thermal power plant project

7/18/2019 thermal power plant project

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PROJECT REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AT KTPS(18-06-2015 TO 11-07-2015)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Tra!!" #$$#r%&!%' I ha %h KOLA*+AT T+ERMAL PO,ER PLANT

(,PDCL) a. a "rea% /ha!/e #r ear!!" a! $r#e..#!a ee#$3e!%4

There#re I /#!.er 3'.e a. a er' &/' !&a a. I a. $r#e%h a! #$$#r%&!%' %# e a $ar% # %4 I a3 a.# "ra%e& #r ha!" a

/ha!/e %# 3ee% .# 3a!' #!er& $e#$e a! $r#e..#!a. h# e 3e

%h#&"h %h. !%er!.h$ $er#4ear!" ! 3! $re#&. I a3 &.!" %h.

#$$#r%&!%' %# e$re.. 3' ee$e.% "ra%%&e a! .$e/a %ha!. %# %he *M

# KTPS MR4 TAPAS KUMAR PATRA h# ! .$%e # e!" e%ra#r!ar'

&.' %h her9h. &%e. %## %3e #&% %# hear "&e a! ee$ 3e #! %he

/#rre/% $a%h a! a#!" 3e %# /arr' #&% 3' $r#:e/% a% %her e.%ee3e

#r"a!;a%#! a! e%e!!" &r!" %he %ra!!"4 I e$re.. 3' ee$e.%

%ha!. %# Mr. S&.3%a a.a +R 3a!a"er KTPS #r %a!" $ar% ! &.e&e/.#! < "!" !e/e..ar' a/e. a! "&a!/e a! arra!"e a

a/%e. %# 3ae e ea.er4 I /h##.e %h. 3#3e!% %# a/!#e"e h.9her

/#!%r&%#! "ra%e&'4 I a.# %ha! 3' %ea33a%e.Mah&3a!%'

De%a!& A!ra L&/'M#&3%a #r %her .&$$#r% ! %h. h#e %ra!!"4

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CONTENT

.

INTRODUCTION OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT PA*E NO

141 The#r' # Ther3a P#er S%a%#!

142 L!e a"ra3 # a P#er S%a%#!14= Oere # Kolaghat Thermal Power Station14> *e!era a'#&% # KTPS145 E?/e!/' # a Ther3a P#er .%a%#!146 Aa!%a"e. a! .aa!%a"e. # a %her3a $#er $a!%147 Ma:#r %her3a $#er $a!% ! I!a

UNIT OPERATION OF A THERMAL POWER STATION

241C#a $re$ara%#! ! TPS

242#er #$era%#!

24=S%ea3 %&r!e #$era%#!

24>*e!era%#r #$era%#!

245C#!e!.er #$era%#!

246 CT #$era%#! (/##!" a! re/'/!")

247 A.h ha!!" $a!% #$era%#!

248 *r #$era%#!

2.

BOILERS

=41 De@!%#! # #er

=4141 &!/%#!

=4142 ,#r!"

=414= B&a%'

=42 T'$e. # #er

=4= #er .'.%e3.

=4> #r!" # a%er %&e #er ! %$.

=45 #er r&3

=46 S%ea3 #

2


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=47 E/#!#3.er

=48 a%er %&e.

=4 .&$er hea%er

=410 rehea%er

=411 S%ea3 "e!era%#r /#!%r#

=41= S%ea3 "e!era%#r e?/e!/'

=41> A.h ha!!" .'.%e3

=415 era%#!

3.

STEAM TURBINE=41 De@!%#! # .%ea3 %&r!e=42 T'$e # .%ea3 #=4= T'$e # .%ea3 %&r!e=4> C'!er arra!"e3e!% ! .%ea3 %&r!e=45 T&r!e #..e.=46 *e!era a'#&% # a .%ea3 %&r!e ! a $#er $a!%=47 S%ea3 %&r!e E&$3e!% < Rea%e A&are.

=4741 T&r!e r#%#r=4742 T&r!e Ca.!"=474= T&r!e /#&$!"

=474> T&r!e ear!".=4745 T&r!e .ea!" .'.%e3

=48 T&r!e .&$er.#r' !.%r&3e!%< .'.%e3 /#!%r#=4T&r!e "#er!!" .'.%e3

4. CONDENSER & CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM

>41 De@!%#! # /#!e!.er>42 ,#r!" # a /#!e!.er>4= C#!e!.er ! $#er /'/e>4> C#!e!.er a..#/a%e e&$3e!%>45 C#!e!.er %&e /ea!!"

>46 ,a%er &.a"e. ! %her3a $#er $a!%>47 A re ea # a C, .'.%e3>48 C##!" a%er a! AC, S'.%e3

5. COAL HANDLING PLANT

541 De@!%#! a! O:e/%e # C+P542 *e!era a'#&% # C+P54= O$era%#! /'/e. ! C+P54> Se/%#!. # C+P545 O$era%#! /'/e # /#a &!#a!"

546 La'#&% # KTPS /#a ha!!" $a!%547 E&$3e!% &.e ! C+P

=


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6.

ASH HANDLING PLANT

641 De@!%#! # a.h ha!!" .'.%e3642 *e!era a"ra3 # a.h ha!!" $a!%64= Re&re3e!% # a.h ha!!" $a!%64> Par%. # a.h ha!!" $a!%

64>41 #%%#3 a.h ha!!" .'.%e364>42 C#ar.e a.h ha!!" .'.%e364>4= Ar $rehea%er a.h ha!!" .'.%e364>4> ' a.h ha!!" .'.%e364>45 A.h .&rr' .$#.a .'.%e3

7. DM WATER SYSTEM AND CHEMICAL LABOATORY

741 S#&r/e. # a%er ! DM $a!%742 C#3$#.%#! ! a%er74= I3$#r%a!/e # a%er %rea%3e!%74> S%a"e. # %rea%3e!%

74>41 Pre-%rea%3e!% Pa!%74>42 De3!era;a%#! $a!%

9. GENERATOR AND GENERATOR AUILIARIES

41 Dee#$3e!% # ar"e *e!era%#r

42 a./ /#3$#!e!%. # a "e!era%#r

4= #r!" $r!/$e # S'!/hr#!#&. *e!era%#r

4> Ra%!" # *e!era%#r ! KTPS

45 *e!era%#r /##!" .'.%e3

!. RELAY SWITCHGEAR AND CIRCUITBREA"ER

. ELECTICAL CONTROL ROOM AND SWITCHYARD

1141 C#!%r# $a!e

1142 PLC r##3 a! .!"e !e a"ra3 # KTPP .%/h'ar

114= /#3$#!e!%. ! .%/h'ar

1.INTRODUCTION OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

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1.1Ther3a $#er"e!era%#!$a!% #r %her3a$#er .%a%#! . %he 3#.%

/#!e!%#!a .#&r/e # ee/%r/ $#er4 Ther3a $#er $a!% . a.# reerre

a. /#a %her3a $#er $a!% a! .%ea3 %&r!e $#er $a!%.

The %he#r' # %her3a $#er .%a%#! #r #r!" # %her3a $#er .%a%#! .

er' .3$e4 A $#er "e!era%#! $a!% 3a!' /#!..%. # a%er!a%#r r&!.

%h he$ # .%ea3 %&r!e4 The .%ea3 . #%a!e r#3 h"h $re..&re

#er.4 *e!era' ! I!a %&3!#&. /#a r#! /#a a! $ea% are &.e

a. &e # #er4 The %&3!#&. /#a . &.e a. #er &e ha. #a%e

3a%%er r#3 8 %# == F a! a.h /#!%e!% 5 %# 16 F4 T# !/rea.e %he %her3a

e?/e!/' %he /#a . &.e ! %he #er ! $#er #r34

1.2 Line Diagram of Power Plant

1.3 O#ER#IEW OF "OLAGHAT THERMAL POWER STATION

Kolaghat Thermal Power Station. a 3a:#r %her3a $#er

.%a%#!! ,e.% e!"a4 I% . #/a%e a% Me/hea a$$r#4 55 3 r#3

K#a%a! %he P&ra Me!$&r .%r/%4 The $#er $a!% . #$era%e' ,e.% e!"a P#er Dee#$3e!% C#r$#ra%#! L3%e4

The $#er $a!% ha. . &!%. # 210 M, ea/h #r a %#%a /a$a/%'

# 12! MW4 The &!%. ere /#33..#!e ! %# .%a"e. &r!" %he

$er# # 18> %# 154

STAGE UNIT NO INSTALLED

CAPACITY$MW

%

DATE OF

COMMISSIONIN

G

STATUS

1 1 210 SEPT-10 OP

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1 2 210 MAR -186 OP

1 = 210 OCT-18> OP

2 > 210 APR-15 OP2 5 210 MAG-11 OP

2 6 210 JAN-1> OP

The AL #r +EL 3ae #er # .!"e r&3 a%er %&e !a%&ra

/r/&a%#! %'$e %h .&$erhea%er a! rehea%er.4The 3a3&3 /#!%#!.

ea$#ra%#! # %he #er . 700 T9hr a% 1=6 "9 cm2

a! 500H / %he

3a3&3 rehea%er # . 605 T9hr4The a%er /##e &r!a/e

a..&$erhea%er.rehea%er. a! e/#!#3.er. e!" .e-/#!%a!e

/#!.%r&/%#! a! are .&.$e!e r#3 .&$$#r%!" .%r&/%&re4

The +EL 3ae C-210-1=0 3#e 210 M, %&r!e . /#!e!.!" %a!e3

/#3$#&! %hree /'!er 3$&.e %'$e 3a/h!e %h !#;;e "#er!!"

a! re"e!era%e ee hea%!"4 The #&e # LP %&r!e !/#r$#ra%e. a

3&% eha&.% a&3e! .%a"e ! ea/h #4

The ra%e #&%$&% # %he "e!era%#r . 210 M, %h 3a! .%ea3 $ara3e%er.

e#re e3er"e!/' .%#$ ae e!" 1=0 a%a a! 5=5 C4 .%ea3 # a%

ae e #$e! #$era%#! . 670T9hr 4%he IP a! LP r#%#r. are /#!!e/%e

' a .e3-ee /#&$!"4

The /#!e!.er /##!" .'.%e3 . a /#.e .'.%e3 4There !#. ==19=F

/a$a/%' C4, $&3$. # 500 M3

9hr4 /a$a/%' a! !%ae $&3$ h#&.e .

#/a%e ! rer R&$!ara'a!4 There . a.# a a/ $&3$ #r 3a/h!e /##!"

# 2500 M3

9hr /a$a/%' 4 I! /##!" %here are /##!" a! .'.%e3. #r

ea/h &!%4 The /a$a/%' # 3ae-&$ a%er $&3$ . 2000 M3

9hr /a$a/%'

are #/a%e ! /##!" %#er.4

A /#.e /'/e DM a%er /##!" .'.%e3 . %here4%ha% .'.%e3 ee$.

.&$$'!" #r %he #er .'.%e3 a! 3a/h!e a&are. (ear!". .ea

ae.) 4DM $a!% ha. %# .%a"e4 S%a"e 2 ha. a&%#3a%e .'.%e34

The /#a re&re3e!%. # %he = &!%. a#&% 000T9a' are 3e% ' /#a

ha!!" $a!% ' /#a /#!e'#r /ha! /a$a/%' # 800 T9hr4

Ea/h 210 M, "e!era%#r . /#!!e/%e %# 220 K "r %hr#&"h a 2=5 MA

9G .%e$ &$ %ra!.#r3er4 #r a&are. UAT . /#!!e/%e ! T !e%#r #

16MA /a$a/%' 4I! .h&% #! =145 MA re.ere Tra!.#r3er ha. ee!!.%ae 4

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I% ha. a.# a! e?/e!% DC .'.%e3 #r e/%a%#! a! /#!%r# # 3a!'

ee/%r/a re. # >15 a! 220 4

N# A !.%a a !e .'.%e3 ! .%a"e = #r e%%er ha!!" a!

/#33..#!!" a! ATRS .'.%e3 e !.%ae .h#r%'4

.6 AD#ANTAGES AND DISAD#ANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

A"#antage$%1) E/#!#3/a #r # !%a /#.% #%her %ha! a!' "e!era%!"$a!%4

2) La! re&re e.. %ha! h'r# $#er $a!%4

=) S!/e /#a . 3a! &e < %. /#.% . &%e /hea$ %ha! $e%r#9e.e .#

"e!era%#! /#.% . e/#!#3/a4

>) There are ea.er 3a!%e!a!/e4

5) Ther3a $#er $a!% /a! e !.%ae ! a!' #/a%#! here

%ra!.$#r%a%#! < & # a%er are aaae4

7
http://www.electrical4u.com/hydro-power-plant-construction-working-and-history-of-hydro-power-plant/http://www.electrical4u.com/hydro-power-plant-construction-working-and-history-of-hydro-power-plant/


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Di$a"#antage$% 1) The r&!!!" /#.% #r a %her3a $#er .%a%#! .

/#3$ara%e' h"h &e %# &e 3a!%e!a!/e e%/4

2) Lar"e a3#&!% # .3#e /a&.e. ar $#&%#!4 The %her3a $#er .%a%#!

