~ hu`ke{v {ev}efwnrei~( Nb lhe gc~ c `cfanhe nv f{ecwegwl ècvu{e tnwa eqcfwnwug wae gn{efwnlh lb wae bl{fe chg uiwn`cwe `cdhnwuge lb ere{~ eiefw{l`cdhewnfeqw{c-}e{vlhci ehwnw~ cbbefwnhd ch N-F l{ N-C !chg waen{ ècvu{ev wll.) te fluig waeh uve eqcfw hu`ke{v

wl lkwcnh `cwae`cwnfci cffu{cf~( Nh wae èchwnè) iew v flhwnhue }ic~nhd tnwa `~ hu`ke{v( Wae 35;

*fac{dev cggeg wl wae 6 {g( inhe lb ; 5 * fac{dev valteg è wacw? 35 ; , ; = 0 4(2 f` chg ; 5 , ; = 0 3( ; 5 f`vu` c {evuiwchw {e}eiinhd refwl{ lb 2(6 f` q ; = 0 3 ; 2 * fac{dev }lnhwnhd wltc{gv wae Hl{watevw( Hlt)inhev 5 chg 2 tnwa cww{cfwnre bl{fev? 75 , 3= 0 7(5 f` chg 55 , 3= 0 5(5 f` vu` ch cww{cfwnre refwl{ lb 2( ; q 3= 0 2 ; - fac{dev }lnhwnhd wltc{gv wae Vluwatevw( Wae icvw wanhd te acre wl gl nv wl chcinze waerefwl{nci fl`knhcwnlh !wanv wnè c vukw{cfwnlh. kewteeh 3 ; 2 * chg 2 ; -) vl 3 ; 2 , ; = 0 2(6 f` chg 2 ; , ; =0 2( ; f` tanfa }{lgufe c {evuiwchw refwl{ lb 4(1 f` q ; = 0 352 * fac{dev } lnhwnhd wltc{gv wae



Hl{watevw !wae gn{efwnlh lb wae refwl{ 2 ; - tcv {ere{veg b{l` Vluwatevw wl Hl{waecvw nh l{ge{ wl kecggeg wl wae gn{efwnlh lb wae refwl{ 3 ; 2 *.(

]LVVNKIE C]]INFCWNLHV CHG ]AEHL@EHLHV EQ]ICHCWNLHV UVNHD WAE WAEL[^?

3( W{creinhd kcfj nh wnè?

Nb cw c falveh dnreh `lèhw !bet veflhgv l{ ereh `nhuwev. ch~ eiefw{l`cdhewnf erehw) nhfiugnhd c inrenhw{c}e{vlhci ehwnw~ chg anv,ae{ vu{{luhgnhdv !}el}ie) wanhdv) tecwae{) ewf(. fluig ke {efldhnzeg cv ctalie kuw civl cii lb nwv fl`}lhehwv vf{uwnhnzeg lhe c}c{w b{l` wae lwae{ wl wae re{~ icvw cwl`nfeiefw{l`cdhewnf nhgnrnguci gewcni !dewwnhd wae talie chg v}efnbnf eiefw{l`cdhewnf cwl`nf fl` } lvnwnlhl{ E@CF lb wae erehw.) te fluig f{ecwe ch eiefw{l`cdhewnf w{ngnèhvnlhci !rliuèw{nf. `c} l{rnvucinzcwnlh lb vufa erehw) hcèi~ wae } lvnwnlh chg fac{de lb ere{~ lb nwv cwl`v) gnvwchfev c`lhdwae` chg gn{efwnlhv chg `cdhnwugev lb waen{ nhwe{cfwnre bl{fev ( Nb walve cwl`v te{e }el}ie) wae {evuiwfluig ke ehrnvnlheg inje c w{ngnèhvnlhci cwl`nf }alwld{c}a lb wae }el}ie nh wae erehw hlw iecrnhdch~lhe luw) vl taeh ~lu illj cw wae }nfwu{e cw c icwe{ wnè !`lhwav) ereh ~ec{v. ~lu ii vwnii veeere{~klg~ wae{e tnwa waen{ vnzev) fl`}ieqnlhv chg {eicwnre }lvnwnlhv tnwanh waen{ vu{{luhgnhdehrn{lhèhw( Bl{ nhvwchfe) ch cwl`nf }nfwu{e lb ; }el}ie tl{jnhd vnge-k~-vnge cw c fl`}uwe{ v gevj) lhew~}nhd c è`l chg wae lwae{ ecwnhd( Wl wcje wae E@CF }nfwu{e lb wacw ve}c{cweg erehw tanfa nhfiugev ouvw re{~ v}efnbnf eiefw{l`cdhewnf nwe`v) walve nwe`v valuig ke eqw{cfweg l{ nvlicweg b{l` wae hcwu{ci]E@ ! } a~vnfci-eiefw{l`cdhewnf ̀ eva. ( Waeh c `cfanhe bl{ wacw }u{}lve tluig acre wl ke f{ecweg wl kel}e{cweg nh c ick) }e{ac}v fciieg wae E@@ !Eiefw{l`cdhewnf @c }} e{. }e{ac}v kcveg lh v} efw{lèw{~ l{ cwl`nf ckvl{ } wnlh v} efw{lvfl } ~( Bl{ c ic{de{ vfcie eiefw{l`cdhewnf `c}v) `c~ke c ic{de{ E@@ fluigke `luhweg lh c aeinfl}we{) ereh lh c vcweiinwe)wl wcje eiefw{l`cdhewnf }nfwu{ev lb vnhdie l{ flhwnhuluverehwv nh wae l{ge{ lb `niev ac}}ehnhd lh Ec{wa(

