there are 2 types of volcanism - mrs. sikesmarysikes.weebly.com/.../volcano_notes_11-12.pdf · •...
TRANSCRIPT
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• There are 2 types of volcanism
Intrusive----magma cools below the
surface and makes plutons (igneous
intrusions)
Extrusive---liquid rock lava cools on the
surface (volcanoes, lava plateaus)
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Igneous Intrusions
Dikes• Small magma intrusions (no
more than a few 100 m wide)
• Cut across other rock layers
• Force their way along lines of
weakness such as faults.
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Shiprock, NM ---volcanic plug
and dike
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Dike
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Igneous Intrusions
Sills
• Small magma intrusions (no more than a few 100 m wide)
• Run parallel to rock layers
• Force their way along lines of weakness such as bedding planes.
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A sill in the Salt River
Canyon, Arizona
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COLUMNAR JOINTING
• Form in sills and dikes that cool
slowly and form six-sided columns
These pictures were taken on Oregon
19, just north of US 20
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9
Columnar
jointing in
basalt at
Devil’s
Postpile near
Mammoth
Lakes, CA
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10
Top of
jointed
basalt
columns,
Devil’s
Postpile,
CA
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Igneous Intrusions
Laccoliths -
• Lens shaped igneous intrusion
• Have a “floor”---there are sedimentary rock
layers beneath the base
Batholiths -
• larger
• have no “floor”
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A batholith exposed by erosion
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Enchanted Rock
batholith; exfoliation dome
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Intrusive Igneous Bodies
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Locations of some of Earth’s
major volcanoes
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• A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often.
• When a volcano is dormant, it has not erupted for a long time – but it might in the future.
• A volcano is extinct when it hasn’t eruptedfor at least 100,000 years.
Active, Dormant, or Extinct?
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Types of Eruptions
Depends on trapped gases and magma composition
•Violent and explosive
•Quiet and flowing
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• http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/pom
peii/videogallery/videogallery.html
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Trapped Gases
• Water vapor and carbon dioxideare trapped in magma
• At low pressure, they escape quietly when they reach the surface
• At high pressure, they escape violently when they reach the surface
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Magma Composition
• Two types:–Basaltic – less silica and very fluid; produces quiet eruptions
–Granitic – lots of silica, high water vapor content, and very thick; produces very violent eruptions
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GLOSSARY
Bomb – a lump of rock thrown out in an eruption
Crater – a deep hollow at the top of a volcano
Lava – melted rock that flows down the volcano
Magma – melted rock inside the Earth
Molten – melted, liquid
Vent – a crack on the side of a volcano where magma can escape
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Forms of Volcanoes
• Three forms:–Shield
–Cinder Cone
–Composite
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Shield Volcano
• Formed by quiet eruptions
• Basaltic lava builds up in flat layers
• Gently sloping sides
• Ex: Hawaiian Islands (Mauna Loa)
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Shield volcano
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Mauna Kea
Shield volcano
Hot Spot
Mauna Loa in
background
Kilauea is
behind Mauna
Loa (erupting
since 1983)
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Kilauea
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Pahoehoe (smooth, ropy) lava flow
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aa lava flow (slow, chunky)
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• http://www.learner.org/interactives/volcano
es/movies/movies3.html
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Cinder Cone Volcano
• Caused by explosive eruptions• Granitic lava thrown high into
the air• Lava cools into different sizes
of volcanic material called tephra
• Steep-sided, loose slopes• Ex. – Paricutin (Mexico)
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Cinder cone
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Composite/Stratovolcano
• Alternating layers of ash and lava
• Quiet or violent
• Basaltic or granitic
• Steep or gentle slopes
• Ex. – Mt. St. Helens
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Composite volcano
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Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador
Quito in foreground
Composite volcanoes - explosive
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Arenal Volcano – Costa Rica
Photo by E. L Crisp, 2007
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Mt. St. Helens – a typical
composite volcano
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Mt. St. Helens following the
1980 eruption
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgRnVhbfIKQ&feature=related
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Nueé ardente (hot pyroclastic
flow) on Mt. St. Helens
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Mt. Vesuvius – 79 a.d.
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A lahar (mud flow caused by melting
snow) along the Toutle River near
Mt. St. Helens
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Composite Volcano
Mt Rainier
Subduction zones
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A size comparison of the three
types of volcanoes
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Other volcanic landforms
Calderas
• Steep walled depression at the summit
• Formed by collapse
• Nearly circular
• Size exceeds one kilometer in diameter
Fissure eruptions and lava plateaus
• Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures
• e.g., Columbia Plateau
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Crater Lake, Oregon is a good
example of a caldera
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Crater Lake in Oregon
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Lava Plateaus
• Magma seeps through
cracks on surface, spreads
out and cools
• Process can go on for
millions of years and cover
very wide areas
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The Columbia River basalts
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Other volcanic landforms
Volcanic pipes and necks
• Pipes are short conduits that connect a
magma chamber to the surface
• Volcanic necks (e.g., Ship Rock, New
Mexico) are resistant vents left standing
after erosion has removed the volcanic
cone
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Formation of a volcanic neck
![Page 60: There are 2 types of volcanism - Mrs. Sikesmarysikes.weebly.com/.../volcano_notes_11-12.pdf · • A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often. • When a volcano is dormant,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041019/5ece9c26ad639c66df582b61/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Shiprock (volcanic neck) New
Mexico
![Page 61: There are 2 types of volcanism - Mrs. Sikesmarysikes.weebly.com/.../volcano_notes_11-12.pdf · • A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often. • When a volcano is dormant,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041019/5ece9c26ad639c66df582b61/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Devil’s Tower---Wyoming
![Page 62: There are 2 types of volcanism - Mrs. Sikesmarysikes.weebly.com/.../volcano_notes_11-12.pdf · • A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often. • When a volcano is dormant,](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041019/5ece9c26ad639c66df582b61/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Eyjafjallajokull
• http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/
more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html