. re.$#!.e #r *#a ar3!"4=) The hea%e a%er %ha% /#3e. r#3 %her3a $#er $a!% ha. a! aer.e

ee/% #! %he e. ! %he a%er a! .%&r. %he e/##"'4

>) Oera e?/e!/' # %her3a $#er $a!% . # e e.. =0F4

2. UNIT OPERATION IN TPS

2.1 &oal 're'aration in TPS%

M#.% %her3a .%a%#!. &.e /#a a. %he 3a! &e4 Ra /#a . %ra!.$#r%e

r#3 /#a 3!e. %# a $#er .%a%#! .%e ' %r&/. ar"e.

.h$. #r raa' /ar.4 *e!era' he! .h$$e ' raa'. %he /#a /ar.

are .e!% a. a & %ra! # /ar.4 The /#a re/ee a% .%e 3a' e # ere!%

.;e.4 The raa' /ar. are &!#ae a% .%e ' r#%ar' &3$er. #r .e %%

&3$er. %# %$ #er #!%# /#!e'#r e%. e#4 The /#a . "e!era'

/#!e'e %# /r&.her. h/h /r&.h %he /#a %# a#&% =>!/h (1 33) .;e4

The /r&.he /#a . %he! .e!% ' e% /#!e'#r. %# a .%#ra"e $e4

N#r3a' %he /r&.he /#a . /#3$a/%e ' er. a. /#3$a/%!" #h"h' #a%e /#a a#. .$#!%a!e#&. "!%#!4

The /r&.he /#a . /#!e'e r#3 %he .%#ra"e $e %# .#. #r h#$$er. a%

%he #er. ' a!#%her e% /#!e'#r .'.%e34

2.2 (oiler o'eration%The #er . a re/%a!"&ar &r!a/ea#&% 50 ee%

(15 3) #! a .e a! 1=0 ee% (>0 3) %a4 I%. a. are 3ae # a e #

h"h $re..&re .%ee %&e. a#&% 24= !/he. (58 33) ! a3e%er4

P&er;e /#a . ar-#! !%# %he &r!a/e %hr#&"h &r!er. #/a%e a% %he

#&r /#r!er. #r a#!" #!e a #r %# #$$#.%e a. a! % . "!%e %#

ra$' &r! #r3!" a ar"e @rea a% %he /e!%re4 The %her3a

raa%#! # %he @rea hea%. %he a%er %ha% /r/&a%e. %hr#&"h %he #er

%&e. !ear %he #er $er3e%er4 The a%er /r/&a%#! ra%e ! %he #er .

%hree %# #&r %3e. %he %hr#&"h$&%4 A. %he a%er ! %he #er /r/&a%e. %

a.#r. hea% a! /ha!"e. !%# .%ea34 I% . .e$ara%e r#3 %he a%er

!.e a r&3 a% %he %#$ # %he &r!a/e4 The .a%&ra%e .%ea3 . !%r#&/e

!%# .&$erhea% $e!a!% %&e. %ha% ha!" ! %he h#%%e.% $ar% # %he

8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace


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/#3&.%#! "a.e. a. %he' e% %he &r!a/e4 +ere %he .%ea3 . .&$erhea%e

%# 1000 (5>0 C) %# $re$are % #r %he %&r!e4

2.) Steam T*r+ine o'eration , 2.- Generator o'eration$%

A. a %&r!e a! "e!era%#r are /#!!e/%e %hr#&"h a /#33#! .ha% .# %.

#$era%#!. are e./re here #%h4 There . a h"h $re..&re %&r!e a%

#!e e! ##e ' a! !%er3ea%e $re..&re %&r!e %# # $re..&re

%&r!e. a! %he "e!era%#r4 A. .%ea3 3#e. %hr#&"h %he .'.%e3 a!

#.e. $re..&re a! %her3a e!er"' % e$a!. ! #&3e re&r!"

!/rea.!" a3e%er a! #!"er ae. a% ea/h .&//ee!" .%a"e %#e%ra/% %he re3a!!" e!er"'4 The e!%re r#%a%!" 3a.. 3a' e #er 200

3e%r/ %#!. a! 100 ee% (=0 3) #!"4 I% . .# hea' %ha% % 3&.% e e$%

%&r!!" .#' ee! he! .h&% #! (a% = r$3) .# %ha% %he .ha% !#%

# ee! ."h%' a! e/#3e &!aa!/e4 Th. . .# 3$#r%a!% %ha% % .

#!e # #!' @e &!/%#!. # a/#&% e3er"e!/' $#er a%%ere. #! .%e4

S&$erhea%e .%ea3 r#3 %he #er . eere %hr#&"h 1>16-!/h (=60

>10 33) a3e%er $$!" %# %he h"h $re..&re %&r!e here % a. !

$re..&re %# 600 $. (>41 MPa) a! %# 600 (=20 C) ! %e3$era%&re

%hr#&"h %he .%a"e4 I% e%. a 2>26-!/h (610660 33) a3e%er /#

rehea% !e. a! $a..e. a/ !%# %he #er here %he .%ea3 . rehea%e

! .$e/a rehea% $e!a!% %&e. a/ %# 1000 (5>0 C)4 The h#% rehea%

.%ea3 . /#!&/%e %# %he !%er3ea%e $re..&re %&r!e here % a. !

#%h %e3$era%&re a! $re..&re a! e%. re/%' %# %he #!"-ae #

$re..&re %&r!e. a! @!a' e%. %# %he /#!e!.er4

The "e!era%#r =0 ee% ( 3) #!" a! 12 ee% (=47 3) ! a3e%er

/#!%a!. a .%a%#!ar' .%a%#ra! a .$!!!" r#%#r ea/h /#!%a!!" 3e. #

hea' /#$$er/#!&/%#r!# $er3a!e!% 3a"!e%.here4 I! #$era%#! %


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"e!era%e. &$ %# 10000 a3$ere.a% 22000 #%.AC(210 M,e) a. % .$!. a%

e%her =000 r$3 .'!/hr#!;e %# %he $#er "r4 The r#%#r .$!. ! a

.eae /ha3er /##e %h h'r#"e!"a. .ee/%e e/a&.e % ha. %he

h"he.% !#! hea% %ra!.er /#e?/e!%# a!' "a. a! #r %.

# ./#.%'h/h re&/e. !a"e#..e.4 Th. .'.%e3 re&re. .$e/aha!!" &r!" .%ar%&$ %h ar ! %he /ha3er @r.% .$a/e ' /ar#!

#ee#re @!" %h h'r#"e!4 Th. e!.&re. %ha% %he

h"h' e$#.eh'r#"e!#'"e! e!r#!3e!% . !#% /rea%e4

2. Con"en$er o'eration , 2. CT o'eration%

The /#!e!.er /#!e!.e. %he .%ea3 r#3 %he eha&.% # %he %&r!e !%#

& %# a# % %# e $&3$e4 I %he /#!e!.er /a! e 3ae /##er %he

$re..&re # %he eha&.% .%ea3 . re&/e a! e?/e!/' #%he /'/e!/rea.e.4

The .&ra/e /#!e!.er . a .he a! %&e hea% e/ha!"er! h/h /##!"

a%er . /r/&a%e %hr#&"h %he %&e.4 The eha&.% .%ea3 r#3 %he #

$re..&re %&r!e e!%er. %he .he here % . /##e a! /#!er%e %#

/#!e!.a%e (a%er) ' #!" #er %he %&e. a. .h#! ! %he a:a/e!%

a"ra34 S&/h /#!e!.er. &.e .%ea3 e:e/%#r.#r r#%ar' 3#%#r-

re! eha&.%er.#r /#!%!&. re3#a # ar a! "a.e. r#3 %he .%ea3

.e %# 3a!%a! a/&&34

The $r#/e.. . .3ar %# %ha% # a raa%#r a! a!4 Eha&.% hea% r#3 %he

# $re..&re .e/%#! # a .%ea3 %&r!e r&!. %hr#&"h %he /#!e!.!"

%&e. %he %&e. are &.&a' @!!e a! a3e!% ar . $&.he %hr#&"h %he

@!. %h %he he$ # a ar"e a!4 The .%ea3 /#!e!.e. %# a%er %# e

re&.e ! %he a%er-.%ea3 /'/e4 Ar-/##e /#!e!.er. %'$/a' #$era%e

a% a h"her %e3$era%&re %ha! a%er-/##e er.#!.4 ,he .a!" a%er

%he e?/e!/' # %he /'/e . re&/e (re.&%!" ! 3#re /ar#! #e $er

3e"aa%% # ee/%r/%')4

r#3 %he #%%#3 # %he /#!e!.er $#er& /#!e!.a%e $&3$. re/'/e

%he /#!e!.e .%ea3 (a%er) a/ %# %he a%er9.%ea3 /'/e4

2./ A$h han"ling 'lant o'eration%

A% %he #%%#3 # %he &r!a/e %here . a h#$$er #r /#e/%#! # #%%#3

a.h4 Th. h#$$er . aa'. @e %h a%er %# &e!/h %he a.h a! /!er.

a!" #! r#3 %he &r!a/e4 S#3e arra!"e3e!% . !/&e %# /r&.h %he

/!er. a! #r /#!e'!" %he /r&.he /!er. a! #%%#3 a.h %# a

10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windage


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.%#ra"e .%e4 A.h e%ra/%#r . &.e %# ./har"e a.h r#3 M&!/$a .#

a.%e@re #er.4

' a.h. /a$%&re a! re3#e r#3 %he &e "a. ' ee/%r#.%a%/

$re/$%a%#r. #r ar/ a" @%er. (#r .#3e%3e. #%h) #/a%e a% %he #&%e%# %he &r!a/e a! e#re %he !&/e ra% a!4 The ' a.h . $er#/a'

re3#e r#3 %he /#e/%#! h#$$er. e# %he $re/$%a%#r. #r a" @%er.4

*e!era' %he ' a.h . $!e&3a%/a' %ra!.$#r%e %# .%#ra"e .#. #r

.&.e&e!% %ra!.$#r% ' %r&/. #r rar#a /ar.4

2.0 Gri" o'eration%The $#er "r re&e!/' . 60 +; a/r#.. N#r%h

A3er/a a! 50 +; ! E&r#$e O/ea!a A.a (K#rea a! $ar%. # Ja$a! are

!#%ae e/e$%#!.) a! $ar%. # Ar/a4 The e.re re&e!/' ae/%. %he

e."! # ar"e %&r!e. .!/e %he' are h"h' #$%3;e #r #!e $ar%/&ar.$ee4

The ee/%r/%' #. %# a .%r&%#! 'ar here %ra!.#r3er. !/rea.e %he

#%a"e #r %ra!.3..#! %# %. e.%!a%#!4

3. BOILER

).1 Denition of (oiler% #er . a /#.e e..e ! h/h

%he &!er $re..&re . %ra!.#r3e !%# .%ea3 ' %he a$$/a%#! # hea%4

=4141 UNCTIONQ The &!/%#! # #er . %# %ra!.er %he hea%

%# %he a%er ! %he e?/e!% 3a!!er 4

=4142 ,ORKIN*Q The /he3/a e!er"' /#!er%e !%# %he

hea% e!er"' ' %he /#3&.%#! $r#/e.. . a.#re ' %he #er4

=414= BUALITGQ A #er 3&.% e e."!e %# a.#re %he3a3&3 a3#&!% # hea% reea.e ! %he $r#/e.. /#3&.%#!4

).2. TPES O3 (O4LE5% There are 3a!' %# %'$e. # #er a%er

%&e #er a! @re %&e #er4

I! @re %&e #er %here are !&3er. # %&e. %hr#&"h h/h h#% "a.e. are

$a..e a! a%er .&rr#&!. %he.e %&e.4 ,a%er %&e #er . reer.e #

%he @re %&e #er4 I! a%er %&e #er %he a%er . hea%e !.e %&e.a! h#% "a..e. .&rr#&! %he.e %&e.4

11


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).) (O4LE5 SSTEMS%

14 ,a%er %rea%3e!% .'.%e3

24 ee a%er .'.%e3

=4 S%ea3 S'.%e3

>4 # #! .'.%e3

54 &e .&$$' .'.%e3

64 Ar S&$$' .'.%e3

74 &e "a. .'.%e3

=4> WO5K4NG O3 WATE5 T6(E (O4LE5 4N TPS%

The #r!" $r!/$e # a%er %&e #er . er' !%ere.%!" a!

.3$e4 Le% &. ra a er' a./ a"ra3 # a%er %&e #er4 I% /#!..%.

# 3a!' %# r&3. #!e . &$$er r&3 /ae .%ea3 r&3 #%her . #er

r&3 /ae 3& r&34 The.e &$$er r&3 a! #er r&3 are /#!!e/%e

%h %# %&e. !a3e' #!-/#3er a! r.er %&e. a. .h#! ! %he

$/%&re4 ,a%er ! %he #er r&3 a! ! %he r.er /#!!e/%e %# % . hea%e

a! .%ea3 . $r#&/e ! %he3 h/h /#3e. %# %he &$$er r&3. !a%&ra'4

I! %he &$$er r&3 %he .%ea3 . .e$ara%e r#3 a%er !a%&ra' a! .%#re

a#e %he a%er .&ra/e4 The /#er a%er . e r#3 ee a%er !e% a%

&$$er r&3 a! a. %h. a%er . heaer %ha! %he h#%%er a%er # #er

r&3 a! %ha% ! %he r.er %he /#er a%er $&.h %he h#%%er a%er

&$ar. %hr#&"h %he r.er4 S# %here . #!e /#!e/%#!a # # a%er !

