therapeutic plants of ayurveda: a review of selected ... · therapeutic plants of ayurveda 407 als...

THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINEVolume 7, Number 5, 2001, pp. 405–515Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Therapeutic Plants of Ayurveda: A Review of SelectedClinical and Other Studies for 166 Species

SARAH KHAN M.S., M.P.H., C.N.S., and MICHAEL J. BALICK, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

This paper reports on the results of a literature survey involving 166 different species of plantsused in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, based on a sampling of the literature available to us. Wefound a wide range of clinical and other in vivo studies for many of the plant-based therapiesutilized in the Ayurvedic system. Of the 166 plants investigated, 72 (43%) had at least one ormore human studies and 103 (62%) had one or more animal studies. These results appear to con-tradict the generally held notion that herbal remedies used in non-Western systems of botani-cal medicine have not been evaluated in human or in vivo trials. Some of these studies are notalways as large or methodologically rigorous as clinical studies reported in major medical jour-nals. Indeed, a critical assessment of the research according to the standards of evidence-basedmedicine would eliminate many of these studies for lack of rigor according to criteria of ran-domization, sample size, adequacy of controls, etc. However, the studies do suggest whichspecies might be appropriate for larger and better-controlled trials in the future. Accordingly, asynopsis of the plants, their therapeutic applications, and their clinical or experimental evalua-tions is presented.

405

INTRODUCTION

Non-Western healing systems that utilizebotanical medicines are often criticized be-

cause of a supposed paucity of in vivo studies tosupport the safety and efficacy of individualplants or plant mixtures. For example, Barrett etal. (1999) state that therapies outside the med-ical mainstream suffer from a dearth of researchand critical evaluation. From a biomedical par-adigm, rigorous studies include those that pro-vide randomized controlled data on efficacy aswell as information on toxicity, dosage, method

of use, and adverse reactions. Few herbals orother references available to practitioners ofbotanical medicine contain information about,or citations of, clinical trials or related studies.At the same time, billions of people around theworld have studied and utilized ancient med-ical systems such as Ayurveda (translated as the“science of life”) for centuries.

To evaluate the availability of studies onplants used in Ayurveda, we conducted asearch in two databases as well as other sourcesof information, using a list of 166 species thatare important to this system of medicine.

Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.

ORIGINAL PAPERS

KHAN AND BALICK406

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted between Janu-ary 1996 and January 2000. The databasessearched were MEDLINE® and NAPRALERT.In addition, we collected literature on tradi-tional medicine and searched two Indian jour-nals not included in MEDLINE: Aryavaidyanand the Indian Journal of Medical Research. Thesepublications were selected, based on theiravailability to us, as examples of Indian jour-nals that report on studies of plants and theirtreatment of disease. There are many other In-dian journals that contain a great deal of valu-able information; however, they were not ac-cessible to us—we expect that, if access to thistype of traditional knowledge can be facilitatedin some way, much more information of inter-est could be located. In this paper, we only con-sider those studies that include individualplants or mixtures of plants consistent with thephilosophy of Ayurveda. We did not includesix species that have been reported on in manyjournals, in both human and animal studies: Al-lium sativum L., Cannabis indica Lam., Digitalispurpurea L., Papaver somniferum L., Rauwolfiaserpentina L., and Zingiber officinalis Roscoe.However, we did include these species in thecalculation of percentage of animal and humantrials of the 166 Ayurvedic medicinal plants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Summary of human studies

A summary of the human studies and thespecies included in the plant mixtures are pre-sented in Table 1: Ayurvedic Plants and Hu-man Studies. The disease categories listed inTable 1 are graphically depicted in Figure 1 asbreakdown into eleven disease categories forthe 166 plants (minus the six species alreadydocumented) with human studies. The diseasecategories include: antimicrobial; antimuta-gens; cardiovascular; dermatology; Diabetesmellitus; gastrointestinal; liver dysfunction; nervous system; pain/inflammation; renal/blood/immune system; and other. There are atotal of 145 effects based on the 66 human stud-ies. In a few instances, when one plant demon-

strated more than one effect, i.e., reduction ofboth blood glucose and triglyceride levels, theeffect was counted in both the cardiovascularand Diabetes mellitus categories. For the sake ofcomparison, Figure 2 represents a breakdownof drugs used in the U.S. pharmacopoeia ac-cording to treatment category based on thework of Paul Cox (1994).

Table 2 is a detailed list of all the plants, or-ganized by genus and species, with the familynames. Information on common Sanskrit andEnglish names is also presented, as well asmention of the plant part used, preparation anddosage used in the study, design, model andsample size when known, results (negative andpositive), and the original reference that wasexamined. Forty-three percent (43%) (a total of72) of the species in Table 2 contain referenceto one or more studies with humans and 62%(a total of 103) of the species listed in this tablecontain reference to at least one animal trial.Careful examination of the studies revealed avariation in sample size, quality of research,and presentation of results. However, there isa great deal of interesting information con-tained in these studies, representing a signifi-cant accumulation of evidence supporting theefficacy of plant therapies used in Ayurveda.Although the table is quite long and detailed,there are a number of plants exhibiting im-pressive therapeutic effects in humans. At thesame time, this corpus of information serves topoint the way to species that deserve furtherstudy, both in animal models and at the clinic.Toward this end, we suggest the adoption of“Good Botanical Practices” (Balick, 1999) withproperly collected, vouchered materials usedto produce the phytotherapies under study.This is the only way that reproducibility of re-sults can be assured, should further testing bewarranted.

CONCLUSIONS

Plants have long been the principal tools oftraditional medical systems. Although ancientin origins, many traditional medical paradigmsand their pharmacopoeias have evolved intoquite sophisticated healing systems, usingthousands of plants and other natural materi-

THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 407

als such as minerals and animal products. Inmany parts of the world, traditional medicineis still used to provide the major part of pri-mary health care. The World Health Organiza-tion has estimated that the majority of theworld’s population depends on botanical med-icines for basic health care needs (Akerele,1985). Reasons for this include the fact thatthese local systems are culturally acceptable,cheaper for many conditions as compared tobiomedicine, and efficacious in many of the cir-cumstances in which they are used.

In a recent editorial in the New England Jour-nal of Medicine, the editors cautioned against the

use of herbal medicines as “a reversion to irra-tional approaches to medical practice” (Angelland Kassirer, 1998). In this paper, we have at-tempted to dispel the all-too-commonly heldnotion that no clinical or other evidence existsto support the use of plants used in traditionalmedical systems. We acknowledge that someof the studies are not as rigorous as desired be-cause of resource or other limitations. How-ever, the work described in this review canserve to help guide future studies by pointingout promising therapies, and thus research av-enues, for specific conditions. In the case ofAyurvedic medicine, Indian journals, often re-

FIG. 1. Ayurvedic medicinal plant uses, classified according to the treatment categories. (Based on human studies,n 5 66).

FIG. 2. U.S. Pharmacopoeia drug uses, classified according to the treatment categories. From Cox, 1994.

gional or those published by individual re-search centers, are rich in experimental studiesas well. This exercise has also pointed out theneed for access to such publications, via greaterinternational cooperation involving informa-tion exchange.*

This study has been limited by our own ac-cess to information and there are numerous ad-ditional journals that contain information onplants and complex mixtures of plants pre-pared according to traditional formulationsused in the Ayurvedic medical system. Wehave undertaken this task in the hope that someof the initial studies presented may help to di-rect research on plants deserving of more in-tensive evaluation as clinical therapies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Scott Gerson, M.D., Ph.D.,medical director of the National Institute ofAyurvedic Medicine, Brewster, NY, for pro-viding us with a listing of the species ofAyurvedic medicinal plants discussed in thispaper. We would like to thank the following:the NAPRALERT staff for providing informa-tion on clinical trials, The New York BotanicalGarden Library (for interlibrary loans); JenniferCooper of Nature’s Herbs for providing refer-ences on some of the plants; The Asian Eco-nomic Botany Fund of The New York BotanicalGarden (for funding travel and SK salary); andThe New York Botanical Garden Institute of

Economic Botany, Bronx, NY, staff and interns:Jan Stevenson, Kate Armstrong (1998 EverettPublic Service Intern), Kelvin Chan (volunteer),with special thanks to Rebekka Stone (ResearchAssistant), and Roberta Lee M.D. We wouldalso like to express our gratitude to GerryBodeker, Ed.D., for his thoughtful commentson the piece, and to Jackie Wootton, M.Ed., andKim Jobst, M.A., D.M., M.R.C.P., M.F.Hom.

We are also grateful to The Philecology Trustand The Metropolitan Life Foundation for theirgenerous support of Michael Balick’s researchprogram in ethnomedicine.

REFERENCES

Angell M, Kassirer, JP. Alternative medicine: The risks ofuntested and unregulated remedies [editorial]. N Eng-land J Med 1998;339:839–841.

Akerele O. The WHO Traditional Medicine Programme:Policy and Implementation. International TraditionalHealth Newsletter. Geneva, Switzerland: World HealthOrganizations, 1985;1:1.

Balick MJ. Good Botanical Practices. In Eskinazi D (ed)Botanical Medicine: Efficacy, Quality, Assurance, andRegulation. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.,1999:121–125.

Barrett B, Kiefer D, Rabago D. Assessing the risks andbenefits of herbal medicine: An overview of scientificevidence. Altern Ther Health Med 1999;5(4):40–49.

Cox, P. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery:Strengths and limitations. In: Chadwick D, Marsh J(eds). Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs. JohnWiley & Sons, 1994:25–36.

Address reprint requests to:Michael J. Balick, Ph.D.

The New York Botanical GardenBronx, NY 10458

E-mail: [email protected]

KHAN AND BALICK408

*The Foundation for the Revitilization of Local HealthTraditions (www.frlht-india.org) founded by DarshanShankar in 1991 is one such pioneering organization ded-icated to the conservation of Indian biodiversity and lo-cal health traditions and cultures.

409

APPENDIX toTherapeutic Plants of AyurvedaTables 1 and 2 and Illustrations

410

TABLE 1. AYURVEDIC PLANTS WITH HUMAN STUDIES

Aegle marmelos Irritable bowel syndromeShigellosis

Allium cepa ColicHyperlipidemiaScar treatmentStomach carcinoma

Aloe barbendensis AntidiabeticBurn woundsPsoriasis

Andrographis paniculata Common cold (23)Fever, sore throatHepatocellular jaundicePyuria, hematuriaStenosis, restenosisViral hepatitis

Areca catechu Diphyllobothrium latum infectionInflammatory bowel disease

Artemisia vulgaris Postoperative blood loss, bacteriuriaAsparagus racemosus Calculi on kidney, urinary bladder

Gastric emptyingAzadirachta indica Congestive heart failure

Mosquito repellant (23)ScabiesVaginal contraceptiveVitiligo

Bacopa monnieri Irritable bowel syndromeBoerhavia diffusa Congestive heart failureBoswellia serrata Ulcerative colitis

OsteoarthritisRheumatoid arthritis

Butea monosperma GiardiasisWorm infestations, Ascaris lumbricoides

Capsicum annuum Cluster headaches (23)Diabetic neuropathy (23)Herpes zosterHerpetic neuralgia (33)Local stump pain due to amputationPost herpetic neuralgia (23) Postmastectomy pain syndromeSmall fiber function

Carum carvi ObstipationCedrus deodara Congestive heart failureCocos nucifera Coronary heart disease

ImmunotherapyOral rehydration therapy

Cuminum cyminum Diabetes mellitusCurcuma longa Cancerous lesions (external)

Gastric ulcersOsteoarthritisScabiesSerum lipid peroxides (decrease)Urinary mutagens (decrease)

Cyperus rotundus Intestinal metaplasia, atypical hyperplasia of gastricmucosa

Daucus carota Inhibition of endogenous nitrosationMalignant mesotheliomaMetabolic parameters (no adverse changes)Oxidation in copper-oxidized LDL (decrease)Risk of vulvar cancer (decrease)

Dolichos biflorus Binding to healthy oral mucosaEmbelia ribes Acne vulgaris

Worm infestation, Ascaris lumbricoidesEmblica officinalis Gastrointestinal disease

Serum cholesterol levelsViral hepatitis

Eugenia jambolana Decreases in mean blood sugar valuesFoeniculum vulgare Chronic nonspecific colitis

411

Glycyrrhiza glabra Acne vulgarisChronic duodenal ulcers (23)Chronic hepatitisHyperkalemia in Diabetes mellitus

Gossypium herbaceum Male antifertility (33)Gymnema sylvestre Mean blood sugar values (decrease) (23)

Serum lipids (decrease)Sweetness perception (decrease)

Holarrhena antidysenterica Facial acneHydrocotyle asiatica ShigellosisLinum usitatissimum N-3 fatty acids (increase)

Postprandrial glucose (decrease)Mallotus philippensis Worm infestations, Ascaris lumbricoidesMoringa oleifera Perceived pain relief, accelerated expulsion of wormsMucuna pruriens Parkinson’s diseaseMyristica fagrans Calculi in kidneys and urinary bladderNardostachys jatamansi Facial acneNelumbo nucifera HyperlipidemiaOcimum sanctum Non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitusOryza sativa Oral rehydration therapyPaederia foetida ShigellosisPeucedanum graveolens Vitamin A/b-carotene contentPicrorhiza kurrooa Bronchial asthma

Congestive heart failureViral hepatitisVitiligo

Piper longum Bioavailability of certain drugs (increase)Disappearance of Giardia lamblia

Piper nigrum No damage to human gastric mucosaPueraria tuberosa Migraine headachesRaphanus sativus No adverse effects to metabolic parametersRheum emodi Prevent chronic renal failureRicinus communis Binding of healthy oral mucosaRubia cordifolia Cardiac functionSalvadora persica Peridontal diseaseSantalum album Facial acne

Urinary tract infectionSaussurea lappa Reduced frequency of anginaSesamum indicum WartsStrychnos nux-vomica Nonketotic hyperglycemiaSwertia chirata Decrease in mean blood sugar valuesTamarindus indica Bioavailability of drugs (increase) (23)

Decrease pain, accelerated expulsion of wormsTaraxacum officinale Chronic colitisTephrosia purpurea Decrease in mean blood sugar valuesTerminalia arjuna Severe refractory heart failure

Stable angina pectorisTerminalia bellirica Acne vulgarisTerminalia chebula Acne vulgaris

Congestive cardiac failureTinospora cordifolia Calculi on kidney or urinary bladder

Congestive heart failureManagement of obstructive jaundice

Tribulus terrestris Calculi on kidney and urinary bladderRemission of angina pectoris

Trigonella foenum-graecum Hypolipidemic effect (23)Postprandial glucose levels (decrease)Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides (decrease)

Valeriana jatamansi Infantile rotavirus enteritisMild hypnotic actionMild insomnia, decrease sleep latencySleep quality

Withania somnifera Calculi on kidney and urinary bladderOsteoarthritisPsychomotor performanceRheumatoid arthritis

LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cho-lesterol.

412

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

Acorus calamus

L.

Alcoh

olic extract of dried

Rats

Decrease in sev

erity of m

axim

um

Martis G, et al. Neu

roph

armacolog

ical

ACORACEAE

rhizom

es: 1 kg

coa

rse

electric sho

ck ind

uced seizu

res in rats

activity of Acorus calamus

L.

Vacha

pow

der

was dem

onstrated.

Fitoterapia LXII, 1

991;4:33

1–33

7.Sw

eet Flat

Acorus calamus

Ethan

olic extract of Acorus

Rats, m

ice

Extract has sho

wn sedative, ana

lgesic,

Voh

ora SB

, et al. Cen

tral nervo

uscalamus rhizo

mes. H

ot

mod

erately hy

potensive an

dsy

stem

studies on an

ethan

ol

extract distilla

tion

33

resp

iratory qu

alities.

extract of Acorus calamus

L.

poo

led, c

oncentrated

rhizom

es. J E

thno

pharm

and dried

1990

;28:53

–62.

Aegle marmelos

Dried

unr

ipe fruit pow

der

Ran

domized

,Treatmen

t of shige

llosis with these

Haider R

, et al. Eva

luation of ind

ige-

(L.) Corrêa

of Aegle marmelos;

dou

ble-blind,

plan

ts did not sho

w any

clin

ical

nous plan

ts in the trea

tmen

t of

RUTACEAE

dried

pow

der plant of

clinical trial:

impr

ovem

ent or bacteriolog

ical cure

acute shige

llosis. Trop G

eogr M

edBilu

aHydrocotyle asiatica;

82 m

en w

ith

as com

pared to am

picillin.

1991

;43(3):266

–270

.Bael tree

dried

pow

der of Poederia

shigellosis

foetida

Aegle marmelos

Metha

nolic

extract of root

Mice

Extract inh

ibited

the

spo

ntan

eous

Kak

iuch

i N, et al. Effects of co

nstitu-

bark Aegle marmelos

beating rate of cu

ltured m

ouse

ents of Beli ( Aegle marmelos

L.) on

10

0 mg/

mL

myo

card

ial cells

by ap

proximately

spon

tane

ous be

ating an

d calcium-

50%.

paradox

of myo

card

ial cells

. Plan

ta

Med

199

1;57

(1):4

3–46

.Aegle marmelos

Ayu

rved

ic preparation:

Clin

ical trial,

In 57 pa

tien

ts, A

yurved

ic prepa

ration

Yad

av SK, e

t al. Irritable bo

wel syn

-Aegle marmelos

and

rand

omized

was effective

in 64.9%, w

hile stand

ard

drome: the

rapeu

tic ev

alua

tion

of

Bacopa monnieri

controlle

d:

therap

y (w

ith clidinium bromide,

indigen

ous dru

gs. Ind

ian J Med

Res

169 pa

tien

tsch

lord

iaze

poxide, isaph

aghu

lla) in

1989

;90:49

6–50

3.with irritable

60 patients was useful 78

.3%. L

ong-

bowel

term

follow-up sh

owed

both form

s of

synd

rome

therap

y were no

better than

placebo

in lim

iting the relaps

e.

Aegle marmelos

Plants lack

ing pyrroliz

idine

Feed

ing

To test tox

icity of plants, plants

Arseculeratne

SN, e

t al. Stud

ies

alka

loids: Aegle marmelos,

trials in rats

prod

uced

hep

atic lesions

tha

t included

of m

edicinal plants of Sri Lan

ka.

Hemidesmus indicus,

central ve

in abn

ormalities. Terminalia

Part 14:

Tox

icity of som

eTerminalia chebula,

chebulaan

d Withania somnifera

trad

itiona

l med

icinal herbs

. JWithania somnifera

prod

uced

marke

d ren

al lesions

.Ethno

pha

rm 198

5;13

(3):3

23–3

35.

413

( continued)

Aegle marmelos

Aqu

eous decoc

tion

s of

Lab

oratory

All plan

ts dem

onstrated significant

Karuna

naya

ke EH, e

t al. Oral hy

po-

Aegle marmelos,

anim

als

hypo

glyc

emic effect in the

ir ability to

glyc

emic activity of som

e med

icinal

Momordica charantia,

decrease the fasting bloo

d gluco

seplants of Sri Lan

ka. J Ethno

pha

rm

Salacia reticulata

leve

l an

d impr

ove gluc

ose toleranc

e.19

84;11(2):223

–231

.Momordica charantia

had the

highe

steffect w

hile Salacia reticulataha

d the

lowest.

Alangium

Extracted

with n-

Mice ex

tract

Sage

is a po

tent inh

ibitor of TPA-ind

uced

Oku

yama T, et al. Studies on

can

cer

salviifolium

(L.f.)

hexa

ne, ethy

l acetate

exam

ined

mou

se ear edem

a. A

ntitum

or

bioc

hemop

reve

ntion of natural

Wan

gerin

and m

etha

nol.

on TPA-

promoting activity guided

the

resources:X

. 1

inhibitory effect of

ALA

NGIA

CEAE

Alls

pice, b

asil, bay

induc

ed ear

separation of the

relatively active

spices onTPA

-enh

anced 3H-cho

line

Ank

ola

leav

es, card

amom

seed,

edem

asp

ices and

led

to the isolation of

inco

rporation in pho

spho

lipids of

Sage

leave

scinn

amon

, cu

min, d

illursolic acid from sag

e. A

ll plan

tsC3h

10T1/

2 cells

and

on TPA

-seed

, dry ginge

r,were high

ly poten

t inhibitors of TPA

-induc

ed m

ouse ear edem

a.

ging

er, h

orseradish,

induc

ed m

ouse ear edem

a.Chin Pha

rm J 199

5;47

(5):4

21–4

30.

marjoram, oreg

ano,

parsley, pink pep

per,

red pe

ppe

r, ros

emary,

sage

, tarrag

on, thym

e,turm

eric, w

hite pep

per

Allium

cepaL.

Allium

cepaintake

Mailed

To assess relations

hips am

ong

Lus

t KD, e

t al. Materna

l intake

of

ALL

IACEAE

question

naire:

compon

ents of the materna

l diet an

dcruc

iferou

s ve

getables and

other

Palan

du

272 mothe

rs:

presenc

e of colic sym

ptom

s am

ong

food

s an

d colic sym

ptom

s in

Onion

infants

527

3ex

clusive

ly breast-fed infan

ts. S

tudy

exclusive

ly breast-fed infan

ts. J A

m

reve

aled

initial eviden

ce tha

t materna

lDietetic Assoc

199

6;96(1):4

6–48

.intake

of on

ions

during

exclusive

breast-feeding is assoc

iated w

ith co

licsymptoms in you

ng infan

ts.

Allium

cepa

Allium

cepaan

d Allium

Nethe

rlan

ds

Strong

inv

erse assoc

iation

between on

ion

Doran

t E, et al. Con

sumption of onion

sativum

cons

umption

Coh

ort Study

cons

umption an

d stomach carcinom

a.an

d red

uced risk of stomach

on diet an

d

carcinom

a. G

asterolenterolog

y canc

er: n

519

96;110

(1):1

2–20

.12

0,85

2 men

an

d w

omen

55

–69 ye

ars

Allium

cepa

Aqu

eous

extracts of

Rats

Garlic

and

onion

can

be inge

sted

Bordia T

, et al. An ev

aluation of

Allium

cepaor Allium

freq

uen

tly in low

dos

es w

itho

ut an

yga

rlic and

onion

as an

tithrombo

tic

sativum

administered

side

effects, a

nd can

still pr

oduc

e a

agen

ts. P

rostag

land

ins Le

uko

Essen

torally or intrap

eri-

sign

ifican

t an

tithrombo

tic effect.

Fatty Acids 19

96;54(3):183

–186

.tone

ally, d

aily for

4 weeks

414

Allium

cepa

Con

tractube

x ge

lClin

ical trial: 3

8In C

ontractube

x grou

p, e

valuation of

Marag

akis M

, et al. Possibilities of

(Mertz 1

Co., D-

child

ren with

therap

eutic resu

lt w

as “go

od” an

dscar treatmen

t after thoracic

Fran

kfurt/Main),

scar formation

“very go

od” in 84%

of cases as

surgery. D

rugs

Und

er Exp

. Clin

containing

10%

onion

after thoracic

compared

to 59

% of untreated

cases.

Res 199

5;21

(5):1

99–2

06.

extract, 50

U sod

ium

surgery.

In treated

group

, scar size w

ashe

parin/

g of gel and

1%

Con

tract-

marke

dly low

er, q

uicke

r paling, and

allantoin

ubex

-treated

conv

ersion

to hy

pertroph

ic or ke

loidal

and 27

scars was less freq

uen

t. Sc

ar specific

untrea

ted

effects of C

ontractube

x persisted

after

compared

.the en

d of trea

tmen

t.Allium

cepa

S-methy

l cy

steine

Allo

xan-

Administration of SM-C

S sign

ifican

tly

Kumari K, et al. Antidiabe

tic an

d

sulpho

xide (SM-C

S)diabe

tic rats

controlle

d blood

gluco

se, lip

id serum

hy

polip

idem

ic effects of S-methy

l isolated

from onion

.an

d altered

the

activities of liver

cysteine

sulfox

ide isolated

from

Oral ad

ministration

hexo

kina

se, g

luco

se 6-pho

spha

tase

Allium

cepaLinn. Ind

J Bioch

emdaily at a dose of 200

and H

MG C

oA red

uctase toward

Biophy

sics 199

5;32

(1):4

9–54

.mg/

kg bod

y weigh

t for

norm

al. Effects of SM-C

S were

45 day

sco

mparab

le to those of glib

enclam

ide

and ins

ulin

.Allium

cepa

Allium

cepa, Allium

27 hea

lthy

Tolbu

tamide, Cucurbita ficifolia, Phaseolus

Rom

an R

R, et al. Antihyp

erglyc

emic

sativa, Brassica oleracea,

rabb

its

vulgaris, Opuntia streptacantha, Spinacea

effect of some ed

ible plants.

Cucurbita ficifolia,

oleracea, Cucum

is sativus,a

nd Cum

inum

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

5;48

(1):2

5–32

.Cum

inum

cyminum

, cyminum

sign

ifican

tly decreased

the

Cucum

is sativus, Lactuca

area und

er the

gluco

se toleran

ce cur

vesativa, Opuntia

and the

hyp

erglyc

emic pea

k. Brassica

streptacantha, Phaseolus

oleracea, Allium

cepa an

d Allium

vulgaris, Psidum guajava,

sativum

only decreased

the

Spinacea oleracea

hype

rglycemic peak. The

glycemic

decreases cau

sed by Psidum guajava,

Brassica oleracea

and Lactuca sativa

were no

t sign

ifican

t.Allium

cepa

Oral ad

ministration of

Allo

xan-

Diabe

tic co

ndition ch

aracterized by

Sheela C

G, et al. Anti-diabe

tic

onion su

lfox

ide am

ino

diabe

tic rats

glucose intoleran

ce, w

eigh

t loss,

effects on

onion

and

garlic

acids

dep

letion

of liv

er glyco

gen im

prove

dsu

lfox

ide am

ino acids in rats.

compared

to rats treated

with

Planta Med

ica 19

95;61(4):356

–357

.gliben

clam

ide an

d ins

ulin.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

415

( continued)

Allium

cepa

Allium

cepaaq

ueou

sMice

A significant inc

rease in the

weigh

t of

Al-Bek

airi A

M, e

t al. Tox

icity studies

extract give

n to m

ice for

testes and

epididym

us of the

treated

on Allium

cepa, its effect on

3 mon

ths at a dose of

anim

als was observe

d. Sp

erm cou

ntestrad

iol trea

ted m

ice an

d on

100 mg/

kg in the

was significantly inc

reased

, supp

orting

ep

ididym

al spe

rmatoz

oa.

drink

ing water

an aphr

odisiac poten

tial. Allium

cepa

Fitoterapia LXII, 1

991;4:30

1–30

6.did not sho

w an estrog

enic or

antiestrog

enic activity an

d w

as dev

oid

of spermatotox

ic poten

tial.

Allium

cepa

Ether extract of Allium

Albino rats

Extract sign

ifican

tly pr

even

ted an increa

se

Lata S, e

t al. Ben

eficial effects of

cepa

in serum

cho

lesterol and

triglyc

eride

Allium

sativum

, Allium

cepaan

d

leve

ls, c

aused by an

atherog

enic diet.

Com

mipho

ra m

ukul on

The

extract provided

significant

experim

ental hy

perlip

idem

ia and

protection ag

ains

t athe

roge

nic diet-

athe

rosclerosis—

A com

parative

induc

ed atherosclerosis.

evalua

tion

. JPostgrad Med

199

1;(3):1

32–1

35.

Allium

cepa

10–1

0,00

0 mg Allium

cepa

Mice

The

tum

or yield and

inc

iden

ce of

Belm

an S. O

nion

and

garlic

oil inhibit

oil an

d Allium

sativum

pho

rbol-m

yristate-acetate promotion

tumor production. C

arcino

gene

sis

oil, ap

plied 3

3per w

eek

were inhibited in a dose-dep

enden

t19

83;4(8):1

063–

1065

.man

ner ov

er the

ran

ge of 10

–100

,000

mg

of onion

oil. G

arlic

oil was also

inhibitory but was less effective.

Allium

cepa

Extracted

onion

or ga

rlic

Human

trial:

Onion

and

garlic

had

a significant

Bord

ia A

, et al. E

ffect of the

essen

tial

juice or equ

ivalen

t of

10 hea

lthy

protective action

aga

inst fat-ind

uced

oils of ga

rlic and

onion

on alim

en-

ethe

r-ex

tracted essen

tial

subjects

increa

ses in serum cho

lesterol and

tary hyp

erlip

idem

ia. A

therosclerosis

oils: a

dministered 4

plasm

a fibrinog

en and

a decrease in

1975

;21(1):15–

19.

rand

omly different day

sco

agulation time an

d fibrino

lytic

during 1 week

activity.

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe barbadensisa poly-

Rats an

d m

ice

Benz

o[a]pyren

e-DNA adduc

t form

ation

Kim

HS, Lee BM. Inh

ibition of

Mill.

saccha

ride fraction

extract.

was significantly inh

ibited

in

benz

o[a]pyren

e-DNA adduc

t ASP

HODELA

CEAE

Mice ad

ministered oral

variou

s orga

ns (p

,0.00

1) w

hen mice

form

ation by

Aloe barbadensis

Kumari

dose of 10 mg follo

wed

were pretrea

ted w

ith aloe

. The

se results

Miller. C

arcino

gene

sis 19

97;18(4):

Aloe ve

rawith 16

day

s of treatmen

t su

ggest a ch

emop

rotective effect.

771–

776.

at 50 mg per m

ouse

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

juice prep

ared

Placebo

-Bloo

d suga

r leve

ls and

triglyc

eride

Yon

gcha

iyud

ha SV, e

t al.

from

aloe ge

l. 1 tablespoo

n co

ntrolle

dleve

ls w

ere decreased

significantly.

Antidiabe

tic activity of Aloe vera

2 3pe

r day

for at least

and single-

Whe

n give

n Aloe vera

juice.

L. juice. I. Clin

ical trial in ne

w2 weeks

blind trial:

cases of diabe

tes mellitus

.50

men

, 22

Phy

tomed

199

6;3(3):241

–243

.wom

en w

ith

diabe

tes

416

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

gel ve

rsus

no

Phase III

Dermatitis sco

res were virtua

lly iden

tical

Williams MS, et al. Pha

se III

trea

tmen

tdou

ble-blind

on both trea

tmen

t arms dur

ing bo

th

dou

ble-blind eva

luation of an

rand

omized

the trials. T

his dose sche

dule of an Aloe

aloe

vera ge

l as a proph

ylactic

trial. Trial 1:

vera

gel doe

s no

t pr

otect ag

ains

t ag

ent for radiation

-ind

uced

skin

194 wom

en;

radiation

.toxicity. Int J R

adiat Onc

ol, B

iol,

Trial 2: 10

8Phy

sics 199

6;36

(2):3

45–3

49.

wom

enAloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

extract cream 0.5%,

Dou

ble-blind,

Patien

ts w

ith slight to mod

erate ch

ronic

Syed

TA, e

t al. M

anag

emen

t of

100 g of placebo

or active

placebo

-plaqu

e-type

psoriasis w

ere treated.

psoriasis w

ith Aloe ve

ra extract in

ingred

ient 3

3 daily for

controlle

d,

By the en

d of the study, 25/

30a hy

drophilic

cream

: A placebo

5 co

nsecutive

day

s pe

r study: 60

(83.3%

) were cu

red com

pared to 2/

30co

ntrolle

d, dou

ble-blind study.

week (m

axim

um 4 w

eeks)

patients with

(6.6%) in the

placebo

group, Pso

riasis

Trop Med

Int H

ealth 19

96;1(4):

psoriasis

and A

rea an

d Sev

erity Index

sco

re50

5–50

9.decreased

to a mea

n of 2.2.

Aloe barbadensis

CARN 750

is a po

lydispersed

Mye

losu

p-Su

bcutan

eous ad

ministration sign

ifican

tly

Egg

er SF, et al. Hem

atop

oietic

b(1,4)-lin

ked acetylated

pressed

(7 Gy)

increased splenic an

d periphe

ral bloo

d

augm

entation

by a be

ta-(1,4)-

man

nan isolated

from

C57BL/6 mice

cellu

larity, a

s well as hem

atop

oietic

linke

d m

anna

n. C

ancer Im

mun

ol

Aloe barbadensis

proge

nitors in sp

leen

and

bon

e marrow

Immuno

ther. 1

996;43(4):1

95–2

05.

(hem

atop

oietic aug

men

tation

).Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

gel

Clin

ical and

Patien

ts w

ere treated w

ith Aloe vera

Visuthiko

sol V, et al. Effect of

histolog

icge

l co

mpared

with va

selin

e ga

uze.

Aloe ve

ra gel to he

aling of burn

study:

The

aloe trea

ted-group

hea

led

wou

nd and

clin

ical and

histologic

27 patients

sign

ifican

tly faster in 11

.98 day

sstudy. JMed

Assoc

Tha

iland

199

5;with partial

whe

reas petroleum

jelly

-treated

group

78(8):4

03–4

09.

thickn

ess bu

rns

healed

in 18

.19 day

s ( p

,0.00

2)Aloe barbadensis

Top

ical applic

ation of

Mice

Top

ical app

lication of gel impr

oved

Strick

land

FM, e

t al. Pr

even

tion

of

0.16

7–1.67

% aloe ge

lUV-ind

uced

immune

suppr

ession

by

ultraviolet rad

iation

-ind

uced

after each

irrad

iation

a mecha

nism

tha

t doe

s no

t invo

lve

supp

ression of con

tact and

delay

edDNA dam

age or rep

air.

hypersens

itivity by

Aloe barbadensis

gel ex

tract. JInv

est Dermatol 199

4;10

2(2):197

–204

.Aloe barbadensis

Ethan

ol or water extracts

Rats orally

Aqu

eous or 90%

ethan

ol extracts of

Nath D, e

t al. Com

mon

ly used

of pow

dered

plant

dosed

for 10

the plants were studied

in rats for 10

Indian ab

ortifacien

t plants with

material: Adhatoda vasica,

day

sday

s after insemination with sp

ecial

special referenc

e to the

ir teratolog

ic

Abrus precatorius, Acacia

referenc

e to effects of fetal

effects in rats. J Ethno

pharm 199

2;arabica, Aloe barbadensis,

dev

elop

men

t. Leaf ex

tracts of

36:147

–154

.Anethum

sowa, Apium

Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda

petroselinium, Banbusa

vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

417

( continued)

arundensis, Blepharis

equivalen

t to 175

mg/

kg starting dry

edulis, Butea monosperma,

material. Only the flow

ers of Acacia

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,

arabicaan

d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Lepidum sativum

, Mesua

appea

red to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial

ferrea, Moringa oleifera,

at the

doses tested.

Mucuna pruriens,

Raphanus sativus, Sida

cordifolia, Trachyspermum

ammai

Aloe barbadensis

Aceman

nan, the

USA

NMice, rats,

No sign

ifican

t sign

s of intox

ication an

d

Foglem

an R

W, e

t al. Tox

icolog

ic

accepted

nam

e for the

and dog

sno

dea

ths oc

curred

in an

imals trea

ted

evaluation of injectable acem

anna

n long

-cha

in polyd

ispe

rsed

with

the

single injection of A

ceman

nan

in the

mou

se, rat an

d dog

. Vet

b-(1,4)-acetylated

at dosag

es of 80

mg/

kg IV or 20

0 mg/

Hum Tox

icol 199

2;34

(3):2

01–2

05.

polyman

nose w

ith

kg IP in m

ice, 15 mg/

kg or 50 m

g/kg

interspersed o-acetylated

IP in rats, an

d 10 mg/

kg IV or 50

mg/

grou

ps, extracted

from

kgIP in dog

s.Aloe barbadensis. 1 m

g/mL

solution

eithe

r as a 1

dose or rep

eated at

4-day

interva

ls for 8

doses by IV

or IP rou

tes

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe barbadensis,

Mice: m

urine

Sarcom

as grew in 10

0% of the co

ntrol

Peng

SY, e

t al. Decreased

mortality

Aceman

nan, lon

g ch

ain

sarcom

a cells

an

imals an

d resulted in mortality in

of N

orman

mur

ine sarcom

a in

polydispersed b

(1,4)-

subc

utan

eously

20–4

6 day

s dep

ending on

the

num

ber

mice trea

ted w

ith im

muno

-lin

ked m

anna

n polym

ers

implan

ted.

of cells implan

ted; 4

0% of an

imals

mod

ulator, Aceman

nan. M

ol

with rand

om O

-acetyl

trea

ted w

ith Aceman

nan su

rvived

.Biother 199

1;3(3):79–

87.

grou

ps give

n IP

Aloe barbadensis

Gastric administration of

Rab

bits

Results sho

wed

tha

t tolbutamide an

dRom

an-R

amos

R, e

t al. Exp

erim

ental

water, tolbu

tamide or a

studied plants, excep

t Aloe barbadensis,

study of the

hyp

oglycemic effect

plan

t preparation

decreased

significantly the

area un

der

of som

e an

tidiabe

tic plan

ts. A

rch

the gluco

se toleran

ce curve, in

Inve

st M

ed (Mex

) 19

91;22:87–9

3.relation

to the water con

trol group

.Aloe barbadensis

Exu

date of Aloe barbadensis

Allo

xan-diabe

tic

Hyp

oglycemic effects of aloe

on seru

m

Ajabn

oor MA. Effect of aloes on

leav

es and

bitter

mice

gluc

ose leve

ls w

ere insign

ifican

t bloo

d gluco

se lev

els in normal

principle. A

dministered

whe

reas the

bitter pr

inciple w

as

and allo

xan diabe

tic mice.

orally, 50

0 mg/

kg.

high

ly significant and

exten

ded ove

r a

JEthno

pha

rm 199

0;28

(2):2

15–2

20.

The

bitter pr

inciple w

asperiod of 24

hou

rs. The

max

imum

ad

ministered IP, 5 m

g/kg

decrease in plasm

a gluc

ose leve

l was

observed

at day

5 in bo

th cases.

Alpinia galanga

Ethan

olic extract of

Mice

Alpinia galanga

trea

tmen

t sign

ifican

tly

Quresh

i S, et al. Effect of Alpinia

(L.) Sw

.Alpinia galanga

decreased

the

effect of ind

uced

galangatrea

tmen

t on

cytolog

ical

ZIN

GIBERACEAE

rhizom

es. Minim

um

micronu

clea

ted polyc

hrom

atic

and bioch

emical cha

nges ind

uced

Malay

avacha

effective dose was 125

erythr

ocytes (MPE

) witho

ut altering

by cyc

lopho

spha

mide in m

ice.

Java

galan

gal

mg/

kg bod

y weigh

tcy

totoxicity. B

ioch

emical cha

nges

Int J Ph

armacog

199

4;32

(2):1

71–1

77.

caus

ed by MPE in the liv

er w

ere

also significantly inh

ibited

.

418

Alpinia galanga

Ethan

olic extract of

Rats

Sign

ifican

t decrease in the

inten

sity of

Al-Yah

ya M

A, et al. Gastric

Alpinia galanga

at a

muco

sal dam

age was gastric observe

d.

antisecretory, antiulcer and

dose of 500 m

g/kg

Alpinia galanga

prod

uced a significant

cytoprotective properties of

decrease in gastric secretion

in py

loru

s etha

nolic

extract of A. galanga

ligated

rats an

d a highly sign

ifican

t W

illd in rats. P

hytother R

es 199

0;cy

toprotective effect aga

inst ind

uced

4(3):112

–114

.cy

todestruction.

Alpinia galanga

Ethan

olic extract of

Mice

Tox

icities studies were don

e. N

oQuresh

i S, et al. Tox

icity studies on

rhizom

es of Alpinia

sign

ifican

t mortality co

mpared

to

Alpinia galanga

and Curcuma longa.

galangaan

d Curcuma

controls w

as noted

. The

gain in

Planta Med

199

2;58

(2):1

24–1

27.

longa. A

cute dos

ages

weigh

ts of sexu

al organ

s an

d0.5, 1.0, an

d 3 g/kg

bod

yincrea

sed spe

rm m

otility and

spe

rmweigh

t. Chr

onic dos

age

counts were ob

served

in bo

th groups

100 mg/

kg per day

The

se cha

nges w

ere high

ly significant

in the

Alpinia galanga-treated

group.

Both ex

tracts failed to sh

ow any

spermatotox

ic effects.

Ananas comosus

Bromelain, a proteolytic

Piglets

Administration of bromelain can

Myn

ott TL, e

t al. Oral ad

ministration

(L.) Merr.

extract ob

tained

from

inhibit Enterotox

igen

ic Escherichia

of protease inhibits enterotox

igen

ic

BROMELIA

CEAE

pine

apple stems

coli(ETEC) receptor activity in vivo an

dEscherichia colireceptor activity in

Ana

nas

may

be us

eful for preve

ntion of K

881

piglet small intestine. G

ut 1996;38(1):

Pineapple

ETEC-ind

uced

diarrhe

a.28

–32.

Ananas

Enz

yme fraction

s derived

12

rats with

Results ind

icate de

bridem

ent (the

Row

an A

D, et al. Deb

ridem

ent of

Comosus

from

the

stem of

full thickn

ess

remov

al of un

healthy tissue) of the

experim

ental full-thickn

ess sk

in

pine

apple

skin burns

injury cou

ld be effected

rap

idly

burns of rats with en

zyme fraction

s (w

ithin 4 ho

urs). Pineapple ha

sderived

from pinea

pple stems.

poten

tial as a no

nsurgical deb

riding

Burns 19

90;16(4):243

–246

.ag

ent.

Andrographis

Kan

Jan

g, herba

l extract

Ran

dom

ized

No sign

ifican

t differenc

e in the

occurren

ceCaceres D

D, et al. Preve

ntion of

paniculata

principle ing

redient is

dou

ble-blind

of colds be

tween the study grou

p an

dco

mmon

colds with Andrographis

(Burm.f.) Nees

Andrographis paniculata,

study; 107

the placebo

con

trol. In the third m

onth,

paniculata

dried

extract. A

pilo

tACANTHACEAE

approximately 2 tablet

healthy vo

l-there was a significant decrease in the

dou

ble blind trial. P

hytomed

icine

Kirta

per day

of 10

0 mg ea

chun

teers all

occu

rren

ce of co

ld in the stud

y grou

p19

97;4(2):1

01–1

04.

King of Bitters

approximately

compared

to the placebo

.18

yea

rs old

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

419

( continued)

Andrographis

Kan

jang

tab

lets, s

tand

ardized

Con

trolled,

A decrease of the

subjective

sym

ptom

s Melch

ior J, et al. Con

trolled clin

ical

paniculata

Andrographis paniculata

dou

ble-blind

and dur

ation of sym

ptoms of the

study of stand

ardized

Andrographis

extract

pilot study:

common

cold w

ere sign

ifican

tly

paniculata

extract in com

mon

cold—

50 patients

reduc

ed (p

,0.02

5)a pilo

t trial. Phy

tomed

icine 19

96/

1997

;3(4):3

15–3

18.

Andrographis

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Spon

tane

ously

Dose-dep

enden

t hy

poten

sive

effect on

Zha

ng C

Y, T

an BK. H

ypoten

sive

paniculata

Andrographis paniculata.

hypertens

ive

systolic blood

pressur

e was studied.

activity of aq

ueou

s ex

tract of

Chr

onic IP infusion

s rats and

Plasm

a an

gioten

sin-co

nverting


in rats.

by osm

otic pum

ps

Wistar-

enzy

me activities as well as kidne

yClin

Exp

Pha

rm Phy

s 19

96;23(8):

Kyo

to rats

thioba

rbitur

ic acid lev

el w

ere

675–

678.

sign

ifican

tly decreased

in ex

tract-

trea

ted versu

s co

ntrols.

Andrographis

Adrographis paniculata

Dog

mod

elFind

ings

ind

icate that Andrographis

Guo ZL, et al. An ex

perimen

tal

paniculata

paniculata

may

decrease the ne

gative

study of the

mecha

nism

of

effects of ische

mic rep

erfusion

(by


Nees(APN)

decreasing the ha

rmful effects of free-

in alle

viating the Ca(2 1

)-ov

er-

radical dam

age).

load

ing in the

process of myo

- card

ial isch

emic rep

erfusion

. J.

Ton

gji Med

Univ 1995

;15(4):205

–208

.Andrographis


Clin

ical trial:

Results sho

w tha

t post Extraco

rporea

lMuan

gman

V, e

t al. The

usage

of

paniculata

tablets (250

mg),

100 patients

Shoc

k W

ave Litho

tripsy (ESW

L)


follo

wing

4 tablets tid 25 patients

with rena

lpyu

ria an

d hem

aturia in patients

Extraco

rporea

l Sh

ock W

ave

give

n co

trim

oxazole

ston

es and

receiving Andrographis paniculata

Litho

tripsy

(ESW

L). J Med

2 tablets bid, 2

5 patients

norm

al ren

alwere reduced to 0.69

and

0.55

Assoc

Tha

iland

199

5;78

(6):3

10–3

13.

received

norflox

acin

func

tion

compared

to pre-ESW

L value.

200 mg bid

Authors co

nclude Andrographis

paniculata

is ben

eficial for post-

ESW

L urina

ry tract infection

.Andrographis

Extract of Andrographis

Clin

ical trial:

Extract can

significantly alle

viate

Wan

g DW

, Hua

YZ. Prev

ention

of

paniculata

paniculata

patien

tsathe

rosclerotic sten

osis and

resteno

sis

athe

rosclerotic arterial steno

sis

with sten

osis

after ex

perimen

tal an

giop

lasty. A

4-

and resteno

sis after an

giop

lasty

week follo

w-up show

ed dila

ted ilia

cwith Andrographis paniculata

arteries in co

ntrol grou

p all ha

d sev

ere

nees and

fish oil. Chine

se M

ed J

resten

osis, b

ut Andrographis

(Eng

lish Ed) 19

94;107

(6):4

64–4

70.

paniculata-treated

group

had

no or

only m

ild resteno

sis oc

cur.

Andrographis


Ran

dom

ized

,Efficacy of paracetam

ol or high

dose

Tha

mlik

itku

l V, e

t al. Efficacy

of

paniculata

3 g/

d or 6 g/

d for

dou

ble-blind

of Andrographis paniculata

was

Andrographis paniculata, N

ees for

7 da

ys or Pa

racetamol

study

: 15

2sign

ifican

tly more effective than

low

pha

ryng

oton

sillitis in adults. J Med

ad

ults with

dose of Andrographis paniculata

atAssoc

Tha

iland

199

1;74

(10):437

–442

.ph

aryn

go-

day

3 in term

s of the

relief of fev

ertons

illitis

and sore throat.