Hlt) nb wae v}efnbnf cwl`nf }nfwu{e !gcwc. lb c `lèhwc{~ l{ ilhde{ erehw {ednvwe{eg nh wae }cvw fluigke {e}{lgufeg ~ec{v icwe{ k~ {ecvve`kinhd nwv cwl`nf `c} wa{luda beegnhd wae gcwc b{l` wae E@@ nhwlch Eiefw{l`cdhewnf [eflhvw{ufwnre Fac`ke{ l{ E@[F !vee `l{e lb wanv keilt. flhvesuehwi~ {e}ic~nhdwalve lhfe ac}}eheg cwl`nf nhwe{cfwnlhv) waeh te tluig acre {einreg ch erehw b{l` wae }cvw( Te jhltwacw nh wae }a~vnfci tl{ig cv te jhlt nw) nhbl{`cwnlh fch w ke gevw{l~eg) hlw ereh nh c kicfj alie v erehwal{nzlh ( Waeh nb wae cbl{eèhwnlheg tluig ke }lvvnkie) te fluig }ic~ wae erehw b{l` wae kednhhnhd wlnwv ehg l{ ereh kcfjtc{gv inje taeh ~lu }uva wae kuwwlh {etnhg tanie tcwfanhd ch lhdlnhd `lrne( Nb te fluig {ere{ve c vesuehfe lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf erehwv nh wae vcè eqcfw l{ge{ wacw wae~ ac}}ehegbl{tc{g) waeh nw nv }lvvnkie wl w{crei kcfj nh wnè wl {e-eq}e{nehfe inre {eci erehwv cv wae~ lhfeac}}eheg) cv ilhd cv te }lvvevv wae hefevvc{~ eiefw{l`cdhewnf gcwc nh suevwnlh(

; ( [evu{{efwnlh?

Nh wae vcè l{ge{ lb ngecv) }el}ie fluig ke {evu{{efweg l{ k{ludaw kcfj wl inbe nb te {eflhbndu{cwe nh waeick wae eqcfw eiefw{l`cdhewnf cwl`nf fl` } lvnwnlh !E@CF. lb wae gecg }e{vlh( Vl) nb ere{~ 3= ~ec{v l{vl) c }e{vlh nv cwl`nfcii~ vfchheg wl bnie anv,ae{ fl`}lvnwnlh ! E@CF. cw wacw wnè chg vl lh) u}lh gecwaae,vae fluig ke k{ludaw kcfj wl inbe cw ch~ cde falveh b{l` wae bnie( Kuw) vnhfe ere{~wanhd nv cw cii wnèvnhwe{flhhefweg nh c fu{{ehw cwl`nf lhdlnhd èva) alt wl nhic~ ch E@CF lb wae }cvw tnwanh waeE@CF lb



