thermal treatment of municipal solid waste in canada · • significantly reduces the volume of...
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Thermal Treatment of
Municipal Solid Waste in
Canada
Thermal Treatment Summit: Technology for Resource Recovery
Dartmouth, NS
May 14, 2019
Matt Hamilton, Waste Reduction and Management Division
Source: https://www.ecomena.org
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Objectives
• Characterize the waste that is disposed in Canada
and the Atlantic Provinces
• Suggest when thermal treatment may be appropriate
• Provide information on Government of Canada
requirements and support
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Canada (2016)
• 34.2 M tonnes generated
• 9.2 M tonnes diverted (27%)
• 24.9 M tonnes disposed (73%)
• 41% residential and 59% non-residential
• More than 95% is landfilled
• Less than 5% is thermally treated (mostly with energy
recovery, although this also includes open burning)
Source: Statistics Canada (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181005/dq181005d-eng.htm)
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Canada (2016)
Source: Statistics Canada (https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/181005/dq181005d-eng.htm and
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3810003301)
)
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JurisdictionWaste Generated Disposed Diverted Percent Diverted
(tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes)
Canada 34,191,448 24,940,747 9,250,701 27%
Newfoundland and
Labrador434,729 395,324 39,405 9%
Prince Edward Island Not Available x 53,261 Not Available
Nova Scotia 668,436 375,258 293,178 44%
New Brunswick 654,433 503,123 151,310 23%
Quebec 7,760,615 5,356,134 2,404,481 31%
Ontario 12,785,183 9,475,472 3,309,711 26%
Manitoba 1,180,268 969,289 210,979 18%
Saskatchewan 1,068,079 898,404 169,675 16%
Alberta 5,037,999 4,206,668 831,331 17%
British Columbia 4,368,845 2,614,087 1,754,758 40%
Yukon, Northwest
Territories and NunavutNot Available x 32,612 Not Available
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Composition of MSW Disposed in Canada (Draft, 2018)
5Source: Report under development by Environment and Climate Change Canada
Compostable
Organics
31.6%
Paper
15.0%
Other
11.2%
Plastics
10.6%
Building
Materials
9.4%
Non-compostable
Organics
5.0%
Household
Hygiene
4.4%
Wood and
Wood Products
3.8%
Metals
3.8% Glass
2.2%
Electronic
Waste
1.1%
Bulky
Objects
1.1%
Household
Hazardous
0.9%
• Biodegradable
materials make up
more than 60% of the
waste currently
landfilled
• Plastics and other high
energy value wastes
make up at least
more than 15%
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Nova Scotia Waste Characterization
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Food, 9.2%
Paper, 12.1%
Wood, 2.1%
Diapers, 5.3%
Pet Waste, 2.5%
Yard & Garden, 1.0%
Textiles, 3.1%
Rubber & Leather, 1.8%Other Organics, 6.7%
Plastics, 21.2%
Building Material, 5.0%
Metals, 3.4%
Glass, 1.5%Electronics, 0.8%
Household Hazardous, 0.8%Bulky Objects, 0.8%
Other, 1.9%
Non-biodegradable,
35.5%
NS Total Residual Municipal Solid Waste – Draft 2018
Source: Report under development by Environment and Climate Change Canada
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New Brunswick Waste Characterization
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Food, 9.8%
Paper, 12.5%
Wood, 15.3%
Diapers, 1.6%Pet Waste, 2.2%
Yard & Garden, 0.8%Textiles, 1.7%
Rubber & Leather, 8.9%
Other Organics, 2.6%
Plastics, 14.1%
Building Material, 7.2%
Metals, 5.4%Glass, 1.6%Electronics, 4.1%Household Hazardous, 0.8%
Bulky Objects, 6.1%
Other, 5.3%
Non-biodegradable,
44.6%
NB Total Residual Municipal Solid Waste – Draft 2018
Source: Report under development by Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Newfoundland & Labrador Waste Characterization
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Food, 19.2%
Paper, 18.2%
Wood, 16.3%
Diapers, 1.6%
Yard & Garden, 8.2%
Textiles, 0.7%
Rubber & Leather, 0.8%
Plastics, 8.0%
Building Material, 12.5%
Metals, 3.5%
Glass, 2.8%Household Hazardous, 0.4%Bulky Objects, 0.8%
Other, 7.2%
Non-biodegradable,
35.2%
NL Total Residual Municipal Solid Waste – Draft 2018
Source: Report under development by Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Prince Edward Island Waste Characterization
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Food, 6.3%
Paper, 21.2%
Wood, 1.4%Textiles, 1.9%
Other Organics, 11.0%
Plastics, 39.5%
Building Material, 5.7%
Metals, 4.0%Glass, 4.0%
Household Hazardous, 5.1%
Non-biodegradable,
58.2%
PE Total Residual Municipal Solid Waste – Draft 2018
Source: Report under development by Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Large Thermal Treatment Facilities in Canada
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NameType of
Facility
Waste
Type
Capacity
(tonnes/
year)
Energy Recovery Location Comments
L’incinérateur de la
Ville de Québec
Incinerator with
Energy Recovery
Post-recycled
MSW;
wastewater
sludge
312000 Steam Québec, QCHeat used to dry wastewater
sludge prior to incineration
Covanta Burnaby
Renewable Energy
Incinerator with
Energy Recovery
Post-recycled
MSW285,000 Electricity 28 MW Burnaby, BC
25% of Metro Vancounver's
waste
Durham York Energy
Centre
Incinerator with
Energy Recovery
Post-recycled
MSW140,000 Electricity 17.5 MW
Durham Region,
ON
PEI Energy Systems
EFW
Incinerator with
Energy Recovery
Post-recycled
MSW30,000
Steam,
Electricity,
Hot Water
Charlottetown,
PEI
District heating and hot water
system
L’incinérateur
municipal de LévisIncinerator
Post-recycled
MSW; hospital
waste
26,800 None Lévis, QC
Emerald Energy
From Waste
Gasification with
Energy RecoveryMSW 187,000
Steam,
Electricity9.3 MW Mississauga, ON
Excess steam sold to
neighboring paper mill
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Cement Industry• Industry is a major energy consumer and seeks alternative fuels to reduce costs
• Unrecyclable plastics – Numerous facilities either using or seeking approval,
including: Lafarge (Delta, BC; Brookfield, NS; Bath, ON; Exshaw, AB); St. Mary’s
Cement (2 facilities in ON); and Holcim Cement (Joliette, QC)
• Tire Derived Fuel (TDF)
• TDF offsets the use of coal, petroleum coke and other fuels, reducing
greenhouse gas and NOx emissions
• More than half of Canada's cement plants have a permit to use TDF as a part
of their fuel mix; less than 5% of overall fuel mix
• Some provinces prohibit; others, such as Quebec, encourage the cement
industry to use TDF in order to divert the scrap tires from landfills
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When one might consider thermal treatment?
