thermo project.docx
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction
As per many crises in the energy sector renewable energy is the best option which can be used to
counter all these problems. Now a days we are basically depending on the natural fossil fuel but these
will eventually finish one day perhaps sooner than we thought due to increase in demand.
Fossil fuel produces more harmful effects in the environment. Renewable energy will help us to
develop energy independence and also security. Electricity used every day in the united states as per
the survey held in 2010 was 3.886 trillion kWh. To produce this huge amount of power needs a lot of
money as well as the long lasting resources. Geothermal energy and Solar energy which is renewable
will be every cost effective to produce electricity in long valley, New Jersey and Kg Monsok Ulu,
Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia.
Each Location and countries are also taken account. United States of America is a developed country
and the electricity used is massive compared to Malaysia. Geothermal Energy is perfect to use in New
Jersey as technician and Engineers are always readily available in New Jersey than Kg Monsok Ulu,
Tambunan. Malaysia is still a developing country with few technicians in the rural areas but its
strategic location near the equator makes solar energy as an alternative. Likewise, United states of
America are not able to use this energy as it has four different seasons causing different solar
radiations.
Literature Review
Background
What is Geothermal Energy?
Geothermal comes from the Greek words in which geo means earth and thermal mean heats. So
basically it’s the earth’s inside heat. Heating the building and electricity can be produced by using the
steam and hot power produced inside the earth. This type of energy can be obtained from places that
have hot springs. Geothermal is a renewable energy source. Geothermal energy is produced inside the
earth’s core about 4000 miles below the surface.. Inside temperature is very hot due to the process of
slow decay in the presence of radioactive particles which happens in all the rocks. . There are different
layers inside the earth.
What is Solar energy?
Solar energy is a renewable energy and is one of the world’s cleanliest energy source. This energy is perfect to use in Malaysia as it has equatorial climate. This energy is eco-friendly to use as it does not destroy the environment like fossil fuels and nuclear energy. The only limitation power plant who used this energy has is it does not work if the solar radiation is very low so countries with four seasons are unable to use it effectively.
What are Fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The processes takes thousands of years to form thus it is not a renewable energy. Most power plants used this type of energy as it is easier and cheaper to made compared to Geothermal power plants and nuclear power plants. However, the generator engine life for these fuels is proved to be unsatisfactory and permanent man power for fault rectification is required. Using these engines long enough will increase operational costs. One example of these fuels is diesel.
What is Solar hybrid system ?
Solar hybrid system used two types of energy which are solar energy and also another type of power generating energy source to produce electricity. A common type of system is photovoltaic diesel hybrid system. This system used both types of energy together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply. These power plants used solar energy as its main power and used diesel only when the solar panels failed and low solar radiation.
Schematic Representation Of An Ideal Geothermal System
Geothermal Power
Energy Source Requirements
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy which can be used for direct purpose as well as for power
generation. Geothermal is low emission and doesn’t depend on the natural fossil fuels. Generation for
the geothermal energy is depending upon the temperature reservoir. There are three types of
geothermal power. Dry steam, flash steam and binary cycle. But as far as technological concerns
binary cycle and flash steams consider as the most effective idea for small scale of geothermal power
plants. Difference between Flash steam and binary cycle is that flash steam is a low cost power plant
where as the binary cycle is more feasible for the lower temperature such as less than 150 Celsius.
According to the study done by MIT it is expected that by 2050 United States will be producing
44,000 MWs of energy by the geothermal.
Dry Steam
Flash Steam power Plant
Binary Cycle Power Plant
BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANTS (SODA LAKE)
In 1988, fallon Nevada, geothermal power plant was started for the production of electricity. It was a
3.6MWe of binary power plant which consists of three OR MAT OECs modular units. This power
plant was working on the liquid fluid with temperature of 188ºC ( 370 ºC). It was operating on the
output voltage of 43.8kV with the net power production of 2.75 MWe.