wae fu{{ehw erehwv< Nw `ndaw hlw ke }lvvnkie wl nvlicwe lhe b{l` chlwae{ nh lhe v}lw lb wae fu{{ehw}a~vnfci tl{ig !wae E@[F.) uhievv te fl`e u} tnwa ic~e{v lb }u{e heuw{lhv !Heuw{lhnf N` } e{`eckie@e`k{chev -HN@v. wacw fch ke eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ `chn}uicweg cw wae cwl`nf ierei wl buhfwnlh cv ckc{{ne{ lb nvlicwnlh kewteeh wae fu{{ehw erehwv chg wae }cvw lhev !vee Bndu{e 4 keilt.( Nw tluig kehefevvc{~ wl acre ; HN@v) lhe ve}c{cwnhd wae {eflhvw{ufweg erehw b{l` wae }cvw b{l` wae fu{{ehw

erehwv nh wae fac`ke{ !ouvw cn{ l{ ereh rcfuu`. fciieg nhwe{hci HN@ l{ NHN@) chg chlwae{ lheve}c{cwnhd wae fu{{ehw erehwv nh flhwcfw tnwa wae NHN@ b{l` wae fu{{ehw erehwv lhdlnhd nh wae luwe{}a~vnfci tl{ig bl{ kewwe{ flhw{li chg nvlicwnlh lb vufa c {eflhvw{ufwnlh( Wacw lhe tluig ke fciiegeqwe{hci HN@ l{ EHN@( Wae erehwv ac}}ehnhd kewteeh wae NHN@ chg wae EHN@ c{e wae fu{{ehw nhhe{erehwv) chg wae erehwv ac}}ehnhd lh wae luwvnge lb wae EHN@ c{e fciieg wae fu{{ehw luwe{ erehwv(

L hfe wae erehw nv fl`}ieweg nh wae E@[F !Eiefw{l`cdhewnf [eflhvw{ufwnre Fac`ke{.) wae NHN@ nv}u{}lvebuii~ gnvnhwed{cweg bliilteg k~ wae EHN@) glnhd c d{cguci chg flhw{liieg nhfl{}l{cwnlh lb wae}cvw erehw nhwl wae fu{{ehw }a~vnfci tl{ig( Nb wae erehw lhfe bnhnvaeg nv gebefwnre l{ nhfl`}iewe) waeerehw fch ke geieweg) waeh wae HN@v) vl wae{e tluigh w ke ch~ {nvj lb ch~ uhgevn{ckie flhwcfw kewteeh

wae gebefwnre }cvw erehw chg wae {eci tl{ig(

Te fch vee wacw wae{e tluig ke c }{lkie` lb v}cfe w{~nhd wl {e}{lgufe kuijne{ l{ ic{de{ vfcieeiefw{l`cdhewnf erehwv nh vufa c in`nweg vnze fac`ke{) kuw }e{ac}v wae `lvw n`}l{wchw l{ vndhnbnfchw}c{wv lb wae erehw fluig ke nwe`nzeg !veiefwnhd waen{ gcwc b{l` wae talie `c}. wl ke bnwweg nh {egufegvfcie fac`ke{v( Ic{de{ vfcie fac`ke{v fluig civl ke flhvw{ufweg) waluda(



Fch ~lu n`cdnhe nb te acg wae gcwc !nb ch~. b{l` wae wnè lb Cgc` chg Ere l{ b{l` wae Wnwchnf vw{cdeg~< Nw tluig ke civl }lvvnkie wl dl kcfj nh wnè wl wae }lnhw tae{e Dlg tcv f{ecwnhd wanhdv) chgcivl wl vf{uwnhnze flhw{lre{vnci anvwl{nfci erehwv wl bnhg luw alt wae~ {ecii~ ac}}eheg( Waeh ~lu tluigvee wae Fau{fa w{~nhd wl kch E@@v chg E@[Fv l{ dlre{hèhwv w{~nhd wl nhwe{be{e(

6( Gîoí ru?

Nv wae eq}e{nehfe lb bee i nhd vu{e wac w lhe a c v tnwhevveg l{ eq}e{nehfeg c het vnwu c wnlh }{ernluv i ~ !c hnhgnrnguci beei v c v waluda c h erehw a c v ci {ecg~ a c }}eheg l{ a c v ac }}eheg nh wae {efehw } c vw.)ci waluda