420

Andrographis

And

rograp

holid

e, a

Rats


exhibited stron

g Tripathi G

S, T

ripathi Y

B. C

holeretic

paniculata

diterpe

ne, iso

lated from

choleratic action whe

n ad

ministered

action

of And

rograp

holid

e ob

tained

Andrographis

IP. The

sub

stan

ce ind

uced an increa

se

from


in

paniculata

in bile

flow and

a cha

nge in phy

sical

rats. P

hytother R

es 199

1;5:17

6–17

8.properties of bile secretion

.Andrographis

A m

ixture of Andrographis

Hum

an trial:

Herba

l mixture w

as administered to

Ram

ji, et al. E

ffect of K

almeg

ha and

paniculata

paniculata

and Emblica

35 patients

patients with Hep

atitis B

1, B

2, a

ndAmlaki com

pou

nd on viral

officinalis

hepa

titis B

1,

post he

patitis syn

drome. The

mixture

hepatitis (Kos

htha

-Sha

khashr

ita

hepa

titis B

2,

dem

onstrated efficacy in red

ucing

Kam

ala) A

ryav

aidya

n 19

92;5(3):

and post-

clinical sym

ptom

s, improving

liver

164–

169.

hepa

titis

func

tion

, an

d album

in.

synd

rome

Andrographis

Decoc

tion

of Andrographis

Hum

anHep

atoc

ellular jaund

ice was m

onitored

. Tom

ar G

S, Singh

RN. Treatmen

t of

paniculata

paniculata

of 60 ml/

trial: 60

Yellow color of the co

njunc

tiva

he

patoc

ellular jaund

ice with

day

(eq

uiva

lent to 40

gpa

tien

tsim

prove

d 100%, ten

der hep

atic

Kalmeg

h ( Andrographis paniculata).

of cru

de drug) in 3

with he

pato-

enlargem

ent decreased

in 96

% w

ithin

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;11(3–

3):156

–162

.divided

dos

es. A

verage

cellu

lar

20 day

s of treatmen

t. Loss of

trea

tmen

t 23

1/ 2

4 day

sjaund

ice

appetite in 100

% w

as improve

d after

4–5 da

ys. S

everal tests w

ere high

lysign

ifican

t after trea

tmen

t: seru

mbilirubin, alkaline pho

spha

tase, s

erum

tran

sferase.

Andrographis

Alcoh

ol extract of

Guinea

pigs

Extract ex

hibited sign

ifican

t an

tidiarrhe

alGupta S, et al. A

ntidiarrho

eal activity

paniculata

Andrographis

and rab

bits

activity aga

inst Escherichia coli en

terotoxins

of diterpen

es of Andrographis

paniculata

in animal m

odels.

paniculata

(Kal-M

egh) aga

inst

Escherichia colien

terotoxin in in

vivo

mod

els. Int JCru

de Drig Res

1990

;(4):2

73–2

83.

Andrographis

Andrographis

Rats

Rep

eated administration of leaf

Cho

udhu

ry BR, et al. In vivoan

d

paniculata

paniculata

leaf extract

extract positively effected

microsomal

in vitro

effects of K

almeg

h an

d and

rograp

holid

edru

g metab

olizing en

zyme system

s of

( Andrographis paniculata) ex

tract an

dthe rat liv

er (he

patic m

icroso

mal

andrograp

holid

e on

hep

atic

aniline

hydroxy

lase, N

-dem

ethy

lase,

microsomal dru

g metab

olizing

and O

-dem

ethy

lase enz

ymes).

enzy

mes. P

lanta Med

198

7;53

:13

5–14

0.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

421

( continued)

Apium

graveolens L.

Aqu

eous celery extract

Rats

Seru

m cho

lesterol con

centration

was

Tsi D

, Tan

BK. E

ffects of celery

UMBELLIFE

RAE

administered

sign

ifican

tly decreased

(p

,0.05)

extract an

d 3-N

-butylphtha

lide

Ajm

oda

intrap

eriton

eally

compared

to co

ntrols. Celery ex

tract

on lipid lev

els in gen

etically

Celery

was effective

in prev

enting

the

rise of

hype

rcho

lesterolae

mic (RIC

O) rats.

cholesterol leve

l in rats.

Clin

Exp

Pha

rmacol Phy

siol

1996

;23(3):214

–217

.Apium

graveolens

Metha

nolic

extract of

Rats with

A significant hep

atop

rotective activity

Sing

h A, H

anda SS

. Hep

atop

rotective

the seed

s of Apium

paracetamol-

of the

metha

nolic

extract of the seed

sactivity of Apium

graveolensan

dgraveolens

and

induced

of both plants was rep

orted.

Hygrophila auriculataag

ains

tHygrophila auriculata

liver

paracetam

ol and

thioa

cetamide

dam

age

intoxication

in rats. JE

thno

pharm

1995

;15;49

(3):1

19–1

26.

Apium

graveolens

Aqu

eous celery extract:

Wistar rats

At the en

d of 8 weeks, a

significant

Tsi D

, et al. Effects of a aq

ueou

s 2 grou

ps fed high fat

decrease was fou

nd in total seru

m

celery (Apium

graveolens) extract

diets, 1

group also fed

cholesterol, LD

L ch

olesterol, an

d

on lipid param

eters of rats fed a

aqueo

us celery extract

triglyceride co

ncen

trations

.high

fat diet. Plan

ta M

ed 199

5;61(1):

18–2

1.Apium

graveolens

From

celery seed

oil, 3-

Mice with

After treatmen

t with co

mpou

nds,

Zhe

ng G

Q, et al. Che

mop

reve

ntion

n-bu

tylphtha

lide,

benz

o[a]

tumor inc

iden

ce w

as decreased

from

of ben

z-[a]pyren

e-induc

ed fore-

sedan

olide, and

pyrene

-68

% to 30% and

11%

. A red

uction in

stom

ach canc

er in mice by

natur

al

p-men

tha-2,8-dien-1-ol

induced

tumor m

ultiplic

ity of 67%

and

83%

phtha

lides from celery root seed

were tested

tumorigen

esis

was observe

d w

ith 3-n-bu

tylphtha

lide

oil. Nutr C

ancer 19

93;19(1):77–

86.

and sed

anolide. D

ata indicate bo

thwere active

in tumor inh

ibition.

Apium

graveolens

80% ethan

olic extract of

Rats with

Results sh

owed

tha

t the plan

tsAl-Hindaw

i MK, e

t al. Anti-

Achillea santolina,

carrag

eena

n-possessed

varying

deg

rees of an

ti-

inflam

matory activity of some

Apium

graveolens,

induced

inflam

matory activity in the follo

wing

Iraq

i plants using

intact rats.

Matricaria chamomilla,

paw edem

adescend

ing order: W

ithania somnifera,

JEthno

pha

rm 198

9;26

(2):1

63–1

68.

Myrtus communis,

Apium

graveolens, Achillea santolina,

Withania somnifera

and

Matricaria chamomilla, Myrtus communis.

Acetylsalicylic acid used

as stand

ard drug.

Areca catechu

L.

Betel nut ch

ewing

Mailed question

-11

6 resp

onses to question

naire

Lee CN, et al. Betel nut an

d sm

oking.

PALMAE

naire, 223

co

mpared

to he

althy mem

bers of the

Are the

y bo

th protective in

Poo

gapa

tien

ts w

ith

community. It ap

pears that smok

ing

ulcerative co

litis? A pilo

t study.

Areca nut

inflam

matory

and betel nut ch

ewing reduce the

risk

Arquivos de Gastroe

nterol

bowel disea

seof dev

elop

ing ulcerative

colitis

1996

;33(1):3–5

.Areca catechu

Betel nut ch

ewing

Con

trolled

A significant inc

rease in m

itom

ycin C

Trive

di AH, e

t al. Eleva

ted m

utag

en

clinical

(MMC)-induc

ed sister ch

romatid

suscep

tibility in cultured

trial: 40

exch

ange

(SC

E)/cell va

lues w

ere

lymph

ocytes of oral can

cer

oral can

cer;

observed

amon

g oral can

cer patients

patie

nts. A

ntican

cer Res 1995;15

(6B):

40 tob

acco

(betel nut ch

ewers) as co

mpared

to

2589

–259

2.ch

ewers; 40

healthy no

nche

wer con

trols.

healthy

individuals

422

Areca catechu

Betel quid che

wing

Hum

anRea

ctive ox

ygen

spe

cies, O

H rad

ical,

Nair UJ, et al. Ortho

- an

dcons

isting

of be

tel leaf,

trial: 5

are form

ed in the hu

man

oral cavity

metatyros

ine form

ation from

areca qu

id, catech

u an

dvo

lunteers

during

betel quid che

wing an

d m

ay be

phe

nylalanine

in hu

man

saliva as

slak

ed lim

e (w

itho

ut

implic

ated

in the ge

netic dam

age that

a marke

r of hyd

roxy

l radical

toba

cco)

has be

en obs

erve

d in oral epithe

lial

gene

ration

during be

tel qu

idcells

of ch

ewers.

chew

ing. C

arcino

gene

sis

(Oxford) 19

95;16(5):119

5–11

98.

Areca catechu

Che

wing an

d smok

ing

Case-controlle

dIncreased risk of oral su

bmuco

us

Mah

er R

. Role of areca nut in the

habits and

oral

clinical

fibros

is w

as obs

erve

d for areca nu

tcaus

ation of oral su

bmuco

us

subm

uco

us fibrosis

trial: 15

7ch

ewing. W

hen the ha

bit was

fibros

is: a case-con

trol study in

(OSF

)cases an

dpracticed

alone

, app

eared to ha

vePak

istan. JOral Patho

l Med

199

4;15

7 co

ntrols

high

est risk followed

by “p

aan”

with

23(2):6

5–69

.or w

itho

ut toba

cco. D

aily con

sumption

rates ap

pea

red to be

more im

portant

with resp

ect to risk than

lifetim

e duration

of ha

bit.

Areca catechu

Areca nut pow

der added

Mice

Areca nut decreased

mace-indu

ced

Sing

h A, Rao

AR. Mod

ulatory effect

to feed

increa

ses in hep

atic glutathione

-S-

of areca nut on

the

action of m

ace

tran

sferase an

d sulphh

ydryl leve

ls and

( Myristica fragrans, H

outt) on

the

elev

ated

fur

ther inc

reases in the leve

lshe

patic detox

ification sy

stem

in

of cytochr

ome b5

and

P-450

.mice. Foo

d C

hem Tox

ic 199

3;31

(7):

517–

521.

Areca catechu

Oral ha

bits

Retrosp

ective

Ana

lyses confirmed

an association

van W

yk C

W, et al. The

areca nut

study:

betw

een nu

t ch

ewing an

d che

ekch

ewing ha

bit an

d oral sq

uamou

s 14

3 men

canc

er. T

he data sh

owed

tha

t areca

cell carcinom

a in Sou

th A

frican

an

d w

omen

nut ha

bit with or w

itho

ut toba

cco use

Indians

. A retrosp

ective

study.

with oral

is important in the dev

elop

men

t of

South A

frican

Med

J 199

3;83

(6):

squa

mou

soral squ

amou

s carcinom

a.42

5–42

9.carcinom

aAreca catechu

Areca nut decoction

Case stud

yA case stud

y dem

onstrated the

Fu H

H, e

t al. Areca nut in the

effectiven

ess of areca nut decoc

tion

in

trea

tmen

t of diphy

llobo

thrium

the trea

tmen

t of Diphyllobothrium

latum infection

:Rep

ort of a

latum

infection

case study. C

hin Med

J 195

1;69

:40

7–40

9.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

423

( continued)

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Infusion

: Urtica dioica,

Human

An he

rbal infusion

used to irriga

te the

Dav

idov

MI, et al. Po

stad

enom

ectomy

COMPO

SITAE

Hypericum

trial: 22

blad

der after prostate ad

enom

ectomy

phy

toperfusion

of the blad

der.

Nag

adam

niperformatum

,pa

tien

ts post-

reduc

ed post op

erative bloo

d loss,

Urologiya

INefrologiya

199

5;0(5):

Mug

wort

Matricaria recutita,

pros

tate

bacteriuria, preve

nted

hem

orrh

agic

19–2

0.Plantaginis majoris,

aden

omectomy

and puru

lent inflammation.

Herba millefolii,

Betula, Artemisia

vulgaris, Fragaria vesca

Asparagus

Asparagus racemosus,

Mice

All plan

ts significantly inh

ibited

the

Dhu

ley JN

. Effect of som

e Indian

racemosus

Willd.

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

carcinog

en och

ratoxin-induced

herbs on

macroph

age func

tion

s ASP

ARAGACEA

ETinospora cordifolia,

supp

ression of che

motactic activity

in och

ratoxin A treated

mice. J

Shatau

ari

Withania somnifera

and the

produc

tion

of interleu

kin-1

Ethno

pha

rm 199

7;58

(5):1

5–20

.Asp

arag

us

and tumor necrosis factor- a

bymacroph

ages.

Asparagus

1 capsu

le 3

3pe

r day

30

patients

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. Clin

ical eva

luation of

racemosus

with luke

warm w

ater

with calculi

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also in its

composite Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs, o

ncontaining

: Asparagus

on kidne

ys,

ability to slow

ly disintegrate bo

thcalculi, in the kidne

y an

d the

racemosus,5

0 mg;

ureters, or

calcium-oxa

late and

calcium

urina

ry bladder. A

ryav

aidya

n Bergenia ligulata,

100

blad

ders

carbon

ate crys

tals in a sp

an of 72

1992

;6(2):1

04–1

08.

mg; Eclipta alba,

100

hours and

com

plete disch

arging

of

mg; Myristica fragrans,

crystals w

ithin 15

–30 day

s. C

omplete

10 m

g; Tinospora

disch

arge

occur

red in grea

ter than

cordifolia,1

00 m

g;80

% of the patients.

Tribulus terrestris, 50

mg; Withania somnifera,

50 m

gAsparagus

2 g pow

dered

roo

t of

Clin

ical crossov

erBasal gastric emptying t1/2

was 159

.9Dalvi SS, et al. Effect of Asparagus

racemosus

Asparagus racemosus

study

: 8

that w

as red

uced by Asparagus

racemosus

(Sha

tava

ri) on

gastric

compa

red to stan

dard

norm

alracemosus

to 101

(p

,0.00

1) and

by

emptying time in normal hea

lthy

treatm

ent of 10 mg

healthy male

metoc

lopr

amide to 85.3 ( p

,0.00

1).

volunteers. J Postgrad M

ed 199

0;tablet m

etoclopramide

volunteers

Asparagus racemosus

and

36(2):9

1–94

.metoc

lopr

amide did not differ

sign

ifican

tly in the

ir effect.

Asparagus


Mice

Whe

n co

mpared

with co

ntrol grou

ps,

Tha

tte UM, Dah

anuka

r SA

.racemosus

Tinospora cordifolia,

all four

dru

gs preve

nted

, to va

rying

Com

parative stud

y of

glucan an

d lithium

for

deg

rees, leuc

open

ia. Both indigen

ous

immuno

mod

ulating activity of

15 day

splants were poten

t im

muno

stim

ulants

Indian

med

icinal plants, lithium

with effects comparab

le to lithium

carbon

ate an

d glucan. M

etho

ds

and glucan.

Find

Exp

Clin

Pha

rmacol

1988

;10(10

):639

–644

.Azadirachta indica

Pur

ified ne

em extracts,

Rats, bab

oons

, Pr

egna

ncy was terminated

(with oral

Talwar G

P, et al. Ind

uced

termination

A. Juss.

orally delivered

and m

onke

ysne

em) su

ccessfully in roden

tsof pregn

ancy

by pur

ified extracts

MELIA

CEAE

and primates w

ith no

significant side

of Azadirachta indica(N

eem):

Arish

taeffects

Mecha

nism

s invo

lved

. Am J

Neem

Rep

rod Immun

ol 1997;37(6):4

85–4

91.

424

Azadirachta indica

Lea

f po

wder of

Male albino

rats

Results sugg

est a po

ssible rev

ersible

Joshi AR, e

t al. Effect of Azadirachta

Azadirachta indica

antian

droge

nic pr

operty of the leav

es.

indica

leav

es on testis and

its

reco

very in albino

rats. Ind

ian

JExp

Biol 19

96;34(11

):109

1–10

94.

Azadirachta indica

Neem oil in m

ixed

in

Con

trolled

Results rev

ealed 81%

–91%

mosqu

ito

Mishr

a AK, e

t al. Use of ne

em oil as

coconu

t oil (1%–4%)

field study:

repellant action during

12-ho

ur pe

riod

a mosqu

ito repe

llent in tribal

exposed

of observa

tion

from bites of

villa

ges of M

andla district, Mad

hya

body pa

rts

anop

helin

e mosqu

itoe

s.Pradesh. Ind

ian J Malariol 19

95;

of hum

an32

(3):9

9–10

3.vo

lunteers

Azadirachta indica

Neem cream

Con

trolled

App

lication of neem cream

to ex

posed

Dua

VK. Rep

ellent action of neem

field study:

body parts sho

wed

78%

, 89

%, a

nd

cream aga

inst m

osqu

itoe

s. Ind

ian J

exposed

94.4% protection ag

ains

t Aed

es,

Malariology

199

5;32

(2):4

7–53

.bo

dy pa

rts

Culex

, and

Ano

phe

les mos

quitoe

s,of hum

anresp

ective

ly. Sign

ifican

t differenc

evo

lunteers

was observe

d between ne

em cream

-trea

ted and

untreated

group for Aed

emos

quitoe

s.Azadirachta indica

Azadirachta indica,

Mice with

Infected

mice were prophy

lactically

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. Pr

ophy

lactic the

rapy

Boerhavia diffusa,

septicem

iaad

ministered postinfective

, preinfective,

of Salmonella typhi

septicemia in

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

from

sing

le and

multiple dos

es of ex

tract

mice with a trad

itiona

lly prescribe

d

Terminalia chebula,

Salmonella

and had

a significant the

rapeu

tic

crud

e dru

g form

ulation

. J


typhi

effect in reduc

ing septicemia.

Ethno

pha

rm 199

5;45

:141

–147

.Trichosanthes dioica,

Zingiber officinale.

Extracted

in 80%

aque

ous alco

hol etha

nol.

1% stock solution us

edto prepa

re dilu

tion

s.Oral or subc

utane

ous

administration

Azadirachta indica

Extracts of neem lea

ves

Rats

Neem dose dep

ende

ntly decreased

gastric

Garg GP, et al. The

gastric antiulcer

ulcer sev

erity in rats ub

jected

to stress

effects of the

lea

ves of the

Neem

and also decreased

ethan

ol provo

ked

tree. Plan

ta M

ed 199

3;59

:215

–217

.ga

stric muc

osal dam

age.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

425

( continued)

Azadirachta indica

Azadirachta indicaan

dPilo

t stud

y:In 97%

of the cases, a cur

e of scabies w

as

Cha

rles V

, Cha

rles SX. T

he use and

Curcuma longapa

ste

814 patients

obtained

within 3–

15 day

s of treatmen

t.efficacy

of Azadirachta indicaADR

with scab

ies

(“Neem”) and

Curcuma longa

(“Turm

eric”) in scab

ies:A pilo

tstudy. Trop G

eogr M

ed 199

2;44

:17

8–18

1.Azadirachta indica

A decoc

tion

of the follo

wing

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoc

tion

and

Sati R

B, Sh

arma RK. Man

agem

ent of

herbs: Azadirachta indica,

cong

estive

Urgenic indica. Patients with isch

emic

cong

estive

cardiac failu

re w

ith

Boerhaavia diffusa, Cedrus

heart failu

rehe

art disease, card

iomyo

pathy

and

certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

deodara, Picrorhiza kurrooa,

cor pulmon

ale were give

n pow

der of

Aryav

aidy

an 199

0;4(2):123

–126

.Terminalia chebula, Tinospora

Inula racemosa, w

hile patients with

cordifolia, Trichosantes lobata;

rheu

matic heart disea

se w

ere give

nInula raceomosa2 g, 8

Commiphora mukul. A

fter 2 w

eeks

hourly; Commiphora mukul,

of treatmen

t all 10

patients were cu

red

1/2 g 8 ho

urly; Urgenic

completely, 2

had

bradyc

ardia and

indica 100 m

g 8 ho

urly

2 were refractory.

Azadirachta indica

Group I: Azadirachta indica

Ran

dom

Enc

ouraging

improve

men

t in treating

Nair RP, et al. Clin

ical eva

luation of

powder 4 g/3 3

day

, trial: 60

vitilig

o (app

earanc

e of w

hite patch

esAyu

rved

ic prepa

ration

s in vitiligo

. Pa

ste of Abrus precatorius,

patien

tson

the

skin) w

as noted

in bo

th group

s.JR

es A

yur Siddh 19

87;VIII(1–

2):

and Plumbago zeylanica

with vitilig

o30

–38.

applie

d externa

llyGroup

II:Pow

der of

Phyllanthus emblica,

Acacia catechuan

dseed

s of Psoralea

corylifolia

4 g/

3 3day

Azadirachta indica

Neem oil ap

plie

d w

ith

Human

and

Used intrava

gina

lly, ne

em w

as 100

%Sinh

a KC, e

t al. N

eem oil as a

an applicator

anim

aleffective in preve

nting pregn

ancy

in

vagina

l co

ntraceptive. Ind

ian

trial: rats,

subjects.

JMed

Res 198

4;79

:131

–136

.rhesus

mon

keys

,hu

man

sBacopa monnieri

Ayu

rved

ic prepa

ration

of

Dou

ble-blind,

Ayu

rved

ic preparation was effective

in

Yad

av SK, et al. Irritable bo

wel

(L.) Pe

nnell

Aegle marmelos

and Bacopa

rand

omized

64.9% w

hereas stand

ard the

rapy

was

synd

rome: the

rape

utic ev

alua

tion

SC

ROPH

ULA

RIACEA

Emonnierifor 6 weeks

trial: 16

9useful in 78.3%

. Placebo

patients

of ind

igen

ous dru

gs. Indian JM

edBrahm

ive

rsus

stand

ard the

rapy

pa

tien

ts w

ith

improve

d 32.7%

. The

rapy was

Res Sect A-Infect Dis 198

9;90

:Brahm

iof clid

inium bromide,

irritable

particu

larly be

neficial in the diarrhe

a-49

6–50

3.ch

lord

iaze

poxide, and

bowel

predom

inan

t form

of IBS.

isap

hagu

llasynd

rome

(IBS)

Bacopa monnieri

Con

stituen

ts of Bacopa

Rats

Bacosides app

eared to ha

ve a significant

Sing

h HK, et al. Effect of Bacos

ides A

monnieriaq

ueo

us

effect on men

tal retention capa

city of

and B on av

oidan

ce respon

ses in

susp

ension

of ba

cosides

rats by im

prov

ing resp

onses.

rats. P

hyto R

es 198

8;2(2):70–

75.

A and

B

426

Bacopa monnieri

Aqu

eous

susp

ension

of

Rats

In Sho

ck-M

otivated

Brigh

tness-

Sing

h HK, Dha

wan

BN.

an alcoh

olic extract of

Discrim

ination Reaction, the

treated

Effect of Bacopa monniera

Bacopa monnieri(40 mg/

kg

grou

p sho

wed

significant better

Linn. (brah

mi) extract on

orally) for 3 or m

ore day

sacqu

isition, improv

ed reten

tion

, an

dav

oida

nce resp

onses in rat. J

delay

ed extinction. In Active

Ethno

pharm 198

2;5(2):205

–214

.Con

ditione

d Flig

ht R

eaction, animals

show

ed a significant sho

rter reaction

time than

con

trols in flig

ht reaction.

Boerhavia diffusa L.

Aqu

eous

or po

wder roo

tRats

Extract exh

ibited

marke

d protection of a

Raw

at A

K, et al. Hep

atop

rotective

NYCTAGIN

ACEAE

of Boerhavia diffusa.

majority of serum param

eters. A

queo

us

activity of Boerhaavia diffusa

L.

Puna

rnau

aAqu

eous ex

tract (2 m

l/kg

) form

had

more he

patop

rotective

roots—

A pop

ular Indian ethn

o-Sp

read

ing

of roo

tseffect tha

n po

wder. T

his may

be

med

icine. J Ethno

pharm 199

7;56

(1):

hogw

eed

due to better ab

sorp

tion

of the liq

uid

61–6

6.throug

h ga

strointestinal tract.

Boerhavia diffusa

Boerhavia diffusa,

Golden

Form

ulation

had

a m

axim

um cure rate

Sohn

i YR, B

hatt R

M. A

ctivity of a

Berberis aristata,

hamsters

of 73%

as a dose of 800

mg/

kg per day

crud

e ex

tract form

ulation

in

Tinospora cordifolia

,with he

patic

in hep

atic amoe

biasis. The

ave

rage

expe

rimen

tal he

patic amoe

biasis

Terminalia chebula,

amoe

biasis

deg

ree of infection

to 1.4 co

mpared

to

and in im

mun

omod

ulation

studies.


4.2 for controls w

as red

uced.

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

6;54

(2–3

):119

–124

.Dried

and

pulve

rize

dplan

ts extracted

in

etha

nol toge

ther and

individually.

Metronidaz

ole

administered as stan

dard

therap

yBoerhavia diffusa

Boerhavia diffusa,

Rats with caecal

Form

ulation

had

a curative

rate of 89%

So

hni YR, e

t al. The

anti-am

oebic

Berberis aristata,

amoe

biasis

with av

erag

e deg

ree of infection

effect of a crude dru

g in


(cae

cal am

oebiasis) (A

DI) red

uced to

form

ulation

of he

rbal extracts

Terminalia chebula,

0.4 in a group dos

ed w

ith 50

0 mg/

kg

agains

t En

tamoe

ba histolytica in

Zingiber officinale

per day

as co

mpared

with ADI

vitroan

d in vivo. J Ethno

pha

rmDried

and

pulve

rize

dof 3.8 for con

trols.

1995

;45(1):43–

52.

plan

ts extracted

in

etha

nol toge

ther and

individually.

Metronidaz

ole


dard

therap

y

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

427

( continued)

Boerhavia diffusa

Azadirachta indica,

Mice with

Infected

mice were prophy

lactically

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. Pr

ophy

lactic the

rapy

Boerhavia diffusa,

septicem

iaad

ministered postinfective

, preinfective,

of Salmonella typhi

septicemia

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

from

sing

le, a

nd m

ultiple doses of ex

tract

in m

ice with a trad

itiona

llyTerminalia chebula,

Salmonella

and had

a significant the

rapeu

tic

prescribe

d crude dru

g form

ulation.


typhi

effect in reduc

ing septicemia.

JEthno

pha

rm 199

5;45

:141

–147



Extracted

in 80

%aq

ueou

s alcoho

l etha

nol.

1% stock

solution us

edto prepare dilu

tion

s.Oral or subcutane

ous

administration

Boerhavia diffusa

Ethan

olic extract of

Pregn

ant

Extract w

as fou

nd to be

dev

oid of an

ySing

h A, et al. An ex

perimen

tal

Boerhavia diffusa

albino

rats

teratoge

nic effect as litter size and

evaluation of possible teratoge

nic

Daily dose of 250

mg/

kgdur

ing

survival rate of fetuses were same as

poten

tial in Boerhaavia diffusa

in

period

of

the co

ntrol an

d no fetal an

omaly

Albino rats. Plan

ta M

ed 199

1;57

(4):

gestation

could be detected.

315–31

6.Boerhavia diffusa

Alcoh

olic extract of

Rats an

d m

ice

Extract exh

ibited

hep

atop

rotective

Cha

ndan

BK, et al. Boerhaavia diffusa:

who

le plant of

activity aga

inst ind

uced hep

atox

icity,

A study of its hep

atop

rotective

Boerhavia diffusa.

and sho

wed

an increa

se in no

rmal bile

activity. J Ethno

pha

rm 199

1;31

(3):

500 mg/

kg at 48

, 24

, an

dflow

sugg

esting

a stron

g ch

oleretic

299–30

7.2 ho

urs before an

d 6

activity. N

o sign

s of tox

icity with an

hours after C

C14

oral dose up

to 2 g/

kg.

administration

Boerhavia diffusa

A decoc

tion

of the

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoction

Sati R

B, Sha

rma RK. Man

agem

ent of

follo

wing he

rbs:

cong

estive

and Urgenic indica. Patients with

cong

estive

cardiac failure w

ith

Azadirachta indica,

heart failu

reisch

emic heart disease, card

iomyo

pathy

certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

Boerhaavia diffusa,

and cor pulm

onale were give

n pow

der

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;4(2):1

23–1

26.

Cedrus deodara,

of Inula racemosa,

while patients with

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

rheu

matic heart disease w

ere give

nTerminalia chebula,

Commiphora mukul. After 2 w

eeks of


trea

tmen

t all 10

patients were cu

red

Trichosantes lobata,

completely, 2 had

bradyc

ardia, a

ndInula racemosa2 g, 8

2 were refractory.

hourly; Commiphora

mukul,1

/2 g 8 ho

urly;

Urgenic indica10

0 mg,

8 ho

urly

Boswellia serrata

Boswellia serrata

gum

Con

trolled

Patien

ts suffering from

ulcerative co

litis,

Gupta I, et al. Effects of Boswellia

Rox

b.ex

Coleb

r.resin prepa

ration

.clinical trial

all param

eters tested

improve

d after

serratagu

m resin in pa

tien

ts w

ith

BURSE

RACEAE

Dosag

e of 350 m

g 3 3

per

trea

tmen

t, the resu

lts be

ing simila

r ulcerative co

litis. Eur

J M

ed R

es

Shallaki

day

for 6 w

eeks or as a

to con

trols: 82%

treated

wen

t into

1997;2(1):3

7–43.

Indian oliban

um

control su

lfasalazine

remission

, for the su

lfasalaz

ine-

(1 g 3

3per day

)trea

ted group 75%

.

428

Boswellia serrata

H15

, a sp

ecial ex

tract of

Con

trolled

The

extract w

as effective

in reduc

ing

Etzel R

. Sp

ecial ex

tract of

the gu

m resin of Boswellia

clinical

symptom

s of rhe

umatoid arthritis in

Boswellia serrata

(H15

) in the

serrata3 3

2 or 3

33

trial: 26

050

%–6

0% of pa

tien

ts inv

olve

d. The

retreatm

ent of rhe

umatoid arthritis

tablets as a 400

mg

patients with

was a significant red

uction

in sw

ellin

g Ph

ytom

edicine 19

96;3(1):9

1–94

extract.

rheu

matoid

and pain co

mpa

red to the placeb

o.arthritis

Boswellia serrata

Boswellic

acids

Rats

Boswellic

acids were found

to po

ssess

Kap

il A. E

ffect of Boswellic

acids

sign

ifican

t an

ti-inflammatory an

don

com

plemen

t in adjuva

ntan

dco

mplem

ent-inhibitory activities.

carrag

eena

n-induc

ed inflammation.

Inflam

mop

harm

acolog

y 1994

;2:

361–

367.

Boswellia serrata

Acetyl-bo

swellic

acids

Mice trea

ted

Mice were give

n the ex

tract 1 ho

ur before

Safayh

i H, e

t al. Pr

otection

by

(ac-BA

) isolated

from

with ga

lactos-

administration with ga

lactosam

ine/

bosw

ellic

acid aga

inst

gum resin of Boswellia

amine

endotox

in. T

he extract significantly

galactosam

ine/

endotox

in-

serrata

endotox

in to

reduced seru

m enz

yme activities. The

induced hep

atitis in mice.

induce

extract’s protection was interpr

eted

in

Bioch

em Pha

rmacol 199

1;41

(10):

hepatitis

term

s of its ability to inh

ibit the

15

36–1

537.

form

ation of leu

kotriene

s.Boswellia serrata

Withania somnifera

root

Dou

ble-blind,

Osteo

arthritis pa

tien

ts w

ere rand

omly

Kulkarni R

R, et al. Treatmen

t of

450 mg; Boswellia

placebo

-allocated to receive the placeb

o or the

osteoa

rthr

itis w

ith a he

rbal

serrataOleo gu

m resin

controlle

dhe

rbom

ineral formulation. A

significant

form

ulation:

a dou

ble-blind,

100 mg; Curcuma longa

trial: 42

drop was noted

in the seve

rity of pa

in

placeb

o-co

ntrolle

d, cros

s-ov

er

rhizom

e 50

mg; and

Zinc

patients

( p,

0.00

1) and

disab

ility sco

re

stud

y. JEthno

pharm 199

1;complex 50

mg

( p,

0.05

)33

(1–2

):91–

95.

Boswellia serrata

Alcoh

olic extract of salai

Rats an

d m

ice

To stud

y cellu

lar an

d humoral immune

Sh

arma ML, e

t al. E

ffect of salai

gugg

al w

as prepared

resp

onses an

d leucocy

tes migration

, gu

ggal ex-Boswellia serrata

on

as a fine ho

mog

enized

oral administration of the

extract

cellu

lar an

d hum

oral immun

e su

spen

sion

in 2%

gum

strong

ly inh

ibited

antibod

y pr

oduction

resp

onses an

d leuco

cyte

acacia and

administered

and cellular resp

onses, inh

ibited

the

migration

. Age

nts Actions

orally

infiltration

of polym

orpho

nuclea

r 19

88;24(1–

2):161

–164

.leuc

ocytes, a

nd decreased

the

volume

of pleural ex

udate.

Boswellia serrata

Alcoh

olic extract of

Rats an

d m

ice

The

extract display

ed m

arke

d anti-

Sing

h GB, A

tal CK. Ph

armacolog

y of

salai gu

ggal

inflam

matory activity in carrag

eena

n-an

extract of salai gu

ggal ex-

induced edem

a in rats an

d mice. It

Boswellia serrata, a

new

non

-was equ

ally effective

in

steroidal anti-inflam

matory ag

ent.

adrena

lectom

ised

rats.

Age

nts Actions 1986;18

(3–4

):407–4

12.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPH

ARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

429

( continued)

Butea monosperma

Pippali Rasay

ana, an

Con

trolled

Com

plete disappe

aran

ce of Giardia lamblia

Aga

rwal A

K, e

t al.

(Lam

.) Tau

b.Ayu

rved

ic dru

gclinical trial:

from

stools in 23/

25 (92

%) pa

tien

ts

Man

agem

ent of giard

iasis by

aLEGUMIN

OSA

Eprep

ared

from Butea

25 patients

resu

lted

. Sy

mptom

s of ill he

alth,

herbal dru

g ‘Pippali Rasay

ana’: A

Palasa

monospermastem

s an

dwith

abdom

inal disco

mfort, p

resenc

e of

clinical study

. J Ethno

pharm

Bastard

tea

kleav

es and

Piper longum

giardiasis;

mucu

s, pus cells

and

red

blood

cells

1997

;56(3):233

–236

.dried

fru

its. A

dministered

25 con

trols

sign

ifican

tly reduced. Sp

ontane

ous

orally at 1 g PO

3 3pe

r day

recove

ry in 20

% of the cases was

for 15 day

srecord

ed in the placeb

o co

ntrol grou

pButea monosperma

Pippali Rasay

ana prepa

red

Two grou

psMice infected

with Giardia lamblia

Aga

rwal A

K, e

t al. Man

agem

ent of

from

Butea monosperma

of m

ice with

trop

hozo

ites tha

t were trea

ted w

ith the

giardiasis by

an im

mun

omod

ulatory

stem

s an

d leav

es and

a control

herbal formula produced up to 98

%he

rbal dru

g Pippa

li rasaya

na.

Piper longum dried

fru

its

recove

ry from the

infection

.JE

thno

pha

rm 199

4;44

(3):1

43–1

46.

administered orally

Butea monosperma

Ethan


Rats orally

Aqu

eous or 90%

ethan

ol extracts of

Nath D, e

t al. Com

mon

lyof pow

dered

plant

dosed

for 10

the plants were stud

ied in rats for 10

used Ind

ian ab

ortifacien

t plants


day

sday


ecial

with sp

ecial referenc

e to the

irAbrus precatorius, Acacia

referenc


teratologic effects in rats. J

arabicva, Aloe barbadensis,

dev

elop

men

t. Leaf extracts of

Ethno

pha

rm 199

2;36

:147

–154

.Anethum

sowa, Apium

Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda


vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses

arundensis, Blepharis edulis,

equivalen

t to 175

mg/

kg starting dry

Butea monosperma,


ers of Acacia

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,

arabicaan


Lepidum sativum

, Mesua

appea

red to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial

ferrea, Moringa oleifera,

at the

dos

es tested.

Mucuna pruriens,

Raphanus sativus,

Sida cordifolia,

Trachyspermum

ammai

Butea monosperma

Crude pow

der mixture

75 patients with

The

cure rate in group

A w

as 80%

,Sa

rma BP, O

jha D. T

he m

anag

emen

t of equ

al parts of:

variou

s worm

grou

p B treated with meb

endaz

ole

of G

andupa

da krim

i ( Ascaris

Ailanthus excelsa, Butea

infestations

was 92%

, an

d group C

was 76%

.lumbricoides) w

ith indigen

ous dru

gs.

monosperma, Embelia

Cure rate sho

wed

neg

ative Ascaris

Aryav

aidya

n 19

92;5(3):1

70–172

.ribes, Erythrina indica,

lumbricoidesov

a in stool rep

ort for

Mallotus philippensis,

three co

nsecutive da

ys.

Orxylum

indicum

Butea monosperma

Alcoh

olic susp

ension

of

Albino rats

At the tw

o dos

es, Butea monosperma

Seth IN, e

t al. T

eratolog

ical eva

luation

Butea monosperma

show

ed abo

rtifactant activity 38

.46%

of seed susp

ension

of Butea

seed

s. D

ose of 175

and

an

d 65.78%, r

espe

ctively. In cases

monosperma in rats. Fitoterap

ia

359 mg/

kg bod

y weigh

twhe

re pregn

ancy

con

tinu

ed, b

irth

1990

;LXI(6):547

–550

.defects w

ere no

ticed 61

.54%

and

34.22%

, resp

ective

ly.

430

Butea monosperma

Butin isolated

from seeds

Adu

ltAnti-im

plantation activity in 40

%, 70

%,

Bha

rgav

a SK

. Estroge

nic an

d

of Butea monosperma.

female rats

and 90%

of the treated animals

postcoital an

tico

ncep

tive

activity

Oral ad

ministration to

resu

lted

. At lower doses, there was a

in rats of butin iso

lated from

rats at 5, 10, and

20 mg

dose-dep

enden

t term

ination of

Butea monospermaseed

. J

per rat day

1–5

of

pregn

ancy

and

a decrease in the

Ethno

pha

rm 198

6;18

(1):9

5–10

1.pr

egna

ncy

numbe

r of implantation sites.

Capsicum annuum L.

Rats fed the

following

Rats

Com

mon

spices or their active

princ

iples

Platel K

, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce of

SOLA

NACEAE

plan

ts for 8 w

eeks

:were ex

amined

for the

ir pos

sible

dietary spices or the

ir active

Katuv

ira

Brassicasp

ecies,

influen

ce on the digestive

enz

ymes of

princ

iples on

digestive

enz

ymes

Span

ish Pep

per

Capsicum annum

,intestinal m

ucosa. D

ietary curcumin,

of small intestinal m

ucosa in rats.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,caps

aicin, piperine an

d Zingiber

Int J Fo

od Sci N

utr 19

95;47(1):55–

59.

Curcuma longa, Ferula

officinaleprominen

tly en

hanc

ed

foetida, Piper longum,

intestinal lipase activity and

also the

Piper nigrum,

disacch

aridases suc

rase and

maltase.

Trigonella foenum-

Dietary Cum

inum

cyminum

, Trigonella

graecum, Zingiber

foemum

-graecum

, Brassica sp

ecies an

d

officinale

Ferula foetida

brou

ght ab

out decreases

in the

lev

els of pho

spha

tases an

d

sucrase. The

positive influen

ces of a

good

num

ber of spices on term

inal

enzy

mes of the digestive

process cou

ld

be an ad

ditiona

l featur

e of species

that are gen

erally w

ell recogn

ized

to

stim

ulate digestion

.Capsicum annuum

Intran

asal cap

saicin

Dou

ble-blind,

Patien

ts w

ith cluster headache

sMarks D

R, e

t al. A dou

ble-blind

placeb

o-received

intrana

sal caps

aicin an

dplacebo

con

trolled trial of

controlle

dex

perien

ced a significant decrease in

intran

asal cap

saicin for cluster

trial

head

ache

sev

erity relative

to co

ntrols.

head

ache

. Cep

halalgia 199

3;13

(2):

114–

116.

Capsicum annuum

Top

ically applied

Ran

dom

ized

All efficacy

variables:related

to he

rpetic

Watso

n CPN, e

t al. A ran

dom

ized

capsaicin 0.075

% cream

vehicle-

neuralgia sho

wed

a significant

vehicle-co

ntrolle

d trial of topical

controlle

dim

prove

men

t at nea

rly all time po

ints

caps

aicin in treatmen

t of

trial: 14

3throug

hout the study for bo

th

postherpe

tic ne

uralgia. C

lin

patien

tspatient group

s: red

uction in pain,

The

r 19

93;15(3):510

–526

.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

431

( continued)

with ch

ronic

or cha

nges in pain seve

rity, pa

in relief,

post-herpetic

and func

tion

al cap

acity scale.

neur

algia

Capsicum annuum

0.07

5% cap

saicin cream

.Dou

ble-blind,

Cap

saicin cream

was app

lied top

ically

The

Cap

saican

Study Group

.App

lied 4

3pe

r day

for

vehicle-

to areas of pain in patients with

Treatmen

t of painful diabe

tic

8 weeks

controlle

ddiabe

tic ne

uropathy

. The

cream

neuropa

thy with topical cap

saican

: study

produced significant relief for patients

a multicen

ter dou

ble-blind, v

ehicle-

compared

to thos

e receiving a no

nactive

control-led study. A

rch Int Med

cream.

1991

;151

(11):222

5–22

29.

Capsicum annuum

Nasal cap

saicin

Hum

an trial:

Cluster headache

patients (11/

16) ex

peri-

Raloff J. Hot prosp

ects for que

lling

16

cluster

enced cessation of hea

dache

s after

clus

ter he

adache

s. Sci N

ews 19

91;

head

ache

treatm

ent with capsaicin solution

in the

13:20–

21.

patien

tsno

stril of the

sam

e side of the

hea

dache

. Ano

ther 2 patients ex

perienc

ed 50%

reduc

tion

in pa

in.

Capsicum annuum

0.02

5% cap

saicin cream

Dou

ble-

The

study indicates 0.025

% cap

saicin is

Walke

r FO

, Lew

is SF. Som

esthetic

blinded

a safe top

ical age

nt w

ith dem

onstrable

and electroph

ysiologic effects of

controlle

dclinical effects on sm

all fibe

r func

tion

topical 0.02

5% cap

saicin in man

.trial:

but no

t on

large

fiber or au

tono

mic

Reg

Ane

sth 19

90;15:61

–66.

10 subjects

func

tion

.Capsicum annum

Cap

saicin cream

0.025

%Case stud

y:After amputation, sev

ere pain dev

elop

ed

Ray

ner HC, e

t al. Relief of loc

al

4 3daily

47-year-old

in both stum

ps. A

pplic

ation of cap

saicin

stump pain by

cap

saicin cream

, diabe

tic

relie

ved the

pain co

mpletely after day

Lan

cet 19

89;25:12

76–1

277.

with be

low

7 with no

loc

al irritation. O

n stop

ping

the kn

eethe cream, p

ain returned

after 2 d

ays.

ampu

tation

Capsicum annuum

Spice princ

iples: cap

saicin,

Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

Samba

iah K, S

riniva

san K. Influen

ce

curcumin, p

iperine. Plants:

liver m

icrosomal cytoc

hrom

e P45

0-of spices and

spice princ

iples on

Brassica, Cinnamomum

dep

enden

t aryl hyd

roxy

lase.

hepatic m

ixed

func

tion

oxy

gena

se

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

Cum

inum

cyminum

, Zingiber

system

in rats. Ind

ian J Bioch

emcymimum

, Ferula foetida,

officinale,

and Trigonella foenum-

Biophy

s 19

89;26(4):254

–258

.Tamarindus indica, Trigonella

graecum

also stimulated the

lev

els of

foenum

-graecum

,cy

toch

rome P45

0 an

d b5, Cum

inum

Zingiber officinale

cyminum

and Tamarindus indica

stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Capsicum annuum

Cap

saicin cream

or placebo

Dou

ble-blind

Sign

ifican

t increa

sed relie

f in

Berns

tein JE, et al. T

opical cap

saicin

trea

ted for a 6-w

eek

controlle

dcaps

aicin-treated group

com

pared

trea

tmen

t of chr

onic pos

therpetic

period

trial: 32

with ve

hicle was observe

d for all

neuralgia. J A

m A

cad D

ermatol

patien

tsefficacy

variables. A

fter 6 w

eeks

,19

89;21:26

5–27

0.with ch

ronic

80% of caps

aicin-treated patients,

post-herpetic

expe

rien

ced som

e pa

in relief.

neur

algia

432

Capsicum annuum

Cap

saicin cream

, 0.025%

2 case studies

Male, 67 ye

ars old, with Diabetes mellitus

Ross DR, Varipap

a RJ. Treatmen

t of

presented

with pa

in in the ou

ter

painful diabe

tic ne

uropa

thy with

aspe

cts of left thigh. C

apsaicin treatmen

ttopical caps

aicin. N

Eng

l JM

ed

3 3per day

resulted in total relief

1989

;321

(7):4

74–4

75.

of dys

esthesias within 5 day

s. M

ale,

57 yea

rs old, with diabe

tic ne

uropa

thy

was treated

with caps

aicin 4 3

per

day

. Within 2 weeks

he stated

pain

was relieve

d to a muc

h greater ex

tent.

Capsicum annuum

Top

ical 0.025

% cap

saicin

Human

trial:

After a variety of treatm

ent ap

proache

s W

atson CP, e

t al. T

he post-

18 patients

(to reduce pain) w

ere uns

atisfactory,

mastectom

y pain sy

ndrome an

d

with post-

12 of the 14

patients co

mpleting

the effect of topical capsaicin. Pain

mastectom

ytrea

tmen

t with caps

aicin sh

owed

19

89;38:17

7–18

6.pa

inim

prove

men

t after 4 weeks and

8 (57

%)

synd

rome

were judg

ed to be

goo

d or ex

celle

nt

resp

onses.

Capsicum annuum

Top

ical 0.025

% cap

saicin

Human

trial:

39% entering the trial achiev

ed at least

Watson CP, e

t al. P

ost-he

rpetic

33 patients

a go

od result and

55%

were im

prove

d

neur

algia an

d top

ical cap

saicin.

with post-

or better; 56%

of the 23

patients

Pain 19

88;33:33

3–34

0.he

rpetic

completing

the

study ha

d goo

d or

neuralgia

excelle

nt pain relie

f after 4 weeks; 78

%

of the

23 no

ted at least some

improve

men

t in pain.

