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Thermesource:GE01HEHMAL CONSULTING SERVICES

PROPOSALTO

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT & TOURISM

STATE OF HAWAII

FOR

TECHNICAL ADVISORY SERVICESRELATING TO GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

APRIL 26, 1991

725 Farmers lane. P.O. Box 1236. Santa Rosa, California 95402. (707) 523-2960 • FAX (707) 523-1029

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TABLE OF CONTENTSPROPOSAL FOR TECHNICAL ADVISORY SERVICES

RELATING TO GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENTSTATE OF HAWAII

INTRODUCTION . . .

COMPANY BACKGROUND

ORGANIZATION • . . • .

SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCE IN HAWAII••

OTHER SPECIFIC WORK EXPERIENCE . .

APPROACH AND WORK PLANS

FEES •.

AVAILABILITY .

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT .

Appendix A - Professional ResumesAppendix B - Project List

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PROPOSAL FOR TECHNICAL ADVISORY SERVICESRELATING TO GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

INTRODUCTION.

This is a proposal to provide Technical Advisory ServicesRelating to Geothermal Resource Assessment in the State ofHawaii. Our proposal responds to the needs of theDepartment of Business, Economic Development & Tourism(DBED) and the Department of Land and Natural Resources(DLNR) for a well qualified geothermal consulting firm.From the RFP, we have determined that the following itemsare of concern for the State:

A. Determine the potential and location, on a regionalbasis, of those geothermal resources in the State that havea realistic probability of development.

B. Provide advice on methodologies thataccomplish the objectives in A.

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C. Provide advice and suggestions to improve the costeffectiveness of the SOH core hole drilling program.

D. Assist in the geothermal/cable project to formulatereasonable development scenarios, description of shortterm and cumulative impacts, and workable mitigationmeasures.

Accordingly this proposal addresses these concerns, as wellas presents our qualifications to perform this work. Anyquestions or communications concerning this proposalshould be directed to Gerald Niimi at (707) 523-2960.

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E. Provide guidance to DBEDconditions, demonstration tests, andapplicable to regulatory policies.

and DLNR on permitscheduling that may be

COMPANY BACKGROUND.

ThermaSource, Inc. is a California Corporation that wasestablished in 1980. Since then, we have been in theforefront of the geothermal industry as a leading providerof consulting services such as drilling and reservoirengineering, field supervision, well testing, and geologicstudies. Since the beginning, we have remained exclusivelya geothermal service company with a small staff emphasizingquality. The two principals of ThermaSource, Louis Capuanoand Gerald Niimi have always been committed to providingconsulting services that stress integrity, personal serviceand reasonable cost.

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Our consulting work has taken us to such diverse geothermalcountries as Japan, China, Romania, Indonesia, and CostaRica. Domestically, we have experience in The Geysers, CosoHot Springs, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Hawaii, and Idaho. Weare also very proud of the broad scope of our clients, manyof whom have used our services for many projects over anumber of years. For example:

State Governments

utilities

- State of Idaho, Department ofWater Resoures

- State of California, Departmentof Water Resources

- Pacific Gas & Electric Company- Sierra Pacific Power Company- Los Angeles Department of water

& Power

Financial Companies - Bank of America- Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.

Further, our consulting engagements have been, for the mostpart, oriented toward commercial ventures. Thus we have afull appreciation for the parameters that are expected incommercially viable projects.

-Operators - True Geothermal Energy Company

- Oxbow Power Corporation- Anadarko Production Co.

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ORGANIZATION

ThermaSource, Inc. offers an exceptionally qualified teamto meet the requirements of this RFP. All of our staff areexperienced in geothermal resource assessment andoperations. Should we be successful in this proposal, Mr.Gerald Niimi will act as Project Manager for this work. Heis a Reservoir Engineer, is familiar with the geothermalissues in Hawaii, and should interact very well with DBEDand DLNR personnel. Mr. Niimi has been involved in day today geothermal production operations and is familiar withwell field design and resource problems. Others that wouldplay a prominent role in this project are shown on Figure 1,Organization Chart:

Louis Capuano is the President of ThermaSource and is also aDrilling Engineer. He was the Drilling Consultant for theTrue/Mid-Pacific wells.