Geographical Aspects
Malaysia
Climate for Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan is considered entirely equatorial as it is located at latitude of 5.6740 °N and 116.3649°E. These areas experienced mild tropical climate all year long. Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan is located around 48 kilometres south of Ranau and 48 kilometres north of Keningau. The average temperature varied from 19 to 30 °c per day, whereas the average solar radiation is about 4500Wh/m^2 per day. Therefore, it has the abundant potential for using renewable energy such as solar energy. it can be observed that solar radiation in Malaysia is really high based on the world standard. Since Sabah is rich in diesel, it acts as a failsafe when the solar radiation is relatively low. Thus, the use of solar-diesel system is a great system in solving the energy crisis in rural areas such as Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan
Jan Mar May JulSe
pNov
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Climate data for Tambunan
Maximum Temperature
Minimum Temperature
months
Temperature (degree celsius)
United States Of America
Climate for the long valley is consider as hot in summer season and mild to cooler in the winter
season. It is also known as for its humid subtropical climate. Area wise this land is about 150 miles
longer and 70 miles wider. Mercer country is located at the centre at about 5 miles south east of
Trenton. Minimum temperature was -34C recorded in 1904. Average temperature is as low as 24.2
degrees.
Month
January
Febru
aryMarc
hApril
MayJune
July
August
Septem
ber
October
November
December
0
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140
Average TemperatureMax TemperatureMin Temperature
Economic Aspects
Malaysia
Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia consists of around 19 houses and it was located at a height of 1000m from ground. This makes the geographical region hard to obtain electricity supplied by TNB Distribution System. Due to the high cost of distribution and
transmission, grid power supply in rural areas is not economically viable. The distance of Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan and the Grid system is quite far. The installation of grid networks is quite costly and off-grid electrification provides the least cost option solution.
The advantages of Solar-diesel Hybrid power station is able to provide 24 hours supply of electricity compared to stand-alone genset Diesel power station that can only provide 6 to 12 hours supply of electricity. This is important for residents in Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan as it was often dark at night with no electricity making daily activities come to a halt. Business and shops are unable to work at night. Electricity and communication has becomes a necessity for daily activities involving business to take place. Thus, it is bad for Malaysia’s economy. Plus, Solar-diesel Hybrid does not required high maintanence or repairs. The use of solar energy with diesel also further reduces the high cost of fuel and consumption compared to stand alone genset diesel power station. The operational costs of the generator engine are also at minimal. Jobs such as technicians and engineers are also created for the residents in the kampong for maintaining the Solar-diesel Hybrid Power station.
United States Of America
New Jersey is located at the northern eastern and at the middle of Atlantic region in United
States. In terms of economic aspect it is very ideally. Pharmaceutical industry, chemical
development and also have a widely scope in agriculture industry. Economically this state has
shown the output of $75.62 million in the GDP.
Transport Availabilities
Malaysia
Kg Monsok Ulu, Tambunan is easily accessible via car ride from the capital of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. The whole journey takes about 1 hour to reach the destination. Trucks are recommended to use in the transferring of supplies and goods needed because the roads are bumpy. This is to prevent the damage of goods and building materials for the installation of the solar plant. The speedboats are also available for rent to transport diesels from place to place through Sungai Tambunan. The wiring of the solar power plant into solar interactive inverter is done through guidelines from the construction company in relatively short time.
United State of America
The location to build the geothermal power plant is nearby Washington Township. Road will
be used to reach to this location for the transferring of the goods and all the stuff to build the
plant. Construction company will take all the responsibility for the materials its guideline,
communication with its dealers and suppliers.
Geothermal Energy
Small power projects also known as the village power and often it is called as off grid power which
can serve the people of rural areas. According to Entingh, (1994) the demand in the electricity
capacity per person in developed areas is 1.0 kW where as it is 0.2kW in the areas where population is
very less. So this means a power plant which can produce power of 100-kWe can serve up to 100 to
500 peoples and if power plant is able to produce up to 1000 kWe of power will be able to serve
1000- 5000 peoples in that area. Small units for the production of electricity are found at the larger
cities where in its initial phase is going on for the development purposes. Advantages of geothermal
plants such as it are very easy to transport the plants. Costs of the field piping are low.