Can be an environmentally sound option and may be most
preferred when:
• Waste reduction measures have been implemented and
are yielding results (e.g. prevention, reuse)
• High recycling and diversion rates have been achieved,
including hazardous wastes (e.g. lamps containing mercury)
• Energy and/or chemical recovery are viable
• Recovery of additional metals or other materials is viable
• Appropriate air pollutant emissions controls are included
• Skilled operators are available, properly trained & supervised
• Protocols for operation, maintenance and monitoring are
clearly defined and adhered to
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Source: US
Environmental
Protection Agency
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Potential Benefits of Thermal Treatment
• Significantly reduces the volume of waste requiring final disposal
• Energy and/or chemical recovery may be viable, particularly for
larger scale facilities
• Can have lower GHG emissions than landfills, when the waste
disposed includes biodegradable materials
• Lower GHG and NOx emissions for cement plants when
combusting used tires and unrecyclable plastics, as compared
to fuels like coal and petroleum coke
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Potential Benefits of Thermal Treatment
• Air pollutant emissions from modern systems are/can be lower
than regulatory requirements
• Additional recovery of metals is possible, even when processing
post-recycled waste (e.g. Covanta Burnaby incinerator recovers
about 7000 tonnes of metal per year)
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Potential Drawbacks of Thermal Treatment
• Significant financial investment
• Energy and/or chemical recovery may be limited at small scale
• Can become undesirable competition for recycling and
diversion
• Requires highly skilled operators, extensive maintenance and
monitoring
• Waste streams with high energy and low moisture are (generally)
preferred
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Potential Drawbacks of Thermal Treatment
• For incinerators, in cases where the waste stream has low energy
content, a supplementary fuel may be required to ensure
complete combustion
• When not properly designed and operated, can be a significant
source of air pollutant emissions such as particulate matter,
dioxins, furans, and mercury
• A second disposal system (typically a landfill) may be required
for ash or other residues (some of which may hazardous waste)
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Federal Requirements and Guidance
• National Pollutant Release Inventory
• Must report if incinerating: ≥ 26 tonnes non-hazardous solid waste; ≥ 26 tonnes
biomedical or hospital waste; hazardous waste; sewage sludge
• Excludes industrial processes where fuel derived from waste is fired as an
energy source (e.g. bark and other clean wood waste used to fire a boiler)
• ECCC’s Technical Document on Batch Waste Incineration (2010)
• Guidance on selecting, operating and maintaining small batch MSW
incinerators, with the aim of minimizing dioxin, furan and mercury emissions
• ECCC’s Solid Waste Management in Northern and Remote Communities:
Planning and Technical Guidance Document (2017)
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Green Municipal Fund (FCM)
• Provides grants for municipalities and their partners to do studies for initiatives that
could help divert at least 60% of MSW from landfills
• If 60% target already achieved, project must demonstrate potential to surpass
• For remote communities, diversion projects must target a diversion rate of 15%
over their current baseline
• Thermal treatment projects are only eligible for funding if the municipality has
already achieved a total diversion rate of at least 60% with reduction, reuse,
recycling or biological processes
• This limitation does not apply to remote communities
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Federal Support for Infrastructure & Innovation
• Clean Growth Hub (http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/099.nsf/eng/home)
• Whole-of-government focal point for clean technology focused on supporting
companies and projects, coordinating programs and tracking results
• Get advice from a team of experts from across government who can help you
find and understand what programs and services may be right for you
• Services are available to firms of all sizes in the clean technology space and
across all sectors of the economy
• ECCC’s Low Carbon Economy Fund
• Enwave Energy Corporation will receive up to $3.5M to upgrade and expand
an existing waste-to-energy system for district heating in Charlottetown, PEI https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2019/03/government-of-canada-supports-climate-action-
by-enwave-energy-corporation.html
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Federal Support for Infrastructure & Innovation
• Natural Resources Canada funded projects
• Enerkem Inc. received $729K toward its “Biomass-rich Waste Conversion into Drop-in
Fuels” project (completed 2016)
• Enerkem Inc. also received $2.9M toward its “Modular Compact Combined Heat and
Power (CHP) Using Heterogeneous Biomass Wastes” project (completed 2018), which
focused on serving remote communities
• Both projects determined that the production of biofuels would be more cost effective
when done on a larger scale, at central conversion hubs
• https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/funding/21146
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Thank You!
Matt Hamilton, P.Eng.
Manager, Waste and GHG Reduction
Waste Reduction and Management Division
Environment and Climate Change Canada
(819) 938-4511
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