Capsicum annuum

Cap

saicin cream

, 0.025%

. Case stud

yHealthy

male, 66 ye

ars old, p

resented

Haw

k RJ, Millikan

LE. Treatmen

t of

Stan

dard therap

y includ

ed

with he

rpes zos

ter. A

fter 18 mon

ths

oral postherpe

tic ne

uralgia w

ith

1.5 mL betam

etha

sone

of stand

ard treatmen

t, su

bject

topical capsaicin. Int JD

ermatol

sodium pho

spha

te, 1

.5 m

Linitiated cap

saicin treatmen

t.19

88;27(5):336

.triamcino

lone

acetonide

Discomfort decreased

within 2 day

s(4

3pe

r day

application). F

our weeks

after initiating

treatmen

t, patient

awok

e with no

pain.

Carum

carvi

L.

For ob

stipation, a

Human

trial:

The

lax

ative he

rb com

bina

tion

was

Matev

M, e

t al. Use of an

herba

l UMBELLIFE

RAE

combina

tion

of Rhamus

patien

ts w

ith

effective in 100

% of the pa

tien

ts.

combina

tion

with laxa

tive

action

Krish

najira

frangula, Citrus aurantium,

duod

enal ulcer

Daily defecation in 90.6%

of patients

on duod

enal pep

tic ulcer an

d

Caraw

ayCarum

carvi. F

or m

ain

or gastrod

uo-

and eve

ry secon

d day

defecation was

gastroduod

enitis patients with a

disea

se: a

com

bina

tion

of

den

itis,

obtained

9.4% of the pa

tien

ts.

conc

omitan

t ob

stipation

Symphitum

officinalis and

all with

synd

rome [Bulgarian]. Vutr

Calendula officinalis

obstipation

Boles 198

1;20

(6):4

8–51

.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

433

( continued)

Cassia fistula

L.

Aqu

eous fraction

of

Mice

Cassia fistula

prod

uced a sign

ifican

tAve

lla E, e

t al. Ev

aluation of tradi-

LEGUMMIN

OSA

Eleav

es of Cassia fistula.

decrease in glycemia and

in the

tion

al m

edicine:Effects of Cajanus

Aragh

ada

Dosag

es of 30

0, 500

, and

glucose toleran

ce test.

cajanL. an

d of Cassia fistula

L. on

Indian labu

rnum

100 mg/

kgcarboh

ydrate m

etab

olism in mice

[Span

ish]. R

ev M

ed Pan

ama

1991

;16(1):39–

45.

Cassia fistula

Leg

ume Cassia fistula

Albino rats

Administration of Cassia fistula produ

ced

el-Saa

dan

y SS

, et al. The

bioch

emical

a sign

ifican

t decrease in blood

and

role and

hyp

ocho

lesterolaemic

liver total lipids. Brain, s

pleen, kidne

ys

poten

tial of the legu

me Cassia

and heart followed

a sim

ilar tren

d but

fistula

in hyp

erch

olesterolaem

ic

with mod

erate effect. B

lood

, liver,

rats. N

ahru

ng 199

1;35

(8):8

07–8

15.

kidne

ys, sp

leen

and

hea

rt total

cholesterol sign

ifican

tly decreased

. The

lev

el of triglycerides w

as m

arke

dly

improve

d.

Cassia fistula

Who

le seed pow

der of

Rat, go

lden

Cassia fistula

was fou

nd to be

amoe

bicida

l,Sh

ukla SC

, Das SR. C

ure of

Cassia fistula

hamster and

cysticidal, a

nd cur

ed exp

erim

ental

Amoe

biasis by seed

pow

der of

human

scaecal amoe

biasis, he

patic am

oebiasis

Cassia fistula. Int JC

rude Dru

g Res

and intestina

l am

oebiasis of hu

man

s.19

88;26(3):141

–144

.Cedrus deodara

Extracts of Cedrus

Rab

bits

Extract w

as tried

aga

inst m

ixed

Sang

wan

AK, et al. Clin

ical efficacy

(Rox

b. ex D. Don

)deodaraan

d Pongamia

infestations

of Psoroptes cuniculi(ear

of a herba

l ge

l an

d ointm

ent

G. D

onglabra. Cha

rmil in the

cank

er) an

d Notoedres cati(m

ange

)(C

harm

il) aga

inst m

ange

in rabb

its.

PIN

ACEA

Etw

in formulation

s of gel

in a colon

y of lab

oratory rabb

its. Two

Indian Vet J 199

4;71

(9):9

25–9

27.

Dev

adaru

and ointm

ent

applic

ations

, 1 w

eek ap

art, cu

red the

Deo

dar

rabb

its completely.

Cedrus deodara

A decoc

tion

of the

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoction

Sati R

B, Sh

arma RK. Man

agem

ent of

follo

wing he

rbs:

cong

estive

and Urgenic indica.

Patients with

cong

estive

cardiac failu

re w

ith

Azadirachta indica,

heart failu

reisch

emic hea

rt disease, card

iomyo

pathy

certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

Boerhaavia diffusa,

and cor pulm

onale were give

n po

wder

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;4(2):1

23–126

.Cedrus deodara,

of Inula racemosa,

while patients with

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

rheu

matic hea

rt disease w

ere give



eeks


of treatmen

t all 10

patients were cu

red

Trichosantes lobata,

completely, 2

had

bradyc

ardia, a


2 were refractory.

hourly; Commiphora

mukul,1

/2 g 8

hourly, Urgenic indica

100 mg, 8 hou

rly

Cedrus deodara

Him

acha

lol iden

tified

as

Cat

Intrag

astric administration of him

acha

lol

Kar K

, et al. Sp

asmolytic con

stituen

ts

the major antispa

smod

icor pap

averine (100

mg/

kg) pr

oduced

of Cedrus deodara (R

oxb.) Lo

ud:

cons

tituen

t in the

woo

deq

ual inh

ibition of ind

uced

spasm of

pha

rmacolog

ical eva

luation of

of Cedrus deodara

the intestine, lasting

abo

ut 2 ho

urs,

himacha

lol. J Pha

rm Sci 197

5;64

(2):

but the himacha

lol ha

d a faster

258–

262.

onset of action.

434

Cinnamomum

Aqu

eous

and

chloroform

Rats

Preg

nant fem

ale rats treated

with bo

thPe

llega

tti-Le

mon

ica I, Borro-M

aced

o zeylanicum

Blume

extracts Cinnamomum

extracts presented

an increa

sed num

ber

AMR. A

bortive an

d/or embryo

-LAURACEAE

zeylanicum

70 m

g/kg

of resorption

s. A

non

sign

ifican

tfetotoxic effect of Cinnamomum

Twak

numbe

r of abn

ormalities were

zeylanicum

leaf extracts in

Cinna

mon

observed

in liv

e fetuses.

pregn

ant rats. F

itoterap

ia19

94;65(5):431

–434

.Cinnamomum


Rats

The

se plants did not sho

w any

Samba

iah K, S

riniva

san K. E

ffect of

zeylanicum

zeylanica, Cum

inum

cholesterol decreasing effect w

hen

cumin, cinn

amon

, ging

er, m

ustard

cyminum

, Zingiber

includ

ed in the no

rmal and

and tam

arind in induc

ed hyp

er-

officinale

hype

rcho

lesterolem

ia-ind

ucing

diet at

cholesterolemic rats. N

ahru

ng 199

1;ab

out five

fold normal human

intak

e35

(1):4

7–51

.leve

l.Cinnamomum


Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

liver

Samba

iah K, S

riniva

san K. Influen

ce

zeylanicum

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

microsomal cytochrom

e P450-de

pend

ent

of spices and

spice princ

iples on

cyminum

, Ferula

aryl hyd

roxy

lase. Cum

inum

cyminum

, he

patic m

ixed

func

tion

oxy

gena

se

foetida, Tamarindus

Zingiber officinale,

and Trigonella

system

in rats. Ind

ian J Bioch

em

indica, Trigonella

foenum

-graecum

also stimulated

the

lev

els

Bioph

ys 1989;26

(4):2

54–2

58.

foenum

-graecum

,of cytoc

hrom

e P45

0 an

d b5, Cum

inum

Zingiber officinale

cyminum


stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Clitoria ternateaL.

Alcoh

olic extract of

Rod

ents

No ab

stract ava

ilable

Kulkarni C

, et al. Effect of alcoh

olic

LEGUMIN

OSA

EClitoria ternatea

extract of Clitoria ternateaLinn. on

Apa

rajita

central ne

rvou

s sy

stem

in rode

nts.

Butterfly pea

Indian

J. E

xp Biol 1

988;26(12):957–960.

Cocos nucifera

L.

Hem

icellulose and

Rats

The

results indicate that hem

icellulose

Sind

hurani JA, R

ajam

ohan

T. Hyp

o-PALMAE

cellu

lose fiber from

rich

fiber from Cocos nucifera sho

wed

lip

idem

ic effect of hem

icellulose

Narikela

Cocos nucifera

a decrease co

ncen

tration of total

compon

ent of coc

onut fiber. Indian

Cocon

ut plant

cholesterol, LDL and

VLDL and

JExp

Biol 19

98;36(8):786

–789

.an

inc

rease in H

DL, w

hile cellulose

rich

Cocos nucifera

fibe

r sh

owed

no

sign

ifican

t alteration

.Cocos nucifera

Coc

onut ke

rnal

Animals

Coc

onut kerna

l, thus reduc

ed the

Nalini N, e

t al. H

istopatho

logical

mutage

nic an

d carcino

genic effect of

and lipid cha

nges in ex

perim

ental

chili and

1,2-dim

ethy

lhyd

razine

,co

lon canc

er: effect of co

conu

t resp

ective

ly.

kern

al (Cocos nucifera

Linn.)

and (Capsicum annum

Linn.) red

chili pow

der. Ind

ian J Ex

p Biol

1997

;35(9):964

–971

.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

435

( continued)

Cocos nucifera

Coc

onut an

d cocon

ut oil

Clin

ical Trial:

Con

sumption

of coco

nut or coc

onut

Kum

ar PD. T

he role of coc

onut and

32

coron

ary

oil was fou

nd to be

sim

ilar in both

coco

nut oil in coron

ary he

art

heart

grou

ps. The

group

s did not differ in

disease in Kerala, sou

th Ind

ia.

disea

sethe fat, saturated fat and

cho

lesterol

Trop D

oct 19

97;27(4):215

–217

.pa

tien

ts and

cons

umption. The

result im

ply no

16 m

atch

edsp

ecific role for coco

nut or coc

onut

healthy

oil in the

cau

sation

of co

rona

ry hea

rtco

ntrols.

disease in this set of patients.

Cocos nucifera

Diet cons

ists of tube

rs,

Human

o-3 fatty acids an

d linoleic acid sho

wed

Lind

eberg S, et al. L

ipop

rotein

fruit, c

ocon

ut, fish

, and

Trial: 15

1poten

tially ben

eficial effect w

ith lip

o-

composition an

d serum

cho

leserol

vege

tables w

ith a

subs

istenc

ean

d apolipo-pr

oteins

. Relations

of

ester fatty acids in non

western

ized

negligible influen

ce of

horticultur-

palmitic acid to seru

m lipids may

be

Melan

esians

. Lipids 19

96;31(2):

western foo

d and

alists, 20

–86

explained

in term

s of end

ogen

ous fat

153–

158.

alcoho

lye

ars

synthe

sis at a low

-fat intak

e, rathe

r than

reflecting its relative

intak

e.Cocos nucifera

Source of m

onou

nsatur

ated

Rab

bits

The

se findings

do no

t su

pport the view

Nielsen

LB, et al. Rep

lacemen

t of

fatty acids: oliv

e oil;

that rep

lacemen

t of dietary saturated

dietary saturated fat w

ith mon

o-So

urce of saturated fatty

fat with olive oil ha

s a major impact on

uns

aturated fat: effect on

acids: butter Exp

t A; lard

the dev

elop

men

t of atherosclerosis in

athe

roge

nesis in cho

lesterol-fed

Exp

t B; c

ocon

ut oil Ex

pt C

;ad

dition to tha

t acco

unted for by

rabb

its clam

ped at the same

and butter or lard

Exp

t D

chan

ges in plasm

a ch

olesterol leve

ls.

plasm

a ch

olesterol leve

l. Br J

Nutr 199

5;74

(4):5

09–5

21.

Cocos nucifera

Low

-fat cho

w diet or

Rats

Whe

reas saturated fatty acids are

Isen

see H, Jacob

R. D

ifferential

one en

rich

ed w

ith 10

%proarrh

ythm

ic, d

iets enr

iche

d w

ith n-

effects of various oil diets on

hydroge

nated coc

onut

6 or n-3 polyu

nsatur

ated

fatty acids

the risk

of card

iac arrhythm

ias

oil, co

rn oil, linseed

oil

both exe

rt antiarrhy

thmic effects.

in rats. JCardiova

sc R

isk 19

94;

or sardine oil

1(4):353

–359

.Cocos nucifera

Hyd

roge

nated coc

onut

Rats

Com

pared w

ith rats fed

hyd

roge

nated

Bouzian

e M, et al. Cha

nges in fatty

oil an

d salm

on oil

coconu

t oil diets, those fed salmon

oil

acid com

position

s of total serum

diets had

enh

anced LDL-H

DL1 an

dan

d lip

oprotein particles, in

HDL2-3 bu

t lower V

LDL total

grow

ing rats given

protein-

apolipop

roteins.

diets deficient w

ith either

hydroge

nated coc

onut or salmon

oils as fat sources. B

r J Nutr 1994;

71(3):3

75–3

87.

Cocos nucifera

Cocos nucifera

pollen

Clin

ical Trial:

The

clin

ical status of the

patients

Karmak

ar PR, et al. Placebo

-ex

tract im

mun

othe

rapy

96 patients

mea

sured by the symptom

-med

ication

controlle

d immuno

therap

y with

(CPE

-IT)

allergic to

scores dem

onstrated tha

t Cocos

Cocos nucifera

pollen ex

tract. Int

Cocos nucifera

nucifera

polle

n-allergic patients ha

dArch Alle

rgy Im

muno

l 19

94;103

(2):

polle

nsign

ifican

t ( p

,0.00

5) clin

ical

194–

201.

improve

men

t after CPE-IT com

pared

to placebo

treatmen

t.Cocos nucifera

200 g co

nsumed

12 or

Rats

The

re w

ere no

differenc

es amon

gSa

tchithan

andam

S, et al. Coc

onut oil

24% sesam

e oil or

grou

ps in the distribution of

and sesame oil affect lym

pha

tic

coconu

t oil diets or a

cholesterol an

d oleic acid eithe

r in the

absorp

tion

of ch

olesterol an

d fatty

control diet (14%

corn

lymph

lipop

roteins or in the lip

idacids in rats. J N

utr 199

3;12

3(11

):oil) ad libitum for 4

classes.

1852

–185

8.weeks

436

Cocos nucifera

You

ng coc

onut water

Hum

an trial

You

ng coc

onut w

ater can

be us

ed w

ith

Adam

s W

, Bratt D

E. Y

oung

coc

onut

early refeed

ing as a hom

e gluco

se

water for hom

e rehy

dration

in

electrolyte oral reh

ydration

solution

ch

ildren with mild

gastroe

nteritis.

in early stage

s of m

ild diarrhe

al

Trop G

eogr M

ed 199

2;44

(1–2

):disea

se. It sho

uld not be used in

149–

153.

patients with seve

re cho

lera, or w

ith

thos

e who

are deh

ydrated and

/or

in w

hom ren

al fun

ction is impaired.

Cordia myxaL.

Petroleum ether and

Rats

Results obtaine

d sho

wed

extracts ha

ve a

Ficarra R, et al. Lea

f extracts of some

BORAGIN

ACEAE

alco

hol extracts of

sign

ifican

t an

alge

sic, antiin

flam

matory

Cordiasp

ecies: ana

lgesic and

anti-

Sleshm

atak

aCordia francisci, Cordia

and antiarthr

itic activity in the

rat.

inflam

matory activities as well as

Sebe

sten

plum

myxaan

d Cordia

their ch

romatog

raph

ic ana

lysis.

serratifolia

leav

esFa

rmaco 19

95;50(4):245

–256

.Coriandrum

Plants include

: leav

es of

Mice

Treatmen

t with Agrimonia eupatoria,

Swan

ston

-Flatt SK, et al. Tradition

al

sativum

L.

Agrimonia eupatoria,

Medicago sativa, Coriandrum sativum

, plant treatmen

ts for diabe

tes.

UMBELLIFERAE

Alchemilla vulgaris,

Eucalyptus globulus

and Juniperus

Studies in normal and

Dha

nyak

abu

lbs of Allium

sativum

,communis

reduced the

lev

el of hy

per-

streptozo

tocin diabe

tic mice.

Coriand

erChelidonium majus,

glyc

emia during

dev

elop

men

t of

Diabe

tologia 19

90;33(8):462

–464

.Convallaria majalis,

streptozo

tocin diabe

tes in m

ice. This

seed

s of Coriandrum

was associated w

ith reduc

edsativum, Eucalyptus

polyd

ipsia (excep

t Coriandrum

globulus,roo

ts of

sativum) an

d a red

uced

rate of w

eigh

tGlycyrrhiza glabra,

loss (ex

cept Agrimonia eupatoria).

dried

berries of

Juniperus communis,

Medicago sativa, Rubus

fraticosus

Crocus sativusL.

Liposom

e en

caps

ulation

Mice

Saffron effectively en

hanc

edNair SC

, et al. Effect of saffron

on

IRID

ACEAE

of saffron

antitumor activity towards

Sarco

ma-

thym

ocyte proliferation, intra-

Kum

kana

180 an

d Ehr

lich ascites carcinom

acellu

lar glutathion

e leve

ls and

its

Saffron

solid

tum

ors. Significant inh

ibition in

anti-tum

or activity. Biofactors 19

92;

the grow

th of these tumors was

4(1):51–

54.

observed

com

pared

with co

ntrols.

Crocus sativus

Top

ical application of

Mice

Top

ical app

lication inhibited 2-stage

Salomi MJ, et al. Inhibitory effects

Crocus sativusan

dinitiation

/prom

otion sk

inof Nigella sativaan

d saffron

Nigella sativaex

tracts;

carcinog

enesis. O

ral ad

ministration

( Crocus sativus) on ch

emical

Crocus sativa: Oral dose

restricted

tum

or inc

iden

ce to 10

%carcinog

enesis in mice. N

utrition

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

437

( continued)

of 100

mg/

kg w

eigh

t; IP

compared

with 10

0% in 20

-Can

cer 19

91;16(1):67–

72.

dose; Nigella sativaIP

methy

lcho

lanthr

ene (M

CA)-treated

100 mg/

kg w

eigh

tco

ntrols. Both Nigella sativaan

dCrocus sativusrestricted

tumor

inciden

ce to 33

.3% and

10%

,resp

ective

ly, c

ompared

with 10

0% in

MCA-treated

con

trols

Crocus sativus

Saffron ex

tracted w

ith

Mice

Oral ad

ministration of saffron

Nair SC

, et al. Antitum

or activity of

etha

nol (95%

) an

dincrea

sed the

lifespa

n of sarco

ma-

saffron ( Crocus sativus). Can

cer

purified

. Dose of

180, Ehrlic

h ascites Carcino

ma an

dLett 19

91;1;57(2):109

–114

.20

0 mg/

kg w

eigh

tDalton’s lympho

ma ascites tumor

bearing mice to 111

%, 83

.5%, a

nd11

2.5%

, respe

ctively.

Cum

inum

Allium

cepa, Allium

27 healthy

Tolbu

tamide, Cucurbita ficifolia,

Rom

an R

R, e

t al. Antihyp

erglyc

emic

cyminum

L.

sativa, Brassica

rabb

its

Phaseolus vulgaris, Opuntia

effect of some ed

ible plants.

UMBEL

LIFERAE

oleracea, Cucurbita

streptacantha, Spinacea oleracea,

JEthno

pha

rm 1995;48

(1):2

5–32

.Jeerak

aficifolia, Cum

inum

Cucum

is sativus,an

d Cum

inum

Cum

in seed

cyminum

, Cucum

iscyminum

decreased significantly the

sativus, Lactuca sativa,

area und

er the

gluco

se toleran

ce curve

Opuntia streptacantha,

and the

hyp

erglyc

emic pea

k. Brassica

Phaseolus vulgaris,

oleracea, Allium

cepaan

d Allium

Psidum guajava,

sativum

only decreased

the

Spinacea oleracea

hype

rglycemic pea

k. The

glycemic

decreases cau

sed by Psidum guajava,

Brassica oleracea

and Lactuca sativa

were no

t sign

ifican

t.Cum

inum

cyminum

Rats fed for 8 w

eeks

the

Rats

Com

mon


Platel K, Srinivasan

K. Influe

nce of

follo

wing plan

ts:

principles w

ere ex

amined

for the

irdietary spices or their active

Brassicasp

ecies,

possible influen

ce on the digestive

principles on digestive

enz

ymes

Capsicum annum

,en

zymes of intestinal m

uco

sa. Dietary


uco

sa in rats.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,cu

rcum

in, caps

aicin, piperine an

dInt J Fo

od Sci N

utr 19

95;47(1):55–

59.


Zingiber officinaleprominen

tly


enha

nced

intestina

l lip

ase activity and

Piper nigrum,

also the

disacch

aridases suc

rase and

Trigonella foenum-

maltase. D

ietary Cum

inum

cyminum

,graecum, Zingiber

Trigonella foenum-graecum

, Brassica

officinale

species an

d Ferula foetidabrou

ght

abou

t decreases in the leve

ls of

phos

phatases and

sucrase. The

positive

influen

ces of a goo

d num

ber

of spices on

terminal enz

ymes of the

digestive

process cou

ld be an

addition

al feature of sp

ecies that are

gene

rally

well reco

gnized

to stim

ulate

digestion

.

438

Cum

inum

cyminum

Alternanthera sessilis,

Mice an

dCum

inum

cyminum

seed

s, Ocimum

Aru

na K

, Sivaram

akrish

nan VM.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,rats

sanctum

leav

es, Papaver somnifera

Anticarcino

genic effects of som

e Curcuma longa, Ferula

seed

s sign

ifican

tly inhibited neo

plasia

Indian plan

t produc

ts. Fo

od C

hem

asafoetida, Ocimum

alon

e. The

se plants may

prove

to be

Tox

ic 199

2;30

(11):953

–956

.sanctum, Moringa

valuab

le anticarcino

gens

.oleifera, Papaver

somnifera,Piper

longum

, Sylanum

nigrum

Cum

inum

cyminum


Rats

The


w any

Samba

iah K, Srinivasan

K. Effect of

zeylanica, Cum

inum

cholesterol decreasing effect w

hen

cumin, c

inna

mon

, ginge

r, m

ustard

cyminum

, Zingiber

included

in the no

rmal and

and tam

arind in induced hyp

er-

officinale

hyperch

olesterolemia-ind

ucing diet at


ahru

ng 199

1;ab

out five

fold normal human

intak

e35

(1):4

7–51

.leve

l.Cum

inum

cyminum

Two capsu

les of 450 m

g/20

case studies

Administration of the

herba

l mixture

Karnick

CR. A clin

ical trial of a

each

: Coccinia indica,

with Diabetes

led to sign

ifican

t decreases in mean

composite he

rbal dru

g in the

Cum

inum

cyminum

, mellitus

bloo

d suga

r va

lues.

trea

tmen

t of D

iabe

tes mellitus

Eugenia jambolana, Gymnema

(Mad

humeh

a). A

ryav

aidya

n sylvestre, Momordica

1991

;5(1):3

6–46

.charantia, Phyllanthus

niruri, Swertia chirata,

Tephrosia purpurea

Cum

inum

cyminum

Cumin seeds

Swiss mice

Cum

in seeds increa

sed the

Aru

na K

, Sivaram

akrish

nan VM.

glutathion

e-S-tran

sferase activity by

Plan

t products as protective ag

ents

more than

78%

in stom

ach, liver and

agains

t canc

er. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol

esop

hagu

s, high en

ough

to be

1990

;28(11

):100

8–10

11.

cons

idered

protective ag

ents aga

inst

carcinog

enesis. Glutathione

lev

els

were also significantly inc

reased

in

the three tissue

s.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

439

( continued)

Cum

inum

cyminum

Spice pr

inciples: c

apsaicin,

Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

Samba

iah K, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce

curcumin, p

iperine.

liver m

icrosomal cytochr

ome P45

0-of spices and

spice princ

iples on

Plan

ts: Brassica,

dep

enden

t aryl hyd

roxy

lase.

hepa

tic mixed

fun

ction ox

ygen

ase

Cinnamomum

zeylanicum,

Cum

inum

cyminum

, Zingiber

system

in rats. Ind

ian JB

ioch

em

Cum

inum

cyminum

, officinale,


Biophy

s 1989

;26(4):254

–258

.Ferula foetida, Tamarindus

graecum

also stimulated the

lev

els of

indica, Trigonella

cytoch

rome P450 an

d b5, Cum

inum

foenum

-graecum

,cyminum


Zingiber officinale

stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Cum

inum

cyminum

Petroleum ether,

Female

The

alcoh

olic extract of Cum

inum

Garg SK

. Antifertility screen

ing of

alcoho

l, an

d aqu

eous

albino

rats

cyminum

seed

s sh

owed

100

%plants—

Effect of fou

r indigen

ous

extracts of cu

min seeds

antifertility effect at a dose of 150

plants of early pregn

ancy

in female

mg/

kg.

albino

rats. Ind

ian JM

ed R

es

1976

;64(8):113

3–11

35.

Cum

inum

cyminum

Cum

inum

cyminum

and

Matur

eCum

inum

cyminum

has a proliferative

Agraw

alaa

IP, e

t al. Galactogo

gue

Nigella sativapo

wders

female

action

on the brea

st tissu

e bu

t no

action

of Cum

inum

cyminum

and

albino

rats

galactog

ogue

(increa

se in milk

yield

Nigella sativa. Ind

JMed

Res 196

8;of lactating

mothe

r) action.

56(8):8

41–8

44.

Curcuma longaL.

Hyd

roch

loric acid

Human

trial:

A significant decrease in the

lev

els of

Ram

irez

-Bos

ca A

, et al. Antioxidan

t ZIN

GIBERACEAE

extracts of Curcuma

health

serum lipid perox

ides w

as

curcum

a ex

tracts decrease the

Haridra

longa. Equ

ivalen

t daily

human

sdem

onstrated.

bloo

d lipid perox

ide leve

ls of

Turm

eric

dose of 20 mg cu

rcumin

human

subjects. A

ge 199

5;18

(4):

167–

169.

Curcuma longa

Rats fed for 8 weeks the

Rats

Com

mon


Platel K

, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce of

follo

wing plan

ts:

princ

iples were ex

amined

for the

irdietary spices or their active

Brassica sp

ecies,

possible influe

nce on

the

digestive

princ

iples on

digestive

enz

ymes

Capsicum annum

,en


ucosa. D

ietary


uco

sa in rats.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,cu

rcum

in, capsaicin, p

iperine an

dInt J Fo

od Sci N

utr 19

95;47(1):55–

59.



tly


enha

nced

intestina

l lip

ase activity and

Piper nigrum,

also the

disacch

aridases suc

rase and

Trigonella foenum-

maltase. D

ietary Cum

inum

cyminum

,graecum, Zingiber


, Brassica

officinale

species an

d Ferula foetida

brou

ght

abou


ls of

pho

spha

tases an

d sucrase. The

positive influen

ces of a goo

d numbe

rof spices on term

inal enz

ymes of the

digestive

process cou

ld be an

additiona

l feature of sp

ecies that are

gene

rally

well reco

gnized

to stim

ulate

digestion

.

440

Curcuma longa

Curcuma longa1.5 g/

day

Clin

ical trial:

Curcuma longasign

ifican

tly redu

ced

Kalpa

gam P, et al. Effect of turm

eric

for 30

day

ssm

okers,

urina

ry excretion

of mutage

ns in

on urina

ry m

utage

ns in sm

okers.

nons

mok

ers

smok

ers. In no

n-sm

okers there was

Mutag

enesis 199

2;7(2):107

–109

.as con

trols

no cha

nge.

Curcuma longa

Ethan

olic extract of

Mice

Tox

icities studies were don

e. N

oQuresh

i S, et al. Tox

icity stud

ies on

rhizom

es of Alpinia

sign

ifican

t mortality co

mpared

to

Alpinia galanga

and Curcuma longa.

galangaan

d Curcuma

controls w

as noted

. The

gain in

Planta Med

199

2;58

(2):1

24–1

27.

longa.

Acu

te dos

ages

weigh

ts of sexu

al organ

s an

d0.5, 1.0, an

d 3 g/kg

bod

yincrea

sed spe

rm m

otility and

spe

rmweigh

t. Chron

ic dosag

ecounts were ob

served

in bo

th group

s.10

0 mg/

kg per day

The

se cha

nges w

ere high

ly significant

in the

Alpinia galanga-treated

group.

Both ex

tracts failed to sh

ow any

spermatotox

ic effects.

Curcuma longa

Azadirachta indicaan

dPilo

t stud

y:In 97%

of the scab

ies cases, a cur

eCha

rles V

, Cha

rles SX. T

he use and

Curcuma longapa

ste

814 patients

was obtaine

d w

ithin 3–

15 day

s of

efficacy

of Azadirachta indicaADR

with scab

ies

trea

tmen

t.(‘Neem’) and

Curcuma longa

(‘Turm

eric’) in scab

ies: A

pilo

tstudy. Trop Geo

gr M

ed 199

2:44

:17

8–18

1.Curcuma longa


Mice an

d rats

Cum

inum

cyminum

seed

s, Ocimum

Aru

na K

, Siva

ramak

rish

nan VM.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,sanctum

leav


Anticarcino



seed

s sign

ifican

tly inhibited neo

plasia

Indian plant products. Foo

d C

hem

asafoetida, O

cimum

alon

e. The

se plants may

prove

to be

Tox

ic 199

2;30

(11):953

–956

.sanctum, M

oringa

valuab

le anticarcino

gens

.oleifera, Papaver

somnifera, Piper

longum

, Sylanum

nigrum

Curcuma longa

Withania somnifera

root,

Dou

ble-blind,

Osteo

arthritis patients were rand

omly

Kulkarni R

R, e

t al. Treatmen

t of

450 mg, Boswellia

placeb

o-allocated to receive the placebo

or the

osteoa

rthr

itis w

ith a he

rbal

serrataOleo gu

m resin,

controlle

dhe

rbom

ineral formulation

. Aform

ulation

: a dou

ble-blind,


trial: 42

sign

ifican

t drop was noted

in the

placebo

-con

trolled, c

ross-ove

r rhizom

e 50

mg; and

pa

tien

tsseve

rity of pain ( p

,0.00

1) and

study. JEthno

pha

rm 199

1;33

(1–2

):zinc

com

plex, 50 mg

disab

ility sco

re (p

,0.05

).91

–95.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

441

( continued)

Curcuma longa

Spice pr

inciples:

Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

Samba

iah K, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce

capsaicin, cu

rcum

in,

liver m

icrosomal cytochr

ome P45

0-of spices and

spice princ

iples on

piperine. Plants:

dep

enden

t aryl hyd

roxy

lase.

hepa

tic mixed

fun

ction ox

ygen

ase


Cum

inum

cyminum

, Zingiber

system

in rats. Ind

ian J. Bioch

em

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

officinale,


Biophy

s 1989

;26(4):254

–258

.cyminum

, Ferula

graecum

also stimulatd the

lev

els of

foetida, Tamarindus

cytoch

rome P450 an

d b5, Cum

inum

indica, Trigonella

cyminum


foenum

-graecum

,stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Zingiber officinale

Curcuma longa

50% extract of Curcuma

Rats

The

extracts increased H

DL-/total

Dixit V

P, e

t al. Hyp

olipidaemic

longaan

d Nardostachys

cholesterol ratio an

d also caus

ed a

effects of Curcuma LongaL and

jatamansi

(who

le plant)

sign

ifican

t decrease in the

ratio of

Nardostachys jatamansi, D

C in

total ch

olesterol/pho

spho

lipid.

triton

-ind

uced

hyp

erlip

idae

mic

Curcuma longaex

hibited better

rats. Ind

ian JP

hysiol Pha

rmacol

cholesterol an

d triglyc

eride

1988

;32(4):299

–304

.decreasing activity tha

n Nardostachys

jatamansi.

Curcuma longa

Ethan

olic extract

Human

trial:

A decrease in smell (90%

) an

d in

Kuttan R, e

t al. T

urm

eric and

Curcuma longaan

d an

62 patients

itch

ing in alm

ost all cases was noted

.cu

rcumin as topical ag

ents in canc

er

ointmen

t of curcumin

with

Dry lesions

were ob

served

in 70

%,

therap

y. Tumori 19

87;73:29

–31.

extern

alan

d 10%

had

a decrease in lesion size

canc

erou

san

d pain.

lesion

sCurcuma longa

1-phe

nyl-1-hy

drox

y-N-

Human

and

Both plasm

a an

d secretin co

ncen

tration

Che

w W

Y, e

t al. Effect of

pentan

e, a syn

thetic

anim

al trial:

and pan

crea

tic bicarbon

ate ou

tput

1-phe

nylpen

tano

l on

release of

derivative of Curcuma

Fasting dog

sincrea

sed significantly. S

ugg

ests usage

secretin and

exo

crine pa

ncreatic

longa

and human

sfor su

bjects w

ith achlorhy

dria, sev

ere

secretion in dog

s an

d human

s.hy

posecretory state, or total

Gastroe

nterolog

y 19

83;84(6):

gastrectom

y.15

78–1

584.

Curcuma zedoaria

Seve

n isolated

com

pou

nds

Mice

Extracts significantly inh

ibited

stress

Watan

abe K, et al. Antiulcer activity

(Christm

.) Rosco

efrom

8 Curcuma zedoaria

ulcer formation in restraine

d and

of extracts an

d isolated com

pou

nds

ZIN

GIBERACEAE

extracts. Oral an

dwater-immersed m

ice. Sugg

ests a

from

zed

oary (ga

jutsu) cu

ltivated

Sh

ati

subc

utane

ous

poten

t inhibition

of acute

in Y

akush

ima (Jap

an). Yak

uga

ku

Rou

nd zed

oary

administration

experim

ental ga

stric ulcers.

Zassh

i 19

86;106

(12):113

7–11

42.

Curcuma zedoaria

Pow

der from dried

Mice, rats

Powder significantly inh

ibited

the

Hatsu

yo M

, et al. Pha

rmacolog

ical

subterrane

an stem

intestinal trans

it of ch

arco

al in mice

effects of the

pow

der from

Curcuma zedoaria.Oral

and significantly inc

reased

the

bile

Curcuma zedoaria R

osco

e on

the

ad

ministration of the

secretion in rats an

d slig

htly inh

ibited

gastro-intestina

l tract of exp

eri-

powder

the stom

ach secretion in rats.

men

tal an

imals. Y

akuga

ku Z

assh

i 19

84;104

(6):6

40–6

43.

Curcuma zedoaria

Flou

r prep

ared

from

Rats, chick

sThe

high-protein flour prove

d highly

Latif MA, e

t al. T

oxicity of sho

ti

rhizom

es of Curcuma

toxic to 5-w

eek-old rats an

d cau

sed

(Ind

ian arrowroot: Curcuma

zedoaria

100%

mortality within 6 day

s whe

nzedoaria) for rats and

chick

s.

442

give

n 32

0 g/

kg diet.

Br JN

utr 197

9;41

(1):5

7–63

.Cyperus rotundus L.

Xiao W

ei Y

an Pow

der:

Ran

dom

ized

After 2–4

mon

ths ad

ministration, total

Liu X

R, et al. Treatmen

t of intestina

l CYPER

ACEAE

Mixture of seve

ral he

rbs

controlle

deffective rate of intestinal m

etap

lasia

metap

lasia an

d atypical hyp

erplasia

Mus

taka

including Bletilla

trial: 13

8an

d atypical hy

perplasia was 91.3%

of gastric m

ucosa with xiao

wei

Nutgrass

striata, Caesalpinia

with

and 92.16%, r

espe

ctively. The

yan po

wder [Chine

se]. Chu

ng-K

uosappan, Cyperus

intestinal

placebo

groups were 21

.3% and

Chu

ng H

si i C

hieh

Ho Tsa C

hih

rotundus, Glycyrrhiza

metap

lasia,

14.46%

, resp

ective

ly. Animal

1992

;12(10

):580

, 60

2–60

3.oralensis, Hedyotis

104 with

expe

rimen

ts rev

ealed no toxic side

diffusae, Paeonia alba,

atyp

ical

effect.

Smilax glabrae,

hype

rplasia

Taraxacum

mongolicum

.Oral dose 5–

6 g tid

Cyperus rotundus

b-sitosterol, IP

dos

e 160

Rats, m

ice

b-sitosterol was fou

nd to possess

Gupta MB, e

t al. Anti-inflam

matory

and 320

mg/

kgpoten

t an

ti-inflammatory activity,

and antipyretic activities of

oral dose 32

0 mg/

kg.

simila

r to hyd

roco

rtison

e an

db-sitosterol. JM

ed Plant R

es

Carrage

enan

-ind

uced

oxyp

hen-bu

tazo

ne. b

-sitosterol was

1980

;39:15

7–16

3.ed

ema, cotton pe

llet

also orally

effective

aga

inst ind

uced

implan

t an

d Brewer’s

edem

a an

d po

ssessed antipyretic

yeast induced pyrex

ia in

activity sim

ilar to acetyl-salic

yclic

rats

acid.

Datura metel

L.

Datura seed extract

Albino rats

Treatmen

t caused an increase in activity

Hasan

SS, K

ush

wah

a AKS. C

hron

ic

SOLANACEAE

1.2 mg/

kg IP

of brain lipid perox

idase an

d catalase.

effect of Datura seed extract on the

Dha

ttura

Datur

a caused a decrease in the

activity

brain of albino rats. Jap

an, J

Tho

rnap

ple

of f-dipho

spha

te aldolase an

d g-6-

Pha

rmacol 198

7;44

:1–6

.pho

spha

te deh

ydroge

nase enz

yme that

are related w

ith gluc

ose metab

olism.

Daucus carota

L.

Petroleum ether extract

Mice

The

extract arrested the

normal estru

sMajum

der PK, et al. Anti-steroidal

UMBELLIFERAE

and fraction 5 (fatty

cycle an

d cau

sed a significant

activity of the petroleum ether

Garija

raacids) of carrot seeds

decrease in the

weigh

t of ova

ries.

extract an

d fraction 5 (fatty acids)

Carrot

Cho

lesterol and

ascorbic acid con

tent

of carrot ( Daucus carota

L.) seed

s in ova

ries w

ere sign

ifican

tly increa

sed

in m

ouse ova

ry. JE

thno

pharm

due to the

treatmen

t with ex

tract an

d19

97;57(3):209

–212

.fraction

5 (fatty acids) of carrot seeds.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

443

( continued)

Daucus carota

Carrot co

nsum

ption

Hos

pital-

Dietary intak

e an

d m

esothe

lioma

Muscat JE, H

unc

harek M. Dietary

based case-

inciden

ce w

as studied. The

results

intake

and

the

risk of m

aligna

nt

controlle

dsu

pport the hy

pothe

sis that pro-

mesothe

lioma. Br J Can

cer 19

96;

trial: 94

with

vitamin A

or

b-caroten

e-co

ntaining

73(9):1

122–

1125

.maligna

ntfruits an

d veg

etab

les may

decrease

mesothe

lioma

mesothe

lioma.

and 64

controls

Daucus carota

Carrot ex

tract

Mice

Pretreatmen

t with carrot extract on

Bish

ayee A

, et al. Hep

atop

rotective

carbon

tetrach

loride-induc

ed acu

teactivity of carrot (Daucus carota

L.)

liver dam

aged

mice decreased

agains

t carbon

tetrach

loride

increa

sed serum enz

ymes lev

els

intoxication

in mou

se liver. J

sign

ifican

tly.

Ethno

pha

rm 199

5;47

(2):6

9–74

.Daucus carota

Vitam

in-free drink

for 3

Human

trial:

Vitam

in-rich food

supplem

ents

Abb

ey M

, et al. Dietary

weeks

the

n vitamin-rich

15 normo-

sign

ifican

tly increa

sed plasm

a leve

lssu

pplemen

tation

with oran

ge and

drink

of oran

ge ju

ice

lipidem

icof beta carotene

. Malon

dialdeh

yde,

carrot ju

ice in cigarette smok

ers

(145

mg vitamin C

) an

dciga

rette

one en

d product of ox

idation, w

aslowers ox

idation products in

carrot ju

ice (16 mg

b-

smok

ers

sign

ifican

tly lower in co

pper-oxidized

coppe

r-ox

idized

low

-den

sity

carotene

)with no

LDL after vitam

in supp

lemen

tation

.lip

oproteins. JAm D

iet Assoc

vitamin

1995

;95(6):671

–675

.su

pplem

ents

Daucus carota

Carrot co

nsum

ption

Case-co

ntrol

Risk of vulva

r canc

er w

as inv

ersely

Parazz

ini F, et al. Se

lected

foo

d

trial

related to green ve

getables and

carrot

intake

and

risk of vulvar can

cer.

cons

umption. D

ata indicated

the

risk

Can

cer 19

95;1;76(11

):229

1–22

96.

of vulvar can

cer was related

to a

numbe

r of nutritiona

l an

d dietary

factors.

Daucus carota

Water, green pep

per,

Con

trolled

After con

sumption of a diet low in

Helser MA, e

t al. Influen

ce of fruit an

dpine

apple, tom

ato,

clinical trial:

nitrate an

d ascorbic acid (18

day

s).

vege

table juices on the en

dog

enou

sstrawbe

rry, carrot, an

d16

men

Carrot sign

ifican

tly inhibited N

-form

ation of N

-nitrosoprolin

ecelery ju

ices: 4

6nitrosop

rolin

e form

ation relative

to

and N-nitroso

thiazo

lidine-4-

mg pe

r 10

0 mL in ascorbic

controls. Results dem

onstrated that

carbox

ylic acid in hu

man

s on

acid by ad

dition of

carrot ju

ice ha

s ab

ility to inhibit

controlle

d diets. Carcino

gene

sis

distille

d w

ater or

endog

enou

s nitrosation than

wou

ld be

1992

;13(12

):227

7–22

80.

ascorbate

expected based

solely on

ascorba

teco

nten

t.Daucus carota

Carrots and

Raphanus

Human

trial

Con

sumption

of plant products

Sivu

k AK. Effect of plant produc

ts of

sativustops

75 g/

d for

(rad

ish an

d carrot tops

) for as lon

g as

nutrition (rad

ish an

d carrot tops

) as lon

g as 28 day

s28

day

s did not produce any

adve

rse

on various

ind

icators of

chan

ges in protein, fat, an

dmetab

olism in hu

man

s [R

ussian

]. carboh

ydrate m

etab

olic param

eters

Kos

m Biol Aviak

osm M

ed 198

9;ex

amined

.23

(2):5

6–59

.

444

Daucus carota

Twelve

plants used for

Mice

Of the 12

plants, Agaricus bisporus

and Ilex

Swan

ston

-Flatt SK, et al. Glycemic

the trad

itiona

l treatm

ent

guayusash

owed

poten

tial antidiabe

tic

effects of traditiona

l Eur

opea

n of diabe

tes ad

ministered

effect.

plant treatmen

ts for diabe

tes.

as decoction

s or


infusion

s for 28 day

sstreptozo

tocin diabe

tic mice.

Agaricus bisporus,

Diabe

tes Res 198

9;10

(2):6

9–73

.Anacardium

occidentale, Arctum

lappa, Catharanthus

roseus, D

aucus carota,

Hum

ulus lupulus, Ilex

guayusa, Salvia

officinale, Sambucus

nigra, Taraxacum

officinale, Trigonella

foenum

-graecum

, Urtica

dioica

Dolichos biflorus L.

Lectins

: Arachis

Con

trolled

Dolichos biflorus, Glycine max,

Maz

umdar S, e

t al. Bind

ing pa

ttern

LEGUMIN

OSA

Ehypogaea, Dolichos

human

trial:

Lotus tetragonolobus, Ricinus

of eight different lectins

in he

althy

Kulitha

biflorus, Glycine max,

11 w

ith

communis, Ulex europaeussh

owed

subjects and

patients with

Horse gram

Lotus tetragonolobus,

norm

al oral

very stron

g to stron

g bind

ing in

dys

plastic an

d m

aligna

nt lesions

of

Ricinus communis, Ulex

muco

sa,

healthy oral m

ucosa bu

t no

or ve

rythe oral cav

ity. Int J O

ral

europaeus,

conc

anav

alin

5 with

wea

k bind

ing in squ

amou

s cell

Max

illofacial Su

rg 199

3;22

(5):

A, w

heat germ

leuk

oplakia

carcinom

a. O

ther lectins

inv

estiga

ted

301–

305.

with

may

be us

ed as probe

s to determine

dysplasia,

the dys

plastic and

maligna

nt status of

12 w

ith oral

the oral m

ucosal ep

ithe

lium.

muco

sal

squa

mou

scell

carcinom

aDolichos biflorus

Varying

extracts of

Female

All the plan

ts sho

wed

marke

d but

Prak

ash AO, e

t al. Anti-

Acrostichum

aureum,

albino

rats

varied

inh

ibition of pregn

ancy

and

implantation activity of some

Adhatoda vasica,

anti-implantation activity.

indigen

ous plants in rats. A

cta

Citrulus colocynthus,

Eur Fe

rtil 19

85;16(6):441

–448

.Codonopsis ovata,

Dolichos biflorus,

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

445

( continued)

Ferule orientalis,

Juniperus communis,

Kigelia pinnata,

Lepidum capitum

,Nerium odoratum,

Pueraria tuberosa,

Punica granatum

,Randia dumetorum

,Rubus ellipiticus, Ruta

graveolens

Eclipta alba(L.)

Eclipta alba, Ocimum

sanctum

, Hyp

erglyc

emic

The

herba

l form

ulation ha

d little

Bha

ttacha

rya SK

, et al. Effect of

Hassk

.Picrorhiza kurrooa,

rats

effect on bloo

d suga

r co

ncen

trations

Trasina

, an

Ayu

rved

ic herba

l COMPO

SITAE


but doses ind

uced

a dose-related

form

ulation

on pan

crea

tic islet

Bhr

inga

raj

Withania somnifera.

decrease in strep

tozo

tocin (STZ)

supe

roxide dismutase activity in

Bhr

inga

raj

Doses: 100, 200

mg/

kg

hype

rglycemia and

atten

uation

of

hype

rglycemic rats. Ind

ian JE

xp

PO 1

3 per day

for

SZT ind

uced

a decrease in islet

Biol 19

97;35(3):297

–299

.28 day

ssu

peroxide dismutase activity in

euglyc

emic rats.