GEOTHERMAL BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANTS
The growth of energy from binary design energy plants is useful for using low and method heat range
resources and improving the complete exploitable geothermal power energy potential worldwide. The
number of countries utilizing geothermal energy is increasing every year, with many countries
concentrating on producing electricity by using binary cycle technology. Binary cycle works on the
modification of the rankine cycle also known as the organic rankine cycle (ORC) in which the
working fluid instead of water is used such as organic fluid which has lower boiling point with higher
vapour temperature as compared to water. Binary cycle power plants are very feasible to install in
long valley, New Jersey. It has high efficiency, minimize the losses and the cost is lower.
Cost of Geothermal Power Plants (Binary Cycle)
Technical
Resource Temperature 120ºC
System Net Capacity 300 kWe
Number of Wells 2
Capacity Factor 0.8
Plant Life 30 years
ROI % 12%/yr
kWh/yr produced 2.10 million
Capital Costs
Exploration $200,000
Wells 325,000
Field 94,000
Power Plant 659,000
TOTAL $1,278,000
Plant cost/installed kW $2,200
Annual capital recovery cost $158,650
O&M
Costs Field $32,000
Plant 26,000
Backup System 5,000
TOTAL/yr $63,000
Annual Rate of Heat Loss
Assumptions
1. Area of window in the house, A= 15m2
2. Type of window framing: Fixed aluminium frame
3. Glazing type: 6.4mm single glazing
4. Transfer of heat through the window is in one dimension
5. Operating condition exists as steady state
6. Heat loses are not considered
7. Heat transfer coefficient and thermal properties of windows are constant
U-factor (U) =5.57=m2. ºC.
Q (window )=U (overall ) A ¿
Ti= Temperature of indoor = 23ºC
To=Temperature of outdoor = Tavg
Analysis: Heat loss through windows
A = area of exposed surface (m2) = 15 m2
U = overall heat transmission coefficient (W/m2K) = 5.57 W/m2K (single-glazed windows (double-
door type wood-framed)
ti = inside air temperature (o C) = 9.42 o C
to= outside air temperature(average yearly temperature ) (o C) =12.92 o C
Ht = 15 X 5.57 X (9.42 o C -12.92 o C )
Ht = _ 292.43W
Negative sign shows that more amount of heat is coming from outside.
Ht, saved =Ht, old window _ H t, new window
Ht∆t; (Heat lose X change in time)
(Energy saving)X (unit cost of energy)
Ht = 15 X 3.2 X (9.42 o C _12.92 o C)
Ht = -168W
Ht = (_292.43) _ (_168W)
Ht = _124.43W
Electrical and cost saving per month will be when replacing the single glaze window to double glaze window.
Then the electrical energy and cost savings per month becomes
Energy savings (Long Valley, New Jersey)
Ht∆t= (0.1244KW) (30 X 24h/month)
= 89.59KWh/month
Cost savings (Long Valley, New Jersey)
(Energy saving) (Unit cost of energy)
= (89.59KWh/month) ($0.095/kWh)
=$8.511/month
Electricity cost calculation
Average cost of electricity in New Jersey: $0.163 per kilowatt hours
Average cost of electricity in Malaysia: RM------ per kilowatt hours
Sample calculation for electrical energy:
wattage of appliance × hours of opertaion×electric rate1000
⁼operation cost
Cost of electricity in New Jersey, United States
APPLIANCES WATTS HOURS KWh COST ( RM)Lcd, Television 150 6 0.9 18.56
Vacuum 542 1 0.542 7.43Water heater 4500 0.30 hours( 18
mins)1.35 27.83
Refrigerator 225 24 0.0675 37.11Ceiling fan 35 6 5.4 4.34
Coffee maker 1000 0.05 (3mins) 0.21 1.03Laptop 25 5 0.05 2.58
Iron 1100 0.05hours (3mins) 0.125 1.12
Microwave Owen 1500 0.167 hours (10mins)
0.055 5.15
Stereo system 33 2 0.066
Total=8.76kWh
0.90
Total =RM106.05
Total cost of electricity for 100 houses in the villages: RM106.05× 100 = RM10605
Total cost of electricity in 1 month for 1 house: RM106.05 × 30 = RM3181.5
Total cost of electricity in 1 month for 100 houses: RM3181.5 × 100 = RM318150
Total cost of electricity in 1 year for 1 house: RM3181.5 × 12= RM38178
Total cost of electricity in 1 year for 100 houses: RM318150 × 12 = RM31815000
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