Roger D. smith is a practicing Geophysicist with experiencein volcanic environments with MT, CSAMT, resistivity, andmagnetic surveys. He has supervised geophysical surveys inthe Hatchobaru Field in Japan, in the jungles of Papua New

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Figure 1

ORGANIZATION CHARTThermaSource, Inc.

Geothermal Consulting Services

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Guinea, and The Geysers.

Richard E. Dunlap is a Geologist with direct experience inHawaii and many other geothermal areas. He has analyzed thedrill cuttings from the True/Mid-Pacific wells and trainedthe contract mudloggers on the proper logging of thecuttings.

Douglas B. Jung is a Mechanical Engineer with experiencein geothermal facilities and power plant technologies. Hisexperience is in The Geysers and the Phillipines with UNOCALand in binary power plants in Nevada.

Resumes of these professionals are included in Appendix A.

SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCE IN HAWAII.

Our experience with geothermal resources in Hawaii began in1982. Both Mr. Capuano anq Mr. Niimi testified as expertsbefore the BLNR at the Kahauale'a CDUA contested casehearings on behalf of The Estate of James Campbell andTrue/Mid-Pacific Geothermal Joint Venture. Mr. Capuanodiscussed drilling practices that would be followed. Mr.Niimi testified on the impacts of water injection andanswered questions concerning resource exploration andassessment. Since then, we have been retained byTrue/Mid-Pacific to advise them on many technical aspects ofgeothermal operations, including drilling strategies, permitacquisition, specific technical details of regulatorycompliance, development economics, rig mobilization, andfield operations. We have completed analyses of the geologyand drilling results of the lower East Rift Zone in order toextrapolate this information to the Kilauea Middle East RiftZone (KMERZ). As a matter of public record, we completed anextensive analysis of the regional exploration techniquesused to site the HGP-A project. This analysis may be foundin the Kahauale'a Exploration Plan filed with BLNR in 1983.Mr. Niimi has appeared as a geothermal resource expert inadditional contested case hearings involving establishmentof Geothermal Resource Sub-Zones in Kahauale'a and theKMERZ. We have assisted in arranging tours of the GeysersGeothermal Field for Hawaii's political leaders, lay people,and regulators. Since True/Mid-Pacific began fieldoperations in late 1989, we have supervised the drillingof over 28,000 feet of hole, and conducted three well tests.The Hawaii resource presents a challenge because of theyoung volcanic environment, high rainfall, and corrosivegases. True has also asked that we work with ana traintheir operations personnel, which we have done .

Through this long relationship with the many people involvedin Hawaii's geothermal program, we have acquired a deepknowledge of the issues, many controversial, that have been

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expressed by all factions. By being continuously involved,our professional people represent one of the few entitiesthat has such a long running background on the issues. Weintend to continue our role as consultants to TrueGeothermal Energy Company. However, we believe that we canalso provide high quality technical services to agencies inthe state of Hawaii without incurring a conflict ofinterest. Most of the people that have a real interest ingeothermal would know who we are and probably agree that wehave been objective and conducted ourselves withprofessional integrity. It is our sincere belief that wecan provide the services the state is looking for withoutimpairing our ability to work for True when they require ourservices.

OTHER SPECIFIC WORK EXPERIENCE

In Japan we are currently engaged in a major geothermalexploration project on the Island of Kyushu. This projectstarted in 1986 and has been operating at peak activitylevel for about the last year. Currently two rigs aredrilling with a third being prepared for operation.ThermaSource has played a dominant role in this operation bysupplying drilling engineering services, well testingservices, rig supervision, and as well as coordinating thedelivery of service company manpower, equipment, andsupplies from the u.s. The project encompasses threeseparate sites that encompass the Mt. Aso region. TheHatchobaru Geothermal Field is also related to thisgeologic feature.