wae eq c fw fn{fu`vw c hfev lb wae }{ernluv ehfluhwe{ c {e uhfe{w c nh 7(

Wae vcè eqcfw eiefw{l`cdhewnf vfehc{nl wacw lhfe wllj }a~vnfci chg {eci }icfe nh wae tl{ig) fluig kev}lhwcheluvi~ {e}ecweg l{ {e}{lgufeg tnwa fe{wcnh ged{ee lb nheqcfwnwuge }e{wcnheg wl gnvwchfev)}lvnwnlhv) fac{dev chg `cdhnwugev lb wae nhwe{cfwnlhv) kuw wae het erehw nv beiw l{ eq}e{nehfeg cv c rnrng{e}ewnwnlh lb wae lhfe inreg lhe ereh waluda wacw v ac}}ehnhd nh ch uhcuwaehwnf eqw{c-}e{vlhciehrn{lhèhw( Nb wae `lvw vndhnbnfchw }c{wv lb wae erehw c{e tan`vnfcii~ {e}{lgufeg k~ hcwu{e) te tnii{einre wae vcè e`lwnlhv l{ vehvcwnlhv lhfe beiw) }e{ac}v nh c gnbbe{ehw vfehc{nl(

7 ( Cu{c chg cvw{lild~?

Nh }c { c }v~fal i ld~ c hg ` c h~ bl{`v lb v}n{nwu ci }{ c fwnfe)c h c u{ c nvc bnei g lb vukw i e) i u`nhluv { c gn c wnlh

vu}}lveg i ~ vu{{luhgnhd c }e{vlh l{ lkoefw e c fa fl i l{ lb wae c u{ c a c v c }{efnve è c hnhd) nhgnfc wnhdc }{efnve e`lwnlh ci vw c we5(

V}efw{lèw{~ !v}efw{lvfl}~. nv waeevvehwn ci wll i uveg k~ c vw{lhlè{v wl è c vu{e wae fl`}lvnwnlh)fl i l{ c hg we`}e{ c wu{e lb vw c {v wa{luda c hci ~vev lb e`nwweg i ndaw v}efw{ c 2( ]e{ac}v wae cu{c nv waernvucinzcwnlh !nb nw cfwucii~ eqnvwv chg nv becvnkie wl ke veeh. lb wae eiefw{l`cdhewnf fl`}lvnwnlh lb c}e{vlh l{ lkoefw) c fcwnlh l{ chnlh tnwa gnbbe{ehw ged{eev lb }lvnwnre l{ hedcwnre hew fac{dev) chg aehfewae gnbbe{ehw `chnbevweg flil{v(

N glh w keinere wacw cvw{lild~ nv c ve{nluv vfnehfe ) uhievv wae zlgncfci {e}l{wv c{e fc{{neg luw k~cvw{l}a~vnfnvwv( C vw{li lde{v ke i nere wac w wae `lreèhwv c hg }lvnwnlhv lb fe i evwn ci klgnev enwae{ gn{efw i ~ nhb i uehfe i nbe lh E c {wa l{ fl{{ev}lhg wl erehwv eq}e{nehfeg lh c au` c h vf ci e 4 ( Teii) N gl keinere nh wacwwll b{l` wae vwchg}lnhw lb gnvwchw) ~ew }lte{bui nhwe{cfwnre eiefw{l`cdhewnf vfehc{nlv( Vlic{ tnhg) waeuhnre{vci wael{~ lb d{crnwcwnlh) wae flv`nf `nf{ltcre kcfjd{luhg {cgncwnlh) chg wae eiefw{l`cdhewnfv}efw{u` nwveib) c`lhd lwae{ wanhdv) c{e civl nhgnv}uwckie eqc`}iev lb gnvwchw chg }lte{buinhwe{cfwnlhv(

N gnvinje dehe{cinzcwnlhv `cge k~ kuvnhevvèh ckluw wae erehwv lb `~ inbe taeh wae~ c{e hlwvukvwchwncweg k~ vfnehwnbnf {evec{fa(

5( Te fchhlw acre nw cii?

Vnhfe wanv nv ch eiefw{l`cdhewnf tl{ig chg te c{e hlw eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ heuw{ci) ~lu fch acre henwae{cii wae }lvnwnre hl{ hedcwnre fac{dev lb ~lu{ vu{{luhgnhd ehrn{lhèhw tl{jnhd bl{ ~lu cw cii wnèv( Wanv