%he #er .'.%e34

A a"ra3 # L#!"%&a a%er %&e #erQ

12


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).. (O4LE5 D56M , 365NACE%The #er e!/#.&re. are ! %# $ar%.

%he &r!a/e #r raa!% ;#!e a! %he rear $a.. #r /#!e/%#! ;#!e4 The #&r

.e. # %he &r!a/e hae 3e3ra!e %'$e a%er /##e a.4 A .#!

a . $r#e #! %he /e!%re !e # %he &r!a/e e%e!!" %he & e$%h

e$e/% #r "a$. e%ee! .#! a %&e. < r#!%9rear a. a! ! %he

/e!%re4

The .!"e r&3 a% %he #%%#3 a! %hree r&3. #! %he %#$ ere

/#!!e/%e %hr#&"h a !e%#r # %&e. h/h ere ee %# %he r&3.

a#e a! %he .!"e r&3 e#4 The ra%#!a e3a! # .%ea3 ! %er3.

# /a$a/%' $re..&re a! %e3$era%&re re.&%e ! r&3. a! .!"e

r&3 #er.4

The .e$ara%e .%ea3 . ra! #&% r#3 %he %#$ .e/%#! # %he r&3 a!

.%r&%e #r $r#/e..4 &r%her hea%!" # %he .a%&ra%e .%ea3 3ae

.&$erhea%e .%ea3 !#r3a' &.e %# re a .%ea3 %&r!e4 Sa%&ra%e

.%ea3 . ra! # %he %#$ # %he r&3 a! re-e!%er. %he &r!a/e !

%hr#&"h a .&$er hea%er4 The .%ea3 a! a%er 3%&re e!%er. %he .%ea3

r&3 %hr#&"h r.er %&e. r&3 !%er!a. /#!..%!" # e3.%er .e$ara%e

%he a%er r#$e%. r#3 %he .%ea3 $r#&/!" r' .%ea34 The .a%&ra%e

a%er a% %he #%%#3 # %he .%ea3 r&3 #. #! %hr#&"h %he #!

/#3er $$e !#r3a' &!hea%e %# heaer. a! a%er r&34 I%.

a//e..#re. !/&e a .ae%' ae a%er-ee !/a%#r a! ee

/#!%r#er4 ee-a%er # #er . a.# e %# %he .%ea3 r&3 %hr#&"h a

ee $$e e%e!!" !.e %he r&3 a#!" %he e!"%h # %he .%ea3 r&34

1=


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). STEAM 3LOW%

Steam 7ow &ir&*it for +oiler

)./ ECONOM4SE5% E/#!#3;er . a hea% e/ha!"er h/h %ae. hea%

r#3 %he &e "a. a! !/rea.e. %he %e3$era%&re # ee a%er /#3!"

r#3 ee a%er /#33#! heaer %# a#&% %he .a%&ra%#! %e3$era%&re

/#rre.$#!!" %# %he #er $re..&re4 Thr#!" aa' %he &e "a.e. # h"h

%e3$era%&re !%# %he a%3#.$here !#e. a "rea% ea # e!er"' #..e.4

' &%;!" %he.e "a.e. ! hea%!" ee a%er h"her e?/e!/' a! e%%er

e/#!#3' /a! e a/hee a! he!/e %he hea% e/ha!"er . /ae

E/#!#3;er4

S%r&/%&ra' e/#!#3;er . a /#e/%#! # e!% h## %&&ar ee3e!%.

%hr#&"h h/h ee a%er $a..e.4 O&%.e # %he %&e. are hea%e '

Eha&.% &e "a.e.4 M#re !#4 # water t*+e$3#re e %he hea%

1>


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e/ha!"e .&ra/e4 N#4 # %&e. a! %&e /r#.. .e/%#! are $re-e."!e a.

$er re&re #er $ara3e%er.4

I! %he T-S /&re a#e %he .ha# $#r%#! &.%ra%e. %he ;#!e #

e/#!#3.er4 The hea% a.#re ' ee a%er . e!#%e ' 89e&o:.

).0 WATE5 T6(ES %The.e are a.# e..e!%a #r ee ,a%er a! S%ea3

Cr/&% # #er ,a%er %&e. are e!% #r .%ra"h% h## %&e. %hr#&"h

h/h .%ea3 a%er 3%&re /r/&a%e.4 There are %# %'$e. # a%er %&e.

;4 #!-/#3er a! r.er4 Th. #! /#3er r.er a..e3' . a.# !#!

a. Ea$#ra%#r (#r #er $r#$er)4 I! %he ea$#ra%#r a/%&a .%a%e /ha!"e

r#3 a%er %# .%ea3 #//&r.4 I! %he T-S a"ra3 e.e %he ;#!e #ea$#ra%#r . &.%ra%e4 VBea . %he hea% a.#re ' ea$#ra%#r4 I% .

3a!' %he a%e!% hea% # a$#r;a%#! # a%er4

D#!-/#3er. are %he a%er %&e. %hr#&"h h/h a%er /#3e. #! r#3

.%ea3 r&3 %# 3& r&3 (.ee @"4)4 N# a$#&r &e .h#& # a#!"

%h .a%&ra%e a%er r#3 %he r&3 %# %he #! /#3er.4 Th. re&/e

%he e!.%' ere!/e a! %he $re..&re hea #r !a%&ra /r/&a%#!4

15


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R.er. are %he a%er %&e. %hr#&"h h/h .%ea3 a%er %#-$ha.e 3%&re

a% .a%&ra%#! %e3$era%&re "#e. &$ r#3 3& r&3 %# .%ea3 r&34 R.er.

are &.&a' /#.e %# &r!a/e. he %he #!-/#3er. are aa' r#3 %he

&r!a/e.4

). C45C6LAT4ON % I! a !a%&ra /r/&a%#! #er %he /r/&a%#!.

a/hee ' %he ere!/e ! e!.%'he! %he a%er ! %he #er.

hea%e4 I! !a%&ra /r/&a%#! .%ea3 #er. %he /r/&a%#! # a%er .

' /#!e/%#! /&rre!%. h/h are .e% &$ &r!" %he hea%!" # a%er4 I!

3#.% # %he #er. %here . a !a%&ra /r/&a%#! # a%er %he &!a3e!%a

$r!/$e # h/h . a.e #! %he $r!/$e #Ther3# .$h#!4

).0 S6PE5;EATE5 Q S&$er hea%er . a!#%her 3$#r%a!% $ar% # ee

,a%er a! S%ea3 Cr/&% # #er S&$er-+ea%er . a! 3$#r%a!% ee3e!%

# %he ee a%er-.%ea3 /r/&%4 I% . a./a' a hea% e/ha!"er ! h/h

hea% . %ra!.erre %# %he a%&ra%e .%ea3 %# !/rea.e %. %e3$era%&re4 I!h"h $re..&re #er. 3#re %ha! >0F # %he %#%a hea% . a.#re ' %he

.&$er hea%er.4 The T-S a"ra3 e.e &.%ra%e. %he hea% a.#re '

%he .&$er hea%er a! . e!#%e ' VB.h4

A! !/rea.e ! !e% .%ea3 %e3$era%&re "e. a .%ea' 3$r#e3e!% !/'/e e?/e!/'4 +e!/e %he &!/%#! # .&$er-hea%er . %# ra.e %he #era

16


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e?/e!/'4 I! a%#! % re&/e. %he 3#.%&re /#!%e!% ! %he a%er .%a"e.# %he %&r!e a! %h&. !/rea.e. %he %&r!e !%er!a e?/e!/'4+#eer%he !/rea.e ! %e3$era%&re . 3%e ' %he $r#$er%e. # %he /#!.%r&/%#!3a%era. # #er. a! %&r!e.4 U.&a' %he #$%3&3 %e3$era%&re #.%ea3 . 3a!%a!e >50#C a% %he %&r!e !e%4

T'$e. # .&$erhea%er ! %her3a $#er $a!%Q

1. Pr3ar' .&$erhea%er2. Pa%r#! .&$erhea%er). !a .&$erhea%er

>50W

)!4 Ta!"e!%a

54 Re-e!%r'

-.2 TPE O3 STEAM T65(4NE%

14I3$&.e %&r!e. 24 Rea/%#! %&r!e

14 I3$&.e %&r!eQ A! 3$&.e %&r!e ha. @e !#;;e. %ha% #re!% %he

.%ea3 # !%# h"h .$ee :e%.4 The.e :e%. /#!%a! ."!@/a!% !e%/

e!er"' h/h . /#!er%e !%# .ha% r#%a%#! ' %he &/e%-e .ha$e

r#%#r ae. a. %he .%ea3 :e% /ha!"e. re/%#!4 A $re..&re r#$ #//&r.

a/r#.. #!' %he .%a%#!ar' ae. %h a !e% !/rea.e ! .%ea3 e#/%'

a/r#.. %he .%a"e4 A. %he .%ea3 #. %hr#&"h %he !#;;e %. $re..&re a.

r#3 !e% $re..&re %# %he e% $re..&re (a%3#.$her/ $re..&re #r 3#re

&.&a' %he /#!e!.er a/&&3)4 D&e %# %h. h"h ra%# # e$a!.#! #

.%ea3 %he .%ea3 eae. %he !#;;e %h a er' h"h e#/%'4 The .%ea3

ea!" %he 3#!" ae. ha. a ar"e $#r%#! # %he 3a3&3 e#/%' #

%he .%ea3 he! ea!" %he !#;;e4 The #.. # e!er"' &e %# %h. h"her

e% e#/%' . /#33#!' /ae %he /arr' #er e#/%' #r ea!" #..4

XaeY2UVw

V12 , X .%a"eY

U Vw

H

X eYae> X .%a"e

Rea/%#! T&r!eQ I! %he reaction turbine %he r#%#rae. %he3.ee. are

arra!"e %# #r3 /#!er"e!% !#;;e.4 Th. %'$e # %&r!e 3ae. &.e #

%he rea/%#! #r/e $r#&/e a. %he .%ea3 a//eera%e. %hr#&"h %he !#;;e.

#r3e ' %he r#%#r4 S%ea3 . re/%e #!%# %he r#%#r ' %he @e a!e. #%he .%a%#r4 I% eae. %he .%a%#r a. a :e% %ha% @. %he e!%re /r/&3ere!/e #

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stator


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%he r#%#r4 The .%ea3 %he! /ha!"e. re/%#! a! !/rea.e. %. .$ee

rea%e %# %he .$ee # %he ae.4 A $re..&re r#$ #//&r. a/r#.. #%h %he

.%a%#r a! %he r#%#r %h .%ea3 a//eera%!" %hr#&"h %he .%a%#r a!

e/eera%!" %hr#&"h %he r#%#r %h !# !e% /ha!"e ! .%ea3 e#/%'

a/r#.. %he .%a"e &% %h a e/rea.e ! #%h $re..&re a! %e3$era%&reree/%!" %he #r $er#r3e ! %he r!" # %he r#%#r4

-.) CL4NDE5 A55ENGEMENT 4N STEAM T65(4NE%14 Ta!e3 = /'!er %&r!e2. Ta!e3 > /'!er %&r!e

3ig*re 1

3ig*re 2

a./a' %he .e/#! arra!"e3e!% . &%e &.e& #r %he TPS a!

! KTPS a.# %he' &.e .&/h a ! # arra!"e3e!% #r

"e!era%#!4

-.- T65(4NE LOSSES%

14ADMISSION LOSSES Q! $ra/%/e %he # # .%ea3 %hr#&"h !#;;e.

!#% .e!%r#$/ &% a//#3$a!e %h #..e. h/h e/rea.e %he !e%/

e!er"' # .%ea3 /#3!" #&% # %he !#;;e4

20


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24 Leaa"e #..e. Q S%ea3 eae. %he #er a! rea/he.

%he /#!e!.er a%er $a..!" %hr#&"h %he 3a! ae re"&a%!" ae.

!#;;e. /eara!/e .$a/e. e%ee! !#;;e. a! 3#!" ae. a$hra"3

a! r#%a%!" .ha% e%/4 &r%her %here . ar"e $re..&re ere!/e e%ee!