Eclipta alba

Ethan

ol/water (1 ;

1)Rats

Eclipta albasign

ifican

tly co

unteracted

Saxena

AK, e

t al H

epatop

rotective

extract of Eclipta alba

induc

ed inh

ibition of the

hep

atic

effects of Eclipta albaon

sub

cellu

lar

microsomal dru

g metab

olizing en

zyme

leve

ls in rats. J

Ethno

pha

rmam

idop

yrine N-dem

ethy

lase and

19

93;40(3):155

–161

.mem

bran

e bo

und G

-6-pho

spha

tase.

Eclipta alba

1 caps

ule 3

3pe

r day

30 patients

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. Clin

ical eva

luation of

with luke

warm w

ater

with calculi

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also slowly

composite Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs, o

n containing

: Asparagus

on kidne

ys,

disintegrated

both calcium-oxa

late

calculi, in the kidne

y an

d the

racemosus

50 m

g,ur

eters, or

and calcium

carbo

nate crystals in a

urina

ry bladder. A

ryav

aidya

n Bergenia ligulata10

0 mg,

blad

ders

span

of 72

hou

rs and

com

plete

1992

;6(2):1

04–1

08.

Eclipta alba100 mg,

disch

arging

of crys

tals w

ithin 15

–30

Myristica fragrans 10 mg,

day

s. C

omplete disch

arge

occurred

in


100 mg,

grea

ter than

80%

of the pa

tien

ts.

Tribulus terrestris

50 m

g,

Withania somnifera

50 m

gEclipta alba

Eclipta albaair dried

and

Rats

Eclipta albawas fou

nd to co

unteract

Cha

ndra T, et al. Effect of Eclipta alba

powdered

. Oral dose

an inc

rease of liver w

eigh

t, he

patic

on inflammation an

d liv

er injury.

of pow

der of 50

0, 1000,

lipid perox

idation, liver g-glutamyl

Fitoterapia 198

7;LVIII(1):23–

32.

and 150

0 mg/

kg per day

tran

spep

tidase, serum alanine

tran

sferase activities, an

d serum

alan

ine pho

spha

tase. Impaired

seru

m A

/G ratio in induced C

CL4

hepatic intox

ication was normalized

by treatmen

t. Eclipta albash

owed

anti-inflammatory activity.

446

Elephantopus

Water extracts derived

Rats with

After treatmen

t with crude ex

tract,

Lin C

C, e

t al. The

eva

luation of

scaber

L.

from

the

entire plan

ts of

induc

edresu

lts indicated

tha

t the seru

mhe

patop

rotective effects of Taiwan

COMPOSITAE

Elephantopus scaber,

acute

glutamate-ox

alate-tran

saminase leve

lsfolk m

edicine ‘Ten

g-Kha

i-U’.

Gojihiva

Elephantopus mollis,

hepa

tic

caus

ed b-D-galactosamine an

dJ Ethno

pha

rm 199

5;45

(2):1

13–1

23.

Prick

ly lea

ves

and Pseudoelephantopus

dam

age

acetom

inop

hen to d

ecrease

spicatus

sign

ifican

tly.

Elephantopus

Decoction

of dried

Male W

istar

The

acu

te inc

rease of serum

Lin C

C, e

t al. The

pha

rmacolog

ical

scaber

Elephantopus scaber

albino

rats

tran

saminase can be

significantly

and patho

logical studies on

su

bspe

cies

with CCL4

reduced w

hen trea

ting

with

Taiwan

folk med

icine (V

I):

oblanceolata,

induc

edElephantopus scaber. H

epatic fatty

The

effects of Elephantopus scaber

Elephantopus mollis

and

hepa

totoxicity

metam

orph

osis and

necrosis of cen

tral

subsp. oblanceolata, E. mollis

and

Pseudoelephantopus

lobu

le w

ere im

prove

d by treatm

ent.

Pseudo-elephantopus spicatus.

Am J

spicatus

Chine

se M

ed 199

1;XIX

(1):4

1–50

.Elephantopus

Aqu

eous an

dMice, rats

Both ex

tracts ind

uced

writhing, loss

Poli A, e

t al. Prelim

inary pha

rmaco-

scaber

hydroalco

holic

extracts

of m

uscle ton

e, ataxia, prostration

and

logic ev

aluation of cru

de who

le

of w

hole plant of

dea

th. B

oth reduc

ed brewer’s yeast-

plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber.

Elephantopus scaber.

induc

ed hyp

erthem

ia but w

hen give

nPa

rt I: in vivo

studies. J Ethno

pharm

Dose: 0.3–6 g/kg

IP

orally did not affect it. Aqu

eous

1992

;37:71

–76.

extract reduced intestina

l tran

sit time

while the

hyd

roalco

holic

extract

increa

sed it. Given

IV, b

lood

pressure

and heart rate were reduced.

Elephantopus

Elephantopus scaber

Con

trolled

To ev

aluate the po

tential diuretic

Laran

ja SM, e

t al. E

valuation of acu

te

scaber

7.5 g pe

r 10

0 mL and

A.

human

effect of tw

o na

tural su

bstanc

es, 1

0ad

ministration of natur

al produc

ts

speciosa

0.8 g per 100

mL

trial:

volunteers and

the

effects w

ere

with po

tential diuretic effects, in

10 hea

lthy

compared

to thos

e of a placebo

. No

human

s. M

emorias do Instituto

volunteers

effect on electrolytes or rena

l func

tion

Osw

aldo

Cruz 19

91;86(Su

ppl 2):

and con

trols

param

eter w

as observe

d for

237–

240.

Elephantopus scaber.

Elettaria

Oil ex

tracted from

Male albino

Com

parative

study of seed ex

tract an

dal-Z

uhair H, et al. Pha

rmacolog

ical

cardamomum

(L.)

Elettaria cardamomum

rats, m

ice

indom

etha

cin ag

ains

t acute ind

uced

studies of cardam

om oil in animals.

Maton

seed

s. D

oses of 17

5 an

dplanter edem

a prove

d to be

marke

d.

Pha

rmacol R

es 199

6;34

(1–2

):79–

82.

ZIN

GIBERACEAE

280 mL/kg

and

Extract produced 50%

protection

Elach

hoti

indo

metha

cin 30

mg/

kgag

ains

t the writhing induced by IP

Cardam

omad

ministration of a 0.02%

solution

of

p-ben

zoqu

inon

e.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

447

( continued)

Elettaria

Cardam

om seeds

Mice

Each

extract w

as exa

mined

for

Oku

yama T, e

t al. Stud

ies on

can

cer

cardamomum

extracted with n-he

xane

,an

titumor-promoting activity.

bioc

hemop

reve

ntion of natur

al

ethy

l acetate an

dCardam

om seed w

as a highly po

tent

resources: X. 1

inhibitory effect

metha

nol

inhibitor of ind

uced m

ouse ear

of spices on TPA-enh

anced

edem

a.3H

-cho

line inco

rporation in

pho

spho

lipids of C

3H10

T1/

2cells

and

on TPA-ind

uced mou

seea

r ed

ema. C

hine

se Pha

rmaceu

t J

1995

;47(5):421

–430

.Elettaria

Dried

pow

der m

ixture

Con

trolled human

All three cytoge

nic en

dpo

ints

Dav

e BJ. C

ytog

enic studies rev

eal

cardamomum

containing

Areca

trial: pa

n-dem

onstrated a statistically significant

increa

sed gen

omic dam

age am

ong

catechunu

t, catech

u,co

nsum

ing

increa

se amon

g the ‘pan

masala’

‘pan

masala’ con

sumers.

lime, Elettaria

and hea

lthy

cons

umers as com

pared

with the no

n-Mutage

nesis 19

91;6(2):1

59–1

63.

cardamomum

and

nonc

onsu

ming

cons

uming co

ntrols.

flav

oring ag

ents used in

controls

prep

aration of ‘pa

n’Embelia ribes

Embelia ribes, Glycyrrhiza

Sing

le-blin

dEa

ch thr

ee treatmen

t grou

ps w

ere

Paranjpe P. Eva

luation of top

ical

Bru

m. f.

glabra, Holarrhena

rand

omized

administered different herba

lap

plic

ations

of he

rbal formulation

s MYRSINACEAE

antidysenterica,

compa

rative

mixtures. Successful treatm

ents in

in acn

e vu

lgaris: A single-blind

Vidan

gaNardostachys jatamansi,

stud

y: 49

grou

ps A

and

B prove

d effective

rand

omized

com

parative

study.

Vidan

gaPhyllanthus emblica,

adolescent

agains

t bo

th inflammatory (pim

ples)

J Med

Aromatic Plant Sci 199

7;19

:Santalum

album

,to you

ngan

d non

inflam

matory (black

head

s an

d41

4–41

8.Terminalia bellirica,

adults with

othe

r co

med

ones) lesion

s. T

heTerminalia chebula,

mild

to

mecha

nism

s of action remain

Zingiber officinale

mod

erate

unk

nown.

facial acn

eEmbelia ribes

Embe

lin (isolated

from

Male albino

rats

Whe

n em

belin

was administered to

Chitra M, et al. Protective action

of

dried

berries of Embelia

rats, s

ignificant tum

or reg

ression an

dem

belin

aga

inst lipid perox

idation

ribes) 50 mg an

dprolong

ed sur

viva

l time was rev

ealed

on tum

our be

aring rats. F

itoterap

ia

100 mg/

kg per day

1994

;65(4):317

–321

.orally for 20 day

sEmbelia ribes

Cru

de pow

der m

ixture

75 patients

The

cure rate in group A

was 80%

,Sa

rma BP, O

jha D. T

he m

anag

emen

t of equ

al parts of:

with va

riou

sgrou

p B treated

with meb

endaz

ole

of G

andupa

da krim

i ( Ascaris


worm

was 92%

, an

d group C w

as 76%

.lumbricoides) w

ith indigen

ous dr

ugs.

monosperma, Embelia

infestations

Cur

e rate sho

wed

neg

ative Ascaris

Aryav

aidya

n 19

92;5(3):1

70–1

72.

ribes, Erythrina indica,

lumbricoidesov

a in the

stool rep

ort


for 3 co

nsecutive

day

s.Orxylum

indicum

Embelia ribes

Oral ad

ministration of

Adult m

ale rats

Embe

lin administration caused a

Gupta S, et al. Effects of em

belin

, a

embe

lin 75 mg/

kg, daily

sign

ifican

t increase in the uptak

e of

male an

tifertility age

nt, o

n for 15

and

30 day

sD-gluco

se, L

-alanine

, L-leu

cine

, and

absorp

tive

and

digestive

fun

ctions

calcium in sm

all intestine segm

ents.

of rat intestine

. JEthno

pha

rmThe

autho

rs sugg

ested tha

t em

belin

1991

;33:20

3–21

2.works at the metab

olic lev

el on the

grow

th of intestines and

possibly the

numbe

r an

d divisions

of ep

ithe

lial

cells

.

448

Embelia ribes

Embe

lin administered

Male albino

rats

After administration, significant

Gupta S, et al. R

eversible ch

ange

s in

subc

utan

eous

ly 20 mg/

kg

impairm

ent in lipid m

etab

olism in

lipid m

etab

olism in testis and

or by ga

stric ga

vage

of

testis, liv

er, b

rain, kidne

ys and

othe

r tissue

s induc

ed by em

belin

. 75

mg/

kg for 15 or

chan

ges in liver func

tion

test

Fitope

rapia 19

90;LXI(4):297–3

05.

30 day

sparam

eters was noted

. The

se results

may

exp

lain the

antifertility/

anti-

spermatog

enic effects in an

imals.

Embelia ribes

Embe

lin administered

Male albino

rats

Embe

lin rev

eals significant impairm

ent

Gupta S, et al. Inh

ibition of

subc

utan

eous

ly 20 mg/

kg

in carbo

hydrate m

etab

olism in the

reproduc

tive

tissu

e carboh

ydrate

body weigh

t for 15 and

primary an

d secon

dary repr

oductive

metab

olism and

rev

ersibility of

30 day

stissues.

the effects of embe

lin, a

plant

benz

oquinon

e of antifertility

poten

tial. F

itoterap

ia 199

0;LXI(2):

133–

143.

Embelia ribes

Embe

lin 20 mg/

kg bod

yMale rats

Embe

lin cau

sed an increa

se in the up

take

Gupta S, et al. C

hang

es in gluc

ose/

weigh

t pe

r day

, daily for

of D-gluco

se, L

-alanine

, L-leu

cine

, and

am

ino acid/c

alcium uptak

e an

d

15 and

30 day

scalcium in the sm

all intestine

brus

h-bo

rder m

embran

e-associated

segm

ents. T

reatmen

t also cau

sed a

enzy

mes in rat sm

all intestine after

sign

ifican

t increase in the microso

mal

the ad

ministration of embe

lin

g-6-ph

ospha

tase and

the

cytosolic

(plant ben

zoqu

inon

e), a

nd

enzy

me, lactate deh

ydroge

nase.

antifertility age

nt. J

Nutr Sci

Vitam

inol 199

0;36

:153

–164

.Embelia ribes

Embelia ribes

dry be

rry

Rats, m

ice

Lack of any

adve

rse effects, high

Atal CK, e

t al. Non

-narco

tic orally

powder and

extracted

therap

eutic index

, and

absen

ce of the

effective, cen

trally acting an

alge

sic

with n-he

xane

.ab

stinen

ce syn

drome confers a long

-from

an Ayu

rved

ic dru

g. J

Potassium embe

late 200

term

safety on

potassium

embe

late for

Ethno

pha

rm 198

4;11

:309

–317

.mg pe

r 10

mL/kg

and

400

use as an

ana

lgesic com

pared

to

mg pe

r 10

mL/kg

morph

ine.

Embelia ribes

Embe

lin administered at

Rats

Imped

ed ability to impregn

ant was

Prak

ash AO. A

ntifertility

50 and

100

mg/

kgdem

onstrated. Embe

lin provo

ked anti-

inve

stigations

on em

belin

an oral

implantation activity w

hen

contraceptive of plant origin. Part

administered and

also reduc

edI-Biological prope

rties. Planta

sign

ifican

tly the nu

mbe

r of

Med

JMed

Plant R

esim

plantations

(p

,0.01

)19

81;41:25

9–26

6.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

449

( continued)

Emblica officinalis

Emblica officinalis

fresh

Atherog

enic

Seru

m cho

lesterol, triglyc

erides,

Mathu

r R, et al. Hyp

olipidaemic

Gaertn.

juice 5 mL/k

g bo

dy

rabb

its

pho

spho

lipid and

LDL lev

els were

effect of fruit ju

ice of Emblica

EUPHORBIA

CEAE

weigh

t for 60

day

sreduc

ed by 82

%, 6

6%, 77

%, a

nd 90%

,officinalis

in cho

lesterol-fed

rab

bits.

Amla

resp

ective

ly. T

he tissu

e lip

id lev

els

J Ethno

pharm 1996;50

:61–

68.

Emblic m

yrob

ala

show

ed a significant decrease

follo

wing Emblica officinalis

juice

administration. A

ortic plaqu

es w

ere

regressed.

Emblica officinalis

A m

ixture of Andrographis

Human

trial:

Herba

l mixture w

as administered to

Ram

ji, et al. E

ffect of K

almeg

ha and

paniculata

and Emblica

35 patients

patients with Hep

atitis B

1, B

2, a

ndAmlaki com

pou

nd on viral he

ptitis

officinalis

hepatitis

post he

patitis syn

drome. The

mixture

(Koshtha

-Sha

khashrita Kam

ala)

B1,

dem

onstrated efficacy in red

ucing

Aryav

aidya

n 19

92;5(3):1

64–1

69.

hepatitis B

2,

clinical sym

ptoms, improving

liver

and post-

func

tion

and

albumin.

hepatitis

synd

rome

Emblica officinalis

Dried

fru

it of Emblica

Human

Objective

impr

ovem

ent in m

ean

Sharma PK

, et al. Clin

ical eva

luation

officinalis

trial: 18

values of the free and

total acid

of amalak

i ch

urna

in the treatm

ent

patien

tsco

ncen

tration were grad

ually red

uced

of amlapitta. A

ryav

aidya

nwith ga

stro-

both in fasting an

d stimulated states

1990

;4(2):1

20–1

22.

intestinal

( p5

0.01

)tract disea

seEmblica officinalis

Haritak

i: Terminalia

Rab

bits

Whe

n ch

olesterol was fed

to all

Tha

kur CP, e

t al. The

Ayu

rved

ic

chebula, Emblica

grou

ps, ch

olesterol leve

ls w

ere

med

icines H

aritak

i, Amla and

officinalis, Terminalia

sign

ifican

tly reduc

ed in the 3

Bah

ira reduc

e ch

olesterol-induced

bellirica

trea

tmen

t grou

ps tha

n in the

con

trol

athe

rosclerosis in rab

bits. Int J

grou

p. The

sam

e was tru

e for

Cardiology

198

8;21

(2):1

67–1

75.

reduc

tion

in ch

olesterolemia.

Emblica officinalis

Emblica officinalis

raw

Con

trolled human

Treatmen

t with Emblica officinales

Jaco

b A, e

t al. Effect of the

fruit for 28 day

strial: 15

normal

reduc

ed cho

lesterol in bo

th normal

Indian go

oseb

erry (am

la) on

and 20 hy

per-

and hyp

erch

olesterolaem

ic subjects.

seru

m cho

lesterol lev

els in m

ench

olesterolemic

After 2 w

eeks

withd

rawal from

aged

35–

55 yea

rs. E

ur JC

lin N

utr

subjects

fruit, total ch

olesterol leve

l of the

1988

;41(11

):939

–944

.hy

percho

lesterolem

ic sub

jects

increa

sed significantly alm

ost to

initial leve

ls.

Eugenia jambolana

Extract of jaman

pulp

Rats

Emblica jambolana

pulp sho

wed

Ach

reka

r S, et al. H

ypog

lycemic acti-

Lam

.from

the

fru

it of

hypo

glyc

emic effect. Ficus

vity of Eugenia jambolana

and Ficus

MYRTACEAE

Emblica jambolana

and

benghalensis

bark extract cau

sed

benghalensis:mecha

nism

ofaction

.ex

tracts of ba

rk of Ficus

reduc

tion

in bloo

d sug

ar lev

el. O

ral

In V

ivo 19

91;5(2):1

43–1

47.

Blackbe

rry

benghalensis

administration of the

extracts resu

lted

in enh

ancemen

t in serum ins

ulin

leve

ls in no

rmog

lycemic and

diabe

tic

rats.

450

Eugenia jambolana

Two capsu

les of 450

20 case studies


herba

l mixture

Karnick

CR. A clin

ical trial of a com-

mg each

: Coccinia

with Diabetes

led to sign

ifican

t decreases in mea

nposite he

rbal dru

g in the

treatmen

tindica, Cum

inum

mellitus

bloo

d sug

ar value

s.of Diabetes mellitus

(Mad

humeh

a).

cyminum

, Eugenia

Aryav

aidya

n 19

91;5(1):3

6–46

.jambolana, Gymnema

sylvestre, Momordica

charantia, Phyllanthus


Tephrosia purpurea

Eugenia jambolana

Olean

olic acid (C3-

Male albino

rats

The

extract decreased

fertiliz

ing

Rajasek

aran

M, et al. Antifertility

0H48

O3), isolated from

capacity witho

ut an

y sign

ifican

teffect in male rats of olea

nolic

acid,

flow

ers of Emblica

chan

ges in bod

y weigh

t or

a triterpe

ne from Eugenia jambolana

jambolana administered

repr

oduc

tive

organ

weigh

ts. T

heflow

ers. J Ethno

pha

rm 198

8;24

(1):

for 60

day

sex

tract arrested

spermatog

enesis but

115–

121.

did not cau

se any

abn

ormality to

spermatog

enic cells, Ley

dig

interstitial, a

nd Sertoli cells

.Ferula foetida

Rats fed for 8 weeks the

Rats

Com

mon


Platel K

, Srinivasan

K.

Bung

e)Reg

elfollo

wing plan

ts:

princ

iples were ex

amined

for the

irInflue

nce of dietary spices

UMBELLIFE

RAE

Brassicasp

ecies,

possible influe

nce on

the

digestive

or the

ir active princ

iples on

Hingu

Capsicum annum

,en


ucosa. D

ietary

digestive

enz

ymes of sm

all

Asafoetida

Cum

inum

cyminum

,cu

rcum

in, capsaicin, p

iperine an

dintestinal m

ucosa in rats. Int J



tly

Food

Sci N

utr 199

5;47

(1):5

5–59

.foetida, Piper longum,

enha

nced

intestina

l lip

ase activity and

Piper nigrum,

also the

disacch

aridases suc

rase and

Trigonella foenum-

maltase. D

ietary Cum

inum

cyminum

,graecum, Zingiber


, Brassica

officinale

species an

d Ferula foetida

brou

ght

abou


ls of

pho

spha

tases an

d sucrase. The

positive influen

ces of a goo

d numbe

rof spices on term

inal enz

ymes of the

digestive

process cou

ld be an

additiona

l feature of sp

ecies that are

gene

rally

well reco

gnized

to stim

ulate

digestion

.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

451

( continued)

Ferula foetida


Mice an

dCum

inum

cyminum

seeds , Ocimum

Aru

na K

, Sivaram

akrish

nan

Cum

inum

cyminum

,rats

sanctum

leav

es, an

d Papaver

VM. Anticarcino

genic


somnifera

seed

s sign

ifican

tly

effects of som

e Indian

plant

asafoetida, Ocimum

inhibited neo

plasia alon

e. The

sepr

oducts. Foo

d C

hem Tox

icsanctum, Moringa

plan

ts m

ay prove

to be

valuab

le19

92;30(11

):953

–956

.oleifera, Papaver

anticarcinog

ens.

somnifera, Piper

longum

, Sylanum

nigrum

Ferula foetida

Cuminum

cym

inum

Swiss mice

All these plants, leave

s, and

herbs

Aru

na K

, Sivaram

akrish

nan VM.

seed

s, Papaver

increased glutathione

-S-trans

ferase

Plan

t produc

ts as protective

somnifera seeds,Ferula

activity by more than

78%

in the

agen

ts aga

inst can

cer. Ind

ian JE

xp

foetida, Curcuma longa,

stom

ach, liver and

esoph

agus

, high

Biol 19

90;28(11

):100

8–11

11.

kand

athipili,

enou

gh to be

con

sidered

protective

Azadirachta indica

agen

ts aga

inst carcino

gene

sis.

flow

ers, m

anatha

kkali

leav

es, d

rumstick leav

es,

Ocimum

sanctum

leav

esan

d pon

naka

nni leav

esFerula foetida


Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

Samba

iah K, Srinivasan

K.

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

liver m

icrosomal cytoc

hrom

e P45

0-Influe

nce of spices an

dcyminum

, Ferula

dep

enden

t aryl hyd

roxy

lase.

spice pr

inciples on

hep

atic m

ixed

foetida, Tamarindus

Cum

inum

cyminum

, Zingiber

func

tion

oxy

gena

se system in

indica, Trigonella

officinale,


rats. Indian JB

ioch

em Bioph

ysfoenum

-graecum

,graecum

also

stimulated the

lev

els of

1989

;26(4):254

–258

.Zingiber officinale

cytoch

rome P4

50 and

b5, Cum

inum

cyminum


stim

ulated

N-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Ferula foetida

Piper nigrum

powder in

Human

Results sh

owed

Piper nigrum pow

der

Desai H

G, K

alro R

H. E

ffect of black

dos

es of 0.2, 0.4 g/h

trial: 20

doe

s no

t dam

age the hu

man

gastric

peppe

r an

d asafoetida on

the

DNA

and Ferula foetidain

healthy

muc

osa, w

hereas Ferula foetidadoe

s,co

nten

t of gastric asp

irates. Ind

Jdos

es of 0.1, 0.2, a

nd 0.4

human

based on the rate of ex

folia

tion

of the

Med

Res 198

5;82

(1):3

25–3

29.

g/h on

different day

svo

lunteers

surface ep

ithe

lial cells

of hu

man

gastric muco

sa.

Ficus benghalensis L.

Dim

etho

xy ether of

Rats


extract sho

wed

Che

rian

S, A

ugu

sti KT.

MORACEA

Eleucope

largon

din-3-0-

abou

t a 12

% hyp

oglycemic action in

Insu

lin sparing action

of

Vata

alph

a-L rham

noside

norm

al rats. The

results indicate an

leuc

opelargo

nidin derivative

Ban

yan tree

from

bark of the

Ficus

insu

lin-spa

ring

action of the

isolated

from Ficus benghalensis

benghalensis

(100

leuc

opelargo

nin, if used in

Linn. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol

mg/

kg orally

)co

mbina

tion

with insu

lin.

1995

;33(8):608

–611

.Ficus benghalensis

Dim

etho

xy ether of

Diabe

tic

The

com

pou

nd sho

wed

significant

Augu

sti KT, e

t al. Effect

leucope

largon

din-3-0-

dog

shy

pog

lycemic and

serum

ins

ulin

of leu

copelargo

nin derivatives

alph

a-L rham

noside

increased action in normal and

from

Ficus benghalensisLinn. on

isolated

from the

bark of

mod

erately diabe

tic dog

s (ind

uced by

diabe

tic dog

s. Ind

ian JM

ed R

esFicus benghalensis

alloxa

n) during

a period of 2 ho

urs.

1994

;99:82

–86.

(100 m

g/kg

oral

administration)

452

Ficus benghalensis

Extract of jaman

pulp

Rats

Emblica jambolana

pulp sho

wed

Ach

reka

r S, et al. H

ypog

lycemic

from

the

fru

it of

hypo

glyc

emic effect. Ficus

activity of Eugenia jambolana

and

Emblica jambolana

and

benghalensis

bark extract cau

sed

Ficusbenghalensis:M

echa

nism

of

extracts of ba

rk of Ficus

reduction in blood

suga

r leve

l. Oral

action

. In V

ivo 19

91;5(2):1

43–147

.benghalensis

administration of the

extracts resu

lted

in enh

ancemen

t in serum

ins

ulin

leve

ls in no

rmog

lycemic and

diabe

tic

rats.

Ficus benghalensis

Isop

roteinou

s diets

Wea

nling

The

effect of inc

orporation of w

hole

Aga

wam

V, C

hatham

BM. E

ffect

containing

1%

rats

plants pa

rts in feed intak

e, w

eigh

tof feeding so

me plan

t food

s ch

olesterol an

d 10%

gain, feed efficienc

y ratio (FER), dry

as sou

rce of dietary fibre on

fibe

r derived

from

matter digestibility (D

MD), an

d tru

ebiolog

ical utilisation of diet in

Cappers deciduas, Ficus

protein digestibility (TPD

) was

rats. P

lant Foo

ds Hum

Nutr

religious, Ficus

studied. Inc

lusion

did not effect

1989

;39(2):161

–167

.glomeration, Ficus

weigh

t ga

in significantly but all othe

rbenghalensis,an

dparam

eters were influen

ced to a

Prsopsis cinceria

varying ex

tent. Fo

ods rich

in lig

nin

were fed for 40 day

sha

d relatively lower FER, D

MD, a

ndTPD w

hereas cellulose and

pectin-rich

food

s ha

d an increased D

MD

and TPD.

Ficus benghalensis

Dietary fiber con

tent of

Rats

Dietary fiber from the

se plants food

sAga

rwal V

, Cha

uha

n BM. A

study

Capparis decidua,

fed at 10

% dietary lev

el ind

uced an

of com

position

and

hyp

olipidem

ic

Ficus benghalensis,

increa

sed resistanc

e to hyp

erlip

idem

iaeffect of dietary fibre from som

e Ficus glomerata, Ficus

than

cellulose. The

dietary fiber

plant foo

ds. Plant Foo

ds H

um N

utr

religiosa,a

nd Prsopsis

influen

ced total lipids, cho

lesterol,

1988

;38(2):189

–197

.cinceria

varied

from

triglycerides, a

nd pho

spho

lipids of the

38.5% to 55.7%

liver to va

rying ex

tents.

Ficus religiosa L.

Isop

roteinou

s diets

Wea

nling

The

effect of inc

orporation of w

hole

Aga

rwal V

, Cha

uha

n BM. E

ffect of

MORACEAE

containing

1%

rats

plants pa

rts in feed intak

e, w

eigh

tfeed

ing so

me plan

t food

s as sou

rce

Asw

atha

cholesterol an

d 10%

gain, F

ER, D

MD, a

nd TPD w

asof dietary fibre on biolog

ical utilisa-

Sacred

fig

fibe

r derived

from

studied. Inc

lusion

did not effect

tion

of diet in rats. Plant Foo

ds

Capparis decidua, Ficus

weigh

t ga

in significantly but all othe

rHum N

utr 198

9;39

(2):1

61–1

67.

religiosa, Ficus

param

eters were influen

ced to a

glomerata, Ficus

varying ex

tent. Fo

ods rich

in lig

nin

benghalensis,an

dha

d relatively lower FER, D

MD, a

ndPrsopsis cinceria

were

TPD w

hereas cellulose and

pectin-

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

453

( continued)

fed for 40 day

srich

foo

ds ha

d an increased D

MD and

TPD

.Ficus religiosa

Dietary fiber con

tent of

Rats

Dietary fiber from the

se plants food

sAga

rwal V

, Cha

uha

n BM

. A study of

Capparis decidua,

fed at 10

% dietary lev

el ind

uced an

compo

sition

and

hyp

olipidem

ic

Ficus benghalensis,

increased resistanc

e to hyp

erlip

idem

iaeffect of dietary fibre

from

som

e Ficus glomerata, Ficus

than

cellulose. T

he dietary fiber

plan

t food

s. Plant Foo

ds H

um N

utr

religiosa,an

d Prsopsis

influe

nced

total lipids, cho

lesterol,

1988

;38(2):189

–197

.cinceria

varied

from

triglycerides, an

d pho

spho

lipids of the

38.5% to 55

.7%

liver to va

rying ex

tents.

Foeniculum

Ethan

olic extracts of

Mice

The

extracts caused no sign

ifican

tSh

ah A

H, e

t al. Tox

icity studies

vulgareMill.

Foeniculum

vulgare fru

it.

acute or ch

ronic mortality as

in m

ice of ethan

ol extracts of

UMBELLIFERAE

Short-term

doses 0.5, 1

.0,

compa

red to co

ntrols.

Foeniculum

vulgare fru

it and

Sa

tupus

pa

and 3 g/kg

; lon

g-term

Ruta chalepensisae

rial parts. J

Fenn

eldose was 100

mg/

kg

Ethn

opha

rm 199

1;34

(2):1

67–1

72.

per day

Foeniculum

vulgare

Aqu

eous ex

tracts of

Pentob

arbital-

Intrav

enou

s ad

ministration of the

Abd

ul-G

hani A

S, A

min R

. The

Foeniculum

vulgare

anae

sthe

tized

extract prod

uced a sign

ifican

t dose-

vascular action

of aq

ueo

us ex

tracts

leav

es tha

t were

rats

related red

uction

in arterial blood

of Foeniculum vulgare

leav

es.

lyop

hiliz

ed and

boiled

pressu

re, witho

ut affecting the he

art

JEthno

pharm 198

8;24

:213

–218

.rate or resp

iratory rate. T

he non

-boiled

aqueo

us ex

tract sh

owed

very little

hypoten

sive

activity.

Foeniculum

vulgare

Oral ad

ministration of

Male an

dIn m

ale rats, total protein con

centration

Malini T, e

t al. Effect of Foeniculum

aceton

e ex

tract of

female rats

was fou

nd to be

significantly

vulgareMill. seed

extract on the

Foeniculum

vulgare

decreased

in testes and

vas deferen

s,

genital orga

ns of male an

d fem

ale

seed

s for 15 day

san

d inc

reased

in seminal vesicles

rats. Indian J Phy

siol Pha

rmacol

and prostate glan

d. In fem

ale rats,

1985

;29(1):21–

26.

the ex

tract led to va

gina

l co

rnification

and estru

s cy

cle.

Foeniculum

vulgare

Herb co

mbina

tion

of

Human

trial:

As a resu

lt of the trea

tmen

t, sp

ontane

ous

Cha

kurski I, e

t al. Treatmen

t of

Calendula officinalis,

24 patients

and palpab

le pains

along

the

large

ch

ronic co

litis w

ith an

herba

l Foeniculum

vulgare,

with ch

ronic

intestine disap

pea

red in 95

.83%

of the

combina

tion

of Taraxacum

officinale,

Hypericum

perforatum,

nons

pecific

patien

ts by the 15

th day

of their

Hipericum

perforatum, M

elissa

Melissa officinalis,

colitis

admission

to the clinic and

treatmen

t officinalis, Calendula officinalis

and

Taraxacum

officinale

with he

rbal com

bina

tion

.Foeniculum

vulgare

[Bulga

rian

].Vutr Boles 198

1;20

(6):5

1–54

.Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Embelia ribes,

Sing

le-blin

dEach three trea

tmen

t grou

ps were

Paran

jpe, P. Eva

luation of top

ical

LEGUMIN

OSA

EGlycyrrhiza glabra,

rand

omized


lap

plications

of he

rbal formulation

s Yashtim

adhu

Holarrhena

comparative

mixtures. Suc

cessful trea

tmen

ts in

in acn

e vu

lgaris:A

sing

le-blin

d

Licorice

antidysenterica,

study: 49

grou

ps A and

B prove

d effective

rand

omized

com

parative stud

y. J

Nardostachys jatamansi,

adolescent

agains

t bo


ples)

Med

icinal A

romatic Plant Sci 199

7;Phyllanthus emblica,

to you

ngan

d non

inflam

matory (black

head

s an

d19

:414

–418

.Santalum

album

,ad

ults with

othe

r comed

ones) lesion

s. The

Terminalia bellirica,

mild

to

mecha

nism

s of action remain

Terminalia chebula,

mod

erate

unkn

own.

Zingiber officinale

facial acn

e

454

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Chine

se m

edicine

Rats

Rats were injected

with this formula

Wan

g W

K, et al. Collective effect

form

ula of: Paeoniae

to obs

erve

blood

pressur

e ch

ange

s.of a C

hine

se formula—

A study

lactiforaeroot,

The

formula ha

d an effect on the

of xiao-jia

n-zh

ong-tang

. Am JChin

Astralagus,

Fourier com

pone

nts of the

blood

Med

199

5;23

(3–4

):299–3

04.

Cinnamomum

pressure w

ave simila

r to the

linea

rzeylanicum

, Glycyrrhiza

combina

tion

of the three he

rb group

sglabra, Fructus jujubae,

whe

n used separately.

Saccharum granorum

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Glycyrrhizine

: 150

Human

trial:

Glycy

rrhizine

in low doses on hy

per-

Muraka

mi T, U

chikaw

a T. E

ffect of

mg/

d8 no

n-insu

lin-

kalemia N

IDDM patients sh

owed

the

glyc

yrrh

izine on

hyp

erka

lemia due

dep

enden

tmea

n seru

m potassium con

centration

to

to hyp

oren

inem

ic hyp

oaldos-

Diabetes

decrease sign

ifican

tly to 4.4 m

Eq/

L

teronism

in Diabetes mellitus.Life

mellitus

with 15

0 mg/

d.

Sci 19

91;53(5):63–

68.

(NID

DM)

patien

tsGlycyrrhiza glabra

Plants includ

e: leave

s of

Mice

Treatmen


Swan

ston

-Flatt SK, e

t al. Traditiona

l Agrimonia eupatoria,

Medicago sativa, Coriandrum

plant treatmen

ts for diabe

tes.


sativum, Eucalyptus globulus

and


strep

to-

bulbs of Allium

sativum

,Juniperus communis

reduced the

lev

elzo

tocin diabe

tic mice. D

iabe

tologia

Chelidonium majus,

of hyp

erglyc

emia during

dev

elop

men

t19

90;33(8):462

–464

.Convallaria majalis,

of strep

tozo

tocin diabe

tes in m

ice.

seed

s ofCoriandrum

This was assoc

iated w

ith reduced

sativum, Eucalyptus

polyd

ipsia (excep

t Coriandrum

globulus,r

oots of

sativum) an

d a red

uced

rate of w

eigh


loss (ex


dried

berries of

Juniperus communis,


fraticosus

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Glycyrrhizin

Ran

dom

ized

Results sho

wed

impr

ovem

ent of liver

Su X

, et al. Clin

ical and

lab

oratory

controlle

dfunc

tion

. Fo

r bo

th acu

te and

chron

icob

servation on

the

effect of

trial: 88

cases in the

sho

rt-term, glyc

yrrh

izin

glyc

yrrh

izin in acute and

chr

onic

patien

tssh

owed

statistically significant

viral he

patitis. JTrad C

hin Med

with ch

ronic

improve

men

t.19

84;4(2):1

27–1

32.

hepa

titis

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

455

( continued)

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Deg

lycyrrhizinize

dCon

trolled

After 4 w

eeks

, no

differenc

e was

Bard

shan

KD, e

t al. C

linical trial of

licorice or placebo

clinical

found

in ga

stric ulcers be

tween the

deg

lycy

rrhizinised liq

uorice in

trial: 96

placebo

and

treatmen

t grou

p.ga

stric ulcer. Gut 19

78;19:77

9–78

2.pa

tien

tswith ga

stric

ulcers

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Com

parison

of

Ran

dom

ized

Both are effective

in the treatm

ent of

D’Impe

rio N, e

t al. Dou

ble-blind

Cim

etidine an

ddou

ble-

duod

enal ulcers.

trial in duod

enal and

gastric

deg

lycy

rrhizinize

dblind trial:

ulcers:Cim

etidine an

d de

gly-

licorice

30 patients

cyrrhizinize

d liq

uorice. A

cta Gastro-

with

Enterolog

ica Belgica X

LI 19

78;

duo

den

al42

7–43

4.ulcers

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Deg

lycyrrhizinize

dRetrosp

ective

Healin

g of the

ulcerations

was

observed

La

rkworthy W

, Holga

te PFL

.lic

orice

survey

:in all pa

tien

ts. A

fter 16 weeks

, 78%

Deg

lycy

rrhizinized liquorice in

32 patients

had end

osco

pic ev

iden

ce tha

t the

the trea

tmen

t of chr

onic d

uoden

al

with ch

ronic

ulceration ha

d healed.

ulcer. P

ractitione

r 19

75;215

:787

–792

.duo

den

alulcer history.

Gossypium

Gossy

pol compou

ndDou

ble-blind

A m

ale an

tifertility drug was tested

Liu G

, et al. Trial of Gossy

pol as a

herbaceum

L.

isolated

from seed, stem

clinical trial:

and a 92%

efficacy rate w

as ach

ieve

d.male co

ntraceptive

. In Gossy

pol: A

MALVACEA

Eor roo

t of Gossypium

64 gos

sypol

The

inc

iden

ce of fatigu

e, decreased

Potential C

ontracep

tive

for M

en.

Karpa

sherbaceum

and 74

libido, and

gastrointestina

l distur-

Sega

l S, Ed. New

York:

Plenu

mIndian cotton

placeb

oba

nce of the

two grou

ps show

edPress, 19

85:9–1

6.no

statistical differenc

e.Gossypium

Gossy

pol acetic acid

Female rats

Gos

sypol acetic acid at a high

er dose

Lei HP, et al. S

tudies of G

ossypol

herbaceum

(80 mg/

kg) co

uld interru

pt early

on the

fem

ale. In: A

dv C

hine

se M

ed

pregn

ancy

in female rats. P

rolong

edMaterials R

es. C

hang

, H.M

. et al.

administration (30 mg/

kg) led to

Eds. W

orld Scien

tific, Philadelphia,

atrophy

of the rat en

dom

etrium

.19

85:639

–645

.Gossypium

Gossy

pol 20 m

g/d for

Human

Gos

sypol had

a profoun

d effect on

Frick J, Dan

ner, C

. 198

5. Effect of

herbaceum

3 mon

ths

trial: 5 men

spermatog

enesis tha

t was fully

Gossy

pol on

human

testicu

lar

reve

rsible after termination of

func

tion

: Eva

luation of sem

inal and

trea

tmen

t. Infertility lasted 4–6

horm

onal param

eters. In: G

ossy

pol:

mon

ths.

A Poten

tial C

ontracep

tive

for M

en.

Sega

l S, Ed. Plen

um Press, NY,

1985

;17–

23.

Gossypium

20 m

g/d gos

sypol

Human

trial:

Gos

sypol inh

ibited

spermatog

enesis

Cou

tinh

o EM

, et al. Bipha

sic action

of

herbaceum

mon

acetic acid for 4

12 m

enin m

en at a dose leve

l that in the

Gossy

pol in m

en. In Gos

sypol: A

mon

ths; the

nsh

ort-term

treatmen

t ap

pea

rs to be

Poten

tial C

ontracep

tive

for M

en.

60 m

g weekly for 4–

6free of side effects.

Sega

l S, Ed. New

York: Plenu

mmon

ths

Press, 19

85;25–

31.

456

Gymnema sylvestre

Gymnema sylvestre ex

tract

Rats

Gymnema sylvestreex

tract did not

Tom

inag

a M, e

t al. Effects of seishin-

(Retz.)S

chult.

120 mg/

kg per day

improve

ins

ulin

resistanc

e in

rens

hiin and

Gymnema sylvestreon

ASC

LEPIADACEAE

streptozo

tocin-induc

ed diabe

tic rats.

insu

lin resistanc

e in strep

tozo

tocin-

Mesha

sringi

induc

ed diabe

tic rats. D

iabe

tes Res

Gurm

arClin

Pract 199

5;29

(1):1

1–17

.Gymnema sylvestre

Two caps

ules of 450

20 case studies


herba

l mixture

Karnick

CR. A clin

ical trial of

mg ea

ch: Coccinia

with Diabetes

led to sign

ifican

t decreases in mea

nco

mposite he

rbal d

rugs

in the

indica, Cum

inum

mellitus

bloo

d sug

ar value

s.trea

tmen

t of D

iabe

tes mellitus

cyminum

, Eugenia

(Mad

humeh

a). Aryav

aidya

n jambolana, Gymnema

1991

;5(1):3

6–46

.sylvestre, Momordica

charantia, Phyllanthus


Tephrosia purpurea

Gymnema sylvestre

Pep

tide

iso

lated from

Rats

Inhibitory effect on

the

sweet resp

onses

Imoto T, e

t al. A nov

el pep

tide

Gymnema sylvestre

appea

red after treating tong

ue surface

isolated

from the

lea

ves of

leav

es. Dosag

e: pep

tide

with Gymnema sylvestrepep

tide.

Gymnema sylvestre—

I. Cha

racter-

at a con

centration

more

ization an

d its sup

pressive

effect

than

1 3

10( 2

6)M

on the

neu

ral resp

onses to sweet

taste stim

uli in the

rat. C

omp

Bioch

em Phy

siol A

199

1;10

0(2):

309–

314.

Gymnema sylvestre

GS4

an ex

tract from

Hum

an trial:

Dur

ing GS4

sup

plemen

tation

, aBaska

ran K, e

t al. A

ntidiabe

tic

leav

es of Gymnema

22 typ

e II

sign

ifican

t de

crea

se in bloo

d gluco

se,

effect of a leaf extract from

sylvestre. 400

mg/

dpa

tien

ts w

ith

glyc

osylated

hem

oglobin an

d plasm

aGymnema sylvestre in non

-ins

ulin

-18–2

0 mon

ths as

diabe

tes

proteins was noted

. Con

ventiona

ldep

enden

t diabe

tes mellitus

su

pplem

ent to

dru

g dos

e co

uld be decreased

; 23

%patients. J E

thno

pharm 199

0;30

(3):

conv

ention

al dru

g(5/22

) disco

ntinue

d com

pletely

295–

300.

therap

y of glib

enclam

ide

conv

ention

al dru

g therap

y.or tolbu

tamide

Gymnema sylvestre

GS4

an ex

tract from

Con

trolled hu

man

Insu

lin req

uirem

ents decreased

with

Shan

mug

asund

aram

ER, e

t al. Use

leav

es of Gymnema

trial: 27

patients

fasting bloo

d gluco

se, as did

of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract

sylvestre. 400

mg/

dwith insu

lin-

glyc

osylated

hem

oglobin an

d plasm

ain the

con

trol of bloo

d gluco

se in

dep

enden

tproteins, and

serum

lipid lev

els.

insu

lin-dep

enden

t diab

etes m

ellitus.

Diabetes

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

0;30

(3):2

81–2

94.

mellitus—

trea

ted group

and non

treated

grou

p

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

457

( continued)

Gymnema sylvestre

GS3

and

GS4

extracts

Streptozo

tocin

Herba

l therap

y ap

pears to bring

abo

utSh

anmuga

sund

aram

ER, e

t al.

from

Gymnema

rats

bloo

d gluco

se hom

eostatis.

Possible rege

neration

of

sylvestreleav

esthe islets of Lan

gerhan

s in

streptozo

tocin-diabe

tic rats given

Gymnema sylvestreleaf extracts.

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

0;30

(3):2

65–2

79.

Gymnema sylvestre

GS4

extracted

from

Non

diabe

tic an

dResults sugg

est us

efulne

ss of Gymnema

Oka

baya

shi Y, e

t al. Effect

Gymnema sylvestre

streptoz

ocin-

sylvestrein the

treatmen

t of certain

of Gymnema sylvestre, R

.Br. on

leav

es 1 g/kg

bod

yinduc

ed m

ildly

classes of non

-ins

ulin dep

enden

t gluco

se hom

eostasis in rats.

weigh

tdiabe

tic rats.

Diabetes mellitus.

Diabe

tes Res C

lin Pract

1990

;9(2):1

43–1

48.

Gymnema sylvestre

Pow

dered

lea

ves of

Rats

Gymnema sylvestrepr

otected the

animals

Prak

ash AO, e

t al. E

ffect of feeding

Gymnema sylvestre

from

low

blood

gluco

se lev

els seen

Gymnema sylvestreleav

es on bloo

d

in rats receiving be

ryllium nitrate

gluco

se in be

ryllium

nitrate treated

alon

e.rats. J Ethno

pha

rm 198

6;18(2):1

43–

146.

Gymnema sylvestre

Oral ap

plication of

Clin

ical trial

Sweetness pe

rcep

tion

of the load

was

Brala PM, Hag

en R

L. Effects of

Gymnema sylvestre

factorial design:

reduced in 50

% of the su

bjects by oral

sweetness perception

and

caloric

extracts

118 hu

man

application of the

extract. L

ess total

value of a preload

on sh

ort term

vo

lunteers

and sweet calories w

ere co

nsum

ed by

intake

. Phy

siol Beh

av 198

3;30

(1):1

–9.

thos

e with a reduc

ed sweetness

perception

.Hemidesmus

Plants lack

ing

Feed

ing trials

All plan

ts produc

ed hep

atic lesions

tha

t Arseculeratne SN

, et al. Studies of

Indicus(L.) W

.T.

pyrrolizidine alka

loids:

in rats

includ

ed cen

tral vein ab

norm

alities.

med

icinal plants of Sri Lan

ka.