nv c tl{ig uhge{ flhvwchw tc{ bl{ gl`nhchw fac{dev) enwae{ }lvnwnre l{ hedcwnre) ge}ehgnhd lh waenhw{c}e{vlhci chg eqw{c-}e{vlhci ehwnwnev nhwe{cfwnhd( Nb ~lu c{e w{~nhd wl nhf{ecve c w~}e lb fac{de) wae{etnii ke vlèwanhd l{ vlèlhe l}}lvnhd wacw) chg nb ~lu c{e w{~nhd wl ilve vlè fac{dev vlèwanhd l{vlèlhe tnii bndaw tnwa ~lu wl `cje ~lu jee} wae`( Nb wae ehrn{lhèhw tchwv ~lu wl ilve vlè fac{devchg wacw v tacw ~lu gl) ~lu ii ke nh ch ereh d{ecwe{ gnvcgrchwcde) uhievv ~lu bndaw cdcnhvw wacw w{~nhd wl

fachde ~lu{ ehrn{lhèhw nhvwecg( Nb ~lu c{e ac}}~) }e{ac}v nh wae }{lfevv ~lu uhflhvfnluvi~ `cgevlèlhe eive uhac}}~ !gnv{u}wnhd anv , ae{ fac{dev.( Vnhfe gcni~ te uhge{dl auhg{egv lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwe{cfwnlhv wacw te glh w ereh jhlt) te fchhlw flhw{li wae` wl `cje wae` tl{j bl{uv(

Wae `lvw nhbiuehwnci chg ilhde{ nhwe{cfwnlhv ch~klg~ fluig acre c{e {eicweg wl wae bc`ni~,aluve) olk,lbbnfe) w{chv}l{wcwnlh èwalgv chg b{nehgi~,vehwnèhwci {eicwnlhvan}v( ^lu dew {einereg b{l` tl{j taeh~lu dl lh rcfcwnlhv bl{ wtl teejv) glh w ~lu< Civl) taeh ~lu c{e nh ilre chg jhlt ~lu fchhlw vee ~lu{kl~b{nehg l{ dn{ib{nehg bl{ wtl teejv) cii ~lu tchw wl gl nv vee wae`( ]e{ac}v ~lu `ndaw beei gnvilfcwegb{l` ~lu{ lth bc`ni~ l{ olk) l{ rnfe re{vc( Gl ~lu wanhj wacw cii walve {eci vnwucwnlhv chg `nqwu{ev lb

beeinhdv fluig acre vlèwanhd wl gl tnwa v}efnbnf eiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwe{cfwnlhv< ]e{ac}v kefcuve ~luacre `niinlhv nh wae kchj cbwe{ tnhhnhd wae ilwwe{~ !~lu{ eiefw{l`cdhewnf veib fachdev tnwa wacw{ebiefwnhd ~lu{ het e`lwnlhv) ngecv) cfwnlhv) keinebv) ewf(. ~lu beei hlt wacw ~lu fch w{uvw hl lhech~`l{e !~lu{ b{nehgv l{ ~lu{ bc`ni~ }e{ac}v fachdeg waen{ fac{dev cv teii l{ `c~ke ~lu c{e wae lhi~lhe tal gng. kefcuve wae het knicwe{ci nhwe{cfwnre fac{dev c{eh w wae vcè( Vl) nb ~lu wanhj wacw taeh}uiinhd c v}{nhd nh lhe gn{efwnlh ~lu c{e hlw dlnhd wl ehfluhwe{ ch~ {evnvwchfe) ~lu c{e t{lhd( ^lujhlt) wae lig Hetwlh v cfwnlh - {ecfwnlh wan{g ict( A crnhd ilwv lb `lhe~ !eqw{c-}e{vlhci fl`}lhehw.k{nhdv vlè w~}ev lb vw{evv wacw fluig `cje ~lu{ killg }{evvu{e wl vj~{lfjew !nhw{c}e{vlhcifl`}lhehw.) kuw wae {ecvlh lb ~lu{ ègnfci }{lkie` `ndaw ke c rnfnluv eiefw{l`cdhewnf nhwe{cfwnlh!fcuveg k~ ~lu l{ eq}e{nehfeg k~ ~lu. lh wae bn{vw }icfe) chg hlw wae vw{evv }{lgufeg k~ nw( Vl) ~lu

fchhlw acre nw cii kefcuve wae{e nv ch eiefw{l`cdhewnf }{nfe wl }c~(

Chlwae{ {ecvlh ta~ te) wae au`chv) fchhlw flhw{li lu{ eqw{c-}e{vlhci ehrn{lhèhw kewwe{ nv kefcuvenh wae vcè }{l}l{wnlhv te fchhlw flhw{li lu{ e`lwnlhv) v}lhwcheluv {ecfwnlhv chg cfwnlhv tanfaèch nhw{c}e{vlhci eiefw{l`cdhewnf fachdev( @lvwi~ te {ecfw wl wae c`luhw chg `cdhnwuge lb waeehrn{lhèhwci fac{dev) kenhd wlwcii~ uhctc{e lb taewae{ lu{ {ev}lhvnre nhw{c}e{vlhci eiefw{l`cdhewnffachdev c{e wae `lvw cgesucwe bl{ uv l{ hlw( Te gl !l{ te glh w gl. hlw chwnfn}cwnhd wae {evuiwv(