!.e # .%ea3 %&r!e a! %he a3e!% a! a.# r#3 #!e #/a%#! %#a!#%her #/a%#! a/r#.. %he.e e/e.4

>46 STEAM TURINE LAGOUT O KTPS

-./ STEAM T65(4NE E964PMENT AND A6?4L4A54ES%

>4741 TURINE ROTORQ

A 3&% .%a"e %&r!e are 3a!&a/%&re %h .# #r"e r#%#r are

$re/.e' 3a/h!e r#3 .# a#' .%ee #r"!".4 A! !%e"r%' #r"e r#%#r

$r#e. !/rea.e rea%e' $ar%/&ar' #r h"h .$ee a$$/a%#!.4

21


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The /#3$e%e r#%#r a..e3' . '!a3/a' aa!/e a% #$era%!" .$ee

a! #er .$ee ! a a/&&3 reaer %# e!.&re .ae%' ! #$era%#!4 +"h

aa!/!" /a! a.# re&/e re.&a .%re.. a! %he ee/%. # ae .ea%!"4

>4742 TURINE CASIN*Q %he /a.!" # %&r!e /'!er. . # .3$e

/#!.%r&/%#!. %# 3!3;e a!' .%#r%#! &e %# %e3$era%&re /ha!"e.4

The' are /#!.%r&/%e ! %# hae. (%#$ a! #%%#3) a#!" a h#r;#!%a

:#!% .# %ha% %he /'!er . ea.' #$e!e #r !.$e/%#! 3a!%e!a!/e4

>474= TURINE LADESQT&r!e ae. are # %# a./ %'$e. ae. a!

!#;;e.4 ae. 3#e e!%re' &e %# %he 3$a/% # .%ea3 #! %he3 a!

%her $r#@e. # !#% /#!er"e4 Th. re.&%. ! a .%ea3 e#/%' r#$ a!

e..e!%a' !# $re..&re r#$ a. .%ea3 3#e. %hr#&"h %he ae.4 A

22


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%&r!e /#3$#.e # ae. a%er!a%!" %h @e !#;;e. . /ae

a! 3$&.e %&r!e C&r%. %&r!e Ra%ea& %&r!e #r r#!-C&r%.

%&r!e4 N#;;e. a$$ear .3ar %# ae. &% %her $r#@e. /#!er"e !ear

%he e%4 Th. re.&%. ! a .%ea3 $re..&re r#$ a! e#/%' !/rea.e a.

.%ea3 3#e. %hr#&"h %he !#;;e.4 N#;;e. 3#e &e %# #%h %he 3$a/%# .%ea3 #! %he3 a! %he rea/%#! &e %# %he h"h-e#/%' .%ea3 a% %he

e%4 A %&r!e /#3$#.e # 3#!" !#;;e. a%er!a%!" %h @e !#;;e.

. /ae a rea/%#! %&r!e#r Par.#!. %&r!e4

>474> TURINE COUPLIN*Q ,%h 3&% /'!er %&r!e. % . !e/e..ar' %#

hae .#3e 3e%h# # /#!!e/%!" !&a /'!er r#%#r.4 I% . a.# a

re&re3e!% %# /#!!e/% %he %&r!e. % . !e/e..ar' %# hae .#3e 3e%h## /#!!e/%!" !&a /'!er. %# /#!!e/% %he %&r!e %# %he a%er!a%#r

r#%#r4 %# a/hee %he.e /#!%#!. e &.e a e/e !#! a. a /#&$!"4

The.e /#&$!" 3&.% e /a$ae # %ra!.3%%!" hea' #a. a! ! .#3e

%&r!e. are re&re %# a//#33#a%e #r aa e$a!.#! a!

/#!%ra/%#!4

ee /#&$!"

2=


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S# .ha% /#&$!"

>4745 TURINE EARIN*SQ

14 JOURNAL EARIN*Q The %&r!e r#%#r a .&$$#r%e ' %# :#&r!a

ear!".4 #%h %he !#41 a! !#42 ear!". are #&e %%!" $a %'$e4

TAPPERED LAND T+URST EARIN*SQ The %hr&.% ear!" . #/a%e #! %he

3a! .ha% # %he %&r!e !e$e!e!%' 3#&!%e !.e %he .%a!ar %he

%hr&.% ear!" a.#r. %he aa %hr&.%4

2>


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>4746 TURINE SEALIN* SGSTEMQ A La'r!%h .ea . a %'$e # 3e/ha!/a

.ea %ha% $r#e. a %#r%&. $a%h %# he$ $ree!% eaa"e4 A La'r!%h

.ea 3a' e /#3$#.e # 3a!' "r##e. %ha% $re.. %"h%' !.e a!#%her

ae #r !.e a h#e4

La'r!%h .ea are &%;e a. e! "a a! a.# !%er .%a"e .ea.4

S%a%#!ar' a'r!%h .ea. are .%a!ar #r a 3&%.%a"e %&r!e. a!

"r##e. are 3a/h!e #! %he r#%a%!" $ar% %# 3$r#e .ea!" ee/%4

>48 TURINE SUPERISARG INSTRUMENT AND STREAM CONTROLQ

T&r!e .&$er.#r' !.%r&3e!% (TSI) . a "e!er/ %er3 &.e ! $#er

"e!era%#! !&.%r'. reer. %# !.%r&3e!%a%#! .'.%e3 %ha% .$e/a'

$er#r3 3ea.&re3e!% # /r%/a /#!%r# $ara3e%er. #! ar"e .%ea3

%&r!e "e!era%#r %ra!.4

The ##!" are 3ea.&re ! .&$er.#r' .'.%e3 # %&r!eQ

14 ra%#!24 Thr&.% ear!" ear=4 Eha&.% h## %e3$>4 O .'.%e3 $re..&re54 ear!" a! # ra! %e3$64 She %e3$74 ae $#.%#!.84 She a! r#%#r ere!%a e$a!.#!4 +2 %e3$era%&re a! $re..&re104 T&r!e "a! .ea!" $re..&re

25


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STEAM CONTROLQ

MAIN STEAM STOP ALEQ The Ma! .%ea3 .%#$ ae . #/a%e ! %he

3a! .%ea3 $$!" e%ee! %he #er a! %he #&%e% $$!" %# %&r!e

/a.!" %he 3a! .%#$ ae ha. #!e !e% a! %# e!%/a #&%e% $$e

/#!!e/%#!.4

The $r3ar' #r &!/%#! # 3a! .%ea3 .%#$ ae . %# &/' .h&% #

%he .%ea3 #4

T+E CONTROL ALE Q %he /#!%r# ae are arra!"e !%# a! &$$er a!

#er ae "r#&$ %h ea/h 3#&!%e #! /#33#! /he.% h/h . a!

!%e"ra $ar% # %he &$$er a! #er %&r!e #&%er .he. 4

C a3%. .%ea3 r#3 a&e /he.% # %. "r#&$ %# !&a !#;;e #4

26


27/68


T+E INTERCEPT ALEQ

4.9 THE TURBINE GOVERNING COINTROL:The /#!%r# # a %&r!e %h

a "#er!#r . e..e!%a a. %&r!e. !ee %# e r&! &$ .#' %# $ree!%

a3a"e a! .#3e a$$/a%#!. (.&/h a. %he "e!era%#! # a%er!a%!"

/&rre!% ee/%r/%') re&re $re/.e .$ee /#!%r#4 U!/#!%r#e

a//eera%#! # %he %&r!e r#%#r /a! ea %# a! #er. $ee %r$ h/h

/a&.e. %he !#;;e ae. %ha% /#!%r# %he # # .%ea3 %# %he %&r!e %#/#.e4 I %h. a. %he! %he %&r!e 3a' /#!%!&e a//eera%!" &!% %

rea. a$ar% #%e! /a%a.%r#$h/a'4 T&r!e. are e$e!.e %# 3ae

re&r!" $re/.#! 3a!&a/%&re a! .$e/a &a%' 3a%era.4

D&r!" !#r3a #$era%#! ! .'!/hr#!;a%#! %h %he ee/%r/%' !e%#r

$#er $a!%. are "#er!e %h a @e $er/e!% r##$ .$ee /#!%r#4 Th.

3ea!. %he & #a .$ee . 100F a! %he !#-#a .$ee . 105F4 Th. .

re&re #r %he .%ae #$era%#! # %he !e%#r %h#&% h&!%!" a! r#$-

#&%. # $#er $a!%.4 N#r3a' %he /ha!"e. ! .$ee are 3!#r4A:&.%3e!%. ! $#er #&%$&% are 3ae ' .#' ra.!" %he r##$ /&re

' !/rea.!" %he .$r!" $re..&re #! a /e!%r&"a "#er!#r4 *e!era' %h.

. a a./ .'.%e3 re&re3e!% #r a $#er $a!%. e/a&.e %he #er a!

!eer $a!%. hae %# e /#3$a%e ! re.$#!.e %# %he !.%a!%a!e#&.

/ha!"e. ! re&e!/' %h#&% e$e!!" #! #&%.e /#33&!/a%#!4

27


28/68


5. CONDENSER&

541 De@!%#! # /#!e!.erQ S%ea3 /#!e!.er . a e/e ! h/h

%he eha&.% .%ea3 r#3 .%ea3 %&r!e . /#!e!.e ' 3ea!. #

/##!" a%er4 The 3a! $&r$#.e # a .%ea3 /#!e!.er ! %&r!e . %#

3a!%a! a # a/ $re..&re #! %he eha&.% .e # %he .%ea3 %&r!e4

A%er reea.!" r#3 !#;;e. %he .%ea3 ha. %# e$a! %# a "rea% e%e!%

#r /#!er%!" aaae e!er"' !%# % %# &.ae 3e/ha!/a #r4 S#

%he .%ea3 a%er #!" %. #r #e. !#% "e% /#!e!.e % !#% "e

re&re .$a/e %# #%her .%ea3 eh! % %# e$a! %# %. re&re

#&3e4

C#!e!.a%#! # .%ea3 ! a /#.e .'.%e3 /rea%e. a! e3$%' $a/e '

re&/%#! # #&3e # %he # $re..&re .%ea34 I% . #&! %ha% 1 K" #

r' .%ea3 a% 140== " 9 /32a.#&%e $re..&re ha. a #&3e # 1467=

3=he! % . /#!e!.e !%# a%er a% 100C ! a .%ea3 /#!e!.er %.

#&3e e/#3e. 040010>> 3=4 The #&3e # .%ea3 #& e %h&.

1916>> $ar%. # %he .$a/e !.e %he e..e a! %he $re..&re #& a

%# 042 " 9 /32a.#&%e $re..&re4 Th. 3ea!. $re..&re ! %he eha&.%# %he %&r!e a. %# 042 " 9 /32r#3 140== " 9 /324

28


29/68


ELEMENTS O STEAM CONDENSER Q

1) C#!e!.er /ha3er here .%ea3 "e%. /#!e!.e4

2) C##!" a%er .&$$' h/h $r#e. /# a%er %# /#!e!.e

.%ea3 ' hea% e/ha!"!"4

=) ,e% Ar $&3$. The' /#e/% /#!e!.e .%ea3 %he ar a! &!-

/#!e!.e a%er a$#&r a! "a.e. r#3 /#!e!.er4

>) +#% e- ! h/h %he /#!e!.e .%ea3 . /#e/%e a! r#3 %

.%ea3 #er ee a%er 3a' e %ae! re&re4

542 ,ORKIN* O A CONDENSERQ

The 3a! hea% %ra!.er 3e/ha!.3 ! a .&ra/e /#!e!.er . %he

/#!e!.!" # .a%&ra%e .%ea3 #! %he #&%.e # .a%&ra%e .%ea3 #! %he

#&%.e #! %he %&e. a! %he hea%!" # %he /r/&a%!" a%er !.e %he

%&e.4

Th&. #r a "e! /r/&a%!" a%er #. ra%e %he a%er !e% %e3$era%&re

%# %he /#!e!.er e%er3!e. %he #$era%!" $re..&re # %he /#!e!.er a.

%h. %e3$era%&re . e/rea.e a! $re..&re . a.# e/rea.e4 A.e./re a#e %he e/rea.e ! %he $re..&re !/rea.e $a!% #&%$&%

a! %he e?/e!/' # $#er $a!%4

S#3e !#!-/#!e!.ae "a.e. 3&.% e e!%e #&% r#3 %he /#!e!.er4

2


30/68


54= UNCTION O CONDENSER IN PO,ER CGCLEQ

14 &!/%#! # /#!e!.er . %# /rea%e a a/&&3 ' /#!e!.!" .%ea3

24 Re3#!" ..#e !#! /#!e!.ae "a.e. r#3 %he /#!e!.a%e

.%ea3

=4 C#!.er!" %he /#!e!.a%e #r re &.e a. %he ee a%er #r .&$$'

>4 Pr#!" a ea %"h% arrer e%ee! %he h"h "rae /#!e!.a%e

/#!%a!e %h!

54 Pr#!" a ea-%"h% arrer a"a!.% !"re.. $ree!%!" e/e.. a/

$re..&re %&r!e4

=0


31/68


54> CONENSER ASSOCIATIE EBUIPMENT AND T+EIR UNCTION Q

14 CEP- C#!e!.a%e r#3 /#!e!.er h#% e . $&3$e %hr#&"h 3a!

e:e/%#r. *a! /##er 1 LP hea%er !#1 *a! /##er !# 2LP hea%er. 2=

a! > &$ %# DE aera%#r ' =Z50F /a$/%' /#!e!.a%e e%ra/%#! $&3$. 4

N#r3a' %# $&3$. e ! #$era%#! #r "e!era%!" 210 M, 4

I% . a.# &.e ' ere!% $&r$#.eQ

14 Sea!" # ae. %h "a! .ea424 #r LP '$a.. %e3$ /#!%r#=4 #r /##!" #! %he .%ea3 &3$e ! .%ea3 %hr# # r#3 LP

'$a.. ae.4

24 L4P4 hea%er !#->- e%ra/%#! !# > . e%ra/%#! r#3 IP %&r!e a! .

/#!!e/%e %# LP hea%er !# > %h !#r3a $ara3e%er. # 645

a%a9H/ 4I% . $r#e %h h'ra&/a' #$era%e NR ES- !ear e%ra/%#!