Ation

Aegle marmelos,

Terminalia chebula and

Withania

Part 14

: Tox

icity of som

eASC

LEPIADACEAE

Hemidesmus indicus,

somnifera

produced m

ark rena

l lesion

s.trad

itiona

l med

icinal herbs. J

Sariva

Terminalia chebula,

Ethno

pharm 198

5;13

(3):3

23–3

35.

Indian Sa

saparilla

Withania somnifera

Hemidesmus

Air dried

roo

ts of

Mice

Hemidesmus indicus

was tested on mice

Gupta PN. Anti-leprotic action

of

indicus

Hemidesmus indicus

infected

with M. leprae. The

dru

g may

an

extract from “Ana

ntam

ul”

simple distilla

tion

with

caus

e a delay

in multiplic

ation of

( Hemidesmus Indicus

R.B

r.). Lep

r.

water

orga

nism

s in the

mou

se foo

t pa

ds.

India 198

1;53

(3):3

54–3

59.

Holarrhena

Embelia ribes,

Sing

le-blin

dEach of the

thr

ee treatmen

t grou

ps were

Paranjpe P. E

valuation of top

ical

antidysenterica

Glycyrrhiza glabra,

rand

omized

administered differen

t he

rbal

applications

of he

rbal formulations

(R

oxb. Ex Fleing

) Holarrhena

comparative

mixtures. Successful trea

tmen

ts in

in acn

e vu


Wall. Ex. A

. DC.

antidysenterica,

study: 49

grou

ps A and

B prove

d effective

rand

omized

com

parative study.

APO

CYNACEAE


adolescent

agains

t bo


ples)

JMed


1;19

:Kutaja


to you

ngan

d non

inflam

matory (black

head

s an

d41

4–41

8.Kur

chi tree

Santalum

album

,ad

ults w

ith

othe

r co

med

ones) lesion

s. The


mild

to

trea

tmen

t prepa

ration

s’ m

echa

nism

sTerminalia chebula,

mod

erate

of action remain un

know

n.Zingiber officinale

facial acn

eHolarrhena

Ethan

ol extract of

Mice

Holarrhena antidysentericaap

peared

Atal CK, e

t al. Im

mun

omod

ulating

antidysenterica

Holarrhena

to stimulate pha

gocy

tic func

tion

while

agen

ts of plan

t origin. I:P

relim

inary

antidysenterica

inhibiting

the

humoral com

pon

ent of

screen

ing. JEthno

pharm 198

6;the im

mun

e sy

stem

.18

(2):1

33–1

41.

458

Holarrhena

Bark po

wder of Holarrhena

Clin

ical trial:

Effects of Holarrhena antidysenterica

Cha

turved

i GN, S

ingh

KP. Sideeffects

antidysenterica

antidysentericain three

11 patients

is not tho

roug

hly atox

ic and

may

lea

dof a traditiona

l indigen

ous dru

g-divided

doses of 4 g for

with intestinal

to sev

eral sub

jective symptoms an

dKutaja (Holarrhena antidysentirica).

15 day

sam

oebiasis and

hypo

tens

ion.

Letter to the

editor:Ind

ian J

giardiasis

Phy

siol Pha

rmacol 198

3;25

5–25

6.Holarrhena

Plants screen

ed for

Rats

Feed

ing trials produced liv

er lesions

Arseculeratne SN

, et al. Studies on

antidysenterica

pyrrolizidine alka

loids

and histopatho

logy

in the lung

s an

dmed


ka:

Crotalaria verrucosa,

kidne

ys com

patible with the action

of

Occur

renc

e of pyrroliz

idine alka

loids

Holarrhena antidysenterica,

pyrroliz

idine alka

loids.

and hep

atotox

ic properties in

and Cassia auriculata

some trad

itiona

l med

icinal herbs

. J Ethno

pha

rm 198

1;4(2):159

–177

.Hydrocotyle asiaticaL.

Dried

upr

ipe fruit po

wder

Ran

dom

ized

Treatmen

t with all these plan

ts did not

Haide

r R, et al. Eva

luation of ind

ige-

UMBE

LLIFE

RAE

of Aegle marmelos, d

ried

doub

le-blin

dsh

ow any

clin

ical improv

emen

t or

nous

plants in the

treatmen

t of

Zup

ha

powder plant of Hydrocotyle

clinical trial:

bacteriological cu

re as compa

red to

acute sh

igellosis. Trop Geo

rgr Med

Hyssop

asiatica; dried

pow

der of

82 m

en w

itham

picillin.

1991

;43(3):266–2

70.

Poederia foetida

shigellosis

Hygrophila

Metha

nolic

extract of

Rats with

A significant hep

atop

rotective activity

Sing

h A, Han

da SS

. Hep

atop

rotective

auriculata

the seed

s of Apium

paracetamol-

of the

metha

nolic

extract of the seed

sactivity of Apium

graveolensan

d (Sch

umach.)H

eine

graveolens

and

induc

edof both plan

ts w

as rep

orted.

Hygrophila auriculataag

ains

t parac-

ACANTHACEAE

Hygrophila auriculata

liver

etam

ol and

thioa

cetamideintoxi-

Kok

ilaks

ha,

dam

age

catio

n in rats. JEthn

opha

rmTalmak

hana

1995

;49(3):119

–126

.Juniperus communis

L.

Juniper decoction

at dosag

e Normog

lycemic and

Junipe

r decoc

tion

red

uced

glycemic

Sanc

hez de Med

ina F, et al. Hyp

o-CUPRESS

ACEAE

of 250 m

g/kg

and

125

streptoz

otocin

leve

ls in no

rmog

lycemic rats.

glyc

emic activity of ju

niper

Hap

usa

mg/

kgdiabe

tic rats.

Administration to diabe

tic rats for 24

“berries”. Planta Med

199

4;60

(3):

Juniper berry

day

s resu

lted

in a sign

ifican

t decrease

197–

200.

both in bloo

d gluco

se lev

els an

d in

the mortality index

, as well as the

preve

ntion of loss of bod

y weigh

t.Juniperus

Plants include

: leav

es of

Mice

Treatmen


Swan

ston

-Flatt SK, et al. Tradition

al

communis

Agrimonia eupatoria,

Medicago sativa, Coriandrum

plant treatmen

ts for diabe

tes.


sativum, Eucalyptus globulus

and

Stud

ies in normal and

strep

tozo

tocin

bulbs of Allium

sativum

,Juniperus communis

reduced the

lev

eldiabe

tic mice. D

iabe

tologia 1990

;Chelidonium majus,

of hyp

erglyc

emia during

dev

elop

men

t33

(8):4

62–4

64.

Convallaria majalis,

of strep

tozo

tocin diabe

tes in m

ice.

seed

s of Coriandrum

This was assoc

iated w

ith redu

ced

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

459

( continued)

sativum, Eucalyptus

polyd

ipsia (excep

t Coriandrum

globulus,roots of

sativum) an

d a red

uced

rate of w

eigh


loss (ex


dried

berries of

Juniperus communis,


fraticosus

Juniperus

Varying

extracts of

Female albino

All the plan

ts sho

wed

marke

d but

Prak

ash AO, e

t al. Anti-im

plantation

communis

Acrostichum

aureum,

rats

varied

inh

ibition of pregn

ancy

and

activity of some indigen

ous plan

ts

Adhatoda vasica,

anti-implantation activity.

in rats. A

cta Eur Fertil 19

85;16(6):


441–

448.

Codonopsis ovata,

Dolichos biflorus,

Ferule orientalis,

Juniperus communis,

Kigelia pinnata,

Lepidum capitum

,Nerium odoratum,

Pueraria tuberosa,

Punica granatum

,Randia dumetorum

,Rubus ellipticus, Ruta

graveolens

Linum usitatissimum

L.

Ground

raw

flaxseed 50

Human

trial:

Autho

rs con

clude that up to 50

gCunn

ane SC

, et al. High alph

a-LIN

ACEAE

g/d for 4 w

eeks

healthy

high

- a-linolen

ic acid flaxseed/day

linolen

ic acid flaxseed (Linum

Uma Linseed

female

is palatab

le, safe, an

d m

ay be

usitatissimum

): some nu

tritiona

l vo

lunteers

nutritiona

lly ben

eficial in human

s by

prope

rties in hum

ans. Br JN

utr

increa

sing

n-3 fatty acids in plasm

aMar;199

3;69

(2):4

43–3

.an

d erythrocytes an

d by de

creasing

postprand

ial gluco

se respo

nses.

Linum

Freeze-dried

extracts of

Wistar albino

Linum usitatissimum

and Symphytum

Shipochliev T, et al. A

nti-inflammatory

usitatissimum


rats

officinaledid not inh

ibit inflammation

action

of a grou

p of plant extracts

Hypericum

perforatum

but they

did suppr

ess the leuk

ocyte

[Bulgarian]. Vet M

ed N

auki 198

1;Linum usitatissimum

,infiltration

at the third and

fou

rth ho

ur18

(6):8

7–94

.Matricaria chamomilla,

of the

ind

uced

inflammation.

Plantago lanceolata,

Calendula officinalis, H

ypericum

Symphytum

officinale

perforatum

, Matricaria chamomilla,

and Plantago lanceolata

suppressed

both inflammatory effect and

leuko

cyte infiltration

.Luffa cylindrical

Two glyc

oproteins with

Mice

The

proteins were capa

ble of ind

ucing

Ng TB, e

t al. T

wo proteins with

M. R

oem.

a molecular w

eigh

t of

midterm

abo

rtion in m

ice, inh

ibiting

ribo

some-inactiv

ating, cytotox

ic

CUCURBITACEAE

28,000

and

28,50

0protein syn

thesis in a cell-free system

and abo

rtifactant activities from

Dha

marga

raisolated

from seeds

of

and sup

pressing

thy

midine uptak

e by

seed

s of Luffa cylindricaRoe

m

Spon

ge gou

rdLuffa cylindrica

human

cho

rioc

arcino

ma cells

.(C

ucurbitaceae). Bioch

em Int 199

2;27

(2):1

97–2

07.

460

Luffa cylindrica

Bryon

olic acid iso

lated

Rats, m

ice

Bryon

olic acid inh

ibited

hom

olog

ous

Tan

aka S, et al. A

nti-allergic effect

from

the

cultured cells

passive

cutane

ous an

aphy

laxis more

of bryon

olic acid from

Luffa cylindrica

of Luffa cylindrica.

strong

ly tha

n glycyrrhetinic acid from

cell su

spen

sion

cultures. Planta

Administered to rats IP

licorice. Bryon

olic acid sho

wed

little

Med

199

1;57

(6):5

27–5

30.

600 mg/

kgtoxicity and

no visible side effects on

mice.

Mallotus

Dried

pow

der fruit of

Goa

tsMallotus philippensisfruit is no

tJost C

C, et al. Kam

ala ( Mallotus

philippensis(Lam

.)Mallotus philippensis

effective in elim

inating direct life-

philippensis) fruit is ineffective as

Mue

ll.(250

, 375

, 50

0 an

d 750

cycle ga

strointestinal nem

atod

es in

an anthe

lminthic aga

inst gastro-

EUPHORBIA

CEAE

mg/

kg com

pared

to

goats.

intestinal nem

atod

es in go

ats

Kam

pilla

fenb

enda

zole [10

mg/

kg])

indigen

ous to Baloc

histan

, Pa

kistan

. Rottlera

Small Rum

inan

t Res 199

6;20

(2):

147–

153.

Mallotus

Crude pow

der mixture

75 patients

The

cure rate in group

A w

as 80%

,Sa

rma BP, O

jha D. T

he m

anag

e-philippensis

of equ

al parts of:

with va

riou

sgrou

p B treated with meb

endaz

ole

men

t of G

andup

ada krim

i ( Ascaris


worm

was 92%

, an

d group C

was 76%

.lumbricoides)

with indigen

ous dru

gs.

monosperma, Embelia

infestations

Cure rate sho

wed

neg

ative Ascaris

Aryav

aidya

n 19

92;5(3):1

70–172

.ribes, Erythrina indica,

lumbricoidesov

a in the

stool rep

ort


for 3 co

nsecutive

day

s.Orxylum

indicum

Mentha arvensis

L.

Petroleum ether and

Mice

Interruption of nidation oc

curred

at 5

Garg P, et al. A

lteration in the

uterine

LABIA

TAE

benz

ene

mg per m

ouse per day

. A statistically

pho

spha

tase of the mou

se after

Puthea

chromatog

raphic

sign

ifican

t de

crea

se in the alka

line

administration of con

trag

estative

Corn mint

fraction

of the petroleum

and acid pho

spha

tase con

tent of the

dose of chr

omatog

raphic fraction

of

ethe

r ex

tract of Mentha

uteru

s on

day

12 postcoitum w

aspetroleum ether extract of mint

arvensis

leav

esno

ted. B

enzene

and

chloroform w

ere

( Mentha arvensis) leav

es. J A

dvan

ced

ineffective in altering alka

line an

dZoo

logy

199

5;16

(2):8

5–87

.acid pho

spha

tase.

Mentha arvensis

Essen

tial oils

of

Guinea

pigs

Five

essen

tial oils

by form

ulation

of

Kisho

re N

, et al. Fu

ngitox

icity of

Artemisia nelagrica,

ointmen

ts w

ere ab

le to cu

reessential oils aga

inst dermatop

hytes.

Caesulia axillaris,

expe

rimen

tal ring

worm in gu

inea pigs

Myc

oses 199

3;36

(5–6

):211

–215

.Chenopodium

within 7–

12 day

s. A

rtem

isia oil was

ambrosioides,

found

to be

the

mos

t effective

Cymbopogon citratus,

essential oil.

Mentha arvensis

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

461

( continued)

Mentha arvensis

50% ethan

olic extract of

Rats

Extract of Mentha arvensis

has be

enMathu

r R. Fruc

tolysis effect of

Mentha arvensis

leav

esfound

to decrease the fruc

tose

50% ethan

olic extract of Mentha

synthe

sis ve

sicles. A

s a resu

lt, the

arvensis

Linn. (leav

es) in sem

inal

viab

ility of sp

ermatoz

oa seemed

to be

vesicles of rat. Acta Eur Fertil

altered. F

ertility reve

aled

sterile

1991

;22(4):219

–220

.matings

until 30

day

s of last treatm

ent.

Mentha arvensis

Fraction

of Mentha arvensis

Rats

Subc

utane

ous ad

ministration of the

Kan

jana

pothi D

, et al. Postcoital

uterotonic fraction

to rats pregn

ant

antifertility

effect of Mentha arvensis.

from

day

1–1

0 caused a significant

Con

tracep

tion

198

1;24

(5):5

59–5

67.

interrup

tion

in pregn

ancy

.Mentha arvensis

Essential oils of Mentha arvensis,

Molds an

dThe

se oils

were fung

istatic or

Sarbho

y AK, et al. Efficacy of som

e Mentha piperita, Anethum

fung

us

fung

icidal to on

e or the

other m

olds

,essential oils and

the

ir con

stituen

ts

sowa, Cymbogopon winterianus,

dep

ending up

on the

con

centration

s.on

few

ubiqu

itou

s molds. Z

entralbl

Nardostachys jatamansi

Bak

teriol [Natur

wiss] 197

8;13

3(7–

8):

and Commiphora mukul

723–

725.

Moringa oleifera

Edible portion

s of

6 male wea

nling

The

exten

t of calcium absorption

from

Pank

aja N, Pr

akash J. Ava

ilability of

Lam

.Moringa oleifera

and

albino

rats

Moringa oleifera

and Amaranthus tricolor

calcium from kilk

eerai ( Amaranthus

MORIN

GACEAE

Amaranthus tricolor

and m

ilk w

as eva

luated

. Results

tricolor) an

d dru

mstick ( Moringa

Sigru

reve

aled

tha

t calcium abs

orption

and

oleifera) greens

in wea

nling rats.

Horseradish tree

calcium reten

tion

from m

ilk w

ere

Nah

rung

199

4;38

(2):1

99–2

03.

sign

ifican

tly increa

sed com

pared

to

Moringa oleifera

and Amaranthus

tricolor. The

presenc

e of oxa

lates

inhibited intestina

l ab

sorption

of

calcium.

Moringa oleifera

Lea

f ex

tracts of

Human

trial:

Top

ical app

lication resu

lted

in us

ers

Fabiyi JP, e

t al. Traditiona

l therap

y Adansonia digitata,

human

s with

perceived

relief of pain an

d

of dracu

nculia

sis in the

state of

Calotropis procera,

guinea

worms

accelerated exp

ulsion of w

orms

Bau

chi-Nigeria [Fren

ch]. Dak

arMoringa oleifera

and hea

ling pr

ocess.

Med

199

3;38(2):1

93–1

95.

Tamarindus indica,

Ziziphus jaozeiro

Moringa oleifera

Hot w

ater infusion

s of

Rats with induced

The

seed infusion

sho

wed

a signifi-

Caceres A

, et al. Pha

rmacolog

ic

flow

ers, lea

ves, roo

ts,

hind

paw

edem

acant inh

ibition of acetylcho

line-

prope

rties of M. oleifera

2:seed

s an

d stalks of bark

induc

ed con

traction

with an

ED

50of

Screen

ing for an

tisp

asmod

ic, an

ti-

of Moringa oleifera.

65.6 m

g/mL ba

th con

centration

,inflam

matory an

d diuretic activity.

Doses are exp

ressed

as

inhibition

of induced ed

ema, and

J Ethno

pharm 1992;36

(3):2

33–2

37.

equiva

lent of dried

diuretic activity at 10

0 mg/

kg.

starting

plant m

aterial

462

Moringa oleifera

Ethan


Rats orally dosed

Aqu

eous

or 90

% ethan

ol extracts of the

Nath D, e

t al. Com

mon

ly used

of pow

dered

plant

for 10

day

splants were stud

ied in rats for 10

Indian

abo

rtifacient plants with


day


ecial

special referenc

e to the

irAbrus precatorius, Acacia

referenc


teratologic effects in rats. J

arabica, Aloe

dev

elop

men

t. Leaf ex

tracts of

Ethno

pha

rm 199

2;36

:147

–154

.barbadensis, Anethum

Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda

sowa, Apium

vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses


equivalen

t to 175

mg/

kg starting dry



ers of Acacia

edulis, Butea

arabicaan


monosperma, Hibiscus

appea

red to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial

rosa-sinensis, Lepidum

at the

dos

es tested.

sativum, M

esua ferrea,

Moringa oleifera,

Mucuna pruriens,

Raphanus sativus, Sida

cordifolia,

Trachyspermum

ammai

Moringa oleifera


Mice an

dCum

inum

cyminum

seed

s, Ocimum

Aru

na K

, Siva

ramak

rish

nan VM.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,rats

sanctum

leav


Anticarcino



seed

s sign

ifican

tly inhibited neo

plasia

Indian

plant products. Foo

d C

hem

asafoetida, Moringa

alon

e. The

se plants may

prove

to be

Tox

ic 199

2;30

(11):953

–956

.oleifera, O

cimum

valuab

le anticarcino

gens.

sanctum, Papaver

somnifera, Piper

longum

, Sylamum

nigrum

Moringa oleifera

Biosy

nthe

tically

and

Albino mice

Based

on mutag

enicity tests in albino

Villasen

or IM, et al. Mutag

ens from

ch

emically related

mice, structur

e-activity correlation

roasted seeds of M

oringa

oleifera.

compo

und

s isolated

studies that 4 (

a-L-rha

mno

syloxy

)Mutat R

es 198

9;224(2):209

–212

.from

the

roa

sted

seeds

phe

nyl-aceton

itrile, 4-hy

droxy

-of Moringa oleifera

phe

nylacetonitrile

, and

4-

hydroxy

phe

nylacetamide ex

hibited

mutage

nic activity.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

463

( continued)

Moringa oleifera

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Ova

riectomized

To assess the

histologic effect of the

Shukla S, et al. H

istoarch

itecture of

Moringa oleifera

roots

rats

antifertility m

ode of action it w

asthe ge

nital tract of ova

riectomized

found

tha

t the ex

tract stim

ulated the

rats treated

with an

aqu

eous

uterine

histoarch

itecture by an

extract of Moringa oleifera

roots.

increa

se in the he

ight of luminal

J Ethno

pha

rm 198

9;25

(3):2

49–2

61.

epithe

lium, well-dev

elop

ed gland

s,loose stroma, and

rich va

scularity. The

cervix sho

wed

metap

lastic cha

nges.

In the

vag

ina, cornification

was

prominen

t, ru

gae increased, an

dstroma was loo

se.

Moringa oleifera

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Female rats

Initial ad

ministration of Moringa

Shukla S, et al. B

ioch

emical and

Moringa oleifera

roots

oleifera

stim

ulated

the

uterine

phy

siolog

ical alterations

in female

stru

ctur

es, c

aused m

etap

lastic cha

nges

reproduc

tive

organ

s of cyc

lic rats

in the

cervical ep

ithe

lium and

treated w

ith aq

ueo

us ex

tract of

provo

ked con

siderab

le cornification

Moringa oleifera

Lam

. Acta Eur

in the

vag

inal epithe

lium. At a later

Fertil 19

88;19(4):225

–232

.duration

, significant inh

ibition in the

histoa

rchitectur

e was obs

erve

d.

Bioch

emical observa

tion

s an

dhistolog

ic findings correlated w

ith

anti-implantation action

of the

aqueo

us extract.

Moringa oleifera

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Ova

riectomized

The

roo

t was inv

estiga

ted for its

Shukla S, et al. A

ntifertility pr

ofile

Moringa oleifera

roots

rats

estrog

enic, a

ntiestroge

nic, proge

sta-

of the

aqu

eous ex

tract of Moringa

tion

al, an

d antiproge

stationa

loleifera

roots. JEthno

pha

rmactivities. T

he antifertility effect

1988

;22(1):51–

62.

appe

ars to be due to m

ultiple

attributes.

Moringa oleifera

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Ova

ry of rat

Treated

rats remaine

d in the

cyc

licPr

akash AO. O

varian

respo

nse to

Moringa oleifera

roots

dur

ing early

cond

itions

as ne

wly formed

corpo

raaq

ueo

us ex

tract of Moringa oleifera

preg

nanc

ylutea were ob

served

. Non

treated

during

early pregn

ancy

in rats.

ovaries of con

trol rats sh

owed

well

Fitoterapia 198

8;LIX

(2):8

9–96

.dev

elop

ed corpora lutea. Sev

eral

othe

r features sh

owed

tha

t the ex

tract

could not ind

uce any

histologic

featur

es in the ov

ary as obs

erve

d in

pregn

ancy

.Moringa oleifera

Aqu

eous ex

tracts of the

Female ad

ult

Both ex

tracts are effective

in

Shukla S, et al. A

nti-im

plan

tation

roots an

d bark of

rats

preve

nting im

plantation. R

esults also

efficacy

of Moringa oleifera

Lam

. Moringa oleifera

and

show

ed anti-im

plan

tation

activity of

and Moringa concacensis

Nim

mo

Moringa concacensis

Moringa oleifera

root w

as con

sisten

trats. Int J C

rude Dru

g Res 198

8;26

:rega

rdless of its time an

d place of

29–3

2.colle

ction.

464

Moringa oleifera

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Pregn

ant rats

Adm

inistration of extract to pregn

ant

Praka

sh A

O, e

t al. Uterine

histo-

Moringa oleifera

roots

rats cou

ld not stimulate the

uteru

s that

arch

itecture during

pre- an

d pos

t-remaine

d non

receptive throug

hout

implan

tation

periods of rats trea

ted

the period of treatm

ent, therefore, the

with aq

ueo

us ex

tract of Moringa

fertilize

d egg

s may

not be welco

med

oleifera

Lam

. Acta Eur Fe

rtil 19

87;

by the

unp

repared

uteru

s.18

(2):1

29–135

.Mucuna pruriens

Stab

le, stan

dardized

Multicenter

Using

the

Unified

Parkins

on’s D

isease

Man

yam BV, et al. An altern

ative

(L.) DC.

prepa

ration

from

clinical trial:

Rating Scale (U

PDRS), a sign

ifican

tmed

icine trea

tmen

t for Parkins

on’s

LEGUMIN

OSA

Een

doc

arp of Mucuna

60 w

ith

decrease in sco

res from

baseline to

disease: Results of a multicen

ter

Kap

ikachc

hha

pruriens

bean

s (H

P-20

0)Pa

rkinson’s

the en

d of the 12

-week study,

clinical trial. JA

ltern Com

plem

ent

Cow

-itch plan

tdisease

indicated

a significant improve

men

tMed

199

5;1(3):249

–255

.in the

ir Parkins

on’s con

ditions

.Mucuna pruriens

Ethan


Rats orally dosed

Aqu

eous

or 90

% ethan

ol extracts of

Nath D, et al. Com

mon

ly used Ind

ian

of pow

dered

plant

for 10

day

sthe plants were studied in rats for 10

abortifacien

t plan

ts w

ith sp

ecial

material: Adhatoda

day


ecial

referenc

e to the

ir teratolog

ic effects

vasica, Abrus

referenc


in rats. J Ethno

pharm 199

2;36

:precatorius, Acacia

dev

elop

men

t. Lea

f ex

tracts of

147–

154.

arabica, Aloe

Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda

barbadensis, Anethum

vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses

sowa, Apium

equiva

lent to 17

5 mg/

kg starting dr

ypetroselinium, Banbusa


ers of Acacia


arabicaan


edulis, Butea

appeared to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial


at the

doses tested.


sativum, Mesua ferrea,

Moringa oleifera,

Mucuna pruriens,

Raphamus sativus,

Sida cordifolia,

Trachyspermum

ammai

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

465

( continued)

Myristica fragrans

Ethan

olic extract of

Albino rabb

its

Total cho

lesterol, LD

L, triglycerides,

Ram

A, e

t al. Hyp

olipidae

mic effect

Hou

tt.

Myristica fragrans. 500

and con

trols

and cho

lesterol w

ere all sign

ifican

tly

of Myristica fragransfruit extract in

MYRISTIC

ACEAE

mg/

kg orally

daily for

reduc

ed. T

he extract also sh

owed

rabb

its. JEthno

pharm 199

6;55

(1):

Jatiph

alam

60 day

splatelet an

tiag

greg

atory ab

ility and

a49

–53.

Nutm

egsign

ifican

t decrease in lev

els of total

cholesterol in hea

rt and

liver.

Myristica fragrans

Myristica fragransseed

Hyp

erch

o-The

extract red

uced serum and

LDL

Sharma A, e

t al. Pr

even

tion

of hy

per-

extract

lesterolem

icch

olesterol by

69.1%

and

76.3%

,ch

olesterolemia and

atherosclerosis

rabb

its

resp

ective

ly. S

ignificant decrease in

in rab

bits after supp

lemen

tation

of

cholesterol/ph

osph

olipid ratio by

Myristica fragransseed

extract.

31.2% and

an increase in the HDL-

Indian J Ph

ysiol Pha

rmacol 199

5;ratio. The

extract preve

nted

39(4):4

07–4

10.

accu

mulation of cho

lesterol,

pho

spho

lipid and

triglyc

eride in the

liver, h

eart and

aorta. E

xtract

dissolved

atherom

atou

s plaqu

es of

aorta by

70.9–76

.5%. Fe

cal ex

cretion

of cho

lesterol and

pho

spho

lipids were

sign

ifican

tly increa

sed.

Myristica fragrans

Aril of the

plant

Mice proge

nyThe

possible tran

sfer of the active

Cha

bra SK

, Rao

AR. Trans

mam

mary

Myristica fragrans.

princ

iple of mace through

trans

-mod

ulatio

n of xen

obiotic metab

oliz-

Aqu

eous

susp

ension

at

mam

mary route and

its ability to

ing en

zymes in liv

er ofmou

se

dose of 0.025

or 0.1 g pe

rmod

ulate he

patic xeno

biotic

pup

s by

mace ( Myristica fragrans

anim

al per day

,metab

olizing en

zymes in the F1

Hou

tt.). JEthno

pha

rm 199

4;ad

ministered by oral

proge

ny w

as studied. O

nly 14-day

-old

42(3):1

69–1

77.

gava

ge to dam

s day

1 of

pup

s of dam

s receiving either m

ace

lactation an

d con

tinu

eddose sh

owed

significantly inc

reased

for 14

, 21 day

she

patic glutathion

e pe

roxidase leve

ls.

Myristica fragrans

Aril of nutm

eg. D

ose of

Mice

Mod

ifying

poten

tial of areca nu

t on

Sing

h A, R

ao A

R. M

odulatory effect

0.5%

or 1%

mace

the induc

tion

of the he

patic

of A

reca nut in the

action of m

ace

detox

ification sy

stem

in mice by

( Myristica fragrans, H

outt) on

the

mace was studied. At 0.5%

and

1%

hepa

tic detox

ification sy

stem

in

mace in the

diet, areca nu

t reduc

edmice. Foo

d C

hem T

oxicol 199

3;mace-induc

ed inc

reases in he

patic

31(7):5

17–5

21.

glutathion

e S-tran

sferase an

dsu

lfhy

dryl lev

els an

d eleva

ted furthe

rincrea

ses in lev

els of cytoc

hrom

e b5

and P45

0.

466

Myristica fragrans

1 caps

ule 3

3per day

30 patients

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. C

linical eva

luation of

with luke

warm w

ater

with calculi

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also slowly

compo

site A

yurved

ic dru

gs, on

co

ntaining

: Asparagus

on kidne

ys,

disintegrated

both calcium-oxa

late


y an

d the

racemosus,50

mg;

ureters or

and calcium

carbo

nate crystals in a

urinary blad

der. Aryav

aidya


100

blad

ders

span

of 72

hou

rs and

com

plete

1992

;6(2):1

04–1

08.

mg; Eclipta alba,

100

disch

arging

of crys

tals w

ithin 15

–30


day

s. C

omplete disch

arge

occurred

in

10 m

g; Tinospora

greater than

80%

of the pa

tien

ts.

cordifolia,10

0 mg;

Tribulus terrestris,5

0mg; Withania somnifera,

50 m

g.Myristica fragrans

Aril of nutm

eg. Oral

Mice with

Declin

e in the

inc

iden

ce of carcinom

as

Hus

sain SP, R

ao A

R. C

hemop

reve

ntive

administration of 10 mg

induc

edwas highly sign

ifican

t co

mpared

to

action

of mace ( Myristica fragrans,

per m

ouse per day

for 7

carcinog

enesis

controls.

Hou

tt) on

methy

lcho

lanthren

e-day

s be

fore and

90 day

sin uterine

induced carcino

gene

sis in the

after carcinog

en threa

dcervix

uterine cervix in mice. C

ancer Le

ttinserted

1991

;56(3):231

–234

.

Myristica fragrans

Aril of nutm

eg. Animals

Mice

A significant declin

e of skin pa

pillo

ma

Jann

u LN, e

t al. Che

mop

reve

ntive

received

diet of 1%

inciden

ce com

pared

to co

ntrols

action

of mace ( Myristica fragrans,

mace

was obs

erve

d.

Hou

tt) on

DBMA-ind

uced pa

pillo-

mag

enesis in the skin of mice.

Can

cer Lett 19

91;56(1):59–

63.

Myristica fragrans

Aril of nutm

eg. 1%

or

Mice

A significant inc

rease in glutathione

Kumari MV, Rao

AR. Effect of

2% m

ace diet for 10

S-tran

sferase activity and

in acid

mace ( Myristica fragrans,

Hou

tt)

day

ssoluble su

lfhy

dryl grou

ps in the

liver

on cytosolic glutathione

S-

was noted

.tran


acid soluble

sulfhy

dryl leve

l in m

ouse liver.

Can

cer Lett 19

89;15;46

(2):8

7–91

.Nardostachys

Each tablet con

tains 10

039

patients with

Preparation was eva

luated

for clin

ical

Ran

i PU

, Naidu UR. S

ubjective an

djatamansi

(D.

mg of alcoh

olic extract

insomnia

efficacy

and

safety in ins

omnia by

polyso

mno

grap

hic ev

aluation of a

Don

) DC.

of roo

t of Rauwolfia

subjective

and

polysom

nograp

hic

herbal prepa

ration

in insomnia.

VALERIA

NACEAE

serpentina, 10

0 mg of

metho

d. The

prepa

ration

produc

edPh

ytom

edicine 19

98;5(4):2

53–2

57.

Jataman

sirh

izom

e pow

der of

sign

ifican

t im

prov

emen

t in sleep

Musk roo

tNardostachys jatamansi

parameters. The

preparation did not

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

467

( continued)

and 100

mg aq

ueou

sproduc

e an

y feeling of han

gove

r or

extract of roo

t, stem

,day

tim

e sleeplessn

ess, 11 pa

tien

tsleaf of Tinospora

complained

of mild

epigastric distress

cordifolia

; 2 tab

lets at

after the test dru

g. It can be

con

cluded

bedtime for 21

day

sthe prepa

ration

had

goo

d hyp

notic

activity and

can

be us

ed in insomnia.

Nardostachys

Embelia ribes,

Sing

le-blin

dEach of thr

ee treatmen

t grou

ps w

ere

Paranjpe P. Eva

luation of

topical

jatamansi

Glycyrrhiza glabra,

rand

omized


lap

plic

ations of he

rbal formulations

Holarrhena

comparative


tmen

ts in

in acn

e vu


antidysenterica,

study: 49

grou

ps A

and

B prove

d effective

rand

omized

com

parative

study.


adolescent

agains

t bo


ples)

JMed


7;19

:Phyllanthus emblica,

to you

ngan

d non

inflam

matory (black

head

s an

d41

4–41

8.Santalum

album

,ad

ults with

othe

r co

med

ones) lesion

s. The


mild

to

trea

tmen

t prepa

ration

s’ m

echa

nism

sTerminalia chebula,

mod

erate

of action remain un

know


facial acn

eNardostachys

Alcoh

olic extract of the

Male albino

The

se data indicate an

ove

rall

Prab

hu V

, et al. E

ffects of Nardostachys

jatamansi

roots of Nardostachys

Wistar rats

sign

ifican

t increase in the leve

ls of

jatamansi

on bioge

nic am

ines and

jatamansi

central mon

oamines and

inh

ibitory

inhibitory amino acids in the

rat

amino acids.

brain. Planta Med

1994;60(2):1

14–117.

Nardostachys

50% extract of Curcuma

Rats

The

extracts increased H

DL-/total

Dixit V

P, e

t al. Hyp

olipidae

mic

jatamansi

longaan

d Nardostachys

cholesterol ratio an

d also caus

ed a

effects of Curcuma LongaL and

jatamansi

(who

le plant)

sign

ifican

t decrease in the

ratio of

Nardostachys jatamansi, D

C in

total ch

olesterol/ph

ospho

lipid.

triton

-ind

uced

hyp

erlip

idae

mic

Curcuma longaex

hibited better

rats. Ind

ian JP

hysiol Pha

rmacol

cholesterol an

d triglyc

eride decreas-

1988

;32(4):299

–304

.ing activity tha

n Nardostachys

jatamansi.

Nardostachys

Essen

tial oils

of Mentha

Molds an

dThe

se oils

were fung

istatic or

Sarbho

y AK, et al. Efficacy of som

e jatamansi

arvensis, M

entha

fung

usfung

icidal to on

e or the

other m

olds,

essential oils and

the

ir con

stituen

ts

piperita, Anethum

sowa,

dep

ending on

the

con

centration

s.on

few

ubiqu

itous

molds

. Zen

tralbl

Cymbogopon winterianus,

Bak

teriol [Natur

wiss] 197

8;13

3(7–

8):


723–

725.

and Commiphora mukul

Nardostachys

Active princ

iple of

Rab

bits, d

ogs,

Antiarrhy

thmic action of Nardostachys

Arora R

B, M

adan

BR. A

ntiarrhy

th-

jatamansi

Nardostachys jatamansi

cats, mice

jatamansi

and quinidine were

mics. Part III. Antiarrhy

thmic

inve

stigated

. Com

pared

on the electro-

activity of Nardostachys jatamansi

card

iogram

, Nardostachys jatamansi

(an Indian indigen

ous dr

ug).

caus

ed a decrease in the

prolong

ation

Ind J M

ed R

es 195

6;44

(2):2

59–2

69.

of refractory period and

a decreased

slow

ing of con

duction, a distinc

tad

vantag

e ov

er quinidine. Nardostachys

jatamansi

may

be us

eful in cases of

auricu

lar flutter.

468

Nelum

bo nucifera

Metha

nolic

extract of

Rats

The

extract produced a significant

Mukh

erjee PK

, et al. Antipyretic

Gaertn.

Nelum

bo nucifera

dose-dep

enden

t decrease of normal

activity of Nelum

bo nucifera

rhizom

e NELUMBONACEAE

rhizom

e. D

oses of 20

0,bo

dy temperatur

e an

d a yea

st-

extract. Indian

J Exp

Biol 19

96;34(3):

Kam

al30

0, or 40

0 mg/

kgprovo

ked inc

rease of bod

y27

5–27

6.Sa

cred

lotus

temperature. The

effect produc

ed w

ascomparab

le w

ith the an

tipy

retic dru

gparacetam

ol.

Nelum

bo nucifera

Metha

nolic

extract of

Rats an

dThe

extract w

as fou

nd to cause a

Mukh

erjee PK

, et al. Studies on

rhizom

es of Nelum

bomice

reduc

tion

in sp

ontane

ous activity, a

psych

opha

rmacolog

ical effects of

nucifera

decrease in exp

loratory beh

avioral

Nelum

bo nucifera

Gaertn. rhizo

me

patterns, a decrease in m

uscle relax

ant

extract. JE

thno

pharm 199

6;54

(2–3

):activity and

it sign

ifican

tly

63–6

7.poten

tiated

the

pen

toba

rbiton

einduc

ed sleep

ing time.

Nelum

bo nucifera

Metha

nolic

extract of

Rats

The

extract-treated

animals sh

owed

Mukh

erjee PK

, et al. Antidiarrho

eal

rhizom

es of Nelum

bosign

ifican

t inhibitory activity ag

ains

tev

alua

tion

of Nelum

bo nucifera

nucifera

castor oil induced diarrhe

a an

drhizom

e ex

tract. Indian

J Pha

rmacol

inhibited significantly PGE-2induced

1995

;27(4):262

–264

.en

teropoo

ling in rats. It also sho

wed

sign

ifican

t decreases in ga

strointestinal

motility after a cha

rcoa

l mea

l.Nelum

bo nucifera

Decoction

of Crataegus

Human

sThe

decoc

tion

produced a red

uction

La Cou

r B, e

t al. Traditiona

l Chine

se

cuneata, Nelum

boof triglyc

eride an

d cho

lesterol.

med

icine in treatmen

t of hyp

er-

nucifera

and

lipidae

mia. J Ethno

pharm 1995;

Gynostemma

46(2):1

25–1

29.

pentaphylla

Nelum

bo nucifera

Pow

dered

sun-dried

Normal

Study of gluco

se toleran

ce cur

ves sh

ows

Hur

alikuppi A

B, et al. Anti-diabe

tic

flow

ers (test dru

g) and

albino

that duration

of hy

perglyc

emia w

as

effect of Nelum

bo nucifera

(Gae

rtn):

aqueo

us an

d alco

holic

rabb

its

notably reduc

ed com

pared

with co

ntrols.

Part I prelim

inary stud

ies in rab

bits.

extracts of Nelum

boThe

extracts effects were co

mpa

rable

Phy

tother R

es 199

1;5(2):54–

58.

nucifera

to tha

t pr

oduc

ed by 25

0 mg/

kg of

tolbutamide. The

extracts sign

ifican

tly

dep

ressed

hyp

erglyc

emia ind

uced

by

adrena

line hy

droch

loride.

Nelum

bo nucifera

Air-dried

flowers of

Normal rats,

Lon

g-term

administration of extracts

Hur

alikuppi JC, et al. Antidiabe

tic

Nelum

bo nucifera

diabe

tic

did not produce sustaine

d fall of fasting

effect of Nelum

bo nucifera

(Gae

rtn)

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPH

ARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

469

( continued)

fine

ly pow

dered

,rabb

its

bloo

d suga

r leve

ls altho

ugh

daily

extract: Part II. P

hytother R

es 199

1;aq

ueo

us an

d alcoh

olic

doses cau

sed hyp

oglycemia as an

5:21

7–22

3.ex

tracts

acute effect. The

extracts sh

owed

acute and

chron

ic effects in su

ppress-

ing hy

perglycemia, bu

t were less

potent tha

n stan

dard dru

gs. T

heextract sign

ifican

tly im

prov

ed gluco

setoleranc

e.Nelum

bo nucifera

Nefereine

, alkaloid extracted

Cats

The

results ind

icate that neferine an

dLi GR, e

t al. Effects of ne

ferine

on

from

the

green

seed

quinidine ha

ve sim

ilar effects on

heart

heart electrom

echa

nical activity in

embryo

of Nelum

bo

electrom

echa

nical activity.

anae

sthe

tized cats [Chine

se].

nucifera. D

ose of 1–1

0 Chu

ng-K

uo Yao

Li Hsu

eh Pao

-mg/

kg IV

Acta Pha

rmacolog

ica Sinica 199

0;11

:158

–161

.Nyctanthes arbor-

Water soluble fraction

of

Mice

Oral ad

ministraton

of the ex

tract sh

owed

Pau

l BN, Sa

xena

AK. Dep

letion

of

tristisL.

the etha

nolic

extract of

a co

nsistent dep

letion

of tumor necrosis

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

in

OLEACEAE

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.

factor- a

(TNF-

a) from

the

host plasma.

mice by

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.

Parijata

Varying

doses of 1, 10,

The

extract also reduced plasma

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

7;56

(2):1

53–1

58.

Night ja

smine

50, a

nd 100

mg

interferon

- g lev

el but the plasm

a im

mun

oglobu

lin M

(IgM) an

d immuno

-glob

ulin G

(IgG) leve

ls w

ere no

t affected

. The

extract m

ay be effective

in clin

ical disorders in the

man

agem

ent

of TNF-

a.

Nyctanthes arbor-

50% ethan

olic extract of

Mice

Strong

stimulation

of an

tige

n sp

ecific

Pur

i A, et al. Im

muno

stim

ulant

tristis

seed

s, flowers an

dan

d non

specific immun

ity was noted

.activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

leav

es of Nyctanthes

Max

imum activity foun

d in seed

s in

L. J. Ethno

pha

rm 199

4;42

(1):

arbor-tristis.Oral do

sewhich

the

active princ

iple app

eared

31–3

7.of 25 mg/

kg per day

for

asso

ciated

with lip

ids. In flow

ers an

d7 day

sleav

es, the

major activity was fou

ndin the

aqu

eous fraction

of the 50

%etha

nol ex

tract.

Nyctanthes arbor-

Water-solub

le portion

of

Rats

The

extract exh

ibited

significant asp

irin-

Saxena

RS, et al. A

nalgesic, a

ntipyretic

tristis

an ethan

olic extract of

like an

tino

ciceptive

activity bu

t faile

d

and ulcerog

enic activity of

leav

es of Nyctanthes

to produce m

orph

ine-lik

e an

alge

sia.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristisleaf extract.

arbor-tristis

The

ex

tract was also foun

d to possess

JEthno

pharm 198

7;19

(2):1

93–2

00.

antipyretic activity an

d produ

ced gastric

ulcers.

Nyctanthes arbor-

Water-solub

le portion

of

Rats

The

extract inh

ibited

acu

te inflammatory

Saxe

na R

S, et al. S

tudy of anti-inflam

-tristis

an ethan

olic extract of

edem

a induced in the hind

paw and

matory activity in the leav

es of

the leav

es of Nyctanthes

sign

ifican

tly decreased

acu

te inflam-

Nyc

tanthe

s arbo

r tristis Linn.

arbor-tristis

. Ex

tract

matory sw

ellin

g on

the

kne

e joint.

—An Indian med

icinal plant. J

administered orally

in

Acu

te and

chron

ic pha

ses of ind

uced

Ethno

pharm 198

4;11

(3):3

19–3

30.

doses ran

ging

from 0.5

arthritis an

d the

inflammation produc

ed

to 8.0 g/kg

by immuno

logic metho

ds were also

sign

ifican

tly inhibited.

470

Ocimum

sanctum

L.

Aqu

eous

extract of the

Mice

The

extract administered with radio-

Gan

asou

ndari A, et al. Mod

ification

LABIATAE

leav

es of Ocimum

therap

y ga

ve a highe

r stem

cell

of bon

e marrow rad

iosens

itivity

Tulsi

sanctum

survival rate ( p

,0.05

) co

mpa

red to

by m

edicinal plant extracts. Br J

Holy ba

sil

WR-272

1 an

d rad

iotherap

y. W

hile

Rad

iol 19

97;70(83

4):599

–602

.W

R-272

1 ha

d a tox

ic effect, Ocimum

sanctum

trea

tmen

t sh

owed

no su

cheffect.

Ocimum

sanctum

Ocimum

sanctum

fixe

dInduc

edOcimum

sanctum

oil an

d linoleic acid

Sing

h S, M

ajumdar D

K. E

valuation

oil

paw

edem

awere found

to po

ssess sign

ifican

tof antiin

flam

matory activity of

antiinflam

matory activity.

fatty acids of Ocimum

sanctum

fixe

d oil. Ind

ian J Exp

Biol 19

97;

35(4):3

80–3

83.

Ocimum

sanctum

Ethan

olic extract of

Rats

Treatmen

t with the extract preve

nted

Sembu

linga

m K

, et al. Effect of

Ocimum

sanctum

chan

ges in the

plasm

a leve

l of

Ocimum

sanctum

Linn on

noise

corticosterone

ind

uced exp

osur

e to

induced cha

nges in plasma

both acu

te and

chr

onic noise stress.

tico

steron

e leve

l. Indian JP

hysiol

Pha

rmacol 199

7;41

(2):1

39–1

43.

Ocimum

sanctum


Hyp

ergly-

The

formulation

had

little effect on

Bha

ttacha

rya SK

, et al. Effect of

sanctum, Picrorhiza

cemic rats

bloo

d sug

ar con

centration

s bu

t doses

Trasina

, an

Ayu

rved

ic herba

l kurrooa, Tinospora

induc

ed a dose-related decrease in

form

ulation

on pan

crea

tic islet

cordifolia, Withania

streptozo

tocin (STZ) hy

perglyc

emia

supe


somnifera.D

oses: 1

00,

and atten

uation

of ST

Z ind

uced a

hyperglyc

aemic rats. Ind

ian JE

xp

200 mg/

kg PO

1 3decrease in islet sup

erox

ide dismutase

Biol 19

97;35(3):297

–299

.day

for 28 day

sactivity in eu

glyc

emic rats.