In 1981, Louis Capuano went on a two week mission to thePeoples Republic of China sponsored by the united NationsDevelopment Programmes. He was asked to review the currentstate of China's drilling practices and make recommendationsfor upgrading their technology. He also gave severalseminars as is usual in these missions. Gerald Niimi wasselected by the U.N. in 1984 to assist the Romanian Ministryof Geology with their reservoir engineering analysisproblems and to review their capabilities. Both Mr. Capuanoand Mr. Niimi have been to Indonesia several times on behalfof local companies to enhance the credibility of theservices that they wish to market to operators and toPertamina, the state oil Company. The exposure resultingfrom these visits have been rewarding as we have received acontract from Mobil oil Company to supply special loggingequipment, originally designed for geothermal wells, totheir Arun gas field operation which has unusually highbottomhole temperatures. Work should begin this summer. In1980, Mr. Capuano and Mr. Charles Beighle, one of our fieldsupervisors, took control of the drilling at the MiravallesGeothermal Field in Costa Rica. They were responsible fordrillimg three successful wells for this project.

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The principals of ThermaSource got their initial geothermalexperience in The Geysers. Over the years, we have workedfor such companies as Phillips Petroleum, Occidental,Thermogenics, GRI Operator Corporation, Trans-CanadaPipeline Conmpany, California Department of waterResources(CDWR), and Calpine Corporation. On most of theseprojects, we supplied engineering services in drilling orreservoir engineering. Currently we have a contract withCDWR for lease maintenance of a four well lease in TheGeysers. We are also doing technical service work forCalpine, consulting work for PG&E, and consulting work for abanking group with major credits in The Geysers. Workingwith many companies in different areas of The Geysers Fieldhas exposed us to new experiences and new challenges. Whiletesting a well for Phillips in 1982, we encountered areservoir with such high levels of C02 that the entirewellhead, separator, and flowline froze. Today steamchemistry is one of the major problems confronting Geysersoperators. since most of our clients were operating on themargins of the proven reservoir, even then we could see thatthe steam resources in the fringe areas were not the same asthe main Geysers area. Bottomhole pressures wereconsiderably higher, permeabilitites were lower, andnon-condensible gas concentrations were much higher thanusually encountered.

Our experience at Coso Hot Springs, a liquid dominatedreservoir, involved a review of earlier work performed forthe Los Angeles Department of Water and Power andrendering an opinion concerning drilling costs and provenpower potential. In Nevada, our experience has been variedand interesting. We have been exposed to practically everygeothermal area in the State in one way or another. Ourearliest engagements go back to 1983 when we repaired a hotwater well for the city of Elko. In subsequent years wehave been retained by Oxbow Power Corporation to supervisethe drilling and workover of their wells. All downholeoperations are supervised by ThermaSource, even pulling ofchemical injection tubing. We worked for Yankee-caithnessfor about two years in startup of their field at SteamboatHills, drilling wells, and initiating their downhole scaleinhibitor program. During the past two years, Mr. Niimi hastestified as an expert in two Nevada lawsuits concerningdiligent performance of geothermal operations. This workrelied heavily on his experience as operations manager forThermogenics. In early 1990, Mr. Niimi was retained as aconsultant to Sierra Pacific Power Company to advise theutility in their power purchase contracts with potentialgeothermal power generators. This engagement is continuingand has been expanded to include performance of powerproducers under exisiting contracts .

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In 1989, Mr. Niimi was retained by Anadarko PetroleumCompany to witness and evaluate a well test on a geothermaldiscovery in the Alvord Desert in eastern Oregon. In Utah,we drilled the first successful steam well for Mother EarthIndustries at Cove Fort. This was a shallow steam reservoirwith high initial gas concentrations. Our engagement lastedfor about one year. During this time we provided drillingsupervision, well testing, and reservoir engineeringservices.

Idaho is a new area where we were awarded a contract by theDepartment of Water Resources last year to inventory 5000wells, build a database, and assist them with recognitionand diagnosis of problem water wells. Because most of theproblem wells are in known thermal areas of Idaho, ouroverall expertise in geothermal resources and well repairwas an important factor in our selection. This is a yearlong project that should be concluded this summer.

Our skills span steam and hot water resources in many areasof the u.s. and the world. One of the reasons for oursuccess is that our principals, Mr. Niimi and Mr. Capuano,are involved in each project. Thus we have many longrunning relationships with clients that have been mutuallybeneficial. Appendix B contains a representative list ofour clients and projects.