$#!% a! 3#%#r;e "a%e ae ES-12 !ear hea%er /#!!e/%#!4

Lea # .%ea3 r#3 IP %&r!e r#!% a! +P %&r!e rear . e !%#

e%ra/%#! !#-> .%ea3 %hr#&"h .#a%!" ae AS->0 < AS-= 4

=4L4P +ea%er !#-=- E%ra/%#! !#-= . %hr e%ra/%#! r#3 IP T&r!e a!

. /#!!e/%e %# LP hea%er !#-= %h !#r3a $ara3e%er. 247 a%a926=H/ 4

>4 L4P +ea%er !#-2 --- e%ra/%#! !#-2 . %he #&r%h e%a/%#! r#3 LP

%&r!e a! . /#!!e/%e %# LP hea%er !#-2 %h !#r3a $ara3e%er.

1=72918= HC

54 L4P +ea%er !#-1 /#!..%. %h "e!era $ara3e%er 4

=1


32/68


64 *C- 1 ("a! /##er) "a! /##er !#-2 ra. ea # .%ea3 r#3

%hr $#/e% r#3 ar .e # +P a! IP %&r!e "a!.4 The .%ea3 .e #

%he "a! /##er NO-2 . a.# /#!!e/%e %# 3a! /#!e!.er 4*a! /##er

!#-2 %#"e%her %h %he =r$#/e% # %he %&r!e "a!. . %h&. aa'.

3a!%a!e a% 3a! /#!e!.er a/&&3 4

74 *C-2 --- *a! /##er !&3er 1 ra. # .%ea3 r#3 %he 1.%$#/e%

r#3 ar .e # +PIPLP %&r!e a! ar .e ea # .%ea3 r#3 ES

+PC I a! IPC4 I% e3$#'. a .3a e:e/%#r #r h/h %he #r!"

3e&3 . .%ea3 # # $ara3e%er. h/h /a! e %ae! e%her r#3

Deara%#r #r TAS .#&r/e4

546 A RIE IDEA O C, SGSTEMQ A% & #a #$era%#! # %he &!% a#&%

>80 T9hr # .%ea3 . eha&.%e !%# %# .&ra/e /#!e!.er 4 A#&%

27000T9hr # /##!" a%er . re&re #r /#!e!.!" %h. eha&.% .%ea3 4

The /##!" a%er . re&re #r /#!e!.!" %h. eha&.% .%ea3 4 %he

/##!" a%er . .&$$e ' %hree !#. # ==F /a$a/%' er%/a 3e #

$&3$ # 000T9hr4 /a$a/%' ea/h 4

18 !#. # /r/&a%!" $&3$. # a . &!%. are #/a%e ! %he /#33#! C4,

$&3$ +#&.e a! %ae .&/%#! r#3 %he /#33#! C4, a.! 4 Ea/h C4,

$&3$ . $r#e %h .e$ara%e .&/%#! r#3 %he /#33#! C4, a.! 4Ea/h /4 $&3$ . $r#e %h .e$ara%e .&/%#! a' %h .#a%!" "a%e 4

A %he $&3$ ./har"e !%# %he /#33#! 242 3 a C4, heaer .&$$'!"

%# %# %he %! /#!e!.er4 %he !#r3a !e% a! #&%e% # %he /#!e!.er4 The

!#r3a !e% a! #&%e% # %he /#!e!.er are %hr#&"h %he #%%#3 a! %#$

re.$e/%e'4 I! !e% a! #&% e% %here are 3#%#r #$era%e &%%er' ae.4

The h#% a%er #&%e% r#3 %he /#!e!.er ./har"!" !%# 242 3 a 4 P$e

%ae! %# /##!" a%er %#er $r#e #r ea/h &!% # =2000 T9h

/a$a/%e.4 The /##!" %#er . !&/e ra% /r#.. # %'$e /#!..%!" #8 !#. /e.4 The a%er e!%er %he .%r&%!" heaer a% %#er %#$ #.

=2


33/68


!%# .%r&%!" a.! h/h #r3. %he r## # %he %#er %hr#&"h

!&a ra!/h $$e. %# ea/h /e %h ae4 The a%er #. #! %#

## @ %hr#&"h %he !#;;e. $r#e #! %he a.!4 The r$$!" !

r#$e%. %hr#&"h %he @ /#e/%. a% #%%#3 a.!4 The ar #!" a/r#..

%he a%er .%ea3 ar#&! %he ## @ . .&/e ' %he a! a% %he %#$ a!./har"!" !%# a%3#.$here4 The /##e a%er /#e/%e a% #%%#3 a.!

#. a/ %# C4, a.! %hr#&"h %he !&a %&!!e # ea/h &!% %#

/#33#! %&!!e4

547 AC, SGSTEMQ T# !&3er. # $&3$. are &.e ! AC, .'.%e3 #r

/##!" $&r$#.e 4ea/h $&$ /a$a/%' # 2500 m3

9hr4 4I% a.# "#e. %hr#&"h

%he hea% e/ha!"er a! %he a%er &.e here . a./a' DM a%er4

6. COAL HANDLING PLANT

.1 DEINATION O COAL +ANDLIN* PLANTQC+P (C- C#a +- +a!!" P-

Pa!%)

Th. $r#$er' ha!e. %he /#a r#3 %. re/e$% %# %ra!.err!" % %# &!er.4

OJECTIE O COAL +ANDLIN* PLANTQ

14 T# .&$$' %he &a!%a # $r#/e..e /#a %# &!er. # C#a 3. #r

#er #$era%#!4

24 T# .%a/ %he /#a %# /#a 'ar4

642 *ENERAL LAGOUT O C+PQ

64= SECTIONS O C+PQ

==


34/68


14 Ma!a"e3e!% # /#a

24 Tra!.$#r%a%#! # %he C#a

=4 +a!!" # /#a

14 Ma!a"e3e!% # /#aQ

14 Ce!%ra "#er!3e!%

24 CIL

=4 ,CL

>4 Raa'

24 TRANSPORTION O COALQ

14r#aa' 24raa'

=4r#$ea'

,A*ON TIPPLERSQ a"#! %$$er. are a./a' %# %'$e. e./re

e#-

645 OPERATION CGCLE OR COAL UNLODIN* Q +ere . a e # /#a

&!#a!" # %he KTPS r#3 3e/hea a! #a"ha%4

Dra!" # KTPS 'ar are e# Q

=>


35/68

M EC ;E DA @K OL A

G ;A TS t at ion

S e& *r i t=

G at e

L o a"

P la& em en t+ =

5 a i lw a=

A tK T P

S2 a r

"

K T P SE n g i n e

a t ta & h m en t

A ir

5 elea $e

5 a e

$ h *n t in gf o r' la& em en ta t

T @;B

W T


The basic operation cycle of coal unloading are described below.

645 LAGOUT O KTPS COAL +ANDLIN* PLANTQ

=5


36/68


646 OPERATIONS CGCLE C+PQ

14 &!er!" /'/e

24 S%a/!" /'/e # C+P

=4 Re/a3!" /'/e # C+P

14 &!er!" /'/e # KTPSQ OR ,A*ONS are $a/e #! %he %ra/

h#$$er. /#!..%!" # 52 !#. h#$$er. # 80 %#!. /a$a/%'4 The !-3#%#!

e"hr"e .%&a%e a% $re %ra/ h#$$er e"h a! re/#r %he e"h%. #

#r a"#!.4 ,he! %he "a%e. # are #$e!e ' !%r#&/!" /#3$re..ear ! a/%&a /'!er /#a ! %he h#$$er4 +#$$er. are /#ere '

"ra%!". # (=00Z=00) 33 .;e 4#er.;e # /#a are r#e! 3a!&a'

!%# .3aer $e/e.4 Th. /#a . %he! e %# /#!e'#r. 2A91 < 291 '

$#&"h eeer. a! .&.e&e!%' /#!e'e %# %he .&r"e h#$$er.4 r#3

S&r"e h#$$er.4 r#3 .&r"e h#$$er. /#a . %ae! %# %he ra%!" eeer.

%hr#&"h R# "a%e. a! ra/ $!#! "a%e.4 ee!" # /#a . /' ra%!"

eeer. (D-> 50 51 52) r#3 here % . e %# /#!e'#r. 2A 2

2C


37/68


N# %h. /#!e'#r. e%. e =A==C A>>C>D a! %he $r#/e.. . "#e. %# .%a/er 'ar # %he

/'/e4

24 STACKIN* PROCESSQ 6A 66C are 'ar /#!e'#r. %h a .%a/er /&3

re/a3er #! ea/h # %he3 4he ee!" /#a %# %he &!er. %he.e .%a/er

/&3 re/a3er re3a! ! re/% 3#e %here' %he SR.6A ee. /#a %#

/#! 7A9797C97 ' .&%ae $#.%#!!" %he a$ "a%e. *-=*-11a!

*-=84.3ar' 66C ee. /#a %# re3a!!" /ha!. 4

=4 RECLAIMIN* PROCESSQ %he /r&.he /#a r#3 %he .%#/ $e /a! a.# e

re/a3e %hr#&"h %he h#$$er. #er %he /#!e'#r -7A77C a! 7D 4

%he.e h#$$er. are e&$$e %h ra/ a! $!#! "a%e.4 C#a r#3 'ar -2

. e ! %he h#$$er. # ra%#r. N#-17 1812021222=2> ' #;er4 I!

%he .a3e a' #;er ee!" . #!e r#3 'ar !#-=4

A a./ /'/e #r re/a3!" $r#/e..Q

=7


38/68


647 EBUIPMENTS USED IN C+P OPERATIONSQ

14 P& /h#r .%/hQ A .ere. .&/h .%/he. are arra!"e ! .ere. a%

a 13 .%a!/e #! %he .e # /#!e'#r e%4

24 ra%!" eeerQ The /#a .%#re ! a h&"e h& . /#e/%e #! %hee% %hr#&"h ra%#!. /rea%e ' %he ra%!" eeer.4

=4 a$ *a%e.Q The.e are &.e %# /ha!!e;e %he r#&%e # /#a

%hr#&"h a!#%her ! /a.e %he #r3er . r#e! #r &!hea%h'4 The a$ "a%e.

#$e! e% %he /#a $a.. a! % /#.e .%#$ 3#e3e!%4

>4 Ma"!e%/ .e$ara%#rQ The.e are &.e %# .e$ara%e %he err#&.

3$&r%e. r#3 %he /#a4

I4 INMS-! !e 3a"!e%/ .e$ara%#rII4 CMS-/r#.. e% 3a"!e%/ .e$ara%#r

4

54Me%a e%e/%#rQTh. e%e/% %he $re.e!/e # a!' err#&. a!

!#!-err#&. 3e%a ! %he /#a a! .e!. a .!"!a %# a rea' h/h /#.e.

%# .e;e %he 3#e3e!% # e% &!% %he 3e%a . re3#e 4 I% a./a'

/#!..%. # a %ra!.3%%er a! re/eer4

64 e% e"h%erQ % . &.e %# ee$ a//#&!% # %he %e!.#! #! %he e%

/arr'3" /#a a! . 3#e. a//#r!"' %# reea.e %e!.#! #! %he e%4

74 Re/a3 +#$$er.Q Re/a3a%#! . a $r#/e.. # %a!" /#a r#3 %he

ea .%#ra"e #r $re$ara%#! #r &r %her ee!" %# re/a3!" h#$$er.4

Th. . a//#3$.he ' %he e% /#!e'#r.4

84 C#!e'#r e%. Q

4IDLERS Q C#!..%. # = r#er. 4rr#er. are @%%e %h ear!". 9Le.eae ear!". 4

=8


39/68


%%!" arra!"e3e!%Q

14 e24 e%a/hae

104P&e'. Q The.e are hea' /a.% r#! r!" $&e'. are a/e %h er## #r

.3er r/%#!a 3a%era. 4

64 COAL ANALGSIS Q

I4 Pr#3a%e a!a'..II4 U%3a%e a!a'..

7.ASH HANDLING PLANT

741 De@!%#! # a.h ha!!" $a!% Q The a.h ha!!" .'.%e3

ha!e. %he a.h ' #%%#3 a.h ha!!" .'.%e3 /#ar.e a.h ha!!"