Ocimum

sanctum

Lea

f ex

tract of Ocimum

Mice

Ocimum

sanctum

extract sign

ifican

tly

Gan

asou

ndari A, et al. Protection

sanctum

reduc

ed the

gen

eration of hyd

roxy

lag

ainst radiation

-ind

uced chr

omo-

radical.

some dam

age in m

ouse bon

e marrow by Ocimum

sanctum

. Mutat

Res 199

7;37

3(2):271

–276

.Ocimum

sanctum

Ocimum

sanctum

leaf

Diabe

tic rats

Obs

erva

tion

s indicate a sign

ifican

tRai V

, et al. Effect of T

ulasi ( Ocimum

pow

der

hypo

glyc

emic and

hyp

olipidem

icsanctum) leaf pow

der supp

lemen

ta-

effect on diabe

tic rats.

tion

on bloo

d sug

ar lev

els, serum

lip

ids an

d tissu

e in diabe

tic rats.

Plant Foo

ds Hum

Nutr 19

97;50(1):

9–16

.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

471

Ocimum

sanctum

Fixe

d oil of Ocimum

Induc

ed paw

Oil of Ocimum

sanctum

was fou

nd to

Sing

h S, et al. Ev

aluation of anti-

sanctum

edem

a in rats

possess significant anti-inflam

matory

inflam

matory poten

tial of fixe

d oil

activity aga

inst carrage

enan

- an

d other

of Ocimum

sanctum

(Holy ba

sil)

med

iator-induced paw

edem

a in rats.

and its pos

sible mecha

nism

of

action

. J Ethno

pha

rm 199

6;54

(1):

19–2

6.Ocimum

sanctum

Extract of Ocimum

Con

trolled

Results indicated

a significant decrease

Agraw

al P, e

t al. Ran

domized

sanctum

sing

le blin

din fasting

pos

tprand

ial bloo

d gluco

se

placebo

-con

trolled, s

ingle blind

trial: hu

man

sleve

ls dur

ing trea

tmen

t with ho

ly basil

trial of holy ba

sil leav

es in patients

leav

es com

pared

to trea

tmen

t with

with no

nins

ulin

-dep

enden

t Diabetes

placebo

leave

s.mellitus. Int JC

lin Ph

armacol The

r 19

96;34(9):406

–409

.Ocimum

sanctum

Alcoh

olic extract of Ocimum

Mice

The

extract significantly inc

reased

Ban

erjee S, et al. M

odulatory

sanctum

leav

es. 40

0 an

d

cytoch

rome P45

0 an

d glutathione

influen

ce of alco

holic

extract of

800 mg/

kg bod

y weigh

t S-tran

sferase leve

ls tha

t are

Ocimum leave

s on

carcino

gen-

for 15 day

sim

portant in the detox

ification of

metab

olizing en

zyme activities and

carcinog

ens as w

ell as m

utag

ens.

reduc

ed glutathione

lev

els in m

ouse.

Nutr C

ancer 19

96;25(2):205

–217

.Ocimum

sanctum

Water and

aqu

eous

Albino mice

The

water extract w

as m

ore radio-

Dev

i PU, G

anasou

ndari A. R

adio-

etha

nolic

extract of

protective than

the

aqu

eous

protective effect of leaf extract on

Ocimum

sanctum

etha

nolic

extract and

less toxic.

Indian med

icinal plant Ocimum

sanctum. Indian J Exp

Biol 19

95;

33(3):2

05–2

08.

Ocimum

sanctum

Fresh leav

es of Ocimum

Albino rats

Sign

ifican

t redu

ction in serum

total

Sarkar A

, et al. Cha

nges in the bloo

d

sanctum

mixed

as 1 g

cholesterol, triglyceride

s, pho

spho

-lip

id profile after administration of

and 2 g in 10

0 g

lipid and

LDL, a

nd significantly

Ocimum sanctum

(Tulsi) leav

es in the

of diet for 4 weeks

increa

sed H

DL and

total fecal

norm

al albino rabb

its. Ind

ian J Ph

ysiol

sterol con

tents was obs

erve

d.

Pha

rmacol 199

4;38

(4):3

11–3

12.

Ocimum

sanctum

Ethan


Mice with indu

ced

Sign

ifican

t redu

ction in tumor inc

iden

ce,

Prasha

r R, et al. Che

mop

reve

ntive

sanctum

leav

es. Top

ical

skin pap

illom

aav

erag

e nu

mbe

r of tumors/

tumor-

action

by an

extract from Ocimum

administration

gene

sis

bearing mice an

d cumulative nu

mbe

r sanctum

on m

ouse skin pap

illom

a-of pap

illom

as w

as observe

d.

gene

sis an

d its

enh

ancemen

t of skin

glutathion

e S-tans

ferase activity

and

acid solub

le sulfyd

ryl leve

l. Anti-

canc

er D

rugs

199

4;5(5):567

–572

.Ocimum

sanctum

Alcoh


Diabe

tic rats

Marke

d lowering of blood

suga

r leve

l in

Cha

ttop

adhy

ay R

R. Hyp

oglycemic

sanctum

leav

es admin-

norm

al, gluco

se fed

hyp

erglyc

emic and

effect of Ocimum

sanctum

leaf

istered orally

streptozo

tocin induced diab

etic rats was

extract in normal and

strep

to-

noted. T

he extract poten

tiated

action of

zotocin diabe

tic rats. Indian

exog

enou

s insu

lin in no

rmal rats.

JExp

Biol 19

93;31(11

):891

–893

.Ocimum

sanctum

Extract of Ocimum

Rats

The

extract red

uced ulcer index

, free an

d

Man

dal S, et al. Ocimum

sanctum

sanctum

total acidity on

sho

rt-term and

lon

g-Linn—

A study on

gastric ulceration

term

administration.

and gastric secretion

in rats. Ind

JPhy

siol Pha

rmacol 199

3;37

(1):

91–9

2.

( continued)

472

Ocimum

sanctum


Mice an

d rats

Cum

inum

cyminum

seed

s, Ocimum

Aru

na K

, Sivaram

akrish

nan VM.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,sanctum

leav

es, an

d Papaver

Anticarcino



somnifera

seed

s sign

ifican

tly

Indian plan

t produc

ts. Fo

od C

hem

asafoetida, Moringa

inhibited neo

plasia alon

e. The

seTox

ic 199

2;30

(11):953

–956

.oleifera, O

cimum

plan

ts m

ay prove

to be

valuab

lesanctum, Papaver

anticarcinog

ens.

somnifera, Piper

longum

, Sylanum

nigrum

Ocimum

sanctum

Ethan

ol extract of the

Mice an

d rats

Ocimum

sanctum

extract was screene

d

Sakina

MR, e

t al. Pr

elim

inary

leav

es of Ocimum

for its effect on the central ne

rvou

s ps

ycho

pha

rmacolog

ical eva

luation

sanctum

system

. Halop

eridol and

sulpride, D

2 of Ocimum

sanctum

leaf ex

tract.

receptor an

tago

nists whe

n give

n JE

thno

pharm 199

0;28

:143

–150

.with Ocimum

extract fully

block

ed

the effect of the latter sugg

esting

a po

ssible D

2 receptor mecha

nism

for Ocimum

extract.

Ocimum

sanctum

Metha

nol ex

tract an

d an

Albino rats

The

results of the

study

sugg

est a

God

hwan

i S, et al. Ocimum

sanctum

—aq

ueo

us su

spen

sion

of

immuno

stim

ulant cap

ability for

A prelim

inary stud

y ev

aluating its

Ocimum

sanctum

leav

esOcimum

sanctum

that m

ay be

immuno

regu

latory profile in

contribu

tory in ex

plaining

the

albino

rats. JEthn

opha

rmad

aptoge

nic action

of the plan

t.19

88;24:19

3–19

8.Ocimum

sanctum

Metha

nol an

d aqu

eous

Rats an

d m

ice

Both ex

tracts inh

ibited

acu

te as well

God

hwan

i S, et al. Ocimum

sanctum

:su

spen

sion

of Ocimum

as chr

onic inflammation in rats. The

An ex

perim

ental study ev

alua

ting

sanctum

anti-inflammatory resp

onse of 50

0its an

ti-inflammatory, ana

lgesic

mg/

kg of metha

nol ex

tract an

dan

d antipyretic activity in animals.

aque

ous su

spen

sion

was com

parab

leJE

thno

pharm 198

7;21

:153

–163

.to the

respon

se observe

d w

ith 30

0mg/

kg of so

dium salicylate.

Oryza sativaL.

Oryza sativa-water,

Rat m

odel of

All so

lution

s either decreased

cho

lera

Rolston

DD, et al. Fo

od-based

GRAMIN

EAE

Eleusine coracana

-secretory

toxin-induc

ed net w

ater secretion

solution

s are a viab

le alterna

tive

Sa

liwater, Maranta

diarrh

ea( Maranta arundinacea) or rev

ersed it

to gluco

se-electrolyte solutions

for

Sali

arundinacea, Cocos

to net absorption

. Eleusine coracana

oral hyd

ration

in acute diarrho

ea—

mucifera-w

ater, W

HO-

water produc

ed m

axim

um net w

ater

Stud

ies in a rat m

odel of secretory

oral reh

ydration

abso

rption

significantly greater tha

ndiarrho

ea. Trans

R Soc

Trop M

edso

lution

(ORS)

the W

HO-O

RS.

Hyg

iene

199

0;84

(1):1

56–1

59.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

473

Oryza sativa

Water extract of Oryza

Mice

The

extract significantly red

uced the

Hikino H, et al. Isolation an

d hyp

o-sativa

bran

, IP

plasma su

gar leve

l. Fraction

ation an

dglyc

emic activity of oryza

bran

s A,

administration

mon

itoring the activity of furn

ishe

dB, C, an

d D

, glyc

ans of Oryza sativa

4 glyc

ans, oryza

-brans

A, B

, C, an

d D

bran

. Plan

ta M

ed 198

8;54

:1–3

.resu

lted

. The

se polysacch

arides

exerted marke

d hyp

oglycemic effects

in normal and

ind

uced hy

perglyc

emic

mice.

Oryza sativa

Rice pow

der

Con

trolled

Rice po

wder oral rehy

dration

solution

Moh

an M

, et al. Rice pow

der

ORS co

mpa

red to

rand

omized

is safe, effective

, and

an acceptable

oral reh

ydration

solution

as an

stan

dard gluco

se-

trial; 50

male

altern

ative to stand

ard W

HO gluco

se-

altern

ative to gluco

se electrolyte

electrolyte

child

ren

electrolyte so

lution

for the

treatmen

tso

lution

. Indian JM

ed R

es 198

8;of acu

te diarrhe

a in infan

ts and

87:234

–239

.ch

ildren.

Paederia foetidaL.

Butano

l fraction

of a

Rats

The

extract produ

ced a significant

De S, et al. Inv

estiga

tion

of the an

ti-

RUBIACEAE

metha

nol ex

tract of the

inhibition

of gran

ulation

tissu

e for-

inflam

matory effects of Paederia

Prada

rini

defatted lea

ves of

mation in cotton-pe

llet im

plan

ted rats,

foetida. J Ethno

pha

rm 199

4;43

(1):

Chine

se flower

Paederia foetida, 100

and inh

ibited

the

eleva

tion

of seru

m31

–38.

plant

and 20

0 mg/

kg IP

orosom

ucold lev

els. R

esults indicate a

injection daily for 7 day

sration

al for the

use of the ex

tract to

trea

t inflam

matory disorders.

Paederia foetida

Water soluble fraction

Rats an

d m

ice

Anti-inflam

matory activity obs

erve

dSing

h S, et al. Anti-inflam

matory

of Paederia foetida

in ind

uced

edem

a in rats an

d m

ice,

activity of Paederia foetida.

also in long

-term m

odels of adjuva

ntFitoterapia 199

4;64

(4):3

57–3

62.

and formaldeh

yde arthritis.

Paederia foetida

Dried

unripe fruit pow

der

Ran

dom

ized

Treatmen

t with all these plan

ts did not

Haide

r R, et al. Eva

luation of ind

ige-

of Aegle marmelos; dried

dou

ble-blind

show

any

clin

ical improve

men

t or

nous plants in the

treatmen

t of

pow

der plant of

clinical trial:

bacteriological cu

re as compared

to

acute sh

igellosis. Trop Geo

gr M

ed

Hydrocotyle asiatica;

82 m

en w

ith

ampicillin.

1991

;43(3):266

–270

.dried

pow

der of

shigellosis

Paederia foetida.

Peucedanum

Peucedanum graveolensan

dHum

an con

sump-

Loc

ally grown food

was studied for

Desai S, et al. Com

pen

dium of

graveolens

(L.)

Chenopodium

album

astion

its

b-caroten

e co

nten

t to preve

ntdietary sou

rces of vitamin A

in the

C.B. Clarke

a food

sou

rce

nutritiona

l blindne

ss. W

omen

of west

Tha

r desert. Indian JO

phtha

lmol

UMBELLIFERAE

Rajasthan

were interviewed

to

1992

;40(4):106

–108

.Misroya

,determine co

mmon

dietary items. O

fSa

tapu

shpi

food

s selected

, on

ly Peucedanum

Indian dill

graveolens

and Chenopodium

album

at 100

g provided

RDA for a 1–3

-ye

ar-old-child.

Picrorhiza kurrooa


Mice

All plan


ibited

the

Dhu

ley JN

. Effect of som

e Indian

Roy

le ex. Ben

th.

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

carcinog

en och

ratoxin-indu

ced

herbs on

macroph

age func

tion

s SC

ROPH

ULA

RIA

CEA

ETinospora cordifolia,

supp

ression of che

motactic activity

in och

ratoxin A treated

mice. J

Katula, K

atki,

Withania somnifera

and the

produc

tion

of interleu

kin-1

Ethno

pha

rm 199

7;58

:15–

20.

Kuru

and TNF-

aby

macroph

ages.

( continued)

Picrorhiza kurrooa


Hyp

erglye

mic

Herba

l form

ulation

had

little effect on

Bha

ttacha

rya SK

, et al. Effect of

sanctum, Picrorhiza

rats

bloo

d suga

r co

ncen

trations

but dos

esTrasina

, an Ayu

rved

ic herba


induced a dose-related decrease in

form

ulation

on pa

ncreatic islet

cordifolia, W

ithania

STZ hyp

erglyc

emia, an

d atten

uation

superox

ide dismutase activity in

somnifera.Doses: 100,

of STZ ind

uced a decrease in islet

hyperglyc

aemic rats. Ind

ian JE

xp

200 mg/

kg PO

1 3su

peroxide dismutase activity in

Biol 19

97;35(3):297

–299

.per day

for 28 day

seu

glyc

aemic rats.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

(12

mg/

kg, P

O)

Rats

After exp

osur

e to alcoh

ol, Picroliv

Rastogi R

, et al. Picroliv

protects

an iridoid glyco

side

reduced the

deg

ree of cha

nge in m

ost

agains

t alco

hol-induced chron

ic

fraction

of Picrorrhiza

of the

param

eters induced by alco

hol.

hepatotox

icity in rats. Planta Med

kurrooa

1996

;62(3):283

–285

.Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroside 1 an

d 2.

Ran

dom

ized

The

present study ha

s sh

own a

Vaidya

AB, e

t al. Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picrorhiza kurrooaroot

dou

ble-blind

biolog

ical plausibility of efficacy of

(Kutaki) Roy

le ex Ben

th as a

pow

der 375

mg 3 3

placebo

-Picrorhiza kurrooaas supp

orted by

hepatop

rotective ag

ent—

per day

was given

for

controlle

dclinical trial in viral he

patitis,

Exp

erim

ental &

clinical studies. J

2 weeks

(n

515

) or a

trial: patients

hepatop

rotection in animal m

odel,

Postgrad

Med

199

6;42

(4):1

05–108

.match

ing placebo

with acute

and an ap

proach for stan

dardizing

( n5

18)

viral he

patitis

extracts based

on picroside

con

tent.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Azadirachta indica,

Mice with

Infected

mice were pr

ophy

lactically

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. Proph

ylactic therap

y Boerhavia diffusa,

septicemia

administered pos

tinfective

, pr

einfective

,of Salmonella typhi

septicem

ia in

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

from

Salmonella

sing

le and

multiple doses of ex

tract

mice with a trad

itiona

lly prescribe

d

Terminalia chebula,

typhi

and had

a significant the

rape

utic

crude dru

g form

ulation. JEthno

-Tinospora cordifolia,

effect in reducing

sep

ticemia.

pharm 199

5;45

:141

–147



Extracted

in 80

%aq

ueo

us alco

hol etha

nol.

1% stock

solution

used

to prepare dilu

tion

s.Oral or sub

cutane

ous

administration.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

50% ethan

olic extract

Exp

erim

ental

The

extract w

as fou

nd to stim

ulate

Sharma ML, et al. Immuno

stim

ulatory

Picrorhiza kurrooa

anim

als

cell-med

iated and

hum

oral

activity of Picrorhiza kurrooaleaf

doses ran

ged from 25–

compo

nents of the

immune

system as

extract. J Ethno

pharm 199

4;41

(3):

200 mg/

kgwell as pha

gocy

tosis.

185–

192.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv. Iridoid glyco

side

Rats

Picroliv

can

rev

erse D-galactosamine- or

Dwived

i Y, et al. Perfusion

with

fraction

of Picrorhiza

thioacetam

ide-induced he

patic dam

age.

picroliv rev

erses bioc

hemical

kurrooa

chan

ges induced in liv

ers of rats

474

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

toxicated w

ith ga

lactos

amine

or thioc

etam

ide. Planta Med

199

3;59

(5):4

18–4

20.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Rats

Picroliv w

as given

to aflatoxin B1 toxicated

Dwived

i Y, e

t al. Picroliv

protects

fraction

of Picrorhiza

rats, the

majority of the

bioch

emical

against aflatoxin B1

acu

tehe

patotox-

kurrooa25

mg/

kg for 7

and histological ch

ange

s were sign

ifican

tly

icity in rats. Pha

rmacol R

es

day

sprotected

. 19

93;27(2):189

–199

.Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Mice

Picroliv significantly inc

reased

immuno

-Pu

ri A

, et al. Im

mun

ostimulan

t fraction

of Picrorhiza

stim

ulant activity.

activity of Picroliv

, the

iridoid

kurrooa 10

mg/

kg

glyc

oside fraction

of Picrorhiza

for 7 da

yskurrooa, and

its protective action

ag

ains

t Leish

man

ia don

ovan

i infection in ham

sters. Planta Med

1992

;58(6):528

–532

.Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Rats

Sign

ifican

tly pr

even

ted bioch

emical

Dwided

i Y, e

t al. Picroliv and

its

fraction

of Picrorhiza

chan

ges in liver and

serum of

compon

ents kutkoside an

dkurrooa12

mg/

kg for

galactos

amine-toxicated rats.

picroside I protect liver aga

inst

7 day

sga

lactos

amine-induced da

mag

ein rats. Pha

rmacol Tox

icol

1992

;71(5):383

–387

.Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Rats

Pretreatmen

t with picroliv preve

nted

the

Ans

ari RA, et al. Antihep

atotox

ic

fraction

of Picrorhiza

hepatotox

ic effect of paracetam

ol and

properties of picroliv

and

active

kurrooa6–

12 m

g/kg

galactos

amine as eviden

ced by va

riou

s fraction

from rhizo

mes of Picrorhiza

bioc

hemical and

histopatho

logic

kurrooa. JEthno

pha

rm 199

1;34

:ob

servations.

61–6

8.Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Rats

Whe

n picroliv w

as administered w

ith

Dwived

i Y, e

t al. Picroliv

protects

fraction

of Picrorhiza

mon

ocrotalin

e, alterations

in most of

agains

t mon

ocrotalin

e-induced

kurrooa25

mg/

kgthe bioc

hemical param

eters alon

ghe

patic dam

age in rats. Pha

rmacol

with histop

atho

logic ch

ange

s in

Res 199

1;23

(4):3

99–4

07.

liver cau

sed by mon

ocrotolin

e were

preve

nted

.Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Rats an

d guine

a Picroliv sho

wed

a dose-dep

enden

tSh

ukla S, et al. C

holeretic effect of

fraction

of Picrorhiza

pigs

choleretic effect an

d possessed

aprico

liv, the

princ

iple of he

pato-

kurrooa1.5–12

mg/

kgmarke

d anticho

lestatic effect ag

ains

tprotective Picrorhiza kurrooa.

paracetam

ol- an

d ethyn

ylestrad

iol-

Planta Med

199

1;57

(1):2

9–33

.induc

ed cho

lestasis. Picroliv

was

found

to be

more po

tent tha

nsilymarin.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picroliv

. Irido

id glyco

side

Rats

Picroliv preve

nted

most of the

Dwived

i Y, e

t al. Picroliv

affords

fraction

of Picrorhiza

bioc

hemical cha

nges ind

uced

by

protection ag

ains

t thioacetam

ide-

kurrooa12

.5–1

2 mg/

kgthiocetamide in liver and

serum.

induc

ed hep

atic dam

age in rats.

Picroliv

was fou

nd to be

com

parab

lePlanta Med

199

1;57

(1):2

5–28

.to sily

marin.

475

( continued)

Picrorhiza kurrooa

A decoc

tion

of the

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoction

Sati R

B, Sha

rma RK. Man

agem

ent of

follo

wing he

rbs:

cong

estive


cong

estive

cardiac failure w

ith

Azadirachta indica,

heart failu

reisch

emic heart disease,

certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

Boerhaavia diffusa,

card

iomyo

pathy

and

cor pulmon

ale

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;4(2):1

23–1

26.

Cedrus deodara,

were give

n pow

der of Inula

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

racemosa,

while patients with

Terminalia chebula,

rheu

matic heart disease w

ere give

nTinospora cordifolia,


eeks

Trichosantes lobata;

of treatmen

t, all 10

patients were cu

red

Inula racemosa2 g, 8

completely, 2 had

bradyc

ardia, a

ndho

urly; Commiphora

2 were refractory.

mukul,1

/2 g 8 ho

urly;

Urgenic indica10

0 mg,

8 ho

urly

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Picrolex

Hum

an trial:

Vitiligo

cau

ses pigmen

tary disfigu

re-

Bed

i KL, e

t al. Picrorhiza kurrooa, an

30 patients,

men

t of the

skin due to defective

Ayu

rved

ic herb, m

ay poten

tiate

ages 6–4

2func

tion

ing of m

elan

ocytes. A

ll patients

pho

toch

emothe

rapy in vitiligo

. J

resp

onded

to treatm

ent with picrolex

Ethno

pharm 198

9;27

(3):3

47–3

52.

except 3.

Picrorhiza kurrooa

Pow

dered

tub

erou

s root

Prelm

inary

Picrorhiza kurrooain bronc

hial asthm

a Rajaram

D. A

prelim

inary clinical

of Picrorhiza kurrooa

clinical trial:

show

ed tha

t of 36 pa

tien

ts, 1

9 patients

trial of Picrorhiza kurrooain

75 m

g 2 3

per day

36 patients

had goo

d relief, 9 sh

owed

satisfactory

bron

chial asthma. Bom

bay Hosp

relie

f, an

d 8 had

no relie

f.J1

976;18

(2):6

6–69

.Piper longum

L.

Pippali Rasay

ana an

Con

trolled

Com

plete disap

pearan

ce of Giardia lamblia

Aga

rwal A

K, e

t al. Man

agem

ent of

PIPERACEAE

Ayu

rved

ic dru

gclinical trial:

from

stools in 23/

25 patients resu

lted

. giardiasis by

a herba

l dru

g ‘Pippali

Pipali

prep

ared

from Butea

25 patients

Symptom

s of ill he

alth, a

bdom

inal

Rasay

ana’: A clin

ical study. J

Lon

g pe

ppe

rmonospermastem

s an

dwith giardiasis;

disco

mfort, pr

esen

ce of muc

us, pu

s cells

, Ethno

pharm 199

7;56

(3):2

33–2

36.

leav

es and

Piper longum

25 con

trols

and red

blood

cells w

as significantly

dried

fruits. A

dministered

reduced. Sp

ontane

ous reco

very in 20

%

at 1 g orally

33

per day

of the

cases w

as recorded

in placebo

for 15

day

sco

ntrol

Piper longum

Fruits of Piper longum,

Rat

The

ethan

olic extract and

piperine

Gho

shal S, e

t al. Antiamoe

bic activity

etha

nol ex

tract an

dcu

red 90%

and

40%

of rats w

ith

of Piper longum

fruits aga

inst

piperine, a pure

caecal amoe

biasis, resp

ective

ly.

Entam

oeba

histolytica in vitro an

d

compou

nd from the

vivo

. J Ethno

pha

rm 199

6;50

(3):

plan

t16

7–17

0.

476

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Piper longum

Rats fed for 8 w

eeks

the

Rat

Com

mon


princ

iples

Platel K

, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce of

follo

wing plants:

were ex

amined

for the

ir pos

sible

dietary spices or the

ir active

Brassica species,

influen

ce on the digestive

enz

ymes of

princ

iples on

digestive

enz

ymes of

Capsicum annum

,intestinal m

uco

sa. Dietary curcumin,

small intestinal m

ucosa in rats.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,caps

aicin, piperine, and

ginge

r prominen

tly

Int J Fo

od Sci N

utr 19

95;47(1):55–59.


enha

nced

intestina

l lip

ase activity and


also the

disacch

aridases sucrase an

d

Piper nigrum,

maltase. D

ietary cum

in, fenu

greek,

Trigonella foenum-

mustard and

asafoetida brou

ght ab

out

graecum, Zingiber

decreases in the leve

ls of pho

spha

tases

officinale

and suc

rase. The

pos

itive influen

ces of

a go

od num

ber of spices on these term

inal

enzy

mes of the digestive

process cou

ld

be an ad

ditiona

l featur

e of species that

are ge

nerally

well recogn

ized

to

stim

ulate digestion

.

Piper longum

Pippali Rasay

ana

Two grou

ps

Mice infected

with Giardia lamblia

Aga

rwal A

K, e

t al. Man

agem

ent of

prep

ared

from Butea

of m

ice with

trop

hozo

ites produc

ed up to 98

%giardiasis by an

immun

omod

ulatory

monospermastem

s an

da co

ntrol

reco

very from the

infection

.he

rbal dru

g Pippa

li rasaya

na.

leav

es and

Piper longum

JEthno

pha

rm 199

4;44

(3):1

43–1

46.

dried

fru

its ad

ministered

orally

Piper longum

Piperine, an active

Mice

The

princ

iple exerted

significant protec-

Kou

l IB, K

apil A. E

valuation of the

alka

loidal con

stituen

t of

tion

aga

inst ind

uced

hep

atox

icity

liver protective of piperine, an

the ex

tract from

Piper

by decreasing bo

th in vitroan

d in

active

princ

iple of black an

d lon

g longum

and Piper

vivo

lipid perox

idation, decreasing

pep

pers. Planta Med

199

3;59

(5):

nigrum

enzy

matic lea

kage

, an

d by preve

nting

413–

417.

dep

letion

of GSH

and

total thiols.

Piper longum


Mice an

d rats

Cum

inum

cyminum

seed

s, Ocimum

sanctum

Aru

na K

, Siva

ramak

rish

nan VM.

Cum

inum

cyminum

,leav

es, a

nd Papaver somnifera

seed

s Anticarcino



sign

ifican

tly inhibited neo

plasia

Indian plant products. Foo

d C

hem

asafoetida, M

oringa

alon

e. The

se plants may

prove

to

Tox

ic 199

2;30

(11):953

–956

.oleifera, Ocimum

be valuab

le anticarcino

gens

.sanctum, Papaver

somnifera, Piper

longum

, Sylanum

nigrum

Piper longum

Mixture of Glycyrrhiza

Rats

Duo

den

al ulcerated

rats trea

ted w

ith the

Nad

ar TS, Pillai M

M. Effect of

glabra, Terminalia

mixture recov

ered

faster with co

ncom

itan

t Ayu

rved

ic m

edicines on be

ta-

chebula, Piper longum

increa

se in

b-glucu

ronidase activity in the

glucu

ronidase activity of Bru

nner’s

Bru

nner’s gland

.glan

ds during

recov

ery from

cy

stea

mine induced duod

enal

ulcers in rats. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol

1989

;27(11

):959

–962

.

477

( continued)

Piper longum

Spice princ

iples: cap

saicin,

Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

liver

Samba

iah K, S

riniva

san K. Influen

ce

curcum

in, pipe

rine

. Plants:

microso

mal cytoc

hrom

e P4

50-dep

enden

t of spices and

pice princ

iples on


aryl hyd

roxy

lase. Cum

inum

cyminum

, he

patic m

ixed

func

tion

oxy

gena

se

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

Zingiber officinale,an

d Trigonella foenum-

system

in rats. Ind

ian JB

ioch

em

cyminum

, Ferula foetida,

graecum

also stimulated

the

lev

els of

Bioph

ys 198

9;26

(4):2

54–2

58.

Tamarindus indica,

cytoch

rome P45

0 an

d b5, Cum

inum


,cyminum


Zingiber officinale

stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Piper longum

Eithe

r sing

le oral dose

Crossov

er trial:

Results obtaine

d rev

ealed tha

t a sing

leBan

o G, et al. Effect of piperine on

(300

mg) of phe

nytoin

5 he

althy

daily dose of piperine for 7 day

spha

rmok

inetics of phe

nytoin in

alon

e or in co

mbina

tion

vo

lunteers

sign

ifican

tly reduced the

absorption

healthy vo

lunteers. P

lanta Med

with multiple dos

es of

half-life, prolong

ed the

elim

ination

1987;53:56

8–56

9.piperine

half-life, and

produc

ed a significantly

high

er area und

er the

dru

g conc

en-

tration cu

rve of phe

nytoin in co

mpa

r-ison

to phe

nytoin alone

.Piper longum

Piper longum, Piper nigrum,

Rats

Piperine increased the

blood

lev

els of

Atal CK, e

t al. Scientific eviden

ce on

and Zingiber officinale

vasicine

by ne

arly 233

%. Und

er the

the role of Ayu

rved

ic herba

ls on

influen

ce of piperine, the

active

bioa

vaila

bility of dru

gs. J

princ

iple of Pipersp

ecies, sparteine

Ethno

pharm 198

1;4(2):229

–232

.bloo

d lev

els increa

sed more than

100%

.Piper nigrum

L.

Rats were fed the

following

Rats

Com

mon


Platel K

, Sriniva

san K. Influen

ce of

PIPERACEAE

plan

ts for 8 w

eeks

:princ

iples were ex

amined

for the

irdietary spices or the

ir active

Maricha

Brassicasp

ecies,

possible influe

nce on

the

digestive

princ

iples on

digestive

enz

ymes of

Black pep

per

Capsicum annum

,en


uco

sa. D

ietary

small intestinal m

ucosa in rats. Int

Cum

inum

cyminum

,cu

rcumin, capsaicin, p

iperine an

dJ Fo

od Sci N

utr 199

5;47

(1):5

5–59

.Curcuma longa, Ferula

Zingiber officinaleprom

inen

tly


enha

nced

intestina

l lip

ase activity and

Piper nigrum,

also the

disacch

aridases sucrase an

dTrigonella foenum-

maltase. D

ietary Cum

inum

cyminum

,graecum, Zingiber


, Brassica

officinale

species, and

Ferula foetidabrou

ght

abou


ls of

478

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

pho

spha

tases an

d su

crase. T

hepositive influe

nces of a go

od numbe

rof spices on term

inal enz

ymes of the

digestive

process cou

ld be an

additiona

l feature of sp

ecies that are

gene

rally

well reco

gnized

to stim

ulate

digestion

.Piper nigrum

Piperine, an active

Mice

The

princ

iple exe

rted

significant

Kou

l IB, K

apil A. E

valuation of the

alka

loidal con

stituen

t of

protection ag

ains

t indu

ced hep

atox

icity

liver protective of piperine, an

the extract from

Piper

by decreasing bo

th in vitroan

d in

active

princ

iple of black an

d lon

g longum

and Piper

vivo

lipid perox

idation, decreasing

pep

pers. Planta Med

199

3;59

(5):

nigrum

enzy

matic leaka

ge, an

d by preve

nting

413–

417.

dep

letion

of GSH

and

total thiols.

Piper nigrum

Piperine, safrol, an

d tan

nic

Mice

Safrol and

tan

nic acid w

ere weak

Wrba H, e

t al. Carcino

genicity

acid con

stituen

ts of Piper

carcinog

ens co

mpared

with methy

l-testing of som

e co

nstituen

ts of

nigrum

cholan

threne

tha

t was used as a

black pep

per (Piper nigrum). Exp

carcinog

enic con

trol substanc

e. Force

Tox

icol Patho

l 19

92;44(2):61–

65.

feed

ing of d-lim

onen

e (a pep

per

terp

enoid) reduced the

ir carcino

genic

activity, w

hile force feeding of

piperine (a black pep

per alkaloid) was

ineffective.

Piper nigrum

Piperine, a m

ajor

Rats

The

alkaloid poten

tiated

pen

toba

rbiton

e Mujumdar A

M, e

t al. Effect of

alka

loid iso

lated

sleeping time, w

ith pea

k effects at 30

piperine on

pen

toba

rbiton

e from

Piper nigrum

minutes. Blood

and

brain lev

els were

induced hyp

nosis in rats. Ind

ian

high

er in piperine trea

ted animals.

JExp

Biol 19

90;28(5):486

–487

.Piperine-treated rats, treated

lon

g-term

with ph

enob

arbitone

, significantly

poten

tiated

phe

noba

rbiton

e sleeping

time co

mpa

red to co

ntrols.

Piper nigrum

Piper nigrum

fruit

Albino rats

A dose-dep

enden

t statistically

significant

Tripathi P, et al. Thy

roge

nic resp

onse

alco

holic

extract

enha

ncem

ent of the

tissu

e-ox

ygen

uptake

of Piper nigrum. Fitoterapia 198

9;was observe

d. The

perox

idase activity

LX(6):5

39–5

42.

in the

thy

roid tissu

e increa

sed at the

dose of 40 mg an

d 80 mg/

kg. Plasma

triio

dothy

ronine

and

thy

roxine

lev

els

were dos

e-dep

enden

t an

d significantly

increa

sed com

pared

to co

ntrols.

Piper nigrum

Sing

le oral dose (300

mg)

Crossov

er trial:

Results obtaine

d rev

ealed single daily

Ban

o G, et al. Effect of piperine on

of phe

nytoin alone

or in

5 he

althy

dose of piperine for 7 day

spha

rmok

inetics of phe

nytoin in

combina

tion

with multiple

volunteers

sign

ifican

tly decreased

the

abs

orption

healthy vo

lunteers. P

lanta Med

doses of piperine

half-life, prolong

ed the

elim

ination

1987;53:56

8–56

9.ha

lf-life, and

produc

ed a significantly

high

er area und

er the

dru

gco

ncen

tration cu

rve of phe

nytoin in

compa

rison to phe

nytoin alone

.

479

( continued)

Piper nigrum

Piper nigrum

pow

der in

Hum

anResults sho

wed

Piper nigrum

powder

Desai H

G, Kalro R

H. Effect of black

doses of 0.2, 0.4 g/h

trial: 20

doe

s no

t dam

age the hu

man

gastric

pep

per and

asafoetida on

the

DNA

and Ferula foetidain

healthy

muco

sa, w

hereas Ferula foetidadoe

sco

nten

t of gastric asp

irates. Ind

doses of 0.1, 0.2 and

0.4

human

based on

the

rate of exfoliation

of the

JMed

Res 198

5;81

:325

–329

.g/

h on

different day

svo

lunteers

surface ep

ithe

lial cells

of hu

man

gastric muc

osa

Piper nigrum

Piper longum, Piper

Rats

Piperine increased the

blood

lev

els of

Atal CK, e

t al. Scientific eviden

ce on

nigrum

and Zingiber

vasicine

by ne

arly 233

%. Und

er the

the role of Ayu

rved

ic herba

ls on

officinale

influen

ce of piperine, the

active

bioa

vaila

bility of dru

gs. J Ethno

-princ

iple of Piper

species, spa

rteine

pha

rm 198

1;4(2):229

–232

.bloo

d lev

els increa

sed m

ore than

100%

.Prunus amygdalus

2.5 g almon

d seed and

Albino

Rab

bits sho

wed

a definite hy

pog

lycemic

Teo

tia S, Singh

M. H

ypog

lycemic

Batsch

its pr

oportion

ate

rabb

its

action

during

the

2-m

onth study.

effect of Prunus amygdalusseed

s ROSA

CEAE

fraction

s: 1.22 g defatted

in albino rabb

its. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol

Bad

ama

seed

and

1.28 g oil

1997

;35(3):295

–296

.Alm

ond

Prunus amygdalus

Brassica rapa, Prunus

Animals

All these plan

ts sho

wed

no toxicity

Quresh

i S, et al. Stud

ies on

herba

l amygdalus, and

Zingiber

during

acu

te tox

icity tests. A

ll plant

aphr

odisiacs used in Arab system

officinale

extracts significantly inc

reased

the

of m

edicine. A

m J C

lin M

ed 1989;

sperm m

otility and

spe

rm con

tents in

17(1–2

):57–

63.

the ep

ididym

ides and

vas deferen

switho

ut pr

oduc

ing sp

ermatotox

iceffect.

Pueraria tuberosa

DC.

Butano

l extracts of

Rats

The

butano

l ex

tract ap

pears to be

Shukla S. T

oxilo

gical studies of

LEGUMIN

OSA

EPueraria tuberosa,

gene

rally

safe in rats at the

se acu

tePueraria tuberosa, a po

tent anti-

Vidari

Dose of 150

mg/

kgan

d sub

acute dos

age regimen

s.fertility plant. Int J Pha

rmacog

nosy

Vidari

administered for 6, 1

2,

1995

;33(4):324

–329

.18, an

d 24 day

sPueraria tuberosa

Butano

lic extracts of

Rats

Administration caused a sign

ifican

tSh

ukla S, et al. B

utano

lic extract of

Pueraria tuberosa

increa

se in the glyc

ogen

con

tents,

Pueraria tuberosa

DC.: Ph

ysiological

protein con

centration

, activity of acid

resp

onse in the ge

nital tract of

and alkaline ph

ospha

tase and

total

cyclic fem

ale rats. P

hytother R

es

cholesterol in the

ova

ry, uterus,

1989

;3(1):5

–10.

cervix, an

d vag

ina. A

dministration

480

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

caus

ed m

etap

lastic cha

nges in

cervical epithe

lium w

ith marke

dke

ratinization

and

provo

ked

corn

ification in vag

inal epithe

lium.

The

se cha

nges hav

e be

en correlated

with an

ti-implan

tation

action of the

butano

lic extract.

Pueraria tuberosa

Butano

lic extracts of

Rats

Bioch

emical findings

, supp

orted by

Shukla S, et al. P

hysiolog

y an

d bio-

Pueraria tuberosa

the histolog

ical observa

tion

s, furthe

rch

emistry of fem

ale ge

nital tract of

confirm the

extroge

nic mod

e of action

ovariectom

ized

rats trea

ted w

ith

of the

butano

lic extract of Pueraria

butano

lic extract of Pueraria tuberosa.

tuberosa

in adult ov

ariectom

ized

rats.

Fitoterapia 1987;LVII(1):9

–22.

Pueraria tuberosa

Tube

rs of Pueraria

Rats, m

ice, and

Fraction

s of Pueraria tuberosa

possessed

Prak

ash AO, et al. Con

tracep

tive

tuberosa

hamsters

sign

ifican

t estrog

enic activity.

poten

cy of Pueraria tuberosa

D.C.

and its hormon

al status. A

cta Eur

Fertil 19

85;16(1):59–

65.

Pueraria tuberosa

Varying

extracts of

Female albino

All the plants sh

owed

marke

d but

Prak

ash AO, et al. Anti-im

plan

tation

Acrostichum

aureum,

rats

varied

inh

ibition of pregn

ancy

and

activity of so

me indigen

ous plan

tsAdhatoda vasica,

anti-implan

tation

activity.

in rats. A

cta Eur Fe

rtil 19

85;16(6):


441–44

8.Codonopsis ovata,

Dolichos biflorus,

Ferule orientalis,

Juniperus communis,

Kigelia pinnata,

Lepidum capitum

,Nerium odoratum,

Pueraria tuberosa,

Punica granatum

,Randia dumetorum


graveolens

Pueraria tuberosa

Cru

de pow

der, pe

troleu

m

Rats

To study the co

ntraceptive

poten

cy of

Mathu

r R, e

t al. Effect of Pueraria

ethe

r an

d ben

zene

and

the ex

tract, pe

troleu

m ether and

tuberosa

DC on the oe

strous cy

cle

etha

nolic

extracts of

benz

ene ex

tracts trans

form

ed the

of adult rats. A

cta Eur Fertil 19

84;

Pueraria tuberosa

diestru

s ph

ase into a prolong

ed15

(5):3

93–3

94.

corn

ified stage

and

persisted

until the

last day

of treatm

ent. The

cru

de

pow

der an

d ethan

olic extract also

induced cornification

but after day

thirteen

the

cornified

stage

cha

nged

to

the diestru

s stag

e.

481

( continued)

Pueraria tuberosa

100 mg pue

raria for 2

Prosp

ective

Patients were trea

ted w

ith pue

raria for

Xiuxian

G, Xiuqin L. Rad

ix puerarie

years

coho

rt study:

2 ye

ars. The

ove

rall effective rate

in m

igraine. C

hin Med

J19

79;92(4):

53 patients

(migraine sy

mptoms reduced) was

260–

262.

with migraine

83% w

itho

ut side effects.

head

ache

s

Punica granatum

L.

Varying

extracts of

Female albino

All the plants sh

owed

marke

d bu

tPraka

sh A

O, et al. Anti-im

plantation

PUNIC

ACEAE

Acrostichum

aureum,

rats

varied

inh

ibition of pregn

ancy

and


ous plants

Dad

ima

Adhatoda vasica,

anti-implan

tation

activity.

in rats. A

cta Eur

Fertil 19

85;16(6):

Pomeg

rana

teCitrulus colocynthus,

441–

448.

Codonopsis ovata,

Dolichos biflorus,

Ferule orientalis,

Juniperus communis,

Kigelia pinnata,

Lepidum capitum

,Nerium odoratum,

Pueraria tuberosa,

Punica granatum

,Randia dumetorum


graveolens

Randia dumetorum

Varying

extracts of

Female albino

All the plants sh

owed

marke

d bu

tPraka

sh A

O, et al. Anti-im

plantation

(Retz.) Lam

.Acrostichum

aureum,

rats

varied

inh

ibition of pregn

ancy

and


ous plants

RUBIA

CEAE

Adhatoda vasica,

anti-implan

tation

activity.

in rats. A

cta Eur

Fertil 19

85;16(6):

Mad

ana


441–

448.

Emetic nut

Codonopsis ovata,

Dolichos biflorus,

Ferule orientalis,

Juniperus communis,

Kigelia pinnata,

Lepidum capitum

,Nerium odoratum,

Pueraria tuberosa,

Punica granatum

,Randia dumetorum


graveolens

482

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Raphanus sativus L.

Semipurified

dietary

Rats

The

effects of the three dietary fiber

Sann

oumaru Y, et al. Effects of

CRUCIFERAE

fibe

r (D

F) from

prepa

ration

s on

fecal steroid

semi-pu

rified

dietary fibers isolated

Moo

laka

Lagenaria siceraria,

excretions

som

ewha

t differed

from

Lagenaria siceraria, Raphanus

Rad

ish

Raphanus sativusan

ddep

ending on

the

dietary factors. Fu

r-sativusan

d Lentinus edodes

on

Lentinus edodes,

ther studies are warranted

to ex

amine

fecal steroid excretion

s in rats.

continuo

usly for a total

if the

inten

se respon

se of the

JNutr Sci V

itam

inol (Tok

yo) 19

96;

of 7 w

eeks

litho

cholic/deo

xych

olic acid ratio to

42(2):9

7–11

0.the tested

dietary fiber preparations

and fat in the present study will also

be sho

wn in other dietary fibers.

Raphanus sativus

Ethan


Rats orally dosed

Aqu

eous or 90%

ethan

ol extracts of

Nath D, e

t al. Com

mon

ly used Ind

ian

of pow

dered

plant m

aterial:

the plants were stud

ied in rats for 10

abortifacien

t plants with sp

ecial

Adhatoda vasica, A

brus

day


ecial

referenc

e to the

ir teratolog

ic effects

precatorius, Acacia arabica,

referenc


in rats. J Ethno

pha

rm 199

2;36:

Aloe barbadensis, Anethum

dev

elop

men

t. Leaf extracts of

147–

154.

sowa, Apium

petroselinium,

Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda

Banbusa arundensis,

vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses

Blepharis edulis, Butea

equivalen

t to 175

mg/

kg starting dry



ers of Acacia


arabicaan


sativum, M

esua ferrea,

appea

red to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial

Moringa oleifera, Mucuna

at the

dos

es tested.

pruriens, Raphanus

sativus, Sida cordifolia,

Trachyspermum

ammai

Raphanus sativus

Daucus carota

and Raphanus

Hum

an trial

Con

sumption

of plant products (rad

ish

Sivu

k AK. Effect of plant produc

ts of

sativustops

75 g/

d for

and carrot tops) for as long

as 28

day

s nu

trition (rad

ish an

d carrot tops

) as lon

g as 28 day

sdid not produce any

adve

rse ch

ange

s on

various

indicators of metab

olism

in the

protein, fat, a

nd carbo

hydrate

in human

s [R

ussian

]. Kosm Biol

metab

olic param

eters ex

amined

.Aviak

osm M

ed 198

9;23

(2):5

6–59

.Rheum

emodi

Chine

se herba

l dru

g, R

heum

Con

trolled clin

ical

Album

in significantly inc

reased

Zha

ng JH, e

t al. Clin

ical effects of

Wallic

hE and

/or C

aptopr

il an

trial: 30

patients

during

the

follow-up pe

riod

in trea

ted

Rhe

um and

Cap

topril on

preve

nting

POLYGONACEAE

angioten

sin co

nverting

12

con

trols

patients, before more marke

d in bo

thprogression

of ch

ronic rena

l failu

re.

Amlauetasa

enzy

me on

chr

onic

Rhe

um E and

Rhe

um E 1

Cap

topril

Chine

se M

ed J 199

0;10

3(10

):788

–793

.Indian rhuba

rbrena

l failu

regrou

ps. It w

as con

cluded

tha

t long

-term

oral low-dose Rhe

um E

is

bene

ficial to ch

ronic rena

l failu

re. The

effect is be

tter tha

n that of Cap

topr

il.The

reg

ime of R

heum

e E and

Cap

topr

ilis a preferable ch

oice in the long

-term

treatm

ent for preve

nting progression

.