APPROACH AND WORK PLANS.

with our professional organization and experience in thegeothermal industry, we propose the following approach tothe requested scope of work.

* "Assist DBED and DLNR in establishing prioritiesamong available resource assessment methods .. "

Upon consultation with DBED and DLNR, we propose preparinga reconnaissance plan that would be consistent withproject objectives and budget constraints. This plan wouldendeavor to collect sufficient sub-surface information tocharacterize the State's inventory of geothermal resourcepotential. In the future this information would be usefulto guide geothermal development only into areas that have areasonable probability of success. There is even thepossibility that the State could be reimbursed if theinformation led to discovery of a commercial resource.

Before discussing methods, overall strategy should beaddressed. The RFP seemed to emphasize that regionalsurveys were favored over site specific surveys. Ouropinion is that from a cost standpoint, regional surveys canprovide more information than a detailed survey in a smallarea. However, regional surveys must not be too broad in

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Hawaii because actual drilling results show that reservoircharacteristics can change rapidly over a short distance.For example, the Lani Puna wells and HGP-A are very closebut have very different results. As discussed below, ourproposal is to calibrate the survey first, so that theproper perspective can be determined and then reconciledwith the available budget.

At this time, our choice of reconnaissance methodology is aControlled Source Audio Magneto-Telluric Survey (CSAMT) thatwould be coordinated with the SOH program. This survey hasnot been attempted in Hawaii, but has been successful inidentifing resources in volcanic environments such as theCascades and southern Japan. A special high power sourcewould be used to overcome salt water interference. Aconventional magneto-telluric survey and spontaneouspotential (SP) survey would also be conducted simultaneouslyat a relatively low incremental cost. In order to validatethe results, we recommend doing an initial survey in thelower Puna (HGP-A) area and SOH#l area. This will enablecalibration of the survey to known sub-surface information.This initial survey will also determine the spacing of thesurvey lines in order to obtain reliable information. Ifthe terrain permits, aerial photography could be used toscreen areas before a CSAMT is attempted.

In terms of CSAMT coverage, the main areas of commercialgeothermal interest are the Kilauea East Rift, the KilaueaSouthwest Rift Zone, Hualalai, and the Haleakala SouthwestRift. These areas would be further limited to those areaswhere geothermal development would be an acceptable landuse. Upon completion of the surveys, maps would begenerated to show the location of anomalies and the contrastto known information. Additional data could be gained bydrilling a SOH near the anomaly. Of course, we wouldsupplement the CSAMT survey with geologic maps, drillingresults, core holes, etc. in order to portray the mostcomplete description possible.

We believe that the relative cost in money and environmentalimpact of geophysical surveys, if they are meaningfUl, ismuch less than drilling a well to obtain information.

* "Assist DBED and DLNR in planning the direction ofand managing the SOH program and evaluating availableexploratory drilling methods, .. "

We have one of the foremost geothermal drilling engineers inthe world, Louis Capuano, who can review the SOH program andrecommend changes to make the program more cost effective.Our approach would be to allow Mr. Capuano to work with thefield people and Tonto management to go over every aspect ofthe operation to see if proced~res or equipment can be

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changed to improve operations. We would also set up atelephone consultation service so that the field people candiscuss problems and procedures with Mr. Capuano. Since wehave supervised a Tonto Core Rig in Nevada, we have anunderstanding of its capabilities.

* "Assist DBED and DLNR in designing and planningappropriate well tests, surface and aerial surveys, and/ormapping projects .. "

We view this task as being specific projects within thebroad framework of the reconnaissance plan. In terms ofwell tests, we have considerable experience in welltesting and Gerald Niimi can provide a test plan to meet aspecific situation. In the case of flow testing slim holewells, a plan can be designed to get fluid information andformation permeability information. Use of downholesample chambers to get fluid samples may be a reasonableapproach. An injectivity test could be performed so thatdisposal problems could be eliminated and yet offer areasonable estimate of permeability.

