thermal and mechanical energy harvesting materials
DESCRIPTION
A presentation on smart energy management, energy utilization, and development of new energy harvesting.TRANSCRIPT
Thermal and Mechanical Energy Harvesting
Materials
Krzysztof Grzybowski
Research Analyst, Technical Insights
July 29, 2009
2
Smart Energy Management–Global
Level of energy utilization was increasing in European countries during the last few years. New and efficient technologies allowed for significant reduction of our dependence on energy. Development of new energy harvesting technology is a key solution in this regard.
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1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
year
Eu
rop
ea
n E
nerg
y in
ten
tsity
[k
go
e p
er
1 0
00
eu
ro]
Source: EU Research
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Are the potential energy sources ?
To harvest wasted energy ?
Is necessary for energy harvester design?
Materials should be used for energy harvesting?
HowWhere What Which
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Are potential energy
sources ?
Where
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Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting
Mechanical stress Vibrations
6
dT>0
q>0
Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting
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Energy Sources Used for Harvesting
1. Presence of the streams of wasted energy that could be recovered and re-utilized (such as heat or vibrations).
2. Presence of the streams of energies in systems that are stand alone and cannot be powered by conventional sources, or the powering is too expensive.
3. Self-powered solutions operating on batteries that could be more conveniently supplied by energy harvesters.
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To harvestwasted energy ?
How
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Piezoelectric Solutions
Frequent vibrations are capable of powering any kind of energy- dependent wireless sensors.
(Microstrain, Cedrat)
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Thermoelectric Miniaturized Harvester
Nextreme Thermal Solutions, Micropelt
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Energy Streams in a Car
BSST with BMW, Visteon, Marlow, Virginia Tech,Purdue, UC-Santa Cruz
· GM with GE, U of Michigan, U of South Florida,ORNL, RTI
· Michigan State with Cummins, Tellurex, NASA-JPL,Iowa State
· United Technologies with Pratt & Whitney, Hi-Z, Pacific Northwest National Lab., and Caterpillar
Research groups
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BMW Series 5 , Model Year 2010, 3.0 Liter Gasoline Engine with Thermoelectric Generator
Waste Heat Recovery Systems
US DOE planned decrease of fuel consumption by 10 %
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Many heat energy sources are currently well re-used via traditional heat exchangers and accumulators. This is one of themain guidelines of process engineering. However, some of the heat sources could be utilized even more deeper.
Unused Industrial Heat Sources
Industrial Processing Heat
Unused and Emitted Heat Streams
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Hum
anM
achin
e
Complex systemsThe application of self-
powering wireless network systems takes place in various scales. Due to their elastic
architecture, they can easily incorporate various
energy harvesters.
Self Powered Sensors/Actuators
IMEC
Morgan ElectroCeramics
Ferrotec, EnOcean
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Self Powered Systems - Comparison of Battery and
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
Energy harvesters provide various useful features that make them more attractive than batteries for self-powered solutions.
0
0,5
1
1,5
2Stability within 5 years
Stabillity within 10 years
Maintenence cost
Total cost
System IntegrationOperation temp.range
Self sufficiency
Env.friendliness
Mass
LithiumBatteries
Multifiberpiezoelectricenergyharvesting
2
1
0
Category intensity
Battery replacement: Advanced Cerametrics, Advanced Linear Devices
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Is necessary for the energy harvester design?
What
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Strategic Guidelines for Thermoelectric Harvesters
• Cost
• Lifetime
• Value of ZT (figure of merit). Commercial modules offers ZT~1 now. In future ZT����?
• Proper heat source
• Its stability
• Presence of high-thermal gradient
• Efficient design matching the heat source characteristic
• Presence of the electricity receiver or storage systems at closeproximity
• Size
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Strategic Guidelines for Piezoelectric Harvesters
• Cost
• Lifetime
• Value of piezoelectricity coefficient
• Energy source properties
• Frequency of mechanical stress (vibrations)
• Amplitude
• Receiver energy requirements
• Presence of the electricity receiver or storage systems at closeproximity
• Size
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Materials should be used for energy harvesting?
Which
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Applicabilityin harsh
environments
Energy Harvesting Materials – Drivers
Small size
Note: Size of the ball indicatesimportance or weight of the factor
Small dimensions of mostof the energy harvesters allow fortheir easy and noninvasive
application in various solutions.
Popular batteries cannot operate at high temperatures.
Thus energy harvesters are goodcandidate to be used instead of them.