2( Rn{wucii~ ̀ cjnhd ~lu{ tl{jnhd ehrn{lhèhw c } e{befw bnw bl{ ~lu?

Fch ~lu n`cdnhe wacw) bl{ nhvwchfe) ~lu dlw c olk nh chlwae{ }icfe kefcuve lb wae }{lkie`v ~lu acg nh

wae }{ernluv lhe( Wae bn{vw gc~ ~lu{ klvv weiiv ~lu wl vnw cw ~lu{ gevj bl{ an` wl ècvu{e ~lu{ E@CF!eiefw{l`cdhewnf w~}e chg luw}uw. tnwa ch E@@ wl vee nb ~lu{ gevj) facn{) ]F) wae fc{}ew chg wae fl-tl{je{ heqw wl ~lu) c`lhd lwae{ wanhdv) c{e eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ fl`}cwnkie tnwa ~lu( U}lh nvvuchfe lb wae eiefw{l`cdhewnf {e}l{w ~lu{ klvv weiiv ~lu wacw ~lu c{e c ge}ehgehw nhw{c}e{vlhci-fcwnlh !3== * chg>= -. chg wae fl`knhcwnlh lb ~lu{ gevj) wae fc{}ew chg wae fl-tl{je{ !cii lb wae` fl`knheg te{e cheqw{c-}e{vlhci fcwnlh cv teii lb 6== * chg ; 1= -. {e}ei ~lu tnwa c `lge{cwe nhwehvnw~ !5= %. lb 3= *fac{dev( Wae klvv weiiv ~lu wacw ae ii bnhg c gnbbe{ehw gevj bl{ ~lu tnwa enwae{ 3= `l{e eiefw{lhv !bl{ c



wlwci lb 6== * chg ; >= -. l{ 3= ievv }{lwlhv !bl{ c wlwci lb ; >= * chg ; 1= -. nh nwv eiefw{l`cdhewnffl`}lvnwnlh wl rn{wucii~ `cje ~lu{ tl{jnhd ehrn{lhèhw c }e{befw bnw bl{ ~lu( Glnhd wacw) ~lu{ klvv`ndaw ke vcrnhd ~lu c buwu{e w{n} wl wae alv}nwci gue wl vw{evv l{ eiefw{l`cdhewnf-}v~falvl`cwnfflhgnwnlhv l{ ereh crlngnhd ~lu wl bcii nii tnwa fchfe{(

4( Bnhgnhd ~lu{ hec{ } e{befw `cwfa?

]e{vlhcinwnev c{e hlw c {ebiefwnlh lb waen{ nhgnrnguci eiefw{l`cdhewnf fac{dev( Vl ~lu `c~ wanhj wacwkefcuve ~lu{ }{lbnie c}}c{ehwi~ `cwfaev wl }e{befwnlh wae }{lbnie lb chlwae{ }e{vlh nh lhe lb walvelhinhe gcwnhd vnwev bl{ vnhdiev) ~lu tlh w acre ch~ gnbbe{ehfev l{ gnvf{e}chfnev< Teii) }lvvnkieeiefw{l`cdhewnf gnbbe{ehfev fluig c{nve b{l` dewwnhd `cwfaeg wl ch E-F nb ~lu c{e ch N-F) ereh waluda)bl{ eqc`}ie) klwa `c~ inje chn`civ) ehol~ `lrnev chg gnvinje vfnehwnbnf vwubb( Waeh ~lu `c~ tlhge{ bl{wae {evw lb ~lu{ inrev ta~ nb kenhd klwa vl cinje ~lu fluigh w inre wldewae{( ]e{vlhci E@CFv valuig ke`chgcwl{~ lh walve gcwnhd }{lbniev bl{ ~lu wl bnhg ~lu{ {eci }e{befw `cwfa(