483

( continued)

Ricinus communis

L.

Leav

es of Ricinus communis.

8 sh

eep and

Clin

ical patho

logy

in sh

eep w

asBez

erra M

JG, B

rito M

F. Exp

erim

ental

EUPH

ORBIA

CEAE

Administered orally

to

6 go

ats

characterized by ne

uromuscular

poiso

ning

of sh

eep an

d goa

ts by

Erand

a

4 sh

eep at 20 g/

kg,

disturban

ces su

ch as un

stea

dy ga

itthe leav

es Ricinus communis

Castor oil plan

t4 sh

eep at 30 g/

kg,

and slig

ht instability. Three she

ep tha

t(Eup

horbiaceae

). Pe

squisa Veterin

3 go

ats 30

g/k

g, 35 g/

kg,

received

30 g/

kg died. In go

ats,

Brasileira 19

95;15(3):27–

34.

3 sh

eep 40

g/k

gsymptoms were discrete. A

ll go

ats

reco

vered. No sign

ifican

t macroscop

ic or

microscop

ic alterations

were seen

in

three sh

eep tha

t died.

Ricinus communis

0.5%

Ricinus communis

Brown Hisex

Symptom

s, lesions

, an

d cha

nges in

El-Bad

wi SM

A, et al. Com

parative

seed

of 0.5%

Jatropha

chicks

grow

th, h

ematolog

y an

d clin

ical

toxicity of Ricinus communis

and

curcas

seed

chem

istry were inve

stigated

. High

Jatropha curcasin Brown Hisex

mortality an

d m

ore seve

re cha

nges

chicks

. Deu

tche

Tieraerztlic

he

occu

rred

in ch

icks on Ricinus

diet

Woc

hens

chrift 199

5;10

2(2):75–

77.

than

Jatrophafeed

.Ricinus communis

Lectins: Arachis

Con

trolled hum

anDolichos biflorus, Glycine max, Lotus

Maz

umdar S. B

inding pa

ttern of

hypogaea, D

olichos

trial: 11

with

tetragonolobus, Ricinus communis,

eigh

t different lectins

in he

althy

biflorus, Glycine max,

norm

al oral

Ulex europaeussh

owed

very strong

subjects and

patients with

dys

plastic

Lotus tetragonolobus,

muco

sa, 5

with

to stron

g bind

ing in hea

lthy

oral

and m

aligna

nt lesions

of the oral

Ricinus communis, U

lex

leuko

plak

ia w

ith

muc

osa bu

t no

or ve

ry w

eak bind

ing

cavity. Int J O

ral Max

illofacial Su

rgeuropaeus,

conc

anav

alin

dys

plasia, 1

2 in squ

amou

s cell carcinom

a. O

ther

1993

;22(5):301

–305

.A, whe

at germ

with

oral muc

osal

lectins inve

stigated

may

be used as

squam

ous cell

probe

s to determine the dysplastic and

carcinom

a maligna

nt status of the

oral muc

osal

epithe

lium.

Ricinus communis

Ricin: o

ral dos

age of

Rats

Rats intoxicated orally

with ricin sh

owed

Ishigu

ro M

, et al. B

ioch

emical studies

30 m

g/kg

clear sign

s of sickn

ess an

d all died w

ithin

of oral toxicity of ricin. I. R

icin

36 hou

rs.

administered orally

can

impa

irsu

gar ab

sorp

tion

by rat sm

all

intestine. C

hem Pha

rm Bull 19

83;

31(9):3

222–

3227

.Rubia cordifolia

L.

An an

titumor sub

stan

ce,

Clin

ical trial

Cha

nges in card

iac func

tion

were no

ted

Yoshida F, et al. Stud

y of cardiac

RUBIA

CEAE

RA-700

, isolated from

pha

se I:

in both grou

ps. Sev

eral cardiac param

eters

func

tion

in first stag

e ex

amination

Man

jista

Rubia akane

or Rubia

neop

lastic

tend

ed to be

more ex

trem

e in group 2.

of R

A-700

. RA-700

Clin

ical Study

484

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Indian mad

der

cordifolia

.: grou

p 1:

patien

tsBecau

se of the sm

all sample, no relatio

nship

Group [Jap

anese]. Gan

To Kag

aku

injected

onc

e with RA-

betw

een the ch

ange

s in cardiac func

tion

Ryo

ho 199

4;21

(2):1

99–2

07.

700; group

2: injected

and injection

dos

es of RA-700

can

be mad

e.RA-700

for 5

cons

ecutive

day

sRubia cordifolia

RA-700

iso

lated from Rubia

Clin

ical trial

The

max

imum

tolerated

dose was 1.4

Majim

a H, e

t al. Ph

ase I Stud

y of

akaneor Rubia cordifolia

: ph

ase I: 14

mg/

m2for the 5-day

sch

edule

RA-700

. RA-700

Clin

ical Study

0.2–1.4 mg/

m2in single IV

patien

tsad

ministration.

Group [Jap

anese]. Gan

To

dose; 0.4–2

.0 m

g/m

2in

Kag

aku Ryo

ho 199

3;20

(1):6

7–78

.5 day

IV doses

Rubia cordifolia

RA-700

, a cy

clic hex

apep

tide

Mice

The

antitum

or activity of R

A-700

was

Kato T, et al. Antitum

or activity an

d

isolated

from Rubia cordifolia

simila

r to tha

t of deo

xybo

uva

rdin and

toxicity in mice of R

A-700

, a cy

clic

was com

pared

with deo

xy-

vinc

ristine ag

ains

t P3

88 leu

kemia.

hexa

pep

tide. A

ntican

cer Res 198

7;7

bouva

rdin and

vincristine

(3 Pt B):329

–334

. Rubia cordifolia

Cyclic

hexap

eptides (RA-V

II,

Mice

Stud

ies sh

owed

pep

tide

s ex

hibited

Itok

awa H, e

t al. Isolation an

d

RA-V

, RA-IV and

RA-III)

sign

ifican

t activity aga

inst leu

kemias

antitumor activity of cyc

lic

isolated

from Rubia

and ascites tumors, P-388

, L1210

, B-

hexa

pep

tides isolated from

cordifolia

16 m

elan

oma an

d solid tum

ors, colon

Rubis Rad

ix. Che

m Pha

rm Bull

38, L

ewis lung

carcino

ma an

d Ehr

lich

1984

;32(1):284

–290

.carcinom

a. R

A-V

had

an espe

cially

poten

t effect on MM2 mam

mary

carcinom

a.Salvadora persica L.

Extracts of Salvadora persica

Ran

dom

ized

(Abs

tract no

t av

ailable)

Quinlan R, et al. A study co

mparing

SALVADORACEAE

controlle

d trial

the efficacy

of a toothp

aste con

tain-

Pilu

ing extract of Salvadora persica

with

aPeelu

stan

dard fluoride toothp

aste. NZ

Soc Periodon

tal 19

94;77:7–

14.

Salvadora persica

Roo

ts of the Arak tree,

Com

parative

The

frequ

ent us

e of ‘Miswak

’ was

al-K

hateeb

TL, et al. P

eriodon

tal

Salvadora persica

human

study:

associated

with a lower need for

trea

tmen

t ne

eds am

ong Sa

udi

480 ad

ults

periodon

tal care.

Arabian

adu

lts and

the

ir relationship

to the

use of the Miswak

. Com

-mun

ity D

ent Hea

lth 19

91;8(4):

323–

328.

Salvadora persica

Extracts of Salvadora persica

Mice

Mice injected

with Salvadora persica

Sulaim

an M

I, et al. Effects of

extracts sho

wed

a significant decrease

Salvadora persicaex

tracts on mice

in exp

loratory loc

omotor activity

exploratory loc

omotion activities.

param

eters.

J Ethno

pha

rm 198

6;17

(3):2

63–2

68.

Santalum

album

L.

Sand

al w

ood oil, 5% in

Mice

Sand

alwoo

d oil trea

tmen

t sign

ifican

tly

Dwived

i C, A

bu-G

haza

leh A. C

hemo-

SANTALACEAE

aceton

e from

Santalum

reduc

ed pap

illom

a inciden

ce by 67

%,

preve

ntive effects of san

dalwoo

d

Cha

ndan

amalbum

multiplic

ity by

96%

, an

d ind

uced

oil on

skin pa

pillo

mas in mice. Eur

White San

dalwoo

dornithine decarbo

xylase activity

JCan

cer Pr

ev 199

7;6(4):399

–401

.by

70%

. Oil may

be an

effective

che

mo-

preve

ntive ag

ent ag

ains

t sk

in can

cer.

485

( continued)

Santalum

album


Sing

le-blin

dEach of thr

ee treatmen

t grou

ps w

ere

Paranjpe P. Eva

luation of top

ical

glabra, Holarrhena

rand

omized


l mixtures.

applic

ations

of he

rbal formulations

antidysenterica,

comparative

Successful treatm

ents in grou

ps A and

in acn

e vu



study: 49

B prove

d effective

aga

inst both inflam

-rand

omized

com

parative

study.


adolescent

matory (pim

ples) an

d non

inflam

matory

JMed

icinal A

romatic Plant Sci

Santalum

album

,to you

ng(black

head

s an

d othe

r co

med

ones)

1997

;19:41

4–41


adults w

ith

lesion

s. T

he treatmen

t pr

eparations

’ Terminalia chebula,

mild

to

mecha

nism

s of action remain un

know


mod

erate

facial acn

eSantalum

album

Ban

gshil prep

aration contains:

Hum

an trial:

Ban

gshil was administered to 35 patients to

Sharma BP, G

oswam

i P. U

rina

ry tract

Asp

haltum, 6

0 mg;

35 patients

treat urina

ry tract infection

. Bacteriolog

ic

infection an

d its m

anag

emen

t by

Balsamodendron mukul,

cure w

as obtaine

d in 88.9%

and

sym

pto-

bang

shil. A

ryav

aidya

n 19

95;8(4):

40 m

g; Ferrisu

lphu

ratum,

matic relief in 82.4%

.21

2–21

5.30 m

g; K

asisa bh

asma, 60

mg; Bambu manna,12

mg;

Tin Bha

sma;

Sand

alwoo

d oil, 5 m

gSantalum

album

Santalum

album

oil; Oral

Swiss albino

mice

A significant enh

ancemen

t of glutathione

-Ba

nerje

e S, et al. M

odulatory influen

ce

feed

ing each

day

with

S-tran


acid soluble

of san

dalwoo

d oil on

mou

se

5 an

d 15

mL san

dalwoo

dsu

lphy

dryl leve

ls w

as noted

. The

he

patic glutathione

S-trans

ferase

oil for 10

and

20 day

spossible ch

emop

reve

ntive action

of

activ

ity and

acid soluble su

lphy

dryl

oil on

carcino

gene

sis may

be due to a

leve

l. Can

cer Lett 19

93;68(2–

3):

bloc

king

mecha

nism

. 10

5–10

9.

Saraca indicaL.

(-)-ep

icatechin, an extract

Mice

Papillom

a form

ation was inh

ibited

by

Vargh

ese CD, e

t al. E

ffect of asoka

LEGUMIN

OSA

Efrom

bark of Saraca indica.

topical ap

plic

ation of extract.

on the

intracellu

lar glutathion

e leve

lsAsoka

Top

ical app

lication an

d

Oral ad

ministration sign

ifican

tly

and skin tumor promotion in m

ice.

Asoka

tree

oral adm

inistration of

restricted

tum

or growth.

Can

cer Lett 19

93;69(1):45–

50100 mg/

kg w

eigh

tSaussurea lappa

Saussurea lappa-50

0 mg

Hum

an trial: 4

0 A significant cha

nge in fasting

blood

sug

ar

Sing

h DC, Sh

arma BP. M

anag

emen

t (D

ecne

.) C.B.

capsu

les 2 3

per day

patien

tsbe

fore versu

s after treatm

ent with bo

th

of m

adhu

meh

a ( Diabetes mellitus)

Clarke

and Pterocarpus marsupium

plants was noted

.by

ind

igen

ous dru

gs-bija

yasar an

dCOMPO

SITAE

100-mL decoc

tion

23

kustha

. Aryav

aidy

an 1990;4(1):21–23

.Kus

htha

per day

both for 30

day

sCostus

486

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Saussurea lappa

Saussurea lappaan

d Inula

Clin

ical study:

In stable an

gina

pectoris patients,

Dwived

i S, et al. Role of Inula

racemosacrude root

60 patients

Saussurea lappareduc

ed the

racemosaan

d Saussurea lappa

in

powder

freq

uen

cy of an

gina

(20

%) bu

t did not

man

agem

ent of A

ngina Pectoris.

produce any

other cha

nges. Inula

Int JC

rude Dru

g Res 198

9;27

(4):

racemosa was sho

wn to pos

sess

217–

222.

sign

ifican

t an

tian

gina

l prope

rty. It

lowered

diastolic blood

pressure,

plasm

a co

rtisol, a

nd catecho

lamines.

Saussurea lappa

Seve

ral fraction

s Saussurea

Various an

imals

Some of lactone

fractions

and

delactonize

dGup

ta O

P, G

hatak BJR. P

harm

aco-

lapparoot oil were

oil exhibit hy

poten

sive

, sp

amolytic and

logical inve

stigations

on Saussurea

inve

stigated

bron

chod

ilatory effects; n

o an

titussive

lappa(C

larke). Indian JM

ed R

esactivity w

as detected w

ith an

y fraction

19

67;55(10

):107

8–10

83.

but a slight diuretic pr

operty obs

erve

d.

Sesamum

indicum

L.

Rats fed a diet that differed

Rats

Sesamin-feeding sign

ifican

tly

Kam

al-Eldin A

, et al. Se

samin (a

PEDALIA

CEAE

only in their co

nten

ts of

increa

sed g-toc

ophe

rol an

dco

mpou

nd from sesam

e oil)

Tila

sesamin: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1

.0,

g/

a-toc

ophe

rol ratios

in

increa

ses toco

pherol lev

els in

Sesame

2.0, and

4.0 g/k

gplasm

a, liver, an

d lung

s. Sug

gested

rats fed

ad libitum. L

ipids 19

95;

bioa

vaila

bility of

g-toc

ophe

rol is

30(6):4

99–5

05.

enha

nced

in ph

enol-con

taining diets

compared

with pu

rified

diets.

Sesamum

indicum

Sesame flow

ers co

llected

at

Case stud

ies:

Sesame flow

ers used to treat com

mon

Wan

g HT. T

reatmen

t of com

mon

daw

n whe

n dew

on plant.

250 cases of

wart. 228 cu

red and

22 im

prove

dwart with sesame flow

ers. Bull

Flow

ers rubb

ed on wart

common

wart

(100

% respon

se rate). One

-yea

rChin Mat M

ed 198

9;14

(6):3

56.

3 3pe

r day

follo

w-up of 217

resulted in an

effective rate of 97

.2%

Sida cordifolia

L.

Ethan


Rats orally

Aqu

eous or 90%

ethan

ol extracts of the

Nath D, e

t al. Com

mon

ly used

MALVACEAE

of pow

dered

plant m

aterial:

dosed

plants were stud

ied in rats for 10 day

s Indian ab

ortifacien

t plan

ts w

ith

Bala

Adhatoda vasica, A

brus

after insemination with sp

ecial referenc

e sp

ecial r

eferen

ce to their teratologic

Cou

ntry m

allow

precatorius, Acacia arabica,

to effects of fetal dev

elop

men

t. Leaf

effects in rats. J Ethno

pharm

Aloe barbadensis, Anethum

extracts of Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda

1992

;36:14

7–15

4.sowa, Apium

petroselinium,

vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses

Banbusa arundensis,

equivalen

t to 175

mg/

kg starting dry

Blepharis edulis, Butea


ers of Acacia


arabicaan

d Hisiscus rosa-sinensis


appe

ared

to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial

sativum, M

esua ferrea,

at the

dos

es tested.

Moringa oleifera, M

ucuna

pruriens, Raphanus

sativus, Sida cordifolia,

Trachyspermum

ammai

487

( continued)

Solanum nigrum

L.

Solanum nigrum

as a foo

dCon

trolled trial:

Esopha

geal can

cer pa

tien

ts w

ith

Sammon

AM. A

case-control stud

y SO

LANACEAE

100 with

extens

ive inqu

iries into diet an

d soc

ial

of diet an

d soc

ial factors in can

cer

Kak

amachi

esop

hage

alha

bits w

as studied. Sign

ifican

t risk

of the

esoph

agus

in Trans

kei. Can

cer

Black

nightsh

ade

canc

er; 1

00factors foun

d w

ere use of Solanum

1992

;69(4):860

–865

.co

ntrols

nigrum

as a foo

d, sm

oking, and

use of

trad

itiona

l med

icines.

Solanum nigrum

Solanum nigrum

(aerial parts)

Rats

Solanum nigrum

reduced ulcer ind

exAkh

tar MS, M

unir M

. Eva

luation of

pow

der and

its m

etha

nolic

sign

ifican

tly. The

activity may

be due

the ga

tric antiulcerog

enic effects

extract

to inh

ibition of acid and

pep

sin

of Solanum

nigrum, Brassica oleracea

secretions

and

/or their in vitro

ability

and Ocimum

basilicum in rats. J

to bind.

Ethno

pharm 198

9;27

(1–2

):163

–176

.Strychnos nux vomica

Cru

de alkoloid fraction of

Mice

Administration dem

onstrated antinoc

i-Cai B, et al. Processing of nux vo

mia.

L.

Strychnos nux-vomica.

ceptive

effects of the alka

loid.

VII. A

ntinoc

icep

tive

effects of

STRYCHNACEAE

crude

alkaloids from

seeds of

Kup

ilu

Strychnos nux vomicain m

ice. Biol

Nux

vom

ica

Pha

rm Bull 19

96;19(1):127

–131


Strych

nine

dose 0.32

Case

Non

ketotic hy

perglycinem

ia w

asW

arbu

rton

D, e

t al. N

onke

totic

hyp

er-

mg/

kg/d

stud

ies:

diagn

osed

. The

rapy

with strych

nine

glyc

emia. Effects of therap

y with

infant twins

resu

lted

in a grea

t reduction in C

SFstrych

nine

. Am JDis C

hildr 19

80;

and plasm

a glyc

ine leve

ls, improve

-13

4(3):273

–275

.men

t in m

uscle tone

, resp

iration,

and ability to suck


Strych

nine

nitrate daily

Case studies:

The

rapeu

tic failu

re proba

bly indicated

von Wen

dt L, e

t al. Fa

ilure of

dosag

e of 0.2–0

.9 m

g/kg

3 infants

that strychn

ine trea

tmen

t doe

s no

tstrych

nine

treatmen

t during

the

solve the therap

eutic pr

oblems of

neon

atal period in three Finn

ish

seve

re forms of non

ketotic

child

ren with no

nketotic hyp

er-

hyperglyc

inem

ia.

glyc

inem

ia. Pe

diatrics 19

80;65(6):

1166

–116

9.Swertia chirata

Swertia chiratain doses of

Albino rats

Hep

atop

rotective effect of Swertia

Mukh

erjee S, et al. Hep

atop

rotective

(Wall.) C

.B.

20, 5

0, 100 m

g/kg

bod

y chiratawas studied. T

reatmen

t with

effect of Swertia chirataon

rat.

Clarke

weigh

tSwertia chirata

and C

Cl4 cau

sed

Ind JExp

Biol 19

97;35(4):384

–388

.GENTIA

NACEAE

improve

men

t at both bioc

hemical and

Kirata tikta

histop

atho

logic param

eters ve

rsus

Chireta

CCl4 treatmen

t alon

e. The

most effec-

tive

dose was 50 mg/

kg bod

y weigh

t.

488

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Swertia chirata

Aqu

eous ex

tract of Swertia

Rats

Swertia chirataex

hibited significant

Islam C

N, e

t al. Pr

elim

inary studies

chiratatotal xa

ntho

nes

antiinflam

matory activity. Swertia

on the

antiin

flam

mtory effects of

prep

ared

from plant aerial

chiratawas fou

nd less effective

Swertia chiratain albino rats. Ind

ian

parts. O

ral dos

e 50

mg/

kg

compared

with stan

dard

J Ph

armacol 199

5;27

(1):3

7–39

.bo

dy weigh

tan

tiinflam

matory dru

gs.

Swertia chirata

Ethan

olic extract of Swertia

Rats

The

extract significantly red

uced the

Rafatullah S, et al. P

rotective effect of

chirata

intens

ity of gastric m

uco

sal da

mag

e,Swertia chirataag

ains

t indom

etha

cin

produc

ed a significant decrease in

and othe

r ulcerog

enic age

nt-

gastric secretion, and

pretrea

tmen

tinduc

ed gastric ulcers. D

rugs

Exp

sign

ifican

tly preve

nted

ind

uced

Clin

Res 199

3;19

(2):6

9–73

.ga

stric wall mucu

s dep

letion

and

restored

the

non

-protein sulfhyd

ryl

conten

t in gland

ular stom

achs

. The

find

ings sup

port the

use of Swertia

chiratafor the trea

tmen

t of gastric

ulcer.

Swertia chirata

Two capsu

les of 450

mg/

20 case studies


herba

l mixture

Karnick

CR. A clin

ical trial of a

each

: Coccinia indica,

with Diabetes

led to sign

ifican

t decreases in mea

ncomposite he

rbal dru

g in the

Cum

inum

cyminum

, mellitus

bloo

d sug

ar value

s.trea

tmen

t of Diabetes mellitus

Eugenia jambolana,

(Mad

humeh

a). Aryav

aidya

n Gymnema sylvestre,

1991;5(1):3

6–46

.Momordica charantia,

Phyllanthus niruri,

Swertia chirata,

Tephrosia purpurea

Swertia chirata

95% ethan

ol extract and

Rats

The

optim

um dose (250

mg/

kg) pr

oduced

Seka

r BC, et al. Effect of different

four

fractions

of Swertia

a sign

ifican

t decrease of blood

sug

arfraction

s of Swertia chirayitaon

chirata. O

ral dose at 250

in fed

, glucose-loa

ded

, an

d tolbu

tamide-

the bloo

d sug

ar lev

el of albino

rats.

mg/

kgpretrea

ted animal m

odels, but no

t in

JEthno

pha

rm 198

7;21

:175

–181

.fasted

rats.

Syzgium aromaticum

Hot w

ater extracts of Geum

Mice

Anti-cy

tomeg

alov

irus (C

MV) activity

Yuk

awa TA, et al. Proph

ylactic

(L.) Merr. &

L.M

.japonicum, Rhus javanica,

in vivowas exa

mined

. Geum japonicum

, trea

tmen

t of cytom

egalov

irus

Perry

Syzgium aromaticum

,Syzygium

aromaticum

, an

d Terminalia

infection with trad

itiona

l he

rbs.

MYRTACEAE

and Terminalia chebula

chebulasign

ifican

tly su

ppressed

CMV

Antiviral R

es 199

6;32

(2):6

3–70

.Lav

anga

,yields in lung

s of treated

mice co

mpa

red

Dev

apus

pa

with water-treated

mice.

Clove

Syzygium

Geum japonicum

, Rhus

Mice

Extracts sho

wed

significant antiherpes

Kur

okaw

a M, e

t al. Efficacy of

aromaticum

javanica, Syzgium

simplex

virus

typ

e I activity. Extracts

trad

itiona

l he

rbal m

edicines in co

m-

aromaticum

, Terminalia

limited

dev

elop

men

t of skin lesion

s bina

tion

with acyc

lovir ag

ains

t chebula,

Acy

clov

ir,

and/o

r pr

olon

ged m

ean su

rvival

herpes sim

plex virus

typ

e 1 infection

and/or herba

l ex

tract

times of infected

mice co

mpared

in vitro and

in vivo

. Antiviral R

es

administered

with bo

th A

cyclov

ir and

the

herba

l19

95;27(1–

2):19–

37.

extract alon

e.

489

( continued)

Tamarindus indica L.

Tam

arindus fruit extract

Hum

an trial:

A statistically significant inc

rease in

Mustap

ha A

, et al. Effect of

LEGUMIN

OSA

E6 he

althy

plasm

a leve

ls of aspirin an

d salic

yclic

Tamarindus indica

L. on

the

bio-

Amlik

a vo

lunteers

acid w

as noted

whe

n a mea

lav

ailability of asp

irin in he

althy

Tam

arind

containing

tam

arind fru

it extract w

ashu

man

volunteers. Eur

J D

rug

administered w

ith aspirin tab

lets

Met Pha

rm 199

6;21

(3):2

23–2

26.

take

n und

er a fasting

state.

Tamarindus indica

Tam

arind seed

Mice

The

results dem

onstrated tha

t tamarind

Sano

M, e

t al. Lack of carcino

genicity

polysaccha

ride

seed

polys

acch

aride is not carcino

genic

of tam

arind seed polys

acch

aride

in B6C

3F1 mice of eithe

r ge

nder.

in B6C

3F1 mice. Foo

d Che

m Tox

icol

1996

;34(5):463

–467

.Tamarindus indica

Seed

s of Delonix regia,

Mice an

d rats

Acu

te tox

icity test of water extracts of

Kad

iri M, e

t al. Tox

icolog

ical screen-

Cassia tora, Sesbania

the five

leg

umes produced no visible

ing of som

e Nigerian wild

leg

umes.

sesban, Crotalaria

side effects. Inc

reased

weigh

ts w

ere a

Rev

ista de Biologia Tropical

naragutensis,

resu

lt as co

mpa

red to co

ntrols fed

1995

;44(1):269

–274

.Tamarindus indica

distille

d w

ater. S

imila

r resu

lts were

obtained

in prolon

ged tox

icity

screen

ing.

Tamarindus indica

Thr

ee Sud

anese

Hum

an trial:

The

results indicate a statistically

Mah

mou

d BM, e

t al. S

ignific

ant reduc

-be

verage

s Aradaib

healthy males

sign

ifican

t de

crea

se in the AUC and

tion

in ch

loroqu

ine bioa

vaila

bility

( Tamarindus indica)

Cmax

of chloroq

uine

as a resu

lt of a

follo

wing co

administration with

Karka

di ( Hibiscus

coad

ministration with Tamarindus

the Su

dan

ese be

verage

s Aradaib,

sabdarifa

) an

d lem

onindica. A

parallel decrease in the

Karka

di and

Lem

on. J Antim

icrob

( Citrus lim

etta) with 60

0dru

g’s an

timalarial efficacy m

ight be

Che

mothe

r 19

94;33(5):100

5–10

09.

mg ch

loroqu

ine

expe

cted

.Tamarindus indica

Extracts leav

es of

Hum

an trial:

Top

ical app

lication resu

lted

in us

ers

Fabiyi JP, e

t al. Traditiona

l therap

y Adansonia digitata,

human

s with

perceived

relief of pain, accelerated

of dracu

nculia

sis in the

state

Calotropis procera,

guinea w

orms

expu

lsion of w

orms, and

a faster

of Bau

chi-Nigeria [Fren

ch]. Dak

arMoringa oleifera

healing process.

Med

199

3;38

(2):1

93–1

95.

Tamarindus indica,

Ziziphus jaozeiro

Tamarindus indica


Rats

The


w any

cho

lesterol

Samba

iah K, S

riniva

san K. E

ffect of

zeylanica, Cum

inum

decreasing effect w

hen include

d in the

cumin, cinn

amon

, ging

er, m

ustard

cyminum

, Zingiber

norm

al and

hyp

erch

olesterolemia-

and tam

arind in induc

ed hyp

er-

officinale

induc

ing diet at abo

ut five

fold normal


ahru

ng 199

1;hu

man

intak

e leve

l.35

(1):4

7–51

.

490

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Tamarindus indica


Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

Samba

iah K, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

liver m

icrosomal cytoc

hrom

e P45

0-of spices and

spice princ

iples on

cyminum

, Ferula

dep

enden

t aryl hyd

roxy

lase.

hepa

tic mixed

func

tion

oxy

gena

se

foetida, Tamarindus

Cum

inum

cyminum

, Zingiber

system

in rats. Ind

ian JB

ioch

em

indica, Trigonella

officinale,


Biophy

s 19

89;26(4):254

–258

.foenum

-graecum

,graecum

also stimulated the

lev

els of

Zingiber officinale

cytoch

rome P45

0 an

d b5, Cum

inum

cyminum


stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

Taraxacum

officinale

Herb infusion

s of Verbena

Rats

Main ur

olithiasis risk factors were

Grases F, et al. U

rolithiasis and

W

eber ex.

officinalis, Lithospermum

evaluated

. Ben

eficial effects caused

phy

totherap

y. Int U

rol Nep

hrol

F.H. W

igg.

officinale, Taraxacum

by herb infusion

s can be

attribu

ted to

1994

;26(5):507

–511

.COMPO

SITAE

officinale, Equisetum

a disinfectan

t action

, possibly to the

Dugh

a feni

arvense, Aarctostaphylos

presenc

e of sap

onins.

Dan

delion

uva ursi, Arctium

lappa,

Silene saxifraga

Taraxacum

Six kind

s of C

hine

seSc

ald m

ice

Polygonum

cuspidatum, Taraxacum

officinale,

Luo

, ZH. The

use of Chine

se

officinale

trad

itiona

l he

rbs

and Oidenlandia diffusa show

ed improve

dtrad

itiona

l med

icine to improve

im

paired immune

func

tion

effects in scald

impaired immune

func

tion

s in

mide. Effects

varied

according to the

scald m

ice [C

hine

se]. Chu

ng H

ua

dosag

e of the

dru

gs.

Che

ng H

sing

Sha

o Sh

ang W

ai K

o Tsa C

hih 19

93;9(1):5

6–58

.Taraxacum

Twelve

plants ad

ministered

Mice

Of the 12

plants us

ed for the

traditiona

lSw

anston

-Flatt SK, et al. Glycaem

ic

officinale

as decoction

s or infusion

s

treatm

ent of diabe

tes, Agaricus bisporus


l Eur

opea

n 28 day

s Agaricus bisporus,

and Ilex guayusash

owed

poten

tial anti-

plant treatmen

ts for diabe

tes.

Anacardium occidentale,

diabe

tic effect.


Arctum lappa, Catharanthus

streptozo

tocin diabe

tic mice.

roseus, D

aucus carota,

Diabe

tes Res 198

9;10

(2):6

9–73

.Hum

ulus lupulus, Ilex

guayusa, Salvia officinale,

Sambucus nigra,

Taraxacum

officinale,

Trigonella foenum-

graecum, U

rtica dioica

Taraxacum

Who

le, d

ried

, and

pow

dered

Rab

bits

Powders of both plants produced

Akh

tar MS, et al. E

ffects of Portulaca

officinale

plan

ts of Portulaca oleracae

sign

ifican

t hy

pog

lycemic effects in

oleracae

(Kulfa) and

Taraxacum

an

d Taraxacum

officinale

norm

al rab

bits but no

t in allo

xan-

officinale (D

hudha

l) in no

rmo-

treated rab

bits.

glyc

aemic and

allo

xan-trea

ted

hype

rglycaem

ic rab

bits. JPM

A J

Pak

Med

Assoc

1985;35

(7):

207–

210.

491

( continued)

Taraxacum

Herb co

mbina

tion

of

Hum

an trial:

As a resu

lt of the trea

tmen

t, sp

ontane

ous

Cha

kurski I, e

t al. T

reatmen

t of

officinale


24 patients

and palpab

le pains along

the

large

chronic co

litis w

ith an

herba

l Foeniculum

vulgare,

with ch

ronic

intestine disap

peared in 95

.83%

co

mbina

tion

of Taraxacum

officinale,

Hypericum

perforatum,

nons

pecific

of the

patients by

the

15th day

of

Hipericum

perforatum, Melissa

Melissa officinalis,

colitis

their ad

mission

to the clinic and

officinalis,Calendula officinalis

and

Taraxacum

officinale

treatm

ent with the he

rbal com

bina

tion

.Foeniculum

vulgare

[Bulgarian].

Vutr Boles 198

1;20

(6):5

1–54

.Tephrosia purpurea

Two caps

ules of 450

mg each

: 20

case studies


herba

l mixture

Karnick

CR. A clin

ical trial of a

(L.) Pe

rs.

Coccinia indica, Cum

inum

with Diabetes

led to sign

ifican

t decreases in mea

nco

mposite he

rbal d

rug in the

LEGUMIN

OSA

Ecyminum

, Eugenia

mellitus

bloo

d sug

ar value

s.trea

tmen

t of Diabetes mellitus

Sarapun

kha

jambolana, Gymnema

(Mad

humeh

a). Aryav

aidya

n Purple Tep

hrosia

sylvestre, Momordica

1991

;5(1):3

6–46

.charantia, Phyllanthus


Tephrosia purpurea

Terminalia arjuna

50% ethan

olic extract of

Rab

bits

Induced hyp

erlip

idem

ic rab

bits receive

d

Ram

A, e

t al. Hyp

ocho

lesterolae

mic

(Rox

b. Ex DC.)

Terminalia arjunatree

the ex

tract. A significant decrease in

effects of Terminalia arjunatree

Wrigh

t &

Arn.

bark in doses of 10

0total ch

olesterol, LDL and

LDL/HDL

bark. J Ethno

pharm 199

7;55

(3):

COMBRETACEAE

mg/

kg and

500 m

g/kg

ratio was dem

onstrated. T

he extract did

165–

169.

Arjuna

compared

to co

ntrols

not ad

versely effect bioch

emical tests

of liver, rena

l func

tion

, and

hem

atolog

ic

param

eters.

Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjunaba

rkClin

ical ran

dom-,

Terminalia arjunaco

mpa

red to placeb

o Bha

rani A

, et al. Sa

lutary effect of

500 mg, 8 hou

rly

ized

con

trolled,

therap

y was assoc

iated w

ith im

prove

-Terminalia arjunain patients with

dou

ble-blind

men

t in sym

ptoms an

d significant signs

seve

re refractory he

art failu

re.

trial: 12

with

of hea

rt failure. On long

term eva

luation

Int JC

ardiol 19

95;49(3):191

–199

.co

ngestive

(pha

se II), p

atient con

tinu

ed to sh

owhe

art failu

re,

improve

men

t in sym

ptoms, signs

,NYHA C

lass IV

effort toleran

ce, an

d N

YHA class.

Terminalia arjuna

Bark po

wder of

Hum

an trial: 1

5Results sugg

est that m

onothe

rapy

Dwived

i S, A

garw

al M

P. A

nti-

Terminalia arjuna

stab

le and

with Terminalia arjunawas fairly

angina

l an

d cardioprotective

5 un

stab

leeffective in patients with symptom

s of

effects of Terminalia arjuna, an

angina

patients

stab

le ang

ina pe

ctoris. How

ever, it

indigen

ous dru

g, in co

rona

ry artery

has a lim

ited

role in uns

table an

gina

.disea

se. JA

ssoc

Phy

sician

s India

1994

;42(4):287

–289

.

492

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Terminalia arjuna

Terminalia arjunaba

rkRab

bits

Rab

bits receiving

Terminalia arjunaalon

g Tiw

ari AK, e

t al. Effect of Terminalia

powder sus

pen

ded in

with a high

cho

lesterol diet sh

owed

arjuna

on lipid profiles of rab

bits

water in an

oral dose of

slow

er inc

rease in total cho

lestrol,

fed hyp

erch

olesterolemic diet.

250 mg/

kg bod

y weigh

ttriglycerides and

no ch

ange

in HDL

Int JC

rude Res 199

0;28

(1):4

3–47

.2 3

day

than

rab

bits receiving

only a high

ch

olesterol diet. Hyp

erch

olesterolemic

rabb

its receiving Terminalia arjunash

owed

more marke

d decreases in total ch

olesterol,

triglycerides, a

nd an increase in HDL than

the hy

perch

olesterolemic con

trols.

Terminalia arjuna

50% aqu

eous etha

nol,

Rats

The

extracts show

ed resorptive activity but

Gupta DN, e

t al. Po

st coital

hexa

ne and

butan

ol and

were dev

oid of an

tiim

plan

tation

activity.

contraceptive

efficacy of

2 flav

ones of Terminalia

Terminalia arjunain albino rats.

arjuna

bark

Fitoterapia 198

0;LX(3):2

75–2

76.

Terminalia

Embelia ribes,

Sing

le-blin

dEach of thr

ee treatmen

t grou

ps w

ere

Paranjpe P. Eva

luation of top

ical

bellirica

(Gaertn.)

Glycyrrhiza glabra,

rand

omized


l mixtures.

applic

ations

of he

rbal formulations

Rox

b.Holarrhena

comparative

Successful treatm

ents in grou

ps A and

B

in acn

e vu

lgaris. A single-blind

COMBRETACEAE

antidysenterica,

study: 49

prove

d effective

aga

inst both inflam

matory

rand

omized

com

parative

study. J

Vibhitaka

, Bha

ira


adolescent

(pim

ples) and

non

inflam

matory an

d

Med


7;19

:Belleric myrob

alan


to you

ngno

ninflammatory (black

head

s an

d other

414–

418.

Santalum

album

,ad

ults w

ith

comed

ones) lesion

s. The

treatmen

t Terminalia bellirica,

mild

to

prepa

ration

s’ m

echa

nism

s of action

Terminalia chebula,

mod

erate

remain un

know


facial acn

eTerminalia bellirica

Haritak

i: Terminalia chebula,

Rab

bits

Whe

n ch

olesterol was fed

to all grou

ps,

Tha

kur CP, e

t al. The

Ayu

rved

ic

Emblica officinalis,

leve

ls w

ere sign

ifican

tly reduced in

med

icines H

aritak

i, Amla and

Terminalia bellirica

the three trea

tmen

t grou

ps than

Bah

ira reduce cho

lesterol-ind

uced

in the

con

trol group

. The

sam

e was

athe

rosclerosis in rab

bits. Int J

true for redu

ction in cho

lesterolem

ia.

Cardiology

1988;21

(2):1

67–1

75.

Terminalia bellirica

Oil ex

tract from

kerne

lsMice

Mice receiving either Terminalia

Dha

r HL, et al. Studies on

purgative

of Terminalia bellirica

bellirica

oil or castor oil ha

d usu

ally

action

of an

oil ob

tained

from

loose stoo

ls w

hereas animals give

nTerminalia belerica. Ind

ian JM

ed

coco

nut oil ha

d normal stools. R

esults

Res 196

8;57

(1):1

03–1

05.

obtained

with castor oil an

d treated

grou

p ( Terminalia bellirica) w

ere

sign

ifican

t.Terminalia chebula


Sing

le-blin

dEach of thr

ee treatmen

t grou

ps w

ere

Paranjpe P. Eva

luation of top

ical

Retz .

glabra, Holarrhena

rand

omized


lap

plic

ations

of he

rbal formulations

COMBRETACEAE

antidysenterica,

comparative


tmen

ts in

in acn

e vu


Haritak

iNardostachys jatamansi,

study: 49

grou

ps A

and

B prove

d effective

rand

omized

com

parative

study.

Che

bulic


adolescent

agains

t bo


ples)

JMed


7;19

:Myrob

alan

Santalum

album

,to you

ngan

d non

inflam

matory (black

head

s an

d41

4–41


adults w

ith

othe

r co

med

ones) lesion

s. The

Terminalia chebula,

mild

to

treatm

ent prepa

ration

s’ m

echa

nism

sZingiber officinale

mod

erate

of action remain un

know

n.facial acn

e

493

( continued)

Terminalia chebula

Boerhavia diffusa,

Golden

The

formulation

had

a m

axim

um cure

Sohn

i YR, Bha

tt R

M. Activity of a

Berberis aristata,

hamsters

rate of 73

% at a dose of 800

crude ex

tract form

ulation in


with he

patic

mg/

kg per day

in he

patic amoe

biasis,

experim

ental he

patic amoe

biasis

Terminalia chebula,

amoe

biasis

reduc

ing the av

erag

e deg

ree of

and in im

muno

mod

ulation stud

ies.


infection to 1.4 com

pared

to 4.2 for

J Ethno

pharm 1996;54

(2–3

):119

–124

.Dried

and

pulverized

controls.

plants ex

tracted in

etha

nol toge

ther and

individually. M

etronidaz

ole


dard

therap

yTerminalia chebula

Hot w

ater extracts of

Mice

Anti-CMV activity in vivowas exa

mined

.Yuka

wa TA, e

t al. Pr

ophy

lactic

Geum japonicum

, Rhus

Geum japonicum

, Syzygium aromaticum

,trea

tmen

t of cytom

egalov

irus

javanica, Syzygium

and Terminalia chebula

sign

ifican

tly

infection with trad

itiona

l he

rbs.

aromaticum

,an

dsu

ppr

essed C

MV yields in lun

gs of

Antiviral R

es 199

6;32

(2):6

3–70

.Terminalia chebula

trea

ted m

ice compa

red w

ith water-

trea

ted m

ice.

Terminalia chebula

Geum japonicum

, Rhus

Mice

Extracts sh

owed

significant

Kur

okaw

a M, e

t al. Efficacy of

javanica, Syzygium

antihe

rpes sim

plex

virus type I

trad

itiona

l he

rbal m

edicines in

aromaticum

,Terminalia

activity. E

xtracts lim

ited

combina

tion

with acyc

lovir ag

ains

t chebula,

Acy

clov

irdev

elop

men

t of skin lesion

s an

d/or

herp

es sim

plex

virus

typ

e 1

and/or herba

l ex

tract

prolon

ged m

ean su

rvival tim

es of

infection in vitro and

in vivo

. ad

ministered

infected

mice co

mpa

red w

ith bo

thAntiviral R

es 199

5;27

(1–2

):19–

37.

Acy

clov

ir and

the

herba

l ex

tract alon

e.Terminalia chebula

Boerhavia diffusa,

Rats with caecal

Form

ulation ha

d a cur

ative rate of

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. T

he anti-am

oebic effect

Berberis aristata,

amoe

biasis

89% w

ith av

erag

e deg

ree of infection

of a cru

de dru

g in formulation of


(cae

cal am

oebiasis) (A

DI) red

uced

to

herbal extracts ag

ains

t Entam

oeba

Terminalia chebula,

0.4 in a group

dosed

with 50

0 mg/

kg

histolytica in vitro

and in vivo.


per day

as co

mpa

red w

ith ADI of 3.8

JEthno

pha

rm. 1

995;45

(1):4

3–52

.Dried

and

pulverized

for co

ntrols.

plants ex

tracted in

etha

nol toge

ther and

individu

ally. M

etronidazole


dard

therap

y

494

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Terminalia chebula

Azadirachta indica,

Mice with

Infected

mice were prophy

lactically

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. Pr

ophy

lactic the

rapy

Boerhavia diffusa,

septicem

iaad

ministered po

stinfective, preinfective,

of Salmonella typhi

septicemia

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

from

Salmonella

sing

le, a

nd m

ultiple doses of ex

tract an

d

in m

ice with a trad

itiona


typhi

had a significant the

rape

utic effect in

prescribe

d crude dr

ug form

ulation.


reducing

sep

ticemia.

JEthno

pha

rm 199

5;45

:141

–147



Extracted

in 80%

aque

ous alco

hol etha

nol.

1% stock solution us

edto prepa

re dilu

tion

s.Oral or subc

utane

ous

administration

Terminalia chebula

A decoction

of the

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoc

tion

Sati R

B, Sha

rma RK. Man

agem

ent

follo

wing he

rbs:

cong

estive


of con

gestive card

iac failu

re

Azadirachta indica,

heart failu

reisch

emic hea

rt disease,

with certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

Boerhaavia diffusa,

card

iomyo

pathy

and

cor pulmon

ale

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;4(2):1

23–1

26.

Cedrus deodara,

were give

n pow

der of Inula

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

racemosa, w

hile patients with

Terminalia chebula,

rheu

matic hea

rt disease w

ere give

nTinospora cordifolia,

Commiphora mukul. After two weeks


of treatmen

t all 10

patients were cu

red

Inula racemosa2 g, 8

completely, 2 had

bradyc

ardia, a

ndho

urly; Commiphora

2 were refractory.

mukul,1

/2 g 8

hourly; Urgenic indica

100 mg, 8 hou

rly

Terminalia chebula

Mixture of Glycyrrhiza

Rats

Duo

den

al ulcerated

rats trea

ted w

ith

Nad

ar TS, Pillai M

M. Effect of

glabra, Terminalia

the mixture recov

ered

faster with

Ayu

rved

ic m

edicines on be

ta-

chebula, Piper longum

conc

omitan

t increase in

b-

glucu

ronidase activity of Bru

nner’s

glucu

ronidase activity in the

glan

ds dur

ing reco

very from

Bru

nner’s gland

.cysteamine induc

ed duo

den

al ulcers

in rats. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol 19

89;27(11):

959–

962.

Terminalia chebula

Haritak

i: Terminalia

Rab

bits

Whe

n ch

olesterol was fed

to all

Tha

kur CP, e

t al. The

Ayu

rved

ic

chebula, Emblica

grou

ps, lev

els were sign

ifican

tly

med

icines H

aritak

i, Amla and

officinalis, Terminalia

reduced in the three trea

tmen

t grou

psBah

ira reduce cho

lesterol-ind

uced

bellirica

than

in the co

ntrol grou

p. T

he sam

e was

athe

rosclerosis in rab

bits. Int J

true for reduc

tion

in ch

olesterolemia.

Cardiol 19

88;21(2):167

–175

.Terminalia chebula

Thr

ee plants lack

ing

Feed

ing trials in

All plan

ts produc

ed hep

atic lesions

Arseculeratne SN

, et al. Studies of

pyrrolizidine alka

loids:

rats

that inc

luded

cen

tral vein

med


ka.

Aegle marmelos,

abno

rmalities. Terminalia chebula

Part 14

: Tox

icity of som

eHemidesmus indicus,

and Withania somnifera

prod

uced

trad

itiona

l med

icinal herbs. J

Terminalia chebula,

mark rena

l lesion

s.Ethno

pharm 198

5;13

(3):3

23–3

35.

Withania somnifera

495

( continued)

Tinospora

Each tablet con

tains 10

039

patients with

Prepa

ration

was eva

luated

for clin

ical

Ran

i PU

, Naidu UR. S

ubjective an

dcordifolia

Miers

mg of alcoh

olic extract

insomnia

efficacy

and

safety in ins

omnia by

polyso

mno

grap

hic ev

aluation of

MENISPE

RMACEAE

of roo

t of Rauwolfia

subjective

and

polys

omno

grap

hic

a he

rbal prepa

ration

in insomnia.

Guduc

hiserpentina

, 100 m

g of

metho

d. The

prepa

ration

produc

edPh

ytom

edicine 1998

;5(4):2

53–2

57.