Applied energy harvesters
providing easy to use and maintain
solutions.
Energy harvesters can operatefor long times. Despite of their highinitIal costs they exclude the need of
frequent system maintenance or replacement.
Demand for reliable powering devices with long
lifetimes
Market need for quiet solutions with no
moving parts.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
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TE TE
systemssystems
Low conversion
efficiency
Necessity of Accuratemoduledesign
Need of
power management systems
Relatively
high price Parasiticthermaleffects
in thermoelectrics
Size of the bubble describes the strength of the factor
Energy Harvesting Thermoelectric Systems Key Challenges
Difficult deposition of
key piezoelectrics
Source: Frost & Sullivan
22
Absolute Numbers Percentage Share Trend
100%100%
Influence of the BixSb2–xTe3 Constituent Elements on Total Alloy Price(*)
7.31
51.56
96.670.06
0.12
2.52
54.14
104.10
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
2005 2009
(*) note that the price of the whole alloy is not directly the sum of constituent elements
Bismuth
Antimony
Tellurium
The price of the tellurium is mostly impacting bismuth telluride alloys’ price. The influence of antimony is neglectable.
95.23 92.86
0.1 0.1
7.024.650%
25%
50%
75%
100%
2005 2009
Source: Frost & Sullivan
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Energy Harvesting Systems: Development Stage
PiezoelectricsHuman source
PiezoelectricsEnvironment
PhotovoltaicOutdoor
RF - GSM
1E-3
microWatts/cm21E4
1
PhotovoltaicIndoor
RF - WiFi
ThermoelectricEnvironment
ThermoelectricHumanSource
Energy Harvested
Development stage
Early Advanced
Source: Frost & Sullivan
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Market Impact of Top 10 Developed Piezoelectrics
KNN stands forKxNa1-xNbO3
ProjectedImpact on the
Industry
High Impact
Low Impact
Probability of Success
Low High
Bi4Ti3O12
KxNa1-xNbO3
modified KNN
PbTiO3
PZT
BaTiO3
Quartz
High Growth Impact
LowGrowthImpact
MediumGrowthImpact
Source: Frost & Sullivan.
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Key Players
Ferroperm
Cedrat
Microstrain
Advanced Linear Devices
Advanced Cerametrics
Player
Miniature devices using its piezoceramic thick film technology for sensor systems located at inaccessible sites, such as the top of a windmill or inside wind turbine blades.
Piezoelectrics
Complete energy harvesting devices like piezo generator used to supply a sensor embedded on aircraft and its RF emitter to broadcast the sensor signal.
Piezoelectrics
Miniaturized energy-harvesting nodes operating in wireless strain sensors for damage tracking of rotating helicopter parts and other critical dynamic components.
Piezoelectrics
Modules that generate and store energy enable to power conventional 3.3V and 5.0V electrical circuits and systems.
Piezoelectrics
Battery replacement using piezoelectric fibers composites,
Active vibration control that stabilizes the HEAD tennis racket or skis.
Piezoelectric
Technical SolutionSolution type
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Key Players
Phlips Research labs
BSST
Hi-Z
Morgan ElectroCeramics
Noliac
Player
Thermoelectric harvester applied in woodstove
Thermoelectrics
System for energy harvesting in cars.Thermoelectrics
Thermoelectric energy harvesting modules.Thermoelectrics
Energy harvesting module in car-tiressensors.
Piezoelectrics
Equipment for testing piezo generators at very large compression force and to develop efficient electronics to harvest and store the energy
Piezoelectric
Technical SolutionSolution type
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Key Players
Ferrotec
Micropelt
Nextreme thermal solutions
IMEC
Marlow Industries
Player
Thermoelectrics to produce electrical energy from combustion of propane or natural gas
Thermoelectrics
Hot spot energy harvestingThermoelectrics
Hot spot energy harvestingThermoelectrics
Health monitoring systemsThermoelectrics
Bi2Te3 alloys and special high temperature solders, modules for converting waste heat streams into useful DC power.
Thermoelectrics
Technical SolutionSolution type
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Key Players
RTI
GMZ
Tellurex
Player
Variety of applications designed to increase energy efficiency. Generation of power from heat sources in hypersonic vehicles using modules for the U.S. Air Force
Thermoelectrics
Bismuth Antimony Telluride alloyThermoelectrics
PG-1 powering fan and maintain the temperature differential with power to spare.
Thermoelectrics
Technical SolutionSolution type
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