* "assist DBED and DLNR by providing technical guidancerelative to the geothermal/cable project master plan andEIS .. "

For this task, we can draw on our overall familiarity withthe environmental impacts of geothermal development. We canassist the EIS preparer and the State to properly describethe magnitude of impacts and develop workable mitigationmeasures.

* "assist DBED and DLNR by providing technical guidancerelative to planning and design of the geothermal/cableproject .. "

Our primary input to this task will berealistic schedule of power plant buildupused to plan the cable installation. Weadvise as to tests or milestones that needorder to maintain the schedule.

* "assist DBED and DLNR to make reasonable jUdgementsand to reach objective, scientifically supported,conclusions about the extent and characteristics ofgeothermal resources .. "

One of the chief services that clients retain us for is toprovide technical opinions on geothermal resources. Theirtwo common questions are:

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What is the capability of the resource?

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How long will it last?

We have provided such opinions many times; to the City ofProvo, utah for a municipal bond issue, to Metropolitan LifeInsurance on two occasions for financing, and others.

* "assist DBED and DLNR onmanagement in order to assist thempolicies, .. "

well-field design andin adopting appropriate

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Although we have not advised agencies on their regulatorypolicies, we have appeared at hearings to testify onproposed rules. We believe we can relate to regulators whatthe impact of various rules would be. We can also provideconditions or tests that operators would meet to demonstratethe adequacy of resources. The primary method to avoidpremature depletion is to know the resource and to controlthe magnitude and scheduling of power plant installation.

Many of the current DLNR rules affecting drilling practicesdo not recognize changes that have taken place since therules were originally promulgated. Mr. Capuano canassist in pointing out those changes. In fact we wouldrecommend conducting a technical seminar for state AgencyStaffs that would cover drilling, testing, power plants,production, abandonment, and safety.

* "additional work efforts and products .. "

ThermaSource will be responsive to requests to attendmeetings or discuss issues with DBED, DLNR, or any otherState agency. We acknowledge the deadlines for therequired deliverables should we be awarded this contract.

The following professional fee schedule is quoted for thecontract work on a time and materials basis. These feesrepresent an hourly rate that includes all overhead and G&Acosts. A maximum of 8 hours per day are to be billed:

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Given the general nature of the scope of work,not generate an accurate schedule of work. Ifawarded the contract, we will prepare aacceptable work schedule at no cost.

FEES.

we couldwe are

mutually

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NAME==========================Gerald Niimi - Project ManagerLouis Capuano - Drilling EngineerRichard Dunlap - GeologistDouglas B. Jung - Mechanical EngineerRoger D. Smith - Geophysicist

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75.0075.0065.0065.0070.00

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All direct costs such as telephone and fax, reportsexpenses, and postage are to be reimbursed at cost. Travelcosts, rental cars, hotels are to be billed at actual cost.A per diem charge of $30/day will apply for meals while on atravel status. For work away from the office, fees arecharged from the time personnel leave Santa Rosa untilreturn.

Additional services such as chemical analysis orgeochemistry will be sub-contracted on an as-needed basis.Our approach will be to use as many qualified localprofessionals as possible. These fees will be passed on atcost.

AVAILABILITY.

Availability of personnel for this contract will depend onthe workload of the firm and the nature of specific tasks.We can assure DBED that we will do everything possible tomeet the requests for assistance in a timely manner.Practically, we must work for more than one client to stayin business. All of our clients understand this. We try toadjust our schedules to be mutually beneficial to all ourclients.

In terms ofthan many ofcould be intime we need

accessibility, Hawaii is no less accessiblethe other areas that we commonly work in. We

Honolulu in 6 - 8 hours, which is about theto reach sites in Nevada.

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DISCLOSURE STATEMENT.

As a matter of record, ThermaSource has worked for TrueGeothermal Energy Company and Barnwell Industries. Both aregeothermal operators in Hawaii. We have worked for Truewithout a contract for almost ten years. Our lastengagement with Barnwell was about two years ago. Webelieve that we can provide the requested consultingservices to the state without a conflict of interest. Ourrelationships with the two private companies demonstratesthat we can provide services without compromising ourintegrity or the quality of service. If during theperformance of the contract, instances occur where aconflict might arise, we will bring such instances to the

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state's attention. We believe that as long asbias toward any entity during the resourceprocess, then no conflict will occur .