Vl) nb ~lu c{e illjnhd bl{ ~lu{ `cwfa w{~ wl bnhg vlèlhe eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ l}}lveg wl ~lu nh fac{dev(Nb ~lu c{e ch N-F !}lvnwnre. tal bluhg c gl`nhchw !nh hu`ke{ lb fac{dev) hlw }e{vlhcinw~. E-C) {eb{cnhb{l` dewwnhd `l{e hedcwnre fac{dev: nhvwecg) w{~ wl ilve wae {esun{eg c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv hefevvc{~ wl`cwfa tnwa ~lu{ eqfeegnhd }lvnwnre fac{dev) wae c`luhw lb eqfeegnhd hedcwnre fac{dev }{evehw nh ~lu{E-C( Injetnve) nb ~lu c{e c ge}ehgehw N-C bnhg ~lu{veib ch E-F chg dcnh wae hefevvc{~ c`luhw lb hedcwnrefac{dev nh l{ge{ wl ke ckie wl tl{j luw ~lu{ gnbbe{ehfev( Kuw) alt gl te jhlt taewae{ wl ilve l{ dcnheiefw{lhv nh rc{nluv vnwucwnlhv< Chg) alt gl te gl wacw<

Bn{vw) ~lu fluig ke ctc{e lb ~lu{ biufwucwnhd `lèhwc{~ nhgnrnguci eiefw{l`cdhewnf fachdev nb wae{etcv) bl{ nhvwchfe) c tcwfa tnwa c kuniw-nh ]l{wckie Eiefw{l`cdhewnf @c }} e{ !]E@@. ècvu{nhd ~lu{fac{de chg luw}uw cw cii wnèv nh {ev}lhve wl ehrn{lhèhwci l{ nhw{c}e{vlhci bcfwl{v( Nb wa{luda wae

] E@@ te jhlt bl{ eqc`}ie wacw v`ninhd v}lhwcheluvi~ nv ch cfwnlh wacw vukw{cfwv b{l` ~lu ; eiefw{lhvnh ~lu{ v}efnbnf fcwnlhnf l{ chnlhnf veib) l{ wacw ~eiinhd cggv wl ~lu 3 eiefw{lh) ~lu fluig jhlt tacweiefw{l`cdhewnf {e}e{fuvvnlhv ~lu fluig fcuve nh ~lu{veib chg ~lu{ ehrn{lhèhw taeh ~lu v`nie l{~eii( Wae ngec tluig hlw ke wl uve wacw gcwc wl w{chvbl{` ~lu{veib nhwl ch uhcuwaehwnf) uhflhw{liieg chggefenrnhd eiefw{l`cdhewnf re{vnlh lb ~lu wl `chn}uicwe chg flhw{li }el}ie l{ vnwucwnlhv) }u{}lvebuii~ècvu{nhd luw chg ouvw }l{w{c~nhd v}efnbnf chg flhrehnehw eiefw{l`cdhewnf luw}uwv chg fac{dev nh l{ge{wl buibnii ~lu{ eiefw{l`cdhewnf cdehgc( L h wae flhw{c{~) wae ngec tluig ke wl }l{w{c~ ~lu{eiefw{l`cdhewnf w{cnwv wl lwae{v nh ch alhevw chg l}eh tc~ vl wae~ tluig jhlt tacw wl eq}efw nh wae{eicwnlhvan}) wauv `cjnhd }e{befw `cwfaev c {eci }lvvnkninw~( Bl{ eqc` } ie) nb ~lu c{e ch N-F !3== * chg >=- 0 eqfevv lb 3= * fac{dev. tal dcnhv eiefw{lhv !3== * chg >5 - 0 eqfevv lb 5 * fac{dev. ere{~ wnè ~lu

dew `cg cw vlèwanhd !~lu dew ecvni~ `cg) waeh }nfj c bndaw.) nw nv }e{befwi~ bnhe) kuw glh w dew `nqeg tnwach E-C !; 1= * chg 6== - 0 eqfevv lb ; = - fac{dev. tal civl dcnhv eiefw{lhv gu{nhd hlhvehve c{duèhwv!; 1= * chg 6=5 - 0 eqfevv lb ; 5 - fac{dev.) kefcuve ~lu klwa c{e dlnhd wl d{lt eiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ c}c{wb{l` nhnwnci gnbbe{ehfev lb 3= - fac{dev lb `cdhnwuge !3= * rv( ; = -. wl k{lcge{ n{{eflhfnickiegnbbe{ehfev lb ; = - fac{dev !5 * rv( ; 5 -.( Nhvwecg ~lu valuig cn` wl enwae{ ch E-C tal glev hlw dcnh ch~eiefw{lhv taeh ~lu dew `cg !5 * rv( ; = - 0 35 -. l{ ereh kewwe{) ch E-C tal ilvev eiefw{lhv ! ; 1= * chg; >5 - 0 eqfevv lb 35 - fac{dev. taeh ~lu dew `cg !5 * rv( 35 - 0 3= - fac{dev.( Nb wae E-C ~lu c{e tnwa