.'.%e3 ' a.h ha!!" .'.%e3 a.h .$#.a .'.%e3 &$ %# %he a.h

.$#.a area a! a%er re/#er' .'.%e3 r#3 a.h $#! a! #%%#3

a.h #er#4

742 *e!era a"ra3 # a.h ha!!" $a!%Q

=


40/68


74= Re&re3e!% # a.h ha!!" $a!%Q

I4 I! Ther3a P#er Pa!%. /#a . "e!era' &.e a. &e a!

he!/e %he a.h . $r#&/e a. %he '$r#&/% # C#3&.%#!4II4 A.h "e!era%e ! $#er $a!% . a#&% =0->0F # %#%a /#a

/#!.&3$%#! a! he!/e %he .'.%e3 . re&re %# ha!e A.h

#r %. $r#$er &%;a%#! #r .$#.a4

74> Par%. # a.h ha!!" $a!%Q

14 #%%#3 a.h ha!!" $a!%Q #%%#3 a.h re.&%!" r#3 %he

/#3&.%#! # /#a ! %he #er a. !%# %he #er "r#&! rera/%#r' !ea%er 3$#&!e 3a!%a!e ee #&e -Se/%#! %'$e9 , %'$e .%ee-

ar/a%e #%%#3 a.h h#$$er ha!" a h# &$ #&3e %# .%#re #%%#3

a.h a! e/#!#3;er a.h # 3a3&3 a#ae /#!%#! %h %he ra%e

.$e/@e4 The .&rr' #r3e . %ra!.$#r%e %# .&rr' .&3$ %hr#&"h $$e.4

>0


41/68


24 C#ar.e a.h ha!!" $a!%Q A.h "e!era%e ! E/#!#3;er h#$$er.

. ea/&a%e /#!%!&.' %hr#&"h &.h!" #e.4

C#!%!&. "e!era%e E/#!#3;er .&rr' . e ' "ra%' !%#

re.$e/%e #%%#3 a.h h#$$er $$e. %h !e/e..ar' .#$e4

=4 Ar $re hea%er a.h ha!!" $a!%Q A.h "e!era%e r#3 AP+

h#$$er. . ea/&a%e #!/e ! a .h% ' a/&&3 /#!e'!" .'.%e3/#!!e/%e %h %he ESP h#$$er a/&&3 /#!e'!" .'.%e34

>4 ' a.h ha!!" $a!%Q ' a.h . /#!.ere %# e /#e/%e ! ESP

+#$$er.4

' a.h r#3 ee/%r#.%a%/ $re/$%a%#r. #r ar/ a" @%er. (#r.#3e%3e. #%h) #/a%e a% %he #&%e% # %he &r!a/e a! e#re %he

!&/e ra% a! . e%ra/%e ' a/&&3 P&3$.4

>1


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745 A.h .&rr' .$#.a .'.%e3Q #%%#3 A.h .&rr' ' a.h .&rr' a!

%he C#ar.e A.h .&rr' .ha e $&3$e r#3 %he /#33#! a.h .&rr'.&3$ &$ %# %he 'e area h/h . #/a%e a% a .%a!/e r#3 S&rr'

$&3$ h#&.e4

'. DM WATER SYSTEM AND CHEMICAL PLANT IN DM PLANT ANDCHEMICAL LABORATORY&

841 S#&r/e. # a%er ! DM $a!%Q I! K#a"ha% Ther3a $#er .%a%#!

a%er are .&$$e ! DM Pa!%-

14 R&$ Nara'a! Rer

24 U!er"r#&! a%er

842 I3$&r%e. ! a%erQ I!.#&e 3$&r%e. are er' ar"e' 3e%a

#e. ere r#3 /#rr#.#! # %he $a!% %.e $ar%/&ar' %he3a%era. # /#!.%r&/%#! # %he /#!e!.er a! ee .'.%e3.4 S&/h

/#rr#.#! . 3!3.e ' 3a!%a!!" %he ee a%er a% a! aa!e $+

a! ' re3#!" ..#e #'"e! #! %# er' # /#!/e!%ra%#!.4S#&e 3$&r%e. ! ee a%er 3#.% re&e!%' ar.e r#3 ! eaa"e

# /##!" a%er r#3 /#!e!.er. a! #%her /##er. &% /a! a.#

re.&%. r#3 $##r &a%' # 3ae-&$ a%er4

84= I3$#r%a!/e # a%er %rea%3e!%Q

I4 T# $ree!% ./a!" #! .%rea3 "e!era%!" .&ra/e

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II4 T# "e ae&a%e $r#%e/%#! %# ar#&. 3e%a/ .&ra/e r#3

/#rr#.#! a%%a/III4 T# $ree!% %&r!e a! %. a&4I4 T# a/hee hea% &%;a%#!

84> S%a"e. # a%er %rea%3e!%Q

I4 Pre-%rea%3e!% $a!%II4 De3!era;a%#! $a!%

84>41 Pre-%rea%3e!% $a!% Q A # /har% /a! e $re.e!%e re"ar!" %h.

$re %rea%3e!% $a!% # %her3a $#er .%a%#!4

14 C#a"&a%#!

24 #//&a%#!

=4 Se3e!%a%#!

>4 %ra%#!

54 D.!e/%#!

14C#a"&a%#!Q I% . %he $r#/e.. # e.%a;a%#! ' /har"e !e&%ra;a%#! 4

O!/e !e&%ra;e $ar%/e. !# #!"er re$e ea/h #%her a! /a! e

r#&"h% %#"e%her 4 C#a"&a%#! . !e/e..ar' #r %he re3#a # /##a

.;e .&.$e!e 3a%%er4

24#//&a%#!Q #//&a%#! . %he $r#/e.. # r!"!" %#"e%her %he

e.%a;e #r

C#a"&a%e $ar%/e. %# #r3 a ar"er a""#3era%#! #r #/4

=4Se3e!%a%#! QSe3e!%a%#! reer. %# %he $h'./a re3#a #.&.$e!.#! #r .e%%!" %ha% #//&r. #!/e %he $ar%/e. ha. ee!

/#a"&a%e a! #//&a%e4

>4 %erra%#!Q The $r#/e.. # $a..!" a%er %hr#&"h a @%er %# re3#e

$ar%/e.4 I! a%er %rea%3e!% %he @%er 3a%era . %'$/a' .a!

.#3e%3e. %h a a'er # a!%hra/%e (/#a) a#e

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54 D.!e/%#!Q The $r#/e.. # !" .ea.e-/a&.!" 3/r##r"a!.3.4

C#33#!' Ch#r!e . &.e a. a .!e/%a!% ! $re-%rea%3e!% # a%er4

84>42 DEMINARALI[ATION PLANTQ

DEMINERALI[ATION G ION- E\C+AN*E PROCESS------

I#! e/ha!"e . %he reer.e !%er/ha!"e # #!. e%ee! a .# (#!

e/ha!"e 3a%era) a! a & ! h/h %here . !# $er3a!e!% /ha!"e !

%he .%r&/%&re # %he .#4 I#! e/ha!"e . &.e ! a%er %rea%3e!% a!

a.# $r#e. a 3e%h# # .e$ara%#! #r 3a!' $r#/e..e. !#!" #%her

&.4 I% ha. .$e/a &%%' ! /he3/a .'!%he.. 3e/a re.ear/h ##

$r#/e..!" 3!!" a"r/&%&re a! a are%' # #%her area.4 The &%%' #

#! e/ha!"e re.%. %h %he a%' %# &.e a! re&.e %he #! e/ha!"e

3a%era4

ACTIATED CARON ILTER (AC)QA/%. #! $r!/$e # a.#r$%#! h/h . a.&ra/e a/%e $he!#3e!#! 4I% re3#e. re.&a %&r%' (]2 NTU) # a%er

%# %. 1910 ee4I% re3#e. #r"a!/ 3#e/&e. %# /#!%r# /##r a! ##r4

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,EAK ACID CATION (,AC)Q,ea a/ /a%#! e/ha!"e re.!. ere %here/ha!"e a/%%' r#3 a /ar#'/ "r#&$ (-COO+)4 ,he! #$era%e ! %he

h'r#"e! #r3 ,AC re.!. re3#e /a%#!. %ha% are a..#/a%e %h

aa!%' $r#&/!" /ar#!/ a/4

STRON* ACID CATION (SAC)Q SAC re.!. /a! !e&%ra;e .%r#!" a.e. a!

/#!er% !e&%ra .a%. !%# %her /#rre.$#!!" a/.4SAC re.!. ere %her

&!/%#!a%' r#3 .!/ a/ "r#&$. (+SO=^)4 ,he! &.e !

e3!era;a%#! SAC re.!. re3#e !ear' a ra a%er /a%#!.

re$a/!" %he3 %h h'r#"e! #!.4

DE*ASIIERQ I! a%er e3!era;a%#! a e"a.@er #r e"a..er . #%e!

&.e %# re3#e ..#e /ar#! #e a%er /a%#! e/ha!"e4 The 3#.%

/#33#! e"a..er. are # %he .#-/ae #r/e ra% #r a%3#.$her/ %'$e4

A%

er /a%#! e/ha!"e %he /ar#!a%e a! /ar#!a%e ( a!') #!. are

/#!er%e %# /ar#!/ a/ #r /ar#! #e4 CO2. .#&e ! a%er &%

% %e!. %# e./a$e !%# %he ar 3&/h a. % #e. ! a "a.. # C# r!

he! '#& .%r %4 U.!" a e"a..er %# re3#e CO2re&/e. %he #!/ #a #!

%he .%r#!" a.e a!#! re.! a! %he /#!.&3$%#! # /a&.%/ .#a . %h&.

#er4

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9. GENERATOR *e!era%#r #r %he a%er!a%#r a. % &.a' /ae . %he

ee/%r/a e! # a %&r# "e!era%#r .e%4 I% . a /'!r/a $#e(T# $#e #r

a 50+; .&$$') .'!/hr#!#&. "e!era%#r4 I% . "e!era' !#! a. %he $e/e

# e&$3e!% %ha% a/%&a' /#!er%. %he 3e/ha!/a e!er"' # %&r!e !%#

"e!era%#! # ee/%r/%' . a.e #! %he $r!/$e # ee/%r#3a"!e%/!&/%#!4

41 Dee#$3e!% # ar"e "e!era%#r.Q I! %he ee#$3e!% # ar"e

"e!era%#r. %he /#.% a! a#&r !#e ! 3a!&a/%&re a! ere/%#! . a

a./ /#!.era%#!4 C#&$e er' /#.e' %h %h. /#!.era%#! . %he

re.%r/%#! ! .;e a! e"h% 3$#.e ' %ra!.$#r% 3%a%#!.4

The e."!er # ar"e %&r# "e!era%#r 3&.% e /#!./#&. # %he $r#e3 #

%he %ra!.$#r%!" hea' #a.4 A%h#&"h %he 3a3&3 %ra!.$#r%ae

e"h% a#e #! ra 9r#a. /#!%!&e %# !/rea.e %h %he 3$#r%a!/e !ra %ra/. 9r#a. %he3.ee. %he 3%a%#!. .% hae %# e #.ere4

A *e!era%#r /#!..%. # %he ##!" 3a! /#3$#!e!%. a! a..#/a%e

.'.%e34

42 a./ /#3$#!e!%. # a "e!era%#r Q

I4 S%a%#rII4 R#%#rIII4 E/%a%#! .'.%e3I4 C##!" .'.%e34 Sea!" .'.%e3

I4 Pr#%e/%#!.

S%a%#rQ The .%a%#r . %he #&%er .%a%#!ar' $ar% # %he 3a/h!e h/h/#!..%. #4 The #&%er /'!r/a ra3e /ae '#eB h/h . 3ae e%her# ee .hee%. .%eeCa.% r#!4 The 3a"!e%/ $a%hB h/h /#3$r.e. a .e% # .#%%e .%eea3!a%#!. /ae .%a%#r /#re $re..e !%# %he /'!r/a .$a/e !.e %he#&%er ra3e4 The 3a"!e%/ $a%h . a3!a%e %# re&/e e' /&rre!%.

re&/!" #..e. a! hea%!"4 CR*O a3!a%#!. #045 33 %h/!e.. are&.e %# re&/e %he r#! #..e.4 A .e% # !.&a%e ee/%r/a !!". are$a/e !.e %he .#%. # %he a3!a%e .%a%#r4

The /r#..-.e/%#!a area # %he.e !!". 3&.% e ar"e e!#&"h #r %he$#er ra%!" # %he 3a/h!e4 #r a =-$ha.e "e!era%#r = .e%. # !!".are re&re #!e #r ea/h $ha.e /#!!e/%e ! .%ar4 "4 1 .h#. #!e .%a%#ra3!a%#! # a .'!/hr#!#&. "e!era%#r4 I! /a.e # "e!era%#r. here %hea3e%er . %## ar"e .%a%#r a3!a%#! /a!!#% e $&!/he ! #! /r/&ar$e/e4 I! .&/h /a.e. %he a3!a%#!. are $&!/he ! .e"3e!%.4 A !&3er# .e"3e!%. are a..e3e %#"e%her %# #r3 #!e /r/&ar a3!a%#!.4 A%he a3!a%#!. are !.&a%e r#3 ea/h #%her ' a %h! a'er # ar!.h4

