Therapy

Psychotherapy an emotionally

charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Eclectic Approach an approach to

psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Therapy- Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis Freud patient’s free

associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

use has rapidly decreased in recent years

Resistance blocking from

consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Therapy- Psychoanalysis

Interpretation the analyst’s noting

supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

Transference the patient’s

transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships

e.g. love or hatred for a parent

Therapy- Psychoanalysis Malan: I get the feeling that you are the sort of

person who needs to keep active. If you don’t keep active, something goes wrong. Is that true?

Vader: Yes. Malan: I get a second feeling about you and

that is that you must, underneath all this, have an awful lot of very strong and upsetting feelings. Somehow, they’re all there, but you aren’t really quite in touch with them. Isn’t that right? I feel you’ve been like that as long as you can remember.

Vader: For quite a few years, whenever I really sat down and thought about I got depressed, so I tried not to think about it.

Malan: You see, you’ve established a pattern, haven’t you? You’re even like that here with me, because in spite of the fact you are in some trouble, and you feel the bottom is falling out of your world, the way you’re telling me this as if there wasn’t anything wrong.

Humanistic Therapy

Client-Centered Therapy Also called

humanistic therapy - Carl Rogers

a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

Active Listeningempathic listening

in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

Humanistic Therapy Rogers: Feeling that now, hm? That you’re just no

good to yourself, no good to anybody. Never will be any good to anybody. Just that you’re completely worthless, huh? – Those really are lousy feelings. Just feel you’re no good at all, hm?

Jon Smith: Yeah. (muttering in low, discouraged voice) That’s what this guy I went to [the store] with just the other day told me.

Rogers: This guy you went to [the store] with really told you that you were no good? Is that what you are saying? Did I get that right?

Jon Smith: M-hm. Rogers: I guess the meaning of that - if I get it

right - is that here’s somebody that meant something to you and what does he think of you? Why, he’s told you that he thinks you’re no good at all. And that just really knocks the props out from under you. (Jon weeps quietly.) It just brings the tears. (Silence 20 seconds)

Jon Smith : (rather defiantly) I don’t care though. Rogers: You tell yourself you don’t care at all, but

somehow I guess some part of you cares because some part of you weeps over it.

Biomedical Therapies

Psychopharmacology study of the effects

of drugs on mind and behaviorLithium

• chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders

Biomedical Therapies

The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals Introduction of antipsychotic drugs

Rapid declinein the mental

hospitalpopulation

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990Year

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

State and countymental hospital

residents, inthousands

Biomedical Therapies

Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy

(ECT) therapy for severely

depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Psychosurgery surgery that removes or

destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

lobotomy now-rare psychosurgical

procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

Biomedical Therapies

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Behavior Therapy

Behavior Therapy therapy that applies

learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Counter-conditioningprocedure that

conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

based on classical conditioning

Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning

Systematic Desensitization associates a pleasant, relaxed state with

gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias

Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning

Aversive Conditioning type of counter

conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Food poisoning leads to not wanting that food anymore. Examples?

UCS(drug)

UCR(nausea)

UCS(drug)

UCR(nausea)

CS(alcohol)

CS(alcohol)

CR(nausea)

Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning

Token Economy an operant

conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior

patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy teaches people

new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Cognitive Therapy

The Cognitive Revolution

Can you title this chart?

Cognitive TherapyA cognitive perspective on

psychological disordersLost job

Depression

Internal beliefs:I’m worthless. It’s hopeless.

Lost job

Internal beliefs:My boss is a jerk.I deserve something better.

Nodepression

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy for depression

Waiting listpatients

Cognitivetraining patients

Cognitive trainingpatients muchless depressed

Pre-therapytest

Post-therapytest

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Depressionscores

Cognitive Therapy

Creating Optimism Temporary,

not permanent.

Circumstantial, not personal.

Localized, not pervasive.

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy a popular

integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Group Therapies

Family Therapy treats the family as a

system views an individual’s

unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members

attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

Who Does Therapy?

To whom do people turn for psychological difficulties?

Clinical psychologists Most are

psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship.

About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.

Who Does Therapy?

Who Does Therapy?Clinical or

Psychiatric social worker A two-year Master of

Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapyIt is mostly to people

with everyday personal and family problems.

Who Does Therapy?

Counselors Marriage and family

counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations.

Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people.

Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.

Who Does Therapy?

Psychiatrists Physicians who

specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders.

Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications.

They tend to see those with the most serious problems.

Many have a private practice.

Does Therapy Work?

Meta-analysis procedure for

statistically combining the results of many different research studies