ilvev wae vcè c`luhw lb eiefw{lhv wacw ~lu dcnh taeh ~lu dew `cg) waeh ~lu klwa tnii {e`cnh cw waevcè nhnwnci chg tl{jckie ierei lb eiefw{l`cdhewnf gnbbe{ehfev !3= - fac{dev. ereh waluda ~lu dlw `cg)}nfjeg c bndaw chg wae E-C acweg nw (

1( Bnhgnhd l{ f{ecwnhd ~lu{ nhgnrngucii~ c }} {l } {ncwe} icfe nh wae tl{ig?

Nb ~lu fch fc{ebuii~ bnhg ~lu{ ci`lvw }e{befw eiefw{l`cdhewnf flu}ie chg ~lu{ olk fch keeiefw{l`cdhewnfcii~ fuvwl`nzeg bl{ ~lu) chg ~lu uhge{vwchg wacw ~lu fchhlw acre nw cii) chg }e{ac}v~lu fch ereh flhw{li wae flil{ lb ~lu{ cu{c !nb vufa c wanhd cfwucii~ eqnvwv chg fch ke flhw{liieg.) waeh cii~lu acre wl gl nv }ich tae{e nh wae eiefw{nfcii~ fac{deg tl{ig ~lu ii }icfe ~lu{ dehewnfcii~ nhgufeg`cdhewnf wehgehf~(

^lu g ke ckie wl jhlt tae{e chg ta~ vlè lb ~lu{ }{lkie`v te{e f{ecweg) taeh chg ta~ ~lu c{elre{vw{evveg) tacw fluig acre keeh wae l{ndnh lb ~lu{ niihevv) ta~ ~lu beei tacw ~lu beei chg nh{ev}lhve wl tacw) l{ ta~ ~lu c{eh w ehwn{ei~ ac}}~) nh l{ge{ wl c}}i~ wl ~lu{ inbe v}efnbnf) c}}{l}{ncwechg ebbefwnre fl{{efwnre ècvu{ev(

[EBE[EHFEV?

3( E iefw{nf Fac{de chg Eiefw{nf Bl{fe) Del{dnc ]e{nèwe{ Fliiede)aww}?,,bcfvwcbb(d}f(egu,x}dl{e,]a~vnfciVfnehfe,eiefw{nf-fac{de(awì

; ( Kcvnf @lgei lb wae Cwl`( Nhw{lgufwnlh wl Cwl`v k~ Chhe @c{ne A eièhvwnhe) ]a(G(: Ckluw(fl`Dunge) aww}?,,fae`nvw{~(ckluw(fl`,lg,cwl`nf`liefuic{vw{ufwu{e,c,cc=2 ; 1=7c(aw`

6( Fl`}lvnwnlh lb wae A u`ch Klg~( Tnjn}egnc) wae b{ee ehf~fil}egnc)aww}?,,eh(tnjn}egnc(l{d,tnjn,Fl`}lvnwnlh\lb\wae\au`ch\klg~

7( Gîoí ru( Tnjn}egnc) wae b{ee ehf~fil}egnc) aww}?,,eh(tnjn}egnc(l{d,tnjn,G%F6%C>o%F6%C=\ru

5( Cu{c( Tnjn}egnc) wae b{ee ehf~fil}egnc) aww}?,,eh(tnjn}egnc(l{d,tnjn,Cu{c\!}c{chl{`ci.

2( A lt wl @ecvu{e wae Fl`}lvnwnlh lb Vwc{v k~ Fc{ic Kluinchhe( e A lt) aww}?,,ttt(ealt(fl`,alt\7512474\ècvu{e-fl`}lvnwnlh-vwc{v(awì

4( Cvw{lild~( Tnjn}egnc) wae b{ee ehf~fil}egnc) aww}?,,eh(tnjn}egnc(l{d,tnjn,Cvw{lild~

theory of the electromagnetic causality

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