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S%a%#r !!". a! !.&a%#!Q

ROTORQ I! /a.e # %&r# a%er!a%#r %he r#%#r. are 3a!&a/%&re #r3 .#

.%ee #r"!"4 The r#%#r . .#%%e %# a//#33#a%e %he @e !!"4

N#r3a' %# %hr # %he r#%#r $er$her' . .#%%e %# a//#33#a%e %he

!!" a! %he re3a!!" #!e %hr &!.$#%%e $#r%#! a/%. a. %he $#e4

Re/%a!"&ar .#%. %h %a$er!" %ee%h are 3e ! %he r#%#r4 *e!era'

re/%a!"&ar a&3!&3 #r /#$$er .%r$. are e3$#'e

#r @e !!".4 The @e !!". a! %he #erha!". # %he @e!!". are .e/&re ! $a/e ' .%ee re%a!!" r!". %# $r#%e/% a"a!.%h"h /e!%r&"a #r/e.4 +ar /#3$#.%#! !.&a%#! 3a%era. are &.e !%he .#%. h/h /a! %h .%a! h"h #r/e. .%re..e. a! %e3$era%&re.4Pere/% aa!/!" # %he r#%#r . #!e #r .&/h %'$e # r#%#r.4 Da3$er!!". are $r#e ! %he $#e a/e. # .ae!% $#e a%er!a%#r.4 Da3$er!!". are !#%h!" &% %he /#$$er #r a&3!&3 ar. h#&.e ! %he .#%.# %he $#e a/e.4 The e!. # %he a3$er ar. are .h#r% /r/&%e a% %hee!. ' .h#r% /r/&%!" r!". .3ar %# e! r!". a. ! %he /a.e # .&rre/a"e r#%#r.4 The.e a3$er !!". are .er!" %he &!/%#! # $r#!"3e/ha!/a aa!/e $r#e a3$!" ee/% re&/e %he ee/% # #er#%a"e. a! a3$ #&% h&!%!" ! /a.e # a%er!a%#r.4 I! /a.e #

.'!/hr#!#&. 3#%#r. %he' a/% a. r#%#r ar. a! he$ ! .e-.%ar%!" # %he3#%#r4

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R#%#r !!". a! re%a!!" r!".Q The r#%#r /arre. %he @e !!".4Ser ear!" /#$$er (/#!%a!!" 040=) . &.e #r %he !!". %h 3/aa. %he !.&a%#! e%ee! /#!&/%#r.4 A 3e/ha!/a' S%r#!" !.&a%#r

S&/h A. 3/a!%e . &.e #r !!" %he .#%.4 La%er e."!. # !!"a!"e r#%#r !/#r$#ra%e /#3!a%#!. # h## /#!&/%#r. %h .#%. #h#e. arra!"e %# $r#e #r /r/&a%#! # %he /##!" "a. %hr#&"h %hea/%&a /#!&/%#r.4 ,he! r#%a%!" a% h"h .$ee /e!%r&"a #r/e %re. %#% %he !!" #&% # %he .#%. are /#!%a!e ' &ra&3! a"e.4

R#%#r aa!/!"Q The @!a r#%#r . a! e! $r#&/% # .eera 3a/h!!"#$era%#!. h#eer &e %# !a//&ra/e. ! %he 3a/h!!" #$era%#!./er%a! &!aa!/e . e' %# e !%r#&/e ! %he r#%#r4 I% . %here#re!e/e..ar' %ha% he! /#3$e%e %he r#%#r 3&.% e %a.%e #r 3e/ha!/a

aa!/e4 ,h/h 3ea!. %ha% a /he/ . 3ae %# .ee % r&! &$ %#!#r3a .$ee %h#&% ra%#!.4 I %he re.&a &!aa!/e . # ar"eraa!/e e"h%.4 Arra!"e3e!%. are %here#re 3ae ! a e."!. %# @a:&.%ae aa!/e e"h%. a% ea/h # %he r#%#r4S$ r!" a! r&.h "ear a..e3'Q The .$ r!" a..e3' . 3ae # a#'

.%ee a! !.&a%!" 3a%era4 I% 3&.% .ae%' %h.%a! %he .%re..e. &e %#

/e!%r&"a #r/e. 4#%h %he r!". are 3#&!%e #! a .!"e /#33#! .%ee

&.h4 ,h/h ha. a! !.&a%!" :a/e% $re3#&e #! %4The /#3$e%e &.h

%h .$ r!". . .hr&! #! %he r#%#r .ha%_ The .$ r!". are $r#e

%h !/!e h#e. #r .$ r!". . .hr&! #! %he r#%#r .ha%4 The .$ r!".

are $r#e %h !/!e h#e. #r .e-e!%a%#!.

r&.h "ear . $r#e #! %he e%e!e $ar% # %he ear!" $ee.%a $#!

%he e/%a%#! .e4 r&.h h#er. are @e #! ra.. r!" 3ae ! .&/h a

a' a. %# $r#e .%a""er!" # %he r&.he. a#!" %h .$ r!"4

*e!era%#r C##!" S'.%e3 Q

I4 +'r#"e! C##!" Q

M!3;e ra" - !a"e

Ma3;e "e!era%#r #&%$&%

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M!3;e ee/%r/a 3e/ha!/a a! /#rr#.#! $r#e3.

e%%er hea% %ra!.er

I!/rea.e rea#! #%a"e

II4 *e!era%#r .ea!" .'.%e3Q

Sea!". are e3$#'e %# $ree!% eaa"e # h'r#"e! r#3 %he

.%a%#r a% %he $#!% # r#%#r e%4

The .ea # . a $#r%#! # %he &e # er%e r#3 %he &e #

.'.%e34 I% . %he! e %# a .e$ara%e .'.%e3 # %. #! %h $&3$

3#%#r h'r#"e! e%ra!!" #r a/&&3 e"a..!" e&$3e!% a!

/#!%r#. %# re"&a%e %he $re..&re a! #4

A /#!%!&. @3 e%ee! %he r#%#r /#ar a! .ea !er . 3a!%a!e' %he 3ea!. # # a% a $re..&re h/h . a#&% O45 a%3 a#e %he

/a.!" # h'r#"e! "a. $re..&re4

The %hr&.% $a $r#e. a $#.%e 3a!%e!a!/e # %he # @3

%h/!e..4

III4 *e!era%#r Sea O S'.%e3Q S'.%e3 &!/%#!.Q

S&$$'!" %he "e!era%#r .ha% %h .ea # %h h'r#"e!4

Per3a!e!% 3#!%#r!" a! ere!%a $re..&re re"&a%#! # h'r#"e!

a! #

O .ea 3a!%e!a!/e

ar a! h'r#"e! .e$ara%#! # @%ra%#! %e3$era%&re re"&a%#!

*e!era%#r E/%a%#!Q

The $r#/e.. # "e!era%!" a 3a"!e%/ @e ' 3ea!. # a! ee/%r/

/&rre!% . /ae e/%a%#!4 I% $r#e. $#er %# %he @e !!".

%h&. $r#&/e @e #r r#%#r4

r&.h %'$e e/%er 9 S%a%/ e/%a%#!QR#%#r e ,!!" . /#!!e/%e%# S$ r!" 3#&!%e #! R#%#r4

E/%a%#! . $r#e ' /&rre!% %ra!.er ' /#!%a/% %hr#&"h Car#!

r&.he. S$ r!" a! @e ea4

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r&.h e.. e/%erQ

*e!era%#r Pr#%e/%#!Q

U!er Ee/%r/a Pr#%e/%#! a "e!era%#r . .&:e/%e %# ee/%r/a %ra/e.

3$#.e #! %he !.&a%#! # %he 3a/h!e 3e/ha!/a #r/e. a/%!" #! %he

ar#&. $ar%. # %he 3a/h!e a! %e3$era%&re r.e.4 The.e are %he 3a!

a/%#r. h/h 3ae $r#%e/%#! !e/e..ar' #r %he "e!era%#r #r a%er!a%#r4

Ee! he! $r#$er' &.e a 3a/h!e ! %. $ere/% r&!!!" /#!%#! #e.!#% #!' 3a!%a! %. .$e/@e ra%e $er#r3a!/e #r 3a!' 'ear. &% %

#e. a.# re$ea%e' %h.%a! /er%a! e/e.. # #er #a4 +e!/e

$ree!%e 3ea.&re. 3&.% e %ae! a"a!.% #er#a. a! a!#r3a

/#!%#!. # %he 3a/h!e .# %ha% % /a! .ere .ae'4 De.$%e # .#&!

e?/e!% e."! /#!.%r&/%#! #$era%#! a! $ree!%e 3ea!. #

$r#%e/%#! %he r. # %ha% a&% /a!!#% e /#3$e%e' e3!a%e r#3 a!'

3a/h!e4 The e/e. &.e ! "e!era%#r $r#%e/%#!Be!.&re %he a&%

3ae ea a. &/' a. $#..e4 A! ee/%r/a "e!era%#r /a! e

.&:e/%e %# e%her !%er!a a&% #r e%er!a a&% #r #%h4 The "e!era%#r.are !#r3a' /#!!e/%e %# a! ee/%r/a $#er .'.%e3 he!/e a!' a&%

#//&rre ! %he $#er .'.%e3 .h#& a.# e /eare r#3 %he "e!era%#r

a. .##! a. $#..e #%her.e % 3a' /rea%e $er3a!e!% a3a"e ! %he

"e!era%#r4 The !&3er a! are%' # a&%. #//&r ! "e!era%#r are h&"e4

Tha% . h' "e!era%#r #r a%er!a%#r . $r#%e/%e %h .eera $r#%e/%e

./he3e.4 The "e!era%#r $r#%e/%#! . # #%h ./r3!a%e a! !#!-

./r3!a%e %'$e4 *rea% /are . %# e %ae! ! /##r!a%!" %he .'.%e3.

&.e a! %he .e%%!". a#$%e .# %ha% %he .e!.%e .ee/%e a!

./r3!a%e "e!era%#r $r#%e/%#!./he3e . a/hee4

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Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% I!.&a%#! a&reQ

S%a%#r Ear%h a&% Pr#%e/%#!

R#%#r Ear%h a&% Pr#%e/%#!

Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% S%a%#r Oerhea%!"

L# a/&&3 Pr#%e/%#!

Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% L&r/a%#! O a&re

Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% L#.. # #er r!"

Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% Pr3e M#er a&re

Oer S$ee Pr#%e/%#!

Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% R#%#r D.%#r%#!

Pr#%e/%#! a"a!.% ra%#!

9.RELAY AND SWITCHGEAR AND CIRCUIT BREA"ER&

RELAGQ A rea' . a&%#3a%/ e/e h/h .e!.e. a! a!#r3a /#!%#! #

ee/%r/a /r/&% a! /#.e. %. /#!%a/%.4 The.e /#!%a/%. ! %&r!. /#.e a!

/#3$e%e %he /r/&% reaer %r$ /# /r/&% he!/e 3ae %he /r/&% reaer

%r$$e #r ./#!!e/%!" %he a&%' $#r%#! # %he ee/%r/a /r/&% r#3

re.% # %he hea%h' /r/&%4

Pickup level of actuating signal: The value of actuating uantit! "voltage o#

cu##ent$ %hich i& on th#e&hol' a(ove %hich the #ela! initiate& to (e o)e#ate'.

If the value of actuating uantit! i& inc#ea&e'* the elect#o+agnetic effect of the

#ela! coil i& inc#ea&e' an' a(ove a ce#tain level of actuating uantit! the +oving

+echani&+ of the #ela! ,u&t &ta#t& to +ove.

Reset level:The value of cu##ent o# voltage (elo% %hich a #ela! o)en& it& contact&

an' co+e& in o#iginal )o&ition.

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Operating time of relay --u&t afte# ecee'ing )ic/u) level of actuating uantit!

the +oving +echani&+ "fo# ea+)le #otating 'i&c$ of #ela! &ta#t& +oving an' it

ulti+atel! clo&e the #ela! contact& at the en' of it& ,ou#ne!. The ti+e %hich ela)&e&

(et%een the in&tant %hen actuating uantit! ecee'& the )ic/u) value to the in&tant%hen the #ela! contact& clo&e.

Reset time of relay The ti+e %hich ela)&e& (et%een the in&tant %hen the

actuating uantit! (eco+e& le&& than the #e&et value to the in&tant %hen the #ela!

contact& #etu#n& to it& no#+al )o&ition.

Reach of relay 0 'i&tance #ela! o)e#ate& %heneve# the 'i&tance &een (! the #ela!

i& le&& than the )#e1&)ecifie' i+)e'ance. The actuating i+)e'ance in the #ela! i&the function of 'i&tance in a 'i&tance )#otection #ela!. Thi& i+)e'ance o#

co##e&)on'ing 'i&tance i& calle' #each of the #ela!.

2o%e# &!&te+ )#otection #ela!& can (e catego#i3e' into 'iffe#ent t!)e& of #ela!&.

Ba&e' on Cha#acte#i&tic the )#otection #ela! can (e catego#i3e' a&1

14 De@!%e %3e rea'.

24 I!er.e %3e rea'. %h e@!%e 3!3&3 %3e(IDMT)

=4 I!.%a!%a!e#&. rea'.4

a.e #! # #"/ %he $r#%e/%#! rea' /a! e /a%e"#r;e a.-

14 Dere!%a4

24 U!aa!/e4

=4 Ne&%ra .$a/e3e!%4>4 Dre/%#!a4

54 Re.%r/%e ear%h a&%4

64 Oer &!"4

74 D.%a!/e ./he3e.4

84 &. ar $r#%e/%#!4

4 Reer.e $#er rea'.4

Ther3aQOT %r$ (O Te3$era%&re Tr$) () ,T %r$ (,!!" Te3$era%&re

Tr$) (C) ear!" %e3$ %r$ e%/4

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#a% %'$eQ &/hh#; ,a%er ee C#!%r#.