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there is noassessment

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Appendix AProfessional Resumes

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Appendix BProject List

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PROJECT LIST

DRILLING ENGINEERING

TCPL Geothermal Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada- Drilling Engineering and well site supervision- Well testing, resource assessment, and economics,The Geysers Field- Property appraisal and formulation of purchase offer

for producing property in The Geysers

Oxbow Geothermal Corporation, Reno, Nevada- Well design and drilling program management- General Reservoir Engineering services and well

testing

Ben Holt Company, Pasadena, California- Drilling engineering and well site supervision, Casa

Diablo Hot springs Geothermal Project, California

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico- Well site supervision of Hot Dry Rock project

Mother Earth Industries, Carefree, ArizonaDrilling Engineering and well site supervision

- Well testing, resource assessment, Sulphurdale, utahGeothermal Field

- Development of economic evaluation to determinedamage claim in civil lawsuit

Bonneville Pacific Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah- Drilling Engineering, well site supervision, well

testing and resource assessment, Mammoth Lakes,California

Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, California- Drilling program review and resource assessment

International Communications & Energy, Inc., Hyannis,Massachusetts- Design of exploration well program- Coordinate rig mobilization and shipment of drilling

supplies to a foreign country

Pacific Energy corporation, Los Angeles, CA- Drilling Engineering services, Casa Diablo Hot

Springs

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RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

Bank of America, San Francisco, California- Reservoir assessment and property appraisalfor project financing of two producing properties inThe Geysers- Market value appraisal of undeveloped geothermalleases in The Geysers

Anadarko Production Company, Santa Rosa, California- Reservoir engineering services, Alvord Desert,

Oregon, Salt Wells, Nevada, and The Geysers,California. Well testing services, Salt Wells,NevadaRetained as advisor to assist in-house staff inacquisition offer for a property in The GeysersDrilling program designed for Salt Wells GeothermalExploration well

united Siscoe Mines, Toronto, Canada- Appraisal of Fair Market Value of geothermal

properties for asset restructuring

Department of Water Resources, State of California- Appraisal of Fair Market Value of Francisco Lease,

The Geysers Field- Well testing and lease maintenance

True Geothermal, Casper, Wyoming- Reservoir Engineering and Drilling Engineering

Consultants, Kilauea East Rift Geothermal Project,Hawaii- Resource assessment of properties in northern Nevada

Well Production Testing, Carlsbad, California- On-site monitoring and data collection, Fee #6 Well

Test, Niland Geothermal Project- Well Test Analysis and Well Interference Analysis

City of Provo, Utah- Resource assessment opinion for Municipal Bond

Prospectus

Sierra Pacific Power Company, Reno, Nevada- Assessment of geothermal resources dedicated to

power sales contracts

DIRECT USE

George Nolte and Associates, Sacramento, California- Resource Assessment of Lake County Direct Use

Geothermal Resources

County of Lake, California Ag Park Greenhouse- Geophysical survey- Drilling and testing of direct use geothermal wells

Blaydes and Associates, Santa Rosa, California- Preliminary Geothermal Resource Assessment for the

City of Clear Lake, California

FOREIGN

United Nations, New York, New York- Technical assistance and classroom instructor in

Drilling Engineering to Peoples Republic of China- Technical advisor in Reservoir Engineering for low

temperature resources to socialist Republic ofRomania

Exlog, Sacramento, California and P.T. Exlog Sarana,Jakarta, Indonesia- Well testing and resource assessment for geothermal

fields in Indonesia

Tobishima Construction Company, Tokyo, Japan- Classroom instruction on geothermal resources and

drilling techniques

OTHER

Dravo Recovery Systems, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania- Management of waste dewatering operation in The

Geysers- Economic feasibility study

Humboldt Associates, Santa Rosa, California- Drilling Engineering and well site supervision of

oil and gas project in Central Nevada

County of Sonoma, California- Resource assessment for EIR covering Aidlin Power

Plant Development at The Geysers Field

Department of Water Resources, State of Idaho- Artesian well inventory and database creation