Guduc

hirhizom

e pow

der of

sign

ifican

t im

prov

emen

t in sleep


parameters. The

preparation did not

and 100

mg aq

ueo

us

prod

uce any

feelin

g of han

gove

r or

extract of roo

t, stem

,day

tim

e sleeplessne

ss, 11

patients

leaf of Tinospora

complaine

d of mild

epiga

stric distress

cordifolia

; 2 tablets at

after the test dru

g. It can be

con

clud

edbe

dtime for 21

day

sthe pr

eparation ha

d goo

d hyp

notic

activity and

can

be used in inso

mnia.

Tinospora


Hyp

erglyc

emic

The

herba

l form

ulation

had

little

Bha

ttacha

rya SK

, et al. Effect of

cordifolia

sanctum, Picrorhiza

rats

effect on bloo

d suga

r conc

entrations

Trasina

, an Ayu

rved

ic herba


but dos

es ind

uced a dos

e-related

form

ulation

on pa

ncreatic islet

cordifolia, Withania

decrease in STZ hyp

erglyc

emia and

superox

ide dismutase activity in

somnifera.Doses 100,

attenu

ation of STZ ind

uced a decrease

hyperglyc

aemic rats. Ind

ian JE

xp

200 mg/

kg PO

in islet supe


Biol 19

97;35(3):297

–299

.1 3

per day

for 28 day

seu

glyc

aemic rats.

Tinospora


Mice

All plants sign

ifican

tly inhibited the

carci-

Dhu

ley JN

. Effect of so

me Indian

cordifolia

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

noge

n oc

hratox

in-ind

uced supp

ression of

herbs on

macropha

ge fun

ctions

in


chem

otactic activity and

the

production

ochratox

in A

treated

mice. J

Withania somnifera

of interleukin-1 an

d tumor necrosis

Ethno

pharm 199

7;58

:15–

20.

factor or TNF-

aby

macropha

ges.

Tinospora

Boerhavia diffusa,

Golden

ham

sters

The

formulation ha

d a m

axim

um cure

Sohn

i YR, B

hatt R

M. Activity of a

cordifolia

Berberis aristata,

with he

patic

rate of 73% at a dose of 800

mg/

kg

crude ex

tract form

ulation in


amoe

biasis

per day

in he

patic amoe

biasis,

expe

rimen

tal he

patic am

oebiasis

Terminalia chebula,

reducing

the

ave

rage

deg

ree of

and in im

muno

mod

ulation studies.

Zingiber officinale. D

ried

infection to 1.4 com

pared

to 4.2 for

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

6;54

(2–3

):119

–124

.an

d pulverized

plants

controls.

extracted in etha

nol

toge

ther and

ind

ividua

lly.

Metronidaz

ole ad

ministered

as stand

ard the

rapy

496

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Tinospora

Boerhavia diffusa,

Rats with caecal

Form

ulation

had

a curative

rate of

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. T

he antiamoe

bic effect

cordifolia

Berberis aristata,

amoe

biasis

89% w

ith av

erag

e deg

ree of infection

of a cru

de dru

g in formulation

of


(caecal am

oebiasis) (A

DI) red

uced to

herbal extracts ag

ains

t Entam

oeba

Terminalia chebula,

0.4 in a group dos

ed w

ith 50

0histolytica in vitro

and in vivo. J


mg/

kg per day

as co

mpa

red w

ith ADI

Ethno

pharm 199

5;45

(1):4

3–52

.Dried

and

pulverized

of 3.8 for con

trols.

plan

ts extracted

in

etha

nol toge

ther and

individually.

Metronidaz

ole


dard

therap

yTinospora

Azadirachta indica,

Mice with

Infected

mice were prophy

lactically admin-

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. Pr

ophy

lactic the

rapy

cordifolia

Boerhavia diffusa,

septicem

ia from

istered postinfective

, pr

einfective

, of Salmonella typhi

septicemia

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

Salmonella typhi

sing

le, a

nd m

ultiple doses of ex

tract

in m

ice with a trad

itiona


and had

a significant the

rapeu

tic

prescribe

d crude dru

g form

ulation.


effect in reduc

ing septicemia.

JEthno

pha

rm 199

5;45

:141

–147



Extracted

in 80

%aq

ueo

us alcoho

l etha

nol.

1% stock

solution

used

to prepa

re dilu

tion

s.Oral or subc

utane

ous

administration

Tinospora

Alcoh

olic extracts of the

Rats

In rat brains, Tinospora cordifolia

was

Sarm

a DNK, et al. Effect of Tinospora

cordifolia

roots of Tinospora

found

to po

ssess no

rmalizing activity

cordifolia

on brain neu

rotran

smitters

cordifolia

against stress-ind

uced cha

nges in

in stressed rats. Fitoterap

ia 199

5;no

repinep

hrine, dop

amine,

66(5):4

21–4

22.

5-hy

droxy

tryp

tamine an

d 5-

hydroxy

indolea

cetic acid lev

els.

Tinospora


Rats

Treatmen

t with Tinospora cordifolia

Nag

arka

tti DS, et al. Mod

ulation of

cordifolia

indicated

a significant impr

ovem

ent

Kup

ffer cell activity by Tinospora

in K

upffer cell func

tion

and

a trend

cordifolia

in liver dam

age. J

towards no

rmalization.

Postgrad M

ed 199

4;40

(2):6

5–67

.Tinospora


16Ran

dom

ized

Septicemia did not occur in the

Reg

e N, e

t al. Im

mun

othe

rapy with

cordifolia

mg/

kg per day

orally

controlle

dtrea

ted group as op

posed

to 50

% in


: a new

lea

d in

trial: 30

with

the untreated

group. Pos

toperative

the man

agem

ent of obs

tructive

maligna

ntsu

rvival rate was 40%

versu

s 92

.4%

jaun

dice. Ind

ian JG

astroe

nterol

obstru

ctive

in untreated

versu

s trea

ted group,

1993;12(1):5–8

.jaund

ice

resp

ective

ly. Tinospora cordifolia

appe

ared

to im

prove

surgical outcom

eby

stren

gthe

ning

host de

fens

es.

497

( continued)


Aqu

eous alcoho

lic, a

ndAllo

xan-diabe

tic

The

extract exe

rted

a significant

Wad

ood N

, et al. Effect of Tinospora

chloroform

extracts of

rabb

its

hypo

glyc

emic effect in normal and

cordifolia

on blood

gluco

se and

leav

es of Tinospora cordifolia

.alloxa

n-treated rabb

its. Tinospora

total lip

id lev

els of normal and

Dose: 50, 100

, 150

, and

cordifolia

had an insu

lin-like action

alloxa

n-diabe

tic rabb

its. Planta Med

200 mg/

kg bod

y weigh

tan

d can

significantly decrease bloo

d19

92;58(2):131

–136

.glucose but no

t total lip

id lev

els in

norm

al and

allo

xan-trea

ted rab

bits.


1 caps

ule 3

3pe

r day

with

30 patients with

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. Clin

ical eva

luation of

luke

warm w

ater

calculi on

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also slowly

composite Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs, o

n containing

: Asparagus

kidne

ys, ureters,

disintegrated

both calcium-oxa

late


y an

d the

racemosus, 5

0 mg;

blad

ders

and calcium

carbo

nate crystals in a

urina

ry bladder. A

ryav

aidya

n 19

92;

Bergenia ligulata,

100

span

of 72

hou

rs and

com

plete

6(2):104

–108

.mg; Eclipta alba,

100

disch

arging

of crys

tals w

ithin 15

–30


day

s. C

omplete disch

arge

occurred

in

10 m

g; Tinospora

grea

ter than

80%

of the pa

tien

ts.

cordifolia,1

00 m

g,Tribulus terrestris,50


50 m

gTinospora

cordifolia

Pretreatm

ent of m

ice

Mice

Pretreatmen

t with Tinospora cordifolia

Tha

tte UM, et al. Im

muno

therap

eutic

with Tinospora cordifolia

or gen

tamicin decreased

mortality

mod

ification of Escherichia coli

in m

ice injected

with E. coli from

100

%

periton

itis and

bacteremia by

in con

trols to 17.8%

and

11.1%

, resp

ec-


. JPostgrad

tive

ly. Pr

etreatmen

t sign

ifican

tly im

prove

d

Med

199

2;38

(1):1

3–15

.ba

cterial clearanc

e as w

ell as improve

dpha

gocytic an

d intracellular ba

ctericidal

capa

cities of ne

utrop

hils in Tinospora

cordifolia

treated group

.Tinospora cordifolia

A decoc

tion

of the

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoction

Sati R

B, Sh

arma RK. Man

agem

ent

follo

wing he

rbs:

cong

estive

and Ugenic indica. Pa

tien

ts w

ith

of con

gestive card

iac failu

re w

ith

Azadirachta indica,

heart failu

reisch

emic hea

rt disease, card

iomyo

pathy

certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

Boerhaavia diffusa,

and cor pulm

onale were give

n pow

der

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;4(2):1

23–126

.Cedrus deodara,

of Inula racemosa,

while patients with

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

rheu

matic hea

rt disease w

ere give


Commiphora mukul.After 2 w

eeks


of treatmen

t all 10

patients were cu

red

498

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References


completely, 2

had

bradyc

ardia, a


2 were refractory.

hourly; Commiphora

mukul,1

/2 g 8

hourly; Urgenic indica

100 mg, 8 hou

rly


Water extract of

Rats

The

extract impr

oved

cellular im

mune

Reg

e NN, e

t al. Mod

ulation of


func

tion

s. M

ortality rate following

immuno

supp

ression in obs

truc

-100 mg/

kg for 7 day

sE. coliinfection was red

uced

. The

study

tive

jaund

ice by


. sh

owed

cho

lestasis resulted in im

muno

-Indian J Med

Res 198

9;90

:478

–483

.su

ppression an

d ind

icated

a need for

an immuno

mod

ulator to m

anag

e ob

stru

ctive jaund

ice.



Mice

Whe

n co

mpared

to co

ntrol grou

ps,

Tha

tte UM, Dah

anuka

r SA

. Com

par-


,all four

dru

gs preve

nted

, to va

rying

ative study of immuno

mod

ulating

gluc

an and

lithium

for

deg

rees, leu

cope

nia. Both indigen

ous

activity of Indian

med

icinal plants,

15 day

splants were po

tent immuno

stim

ulants

lithium carbo

nate and

glucan.

with effects co

mpa

rable to lithium

Metho

ds Find

Exp

Clin

Pha

rmacol

and glucan.

1988

;10(10

):639

–644

.Tinospora cordifolia

Various ex

tracts of

Rats an

d rab

bits

Oral ad

ministration of alcoh

olic

Gupta SS

, et al. Anti-diabe

tic effects


extracts cau

sed a decrease in fasting

of Tinospora cordifolia

. Part I. Effect

bloo

d sug

ar in rabb

its an

d rats. D

aily

on fasting

blood

suga

r leve

l, ad

ministration increa

sed the gluco

segluco

se toleran

ce and

adrena

line

toleranc

e in albino rats.

induc

ed hyp

erglyc

aemia. Ind

ian J

Med

Res 196

7;55

(7):7

33–7

45.

Tribulus terrestris

L.Tribulus terrestris

Mice

Tribulus terrestris

polys

acch

arides had

Liu Q

, et al. A study of the

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

polysaccha

rides

no m

utag

enic effect on

mice, but

protective effects of Tribulus

Gok

shura

protected

chrom

osom

e an

d D

NA

terrestris

polysaccha

ride on

Small caltrops

from

ind

uced

dam

age.

gene

tic dam

age. Z

hong

guZho

ngya

o Zaz

hi-C

hina

JChine

seMater M

ed 199

5;20

(7):4

27–4

29, 44

9.Tribulus terrestris

Aqu

eous extract of

Male rats

Metab

olism of ox

alate was studied

.Sa

ngeeta D

, et al. Effect of Tribulus

Tribulus terrestris

Tribulus terrestris

administration

terrestris

on oxa

late m

etab

olism in

produced a significant decrease in

rats. J

Ethno

pha

rm 199

4;44(2):

urina

ry oxa

late excretion

, and

a61

–66.

sign

ifican

t increase in urina

ryglyo

xylate excretion

com

pared to

sodium glyco

late fed

animals.

Tribulus terrestris

Ethan

olic extract of fruits

Albino rats

Tribulus terrestris

show

ed significant

Ana

nd R

, et al. Activity of certain

of Tribulus terrestris

dose-dep

enden

t protection ag

ains

tfraction

s of Tribulus terrestris

fruits

uroliths

ind

uced

by glass be

adag

ains

t ex

perimen

tally

ind

uced

implantation in albino rats.

urolithiasis in rats. Ind

ian JE

xpBiol 19

94;32(8):548

–552

.

499

( continued)

Tribulus terrestris

1 caps

ule 3

3pe

r day

30 patients with

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. Clin

ical eva

luation

with luke

warm w

ater

calculi on

kidne

ys,

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also in

of com

posite Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs,

containing

: Asparagus

ureters, or

slow

ly disintegrating bo

th calcium

-on

calcu

li, in the kidne

y an

d

racemosus,5

0 mg;

blad

ders

oxalate an

d calcium carbo

nate

the urina

ry bladder. A

ryav

aidya


100

crystals in a sp

an of 72

hou

rs and

1992

;6(2):1

04–1

08.

mg; Eclipta alba,

100

complete disch

arging

of crystals


within 15

–30 day

s. C

omplete

10 m

g; Tinospora

disch

arge

occur

red in grea

ter than

cordifolia, 1

00 m

g;80

% of the pa

tien

ts.

Tribulus terrestris, 50


50 m

gTribulus terrestris

Dried

plant m

aterial of

Pregn

ant ew

es

The

inc

iden

ce of fetal brea

thing

Walke

r D, e

t al. So

me effects of

Tribulus terrestris,

and the

ir

mov

emen

ts w

as significantly red

uced

feed

ing Tribulus terrestris, Ipomoea

Ipomoea lonchophylla

fetuses

and did not sho

w a normal day

-night

Ionchophylla and

the

seed of

and Abelmoschus

variation in treated

groups

com

pared

Abelmoschus ficulneus

on fetal

ficulneus

to con

trols. R

esults ind

icated

plants

dev

elop

men

t an

d the

outco

me of

may

con

tain sub

stan

ces that affect

pregn

ancy in sh

eep. R

eproduc

func

tion

al dev

elop

men

t of fetal brain.

Fertility D

ev 1992;4(2):135

–144

.Altho

ugh inge

stion did not appe

ar to

affect the

outco

me of pregn

ancy

.Tribulus terrestris

Sapo

nin of Tribulus

Con

trolled clin

ical

The

total efficacious

rate of rem

ission

Wan

g B, e

t al. 40

6 cases of ang

ina

terrestris

trial: 40

6 cases

angina

pectoris was 82.3%

. It was

pectoris in coron

ary he

art disease

angina

pectoris;

high

er tha

n the control grou

p with a

trea

ted w

ith sapon

in of Tribulus

67 treated

as

sign

ifican

t total effective rate (TER) of

terrestris

[Chine

se]. Chu

ng H

si

controls

67.2%. The

TER of ECG improve

men

t Chieh

Ho Tsa C

hih 19

90;10:85

–87.

(52.7%

) was eve

n high

er tha

n that of

the co

ntrol grou

p (35.8%

).Tribulus terrestris

Extract of the fruits of

Ana

esthetized

Ether extract produced diuresis an

dSing

h RCP, Sisod

ia C

S. Effect of

Tribulus terrestris

dog

sincrea

sed creatinine rena

l clearanc

eTribulus terrestris

fruit extracts on

that sugg

ests an increa

sed glomerular

chloride an

d creatinine rena

l filtration

rate. The

aqu

eous

extract of

clearanc

es in dog

s. Ind

ian JP

hysiol

the fruits produced no sign

ifican

tPha

rmacol 197

1;15

:93–

96.

effect.

500

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Trigonella foenum-

Isoc

aloric diets w

itho

ut

Con

trolled clin

ical

Inge

stion of fen

ugreek

seed pow

der

Sharma RD, e

t al. Hyp

olipidae

mic

graecum

L.

and w

ith fenu

greek for 7

trial: 60

resu

lted

in a sign

ifican

t reduction of

effect of fenu

greek seed

s:A

LEGUMIN

OSA

Ean

d 24 weeks. D

ose 25

gNID

DM

total ch

olesterol, LDL, VLDL and

chronic stud

y in non

-ins

ulin

Med

hika

fenu

greek seed

pow

der

subjects

triglyceride leve

ls. T

he results

dep

enden

t diabe

tic pa

tien

ts. P

hyto-

Fenu

greek

indicated

the

ben

eficial effect of

therap

y Res 199

6;10

:332

–334

.fenu

greek seed

s in diabe

tic su

bjects.

Trigonella foenum-

Rats fed for 8 w

eeks the

Rat

Com

mon


Platel K

, Srinivasan

K. Influen

ce of

graecum

follo

wing plants:

princ

iples were ex

amined

for the

irdietary spices or the

ir active

Brassica sp

ecies,

possible influe

nce on

the

digestive

princ

iples on

digestive

enz

ymes of

Capsicum annum

,en


uco

sa. D

ietary

small intestinal m

ucosa in rats. Int

Cum

inum

cyminum

,cu

rcumin, capsaicin, p

iperine an

dJ Fo

od Sci N

utr 199

5;47

(1):5

5–59

.Curcuma longa, Ferula

Zingiber officinalepr

ominen

tly


enha

nced

intestina

l lip

ase activity and

Piper nigrum,

also the

disacch

aridases sucrase an

dTrigonella foenum-

maltase. D

ietary Cum

inum

cyminum

,graecum, Zingiber


, Brassica

officinale

species an

d Ferula foetidabrou

ght

abou


ls of

pho

spha

tases an

d sucrase. The

positive influe

nces of a go

od numbe

rof spices on term

inal enz

ymes of the

digestive

process cou

ld be an

additiona

l feature of sp

ecies that are

gene

rally

well reco

gnized

to stim

ulate

digestion

.Trigonella foenum-

Extract of at lea

st 90%

Normal and

The

se sap

onins sign

ifican

tly en

hanc

ed

Petit PR

, et al. Steroid sap

onins from

graecum

of steroid sap

onins from

diabe

tic rats

food

con

sumption

and

motivation to

fenu

greek seed

s: Extraction, pur

ifica-

the seed

of Trigonella

eat, an

d red

uced

plasm

a ch

olesterol

tion, and

pha

rmacolog

ical inv

estig

a-foenum

-graecum

12.5

leve

l in rats.

tion

on feed

ing be

havior and

mg/

d per 300 g w

eigh

tplasm

a ch

olesterol. Steroids 19

95;

60(10):674

–680

.Trigonella foenum-

Pow

der of Trigonella

Normal and

The

extract and

residue

had

significant

Ali L, e

t al. Cha

racterization of the

graecum

foenum

graecum

seed

s,diabe

tic

hypo

glyc

emic effects w

hen fed sim

ul-

hypo

glyc

emic effects of Trigonella

metha

nol ex

tract, an

dmod

el rats

tane

ously with gluc

ose.

foenum

graecum

seed

. Planta Med

residue remaining

after

1995

;61(4):358

–360

.metha

nol ex

traction

Trigonella foenum-

Fenu

greek seed

s:Normal and

Both unroa

sted

and

roa

sted

forms

Kho

lsa P, e

t al. E

ffect of Trigonella

graecum

unroasted and

roa

sted

alloxa

n-produced a significant red

uction in

foenum

graecum

(Fe

nugreek) on

powdered

seeds

,indu

ced

total ch

olesterol, triglyceride, LDL an

dseru

m lipids in normal and

diabe

tic

low-dose: 2 g/kg

,diabe

tic rats

VLDL in no

rmal rats, decreased

the

irrats. Ind

ian J Pha

rmacol 199

5;27

(2):

high

-dose: 8 g/kg

raised

lev

els, and

inc

reased

HDL in

89–9

3.diabe

tic rats.

Trigonella foenum-


Normal and

A significant dos

e-related decrease in

Kho

lsa P, e

t al. E

ffect of Trigonella

graecum

administered at 2 an

dalloxa

n-bloo

d gluco

se both in the

normal as

foenum

graecum

(Fe

nugreek) on

8 g/

kg dose orally

indu

ced

well as diabe

tic rats, a

nd an

bloo

d gluco

se in no

rmal and

diabe

tic rats

hypo

glyc

emic effect was observe

d.

diabe

tic rats. Ind

ian J Phy

siol

Pha

rmacol 199

5;39

(2):1

73–1

74.

501

( continued)

Trigonella foenum-

Fenu

greek seed

extract

Male W

istar rats

The

results sh

owed

lon

g-term

oral

Petit P, e

t al. E

ffects of a fenu

greek

graecum

administered orally

10

administration of fen

ugreek ex

tract

seed

extract on feed

ing be

haviou

r an

d 100

mg/

day per 300

sign

ifican

tly increased foo

d intake

in the

rat: Metab

olic end

ocrine

g weigh

tan

d the

motivation to eat. T

he extract

correlates. P

harm

acol Bioch

em

also ind

uced hyp

erinsu

linem

ia and

Beh

av 199

3;45

(2):3

69–3

74.

hypoc

holesterolem

ia.

Trigonella foenum-

Ethan

olic extract from

Hyp

erch

ol-

Red

uction

s in plasm

a ch

olesterol

Stark A, Mad

ar Z

. The

effect of

graecum

defatted fen

ugreek

esterolemic

leve

ls ran

ged from 18%

–26%

and

aan

ethan

ol extract derived

from

seed

s; 30 or 50 g

rats

tend

ency

for low

er con

centration

s of

fenu

greek ( Trigonella foenum-

etha

nolic

extract/kg

for

liver cho

lesterol w

as observe

d.

graecum) on

bile

acid absorption

a 4-week period

and cho

lesterol lev

els in rats.

Br J Nutr 199

3;69

(1):2

77–2

87.

Trigonella foenum-

100 g deb

ittered fen

ugreek

Clin

ical study: 10

Inge

stion resu

lted

in a sign

ifican

tSh

arma RD, e

t al. Hyp

olipidae

mic

graecum

powder for 20 day

shy

perlipidem

icdecrease in the

serum total cho

les-

effect of fenu

greek seed

s.

terol, LDL, V

LDL, an

d triglyc

eride

A clin

ical study. Phy

tother R

es

leve

ls. HDL lev

els were no

t altered

1991;5:145

–147

.bu

t the ratio with total ch

olesterol an

dLDL and

VLDL w

ere sign

ifican

tly

increa

sed.

Trigonella foenum-

Fenu

greek seed

pow

der

Ran

dom

ized

The

fen

ugreek diet sign

ifican

tly

Sharma RD, e

t al. Effect of fen

ugreek

graecum

(100

g). In 2 eq

ual doses

controlle

ddecreased

fasting

blood

sug

ar and

seed

s on

blood

gluco

se and

at lun

ch and

dinne

r for

trial: 10

improve

d the

gluco

se toleran

ce test.

seru

m lipids in typ

e I diabe

tes.

10 day

sinsu

lin-

Seru

m total cho

lesterol, LDL and

Eur JC

lin N

utr 199

0;44

(4):3

01–3

06.

dep

enden

tVLDL and

triglyc

erides w

ere also

(typ

e I)

sign

ifican

tly reduced.

diabe

tics

Trigonella foenum-


Rats

The

se plants ge

nerally

stimulated

Samba

iah K, S

riniva

san K. Influen

ce

graecum

zeylanicum

, Cum

inum

liver m

icrosomal cytoc

hrom

e P45

0-of spices and

spice princ

iples on

cyminum

, Ferula

dep

enden

t aryl hyd

roxy

lase.

hepatic m

ixed

func

tion

oxy

gena

se

foetida, Tamarindus

Cum

inum

cyminum

, Zingiber

system

in rats. Ind

ian JB

ioch

em

indica, Trigonella

officinale,


Bioph

ys 198

9;26

(4):2

54–2

58.

foenum

-graecum

,graecum

also stimulated

the

lev

els of

Zingiber officinale

cytoch

rome P45

0 an

d b5, Cum

inum

cyminum


stim

ulated N

-dem

ethy

lase activity.

502

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Trigonella foenum-

Trigonella foenum-

Male rats

Daily oral trea

tmen

t with Trigonella

Ahs

an SK, et al. Effect of Trigonella

graecum

graecum

seed

for 4

foenum

-graecum

sign

ifican

tly decreased

foenum

-graecum

and Ammi majus

on

weeks

the qu

antity of calcium oxa

late dep

osited

calcium oxa

late urolithiasis in rats.

in the

kidne

ys thu

s su

pporting

its use

JEthno

pharmacol 1989;26

(3):2

49–254

.in Sau

di folk m

edicine.

Trigonella foenum-

Twelve

plants used for

Mice

Of the 12

plants, Agaricus

Swan

ston

-Flatt SK, et al. Glycaem

ic

graecum

the trad

itiona

l treatm

ent

bisporus

and Ilex guayusash

owed


l Eur

opea

n of diabe

tes ad

ministered

poten

tial antidiabe

tic effect.

plant treatmen

ts for diabe

tes.

as decoc

tion

s or

Stud

ies in normal and

strep

tozo

tocin

infusion

s for 28

day

sdiabe

tic mice. D

iabe

tes Res 198

9;Agaricus bisporus,

10(2):6

9–73

.Anacardium

occidentale, Arctum

lappa, Catharanthus

roseus, D

aucus carota,

Hum

ulus lupulus, Ilex

guayusa, Salvia

officinale, Sambucus

nigra, Taraxacum

officinale, Trigonella

foenum

-graecum

,Urtica

dioica

Trigonella foenum-

Pow

dered

fen

ugreek

Con

trolled clinical

Powdered

fen

ugreek seed

significantly

Mad

ar Z

, et al. G

luco

se-low

ering

graecum

seed

(15

g) so

aked

in

trial: 21

decreased

subseq

uen

t po

stprand

ial

effect of fenu

greek in non

-ins

ulin

water

individuals

gluco

se lev

els. The

plasm

a insu

lin

dep

enden

t diabe

tics. Eur

JClin

with no

n-also ten

ded

to be

decreased

in

Nutr 198

8;42

:51–

54.

insu

linNID

DM but witho

ut a statistical

dep

enden

tdifferenc

e. Fen

ugreek ha

d no

Diabetes

effect on lip

id lev

els 3 ho

urs after

mellitus

the mea

l toleranc

e test.

(NID

DM)

Trigonella foenum-

Subfraction “a” co

ntains

Allo

xan-diabe

tic

Whe

n the ex

tract was added

to insu

linRibes G

, et al. Antidiabe

tic effects of

graecum

the testa, end

osperm

dog

strea

tmen

t, it resulted in a clear

subfractions

from fen

ugreek

in

and fibers of Trigonella

decrease of hyp

erglyc

emia and

diabe

tic dog

s. Proc So

c Ex

p Biol

foenum

-graecum

glyc

osuria accom

panied

by a decrease

Med

198

6;18

2(2):159

–166

.of the

high plasma gluc

agon

and

somatostatin leve

ls.

Trigonella foenum-

Fenu

greek

30 rats

Addition of fen

ugreek seed

s during

Mital N

, Gop

aldas T. E

ffect of

graecum

pregn

ancy

and

lactation

did not hav

efenu

greek ( Trigonella foenum

any be

neficial effect on

growth of

graecum) seed

based

diets on

pup

s ov

er and

abo

ve tha

t seen

in

the lactationa

l pe

rforman

ce in

control grou

ps.

albino

rats. N

utr R

eports Int 198

6;33

(3):4

77–4

84.

Trigonella foenum-

Defatted fractions

of

Dog

sThe

fraction decreased

the

basal

Ribes G

, et al. Effects of fenu

greek

graecum

fenu

greek seed

sbloo

d gluco

se lev

el, plasma glucago

n,seed

s on

end

ocrine

pan

crea

tic

somatostatin leve

ls, a

nd decreased

the

secretions

in dog

s. A

nn. Nutr

orally ind

uced

hyp

erglyc

emia.

Metab

198

4;28

(1):3

7–43

.

503

( continued)

Trigonella foenum-

Fraction

s of fen

ugreek

Dog

sAddition of fen

ugreek

fraction to the

Valette G

, et al. Hyp

ocho

lesteroa

emic

graecum

seed

food

of diabe

tic hy

percho

lesterolem

iceffect of fenu

greek seed

s in dog

sdog

s caused a significant decrease in

Atherlosclerosis 19

84;50(1):105

–111

.ch

olesterolemia, an

d a decrease in

hyperglyc

emia. The

defatted portion

of fen

ugreek

seed ind

uced an

hypoc

holesterolem

ic effect.

Trigonella foenum-

Stem

s, leave

s an

d seeds

Normal, a

lloxa

n-,

Trigo

nella

acetone

extract appe

ared

to

Gha

fgha

zi T, e

t al. Antag

onism of

graecum

of Trigonella foenum-

and cad

mium-

act at the

cellular leve

l to produ

ce its

cadm

ium and

allo

xan-indu

ced

graecum

were extracted

trea

ted rats

hypog

lycemic effects on no

rmal rats

hype

rglycemia in rats by Trigonella

for 3 day

s with water,

or tho

se treated

with cadmium or

foenum

graecum

. Pah

lavi M

ed J

aceton

e, and

by soxh

let

alloxa

n.19

77;8(1):1

4–25

.70°C

Valeriana

450 or 900

mg of an

Ran

dom

dou

ble-

The

re w

as a significant decrease in

Leathw

ood PD, C

hauffard F. A

queo

usjatamansi

Jone

saq

ueou

s ex

tract of

blind study:

sleep laten

cy w

ith 45

0 mg va

lerian

extract of valerian reduces latenc

y VALERIA

NACEAE

valerian

roo

tvo

lunteers

compa

red to placebo

. The

highe

r dose

to fall asleep

in man

. Planta Med

Indian squill

with mild

of valerian pr

oduced no

furthe

r19

85;2:144

–148

.Tag

ara

insomnia

improve

men

t in sleep

laten

cy.

Indian va

lerian

Valeriana

jatamansi

Valeren

ic acid, isolated

Mice

The

extract affected rotarod

and

Hen

driks

H, e

t al. C

entral nervo

us

from

Valeriana

traction

perform

ance of mice simila

rdep

ressan

t activity of va

lerenic

officinalis

to the

effect of pen

toba

rbital w

ith

acid in the mou

se. P

lanta Med

Dose at IP0.1 mL per 20 g

chlorp

romaz

ine an

d diaze

pam

as

1985

;1:28–

31.

body weigh

treferenc

e su

bstanc

es. It w

as con

-co

ncluded

tha

t va

lerenic acid had

specific

central ne

rvou

s dep

ressan

t properties.

Valeriana

jatamansi

Aqu

eous

extract (450

Hum

an trial:

Both dos

es red

uced pe

rceive

d sleep

Balderer G

, Borbe

ly A

A. Effect of

and 900 mg) of va

lerian

18 hea

lthy

latenc

y an

d w

ake time after sleep

valerian

on hu

man

sleep

. root

subjects (10

onset. In the

lab

only high

er doses

Psych

opha

rmacolog

y 19

85;87:

slep

t at hom

e;

tested

, no sign

ifican

t differenc

es from

406–

409.

8 slep

t at

placebo

were ob

tained

. Results

labo

ratory)

indicated

aqu

eous extract exerted

mild

hyp

notic action

.

504

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Valeriana

jatamansi

Decoc

tion

of Valeriana

Ran

dom

ized

Within 72

hou

rs cessation

of diarrhe

aChe

n S, et al. Infantile

rotav

irus

jatamansi; G

roup A

trial: 74

with

in groups

A, B

, C, were 73

.9%, 4

1.67

%,

enteritis trea

ted w

ith he

rbal

treated w

ith Valeriana

rotaviru

san

d 56.25

%, r

espe

ctively. R

etur

n to

Valeriana jatamansi

(VJ). J

Trad

jatamansi; g

roup B

enteritis (und

er

norm

al tem

perature w

as 90.64

%, 60

%,

Chin Med

198

4;4(4):297

–300

.co

ntrol with vitamins;

2 ye

ars)

and 92.30

%, r

espe

ctively, sugg

esting

grou

p C stand

ard

antipyretic effect of Valeriana

allopa

thic treatmen

tjatamansi.

Valeriana

jatamansi

Extract of va

lerian

roo

tDou

ble blind

Valerian pr

oduc

ed a significant

Cha

uffard F, e

t al. Detection

of

rand

omized

improve

men

t in sleep

qua

lity an

d the

mild

sed

ative effects:va

lerian

trial: 12

8effect w

as m

ost marke

d in poo

ran

d sleep

in man

. Exp

erientia

volunteers

sleepers, smok

ers an

d hab

itua

l co

ffee

1981;37:62

2.drink

ers. In co

ntrast, sleep laten

cy,

nigh

t aw

aken

ings

, dream

recall an

dso

mno

lenc

e ne

xt day

were relative

lyuna

ffected.

Vanda roxburghii

Glyco

side crys

tals

Rats

Vanda roxburghiiha

d no effect on

Prasad

DN, A

chari G. A study

R. Br.

obtained

from roo

ts of

acute reaction

following form

alde-

of anti-arthritic action

of Vanda

ORCHID

ACEAE

Vandra roxburghii

hyde injection bu

t effectively pr

e-roxburghiiin albino rats. J

Rasna

Dose of 20 mg/

kgve

nted

dev

elop

men

t of secon

dary

Indian Med

Assoc

196

6;46

(5):

Rasna

proliferative ch

ange

s in the

ank

le23

4–23

9.joint an

d other small joints.

Viola odorata

L.

Hex

ane, chloroform and

Rab

bits

Sign

ifican

t oral antipyretic activity

Kha

ttak

SG, et al. Antipyretic studies

VIO

LACEAE

water-solub

le extracts of

was exh

ibited

by ex

tracts of Artemisia

on som

e indigen

ous Pa

kistan

i Ban

aphs

haArtemisia absinthium,

absinthium

, Viola odorata, Melia

med

icinal plants. JEthno

pha

rmW

ild violet

Viola odorata, M

elia

azadirachta,

and Fum

aria parviflora

1985;14(1):45–

51.

azadirachta,

and

compa

rable to asp

irin. N

o ob

viou

sFumaria parviflora

toxic effects were no

ted for any

plant

extracts.

Vitis vinifera

L.

D-glucaric acid dietary

Rats

The

D-glucarates reduced total serum

Walaszek Z, et al.

D-glucaric acid

VITACEAE

sources inc

lude grap

esch

olesterol in rats by

up to 14

%conten

t of various

fru

its an

d

Draksha

and lettuce, for exa

mple

( p,

0.05

) an

d low

ered

LDL by up to

vege

tables and

cho

lesterol-low

ering

Grape

s35

% (p

,0.05

), bu

t ha

d no effect on

effects of dietary D-glucarate in the

HDL.

rat. Nutr Res 199

6;16(4):6

73–6

81.

Vitis vinifera

Vitis vinifera

seed

sRats

The

extract inh

ibited

the

carrage

en-

Zafirov

D, e

t al. A

ntiexu

dative

and

pu

rified

and

enriche

dinduced hind paw

edem

a. The

secapilla

ritonic effects of procy

ani-

fraction

; Procy

anidines:

compo

unds also inh

ibited

the

dex

tran

-dines isolated from grape seed

dose 2 mg/

kg for 3

3induced edem

a 4 ho

urs after the

( Vitis vinifera). Acta Phy

siol

per day

for 6 day

sdev

elop

men

t of the

process.

Pha

rmacol Bulg 199

0;16

(3);5

0–54.

Withania

Aqu

eous

susp

ension

of

Stress-ind

uced

Simultane

ous oral administration of

Dhu

ley JN

. Effect of ash

wag

andha

somnifera

(L.)

root extract of 10

0rabb

its an

dWithania somnifera

preve

nted

the

rise

on lipid perox

idation in stress-

Duna

lmg/

kg Withania

mice

in lipid perox

idation in rab

bits and

induced animals. J Ethno

-SO

LANACEA

Esomnifera

mice.

pha

rm 199

8;60

:173

–178

.Ashwag

andha

Winter ch

erry

505

( continued)

Withania somnifera


Mice

All plan


ibited

the

Dhu

ley JN

. Effect of som

e Indian

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

carcinog

en och

ratoxin-induced

herbs on

macroph

age


supp

ression of che

motactic activity

func

tion

s in och

ratoxin A treated

Withania somnifera

and the

produc

tion

of interleu

kin-1

mice. J Ethno

pha

rm 199

7;58

:an

d TNF-

aby

macroph

ages.

15–2

0.Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera

root

Mice

The

extract atten

uated the

dev

elop

men

t of

Kulkarni SK, N

inan

I. Inhibition

of

extract

toleranc

e to the

ana

lgesic effect of

morph

ine toleranc

e an

d

morph

ine. A

lso up

pressed m

orphine

-dep

enden

ce by Withania somnifera

swithd

rawal ju

mps, a sign of dep

enden

cein m

ice. J Ethno

pha

rm 1997;57

(3):

to opiate.

213–

217.

Withania somnifera


Hyp

erglye

mic

The

herba

l form

ulation ha

d little

Bha

ttacha

rya SK

, et al. Effect of

sanctum, Picrorhiza

rats

effect on bloo

d suga

r co

ncen

trations

Trasina

, an

Ayu

rved

ic herba


but doses ind

uced

a dose-related

form

ulation

on pan

crea

tic islet

cordifolia, W

ithania

decrease in STZ hyp

erglyc

emia and

supe


somnifera.D

oses: 100,

attenu

ation of STZ ind

uced

a decrease

hype

rglycaem

ic rats. Ind

ian J

200 mg/

kg PO 1

3in islet supe

roxide dism

utase activity in

Exp

Biol 19

97;35(3):297

–299

.pe

r day

for 28 day

seu

glyc

aemic rats.

Withania somnifera

75% m

etha

nolic

extract

Mice

The

extract w

as fou

nd to sign

ifican

tly

Kuttan

G. Use of Withania somnifera

of Withania somnifera

decrease total white blood

cell co

unt

L. Dun

al as an

adjuva

nt during

an

d red

uce leu

copen

ia ind

uced by

radiation

the

rapy. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol

subletha

l do

ses of gam

ma radiation

. 19

96;34(9):854

–856

.Withania somnifera

Roo

ts of Withania

Mice

A significant m

odulation of immun

eZiauddin M

, et al. Studies on the

somnifera

reactivity w

as observe

d as was

immuno

mod

ulatory effects of

immuno

stim

ulatory activity.

Ashwag

andh

a J. Ethn

opha

rm19

96;50(2):69–

76.

Withania somnifera

Witha

ferin A, a

steroidal

Mice

Witha

ferin A w

as effective

in inhibiting

Sh

arad

a AC, et al. Antitumor and

lacton

e from

Withania

grow

th of Ehrlic

h ascites tumor in

radiosens

itizing effects of w

itha

-somnifera

mou

se.

ferin A on mou

se Ehr

lich ascites

carcinom

a in vivo. A

cta Onc

ol

1996

;35(1):95–

100.

Withania somnifera

Witha

ferin A, a

steroidal

Mice

Witha

ferin A inh

ibited

tum

or growth

Dev

i PU, e

t al. In vivo grow

th

lacton

e from

Withania

and inc

reased

tum

or free su

rvival in a

inhibitory and

rad

iosens

itizing

somnifera

dose-dep

enden

t man

ner.

effects of w

itha

ferin A on mou

se

Ehr

lich ascites carcinom

a. C

ancer

Lett 19

95;95(1–

2):189

–193

.

506

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

Withania somnifera

Aqu

eous extract of

Mice

Withania somnifera

show

ed significant

Grand

hi A

, et al. A

com

parative

powdered

roo

t of

antistress activity an

d significant

pha

rmacolog

ical inv

estiga

tion

of

Withania somnifera

anab

olic activity.

Ash

wag

andha

and

Ginseng

. JE

thno

pha

rm 199

4;44

:131

–135

.Withania somnifera

Alcoh

ol extract from

Mice an

d rats

LD

50calculated

as 12

60 m

g/kg

bod

ySh

arad

a AC, e

t al. Tox

icity of

roots of Withania

weigh

t for 30

day

s resu

lted

in no

Withania somnifera

root extracts in

somnifera

mortality or cha

nges in pe

riph

eral

rats and

mice. Int J Pha

rmacog

bloo

d con

stituen

ts.

1993

;31(3):205

–212

.Withania somnifera

Alcoh

olic roo

t ex

tract of

Mice

The

extract had

a tumor inh

ibiting

Dev

i PU

, et al. Antitumor and

Withania somnifera

effect, a

cted

as a radiosens

itizer, a

ndradiosens

itizing effects of Withania

heat enh

anced the

se effects.

somnifera

(Ash

wag

andha

) on

a

tran

splantab

le m

ouse tum

or,

Sarcom

a 18

0. Ind

ian JE

xp Biol

1993

;31:60

7–61

1.Withania somnifera

1 capsu

le 3

3pe

r day

30 patients

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. Clin

ical eva

luation of

with luke

warm w

ater

with calculi

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also slowly

composite Ayu

rved

ic d

rugs

, on

containing

: Asparagus

on kidne

ys,

disintegrated

both calcium-oxa

late


y an

d the

racemosus,5

0 mg;

ureters, or

and calcium

carbo

nate crystals in a

urina

ry bladder. A

ryav

aidya


100

blad

ders

span

of 72

hou

rs and

com

plete

6(2):199

2;10

4–10

8.mg; Eclipta alba,

100

disch

arging

of crys

tals w

ithin 15

–30


day

s. C

omplete disch

arge

occurred

in

10 m

g; Tinospora

greater than

80%

of the pa

tien

ts.

cordifolia

, 100

mg;

Tribulus terrestris,50

mg, Withania somnifera,

50 m

gWithania somnifera

Metha

nolic

fraction of

Rats

Anti-inflam

matory activity retaine

d in

Al-H

inda

wi MK, e

t al. A

nti-g

ranu

loma

aerial parts of Withania

the ex

tract an

d w

as com

parab

le to that

activity of Iraq

i Withania somnifera

somnifera

of a 5 m

g/kg

dos

e of hyd

roco

rtison

eJ Ethno

pha

rm 199

2;37

:113

–116

.so

dium succinate.

Withania somnifera

Witha

ferin A

Rats

Treatmen

t with W

itha

ferin A aga

inst

Sudhir S, Bud

hiraja R

D. Com

parison

CCl4 ind

uced

hep

atotox

icity

of the

protective effect of With

afferin

possessed

significant protective

‘A’ an

d hyd

roco

rtison

e ag

ains

t effect. W

itha

ferin A w

as sho

wn to be

CCL4 induc

ed hep

atox

icity in rats.

as effective

as hy

droco

rtison

e dose

Indian

JPhy

siol Pha

rmacol 199

2;per dos

e.36

(2):1

27–1

29.

Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera

root,

Dou

ble-blind,

Osteo

arthritis patients were rand

omly

Kulka

rni RR, e

t al. Treatmen

t of

450 mg; Boswellia

placeb

o-allocated to receive the placebo

or the

osteoa

rthr

itis w

ith a he

rbal

serrataOleo gu

m resin

controlle

dhe

rbom

ineral formulation

. Aform

ulation

:A dou

ble-blind,


trial: 42

sign

ifican

t drop was noted

in the

placebo

-con

trolled, c

ross-

rhizom

e 50

mg; and

patien

tsseve

rity of pain ( p

,0.00

1) and

over study. JEthno

pharm

zinc

com

plex, 50 mg

disab

ility sco

re (p

,0.05

)19

91;33(1–

2):91–

95.

507

( continued)

Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera

root

Dou

ble-blind,

Withania somnifera

was supe

rior in

Karnick

CR. A dou

ble-blind, placebo

-po

wder extract. D

ose

placeb

o-effect to gins

eng root pow

der relative

controlle

d clin

ical study on

the

250 mg 2 3

per day

controlle

dto baseline perform

ance, integrated

effects of Withania somnifera

L.a

nd

for 40 day

sclinical trial:

sens

ory-motor func

tion

, an

d au

ditory

Panax ginseng extracts on

psy

cho-

30 hea

lthy

reaction

. Both Withania somnifera

motor perform

ance in he

althy

male an

dan

d Panax ginseng

grou

ps pe

rformed

Indian

volun

teers. Ind

ian Med

females

statistically

better co

mpa

red to

1991

;3(2,3):1

–5.

placebo

in men

tal arithm

etic and

motor fun

ction.

Withania somnifera

80% ethan

olic extract of

Rats with

Results sho

wed

tha

t the plants possessed

Al-Hindaw

i MK, e

t al. Anti-inflam

-Achillea santolina,

carrag

eena

n-va

rying deg

rees of an

tiinflam

matory

matory activity of so

me Iraq

i Apium

graveolens,

indu

ced

activity in the follo

wing descend

ing

plants using

intact rats. J

Matricaria chamomilla,

paw edem

aorder: Withania somnifera, Apium

Ethno

pha

rm 198

9;26

(2):1

63–1

68.

Myrtus communis,

graveolens, Achillea santolina, Matricaria

Withania somnifera

and

chamomilla, Myrtus communis.

acetylsalic

ylic acid used

as stand

ard dru

gWithania somnifera

Thr

ee plants lack

ing

Feed

ing trials

All plan

ts produc

ed hep

atic lesions

Arseculeratne, et al. S

tudies of

pyrrolizidine alka

loids:

in rats

that inc

luded

cen

tral vein

med


ka.

Aegle marmelos,

abno

rmalities. Terminalia chebula

Part 14

: Tox

icity of som

eHemidesmus indicus,

and Withania somnifera

produced

trad

itiona

l med

icinal herbs. J

Terminalia chebula,

marke

d ren

al lesions

.Ethno

pha

rm 198

5;13

(3):3

23–3

35.

Withania somnifera

Withania somnifera

Pow

dered

dried

roo

t of

Human

trial:

The

extract w

as effective

in a nu

mbe

rBector NP, e

t al. R

ole of Withania

Withania somnifera

63 patients

of acu

te rhe

umatoid arthritis cases

somnifera

L. (A

shwag

andha

) in

and in some with ch

ronic rheu

matoid

variou

s type

s of arthr

opathies.

arthritis with acute exa

cerbations

.Ind JM

ed R

es. 1

968;56(10):158

1–15

83.

TPA, tissu

e plasm

inog

en activator; H

MG C

oA, h

ydroxy

methy

l glutaryl coen

zyme A; U

SAN, U

nited States Adop

ted N

ames; IV, intrav

enou

sly; IP, intraperiton

eally

;ED

50, m

edian effective do

se; P

GE2, prostag

land

in E

2; G

SH, g

lutathione

; CSF

, AUC, C

max, L

D50, m

edian lethal dose; bid, twice daily; tid, thr

ee tim

es daily.

508

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED


(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)


and model

Results

References

KHAN AND BALICK510

KHAN AND BALICK512

KHAN AND BALICK514

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