S,ITC+*EARQ A .%/h"ear #r ee/%r/a .%/h"ear . a "e!er/ %er3h/h !/&e. a %he .%/h!" e/e. a..#/a%e %h 3a!' $#er

.'.%e3 $r#%e/%#!4 I% a.# !/&e. a e/e. a..#/a%e %h /#!%r#

3e%er!" a! re"&a%!" # ee/%r/a $#er .'.%e34 A..e3' # .&/h

e/e. ! a #"/a 3a!!er #r3. a .%/h"ear4 Th. . er' a./

e@!%#!# .%/h"ear.

S%/h"ear ha. %# $er#r3 %he &!/%#! # /arr'!" 3a!" a! rea!"

%he !#r3a #a /&rre!% e a .%/h a! % ha. %# $er#r3 %he &!/%#! #

/ear!" %he a&% ! a%#! %# %ha% % a.# ha. $r#.#! # 3e%er!" a!

re"&a%!" %he ar#&. $ara3e%er. # ee/%r/a $#er .'.%e34 Th&. %he

.%/h"ear !/&e. /r/&% reaer /&rre!% %ra!.#r3er #%a"e

%ra!.#r3er $r#%e/%#! rea' 3ea.&r!" !.%r&3e!% ee/%r/a .%/h

ee/%r/a &.e 3!a%&re /r/&% reaer "h%e!!" arre.%#r #r .&r"e

arre.%#r ee/%r/a .#a%#r a! #%her a..#/a%e e&$3e!%4

CIRCUIT REAKERQ Ee/%r/a /r/&% reaer . a .%/h!" e/e h/h

/a! e #$era%e 3a!&a' a. e a. a&%#3a%/a' #r /#!%r#!" a!

$r#%e/%#! # ee/%r/a $#er .'.%e3 re.$e/%e'4 A. %he 3#er! $#er

.'.%e3 ea. %h h&"e /&rre!%. %he .$a/a a%%e!%#! .h#& e "e!

&r!" e."!!" # /r/&% reaer %# .ae !%err&$%#! # ar/ $r#&/e

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&r!" %he #$era%#! # /r/&% reaer4 Th. a. %he a./ e@!%#! #

/r/&%reaer4

,#r!" Pr!/$e # Cr/&% reaerQ The /r/&% reaer 3a!' /#!..%. #

@e /#!%a/%. a! 3#!" /#!%a/%.4 I! !#r3a `#!` /#!%#! # /r/&%

reaer %he.e %# /#!%a/%. are $h'./a' /#!!e/%e %# ea/h #%her &e %#

a$$e 3e/ha!/a $re..&re #! %he 3#!" /#!%a/%.4 There . a!

arra!"e3e!% .%#re $#%e!%a e!er"' ! %he #$era%!" 3e/ha!.3 #

/r/&% reaer h/h . rea;e .%/h!" ."!a "e! %# %he reaer4

The $#%e!%a e!er"' /a! e .%#re ! %he /r/&% reaer ' ere!% a'.

e ' e#r3!" 3e%a .$r!" ' /#3$re..e ar #r ' h'ra&/

$re..&re4 &% ha%eer %he .#&r/e # $#%e!%a e!er"' % 3&.% e reea.e

&r!" #$era%#!4 Reea.e # $#%e!%a e!er"' 3ae. .!" # %he 3#!"

/#!%a/% a% e%re3e' a.% 3a!!er4 A /r/&% reaer hae #$era%!" /#.

(%r$$!" /#. a! /#.e /#) he!eer %he.e /#. are e!er";e '

.%/h!" $&.e %he $&!"er !.e %he3 .$a/e4 Th. #$era%!" /#

$&!"er . %'$/a' a%%a/he %# %he #$era%!" 3e/ha!.3 # /r/&%

reaer a. a re.&% %he 3e/ha!/a' .%#re $#%e!%a e!er"' ! %he

reaer 3e/ha!.3 . reea.e ! #r3. # !e%/ e!er"' h/h 3ae.%he 3#!" /#!%a/% %# 3#e a. %he.e 3#!" /#!%a/%. 3e/ha!/a'

a%%a/he %hr#&"h a "ear eer arra!"e3e!% %h %he #$era%!"

3e/ha!.34 A%er a /'/e # #$era%#! # /r/&% reaer %he %#%a .%#re

e!er"' . reea.e a! he!/e %he $#%e!%a e!er"' a"a! .%#re ! %he

#$era%!" 3e/ha!.3 # /r/&% reaer ' 3ea!. # .$r!" /har"!"

3#%#r #r ar /#3$re..#r #r ' a!' #%her 3ea!.4 T !# e hae

./&..e a#&% 3e/ha!/a #r!" $r!/$e # /r/&% reaer. &% %here

are ee/%r/a /hara/%er.%/. # a /r/&% reaer h/h a.# .h#& e

/#!.er ! %h. ./&..#! # #$era%#! # /r/&% reaer.

A//#r!" %# %her ar/ &e!/h!" 3ea %he /r/&% reaer/a! e e

a.-

14 O /r/&% reaer4

24 Ar /r/&% reaer4

=4 S6/r/&% reaer4

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A//#r!" %# %her .er/e. %he /r/&% reaer /a! e e a.-

14 O&%##r /r/&% reaer

24 I!##r reaer4A//#r!" %# %he #$era%!" 3e/ha!.3 # /r/&% reaer %he' /a! e

e a.-

14 S$r!" #$era%e /r/&% reaer4

24 P!e&3a%/ /r/&% reaer4

=4 +'ra&/ /r/&% reaer4

!.ELECTRICAL CONTROL AND SWITCHYARD

1041 C#!%r# Pa!eQ C#!%r# $a!e . a /a!e% h/h /#!%a!. ee/%r/a

/#3$#!e!%. %# /#!%r# %he 3#%#r. a! e&$3e!%.4

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CALESQCae. are &.e #r %he !%er/#!!e/%#!4 T# %'$e. # /ae. are

&.e4 P#er /ae a! /#!%r# /ae4

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a! $a!e %# 3a! .&$$')

24 C#!%r# /ae. (h/h . &.e %# /#!!e/% %he /#!%r# /r/&%.)

US ARQI!/#3!" .&$$' . /#!!e/%e %# &. ar a! .%r&%e r#3

&. ar4 I% . !#r3a' 3ae ' A&3!&34

MC (M!a%&re Cr/&% reaer.)Q

MC . a $r#%e/%!" e/e4 I% . &.e

e#re %he eeer4 Th. .h#& e .ee/%e a//#r!" %# %he /a$a/%' # %he

eeer4

MCC (M#& Ca.e Cr/&% reaer)Q

I! 3#.% # %he /a.e. %he MCC &.e

a. a! !/#3er #r h"her /a$a/%' eeer. #r e%%er $r#%e/%#!4

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ELC (Ear%h Leaa"e Cr/&% reaer)Q The ELC . a.# !#! a. RCC4

The e/e &.e #r %he $r#%e/%#! a"a!.% %he ear%h eaa"e /&rre!% a!

re.&a /&rre!%4 I% .h#& e @e e#re %he

!/#3er4

INCOMERQ

The a./ .&$$' /#!!e/%e %# %h. !/#3er4 I% a.# /ae a.

SU(S%/h &.e U!%)4 I% /#!%a!. #!e ha!e %h &.e &!%4 O!/e % .

%&r!e ON %he .&$$' $a.. %# %he !e% .%a"e %hr#&"h &.e a!' 3a:#r

a&% #//&r. ! .e $a!e #ar % %r$ a! % .#a%e .&$$'4

SELECTOR S,ITC+QSee/%#r . .%/h . &.e #r ON9O $&r$#.e a! #r

.ee/%!" %he 3#e # #$era%#! e a&%#93a!&a4

S%ar%er.Q

are &.e #r .%ar%!" %he 3#%#r. .ae'4 Ma!' %# %'$e. #

.%ar%er. are %here4 DOL .%ar%er. a! S%ar% %# e%a4 D# .%ar%er . e!#&"h#r %he 3#%#r. %h $#er e.. %ha! 10 h$4

OER LOAD RELAGQOer #a rea' . #r %he $r#%e/%#! # 3#%#r r#3 %he

#er #a4 I% .e!.e. %he #a /&rre!% a! %r$. % e/ee. %he 3%4

C&rre!% 3% ha. %# e .e% 3a!&a'4 I% .h#& e 80F # %he & #a

/&rre!%4

TIMERQ

O$era%#! # %3er . .3ar %# rea'4 &% a ea' . %here #r

a/%&a%#!4 ,e /a! .e% %he %3e ea' 3a!&a' a//#r!" %# #&r

re&re3e!%4 I% . er' 3&/h e..e!%a #r .%ar% %# e%a /#!er.#!4

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CONTACTORQ

C#!%a/%#r . a! e..e!%a /#3$#!e!% ! %he /#!%r# $a!e4 I%

a/%&a%e. he! %he ."!a r#3 %he /#!%r#er (PLC Rea' #"/) /#3e.4 I% .

.3ar %# rea'4 I% . /#.%er %ha! rea'4 I% . &.e #r a h"her #a4

1042 SIN*LE LINE DIA*RAM O KTPP S,ITC+GARDQ

COMPONENTS IN S,ITC+GARDQ

L"h%e!!" arre.%er.

C&rre!% Tra!.#r3er (C4T4)

P#%e!%a Tra!.#r3er (P4T4)

L!e .#a%#r %h Ear%h!" .%/h

S6Cr/&% reaer %h .%ar%!"re..%a!/e

&. .#a%#r

= $ha.e rea/%#r

,ae %ra$

P#er %ra!.#r3er.

Cae. %re!/h < %ra'

re@"h%!" a/%'

L"h%e!!" arre.%er.Q The "h%e!!" arre.%er. (L4A4) are &.e %# "r#&!

%he h"h #%a"e 3$&.e a!" #! !e &r!" "h%e!!"4L4A4 # a %he

!e. /#!!e/%e %# a &. are /#!!e/%e ! $arae ! #rer %# e!.&re

%he $r#$er "r#&!!" # .&r"e a. e a. %# !/rea.e %. e4The L4A4

/#re . 3ae &$ # [!/ Oe ([!O2)4 I% a/%. a. a !#!-!ear re..%a!/e

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4e4 % #er. a er' h"h re..%a!/e &r!" !#r3a /#!%#!. a! #er.

# re..%a!/e %# %he .&r"e #%a"e.4

C&rre!% Tra!.#r3er (C4T4)QU.e %# 3ea.&re $ha.e /&rre!%4

14 P#%e!%a Tra!.#r3er. (P4T4) QU.e %# 3ea.&re $ha.e %# !e&%ra#%a"e4

I! %h. 'ar a% .#3e $a/e. CT (Ca$a/%e #%a"e Tra!.#r3er.) are

&.e h/h #e. &!/%#! # PT a. e a. a...%!" %he ,ae Tra$4

Ce!%re rea I.#a%#r D#&e rea I.#a%#r Pa!%#"ra$h %'$e&. .#a%#r.

The !e .#a%#r. are &.e %# .#a%e %he !e (a%er %he #$era%#! #

#$e!!" C44) &!er 3a!%e!a!/e r#3 %he hea%h' .'.%e3 h/h

#%her.e 3a' "e% re.&%e ! L-* a&%4

The &. .#a%#r. are &.e %# .#a%e %he &. &!er 3a!%e!a!/e4

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I! %h. .&.%a%#! !#r3a' !e .#a%#r. ere /e!%re rea %'$e

.#a%#r. he %he &. .#a%#r. ere e%her #&e rea %'$e OR

$a!%#"ra$h %'$e .#a%#r.4

The ./ %'$e .%r&/%&re a% %he %$. # /e!%re rea %'$e .#a%#r . %#

re&/e %he /#r#!a #.. he %he' are #$e!4

Cr/&% reaer.QI! %h. .&.%a%#! a3#.% a %he /r/&% reaer. areS6%'$e /r/&% reaer.4

P#er %ra!.#r3erQ%# %'$e # $#er %ra!.#r3er.Q1) >00 220 a!

2) 220 1=2

The /##!" .'.%e3 e3$#'e . #r/e ar #r/e #4

Cae. %re!/h < %ra'Q The /ae. %ha% /#e/% %he /#33&!/a%#! ."!a.

r#3 !.%r&3e!% %ra!.#r3er. /r/&% reaer. .#a%#r. ae %ra$.

e%/4 are 3ae %# r&! ! /ae %re!/h %#ar. %he /#!%r# r##34

IIRE I*+TIN* ACILITGQ A. # . &.e a. /##a!% a! #' !.&a%#r

%here are $#..%e. # @re ! /a.e # .h#r% /r/&%.4

re @"h%!" a/%' aaae ! %# a'. ! %h. 'ar4

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