theses for the reconstruction of ancient history

7/25/2019 Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History

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THESES FOR THE RECONSTRUCTIONOF ANCIENT HISTORY

FROM THE END OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM IN EGYPTTO THE ADVENT OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

BY

IMMANUEL VELIKOVSKY

1945

INTRODUCTION

The wr!!e" h#!$r% $& !he '"(e"! w$r)* # ($+,$#e* w!h$-! ($rre(! #%"(hr$".'!$" $& !he

h#!$re# $& *&&ere"! ,e$,)e# $& '"!/-!%0 ' *#(re,'"(% $& '$-! #2 h-"*re* %e'r# e2#!#

e!wee" !he Herew '"* E3%,!'" h#!$re# '# !he% 're ($"e"!$"'))% wr!!e" #"(e !he h#!$re#$& $!her ,e$,)e# 're #%"(hr$".e* $!h w!h !he Herew '"* !he E3%,!'" ,'#!6 !he% 're

($+,)e!e)% *#!$r!e*7

The 3r$-"* ,)'" &$r ' re*e#3""3 $& '"(e"! h#!$r% w'# re'*% " !# +'" &e'!-re# " !he #,r"3

19487 D-r"3 !he %e'r# 194819446 I wr$!e '"* ($+,)e!e* ' Re($"#!r-(!$" $& '"(e"! h#!$r%

&r$+ !he e"* $& !he M**)e K"3*$+ " E3%,! !$ !he '*e"! $& A)e2'"*er !he Gre'!7 D-e !$ w'r($"*!$"# '"* !her "!er&ere"(e w!h !he ,r"!"3 $& e2!e"#e #(e"!&( w$r:#6 !he ,-)('!$"

$& ;A3e# " Ch'$#< h'* !$ e ,$#!,$"e*7 Th# #h$r! ,',er # "!e"*e* !$ r"3 !$3e!her " ($"(#e

&$r+ +$#! $& !he ""$'!$"# $& +% w$r: I ,re#e"! !he+ " !he &$r+ $& !he#e# !he +'"&$)*,r$$ wh(h -"*er)e !he Re($"#!r-(!$" '"* !he "-+er$-# ($))'!$"# $& h#!$r(') +'!er') 're

re#ere* &$r !he w$r: !#e)&7

New Y$r:6 =-"e 186 19457

I

17 A"(e"! H#!$r% e&$re !he '*e"! $& A)e2'"*er !he Gre'! # wr!!e" " ' (h'$!( +'""er7 I! #

e"!re)% ($"&-#e*6 '"* # ' *#'rr'% $& (e"!-re#6 :"3*$+# '"* ,er#$"#7

>7 The ('-#e $& !h# ($"&-#$" )e# " '" "($rre(! re,re#e"!'!$" $& !he E3%,!'" ,'#! '"* #"(e!he h#!$r% $& E3%,! # (h$#e" !$ #ere &$r $re"!'!$" " ($+,)"3 !he h#!$re# $& $!her ,e$,)e#


2/23

$& '"!/-!%6 !he h#!$re# $& !he#e $!her ,e$,)e# 're r$-3h! "!$ *#$r*er '# we))7 The err$r "

E3%,!'" h#!$r% ($"##!# $& #2 !$ #ee" '"*6 " #$+e ,)'(e#6 e3h! (e"!-re# $& re!'r*'!$"7

?7 H#!$re# $& P')e#!"e6 S%r'6 B'%)$"'6 A##%r'6 M%(e"'e6 C)'##(') Gree(e6 Ch')*e'6Ph$e"('6 '"* C'r'6 're wr!!e" " *-,)('!e &$r+6 w!h !he #'+e ee"!# re,e'!e* '&!er ' ,er$*

$& #2 $r #ee" (e"!-re#7 The ($"&-#$" $& (e"!-re# +':e# !he )&e $& +'"% ,er#$"'3e# *$-)e*e#(e"*'"!# 're !r'"#&$r+e* "!$ '"(e#!$r#6 '"* e"!re ,e$,)e# '"* e+,re# 're "e"!e*7

47 The E3%,!'" '"* =ew#h h#!$re#6 '# !he% 're wr!!e"6 're *e$* $& ' #"3)e #%"(hr$"#+ " ',er$* $& +'"% h-"*re*# $& %e'r#7 E2$*-#6 '" ee"! wh(h ($"(er"# $!h ,e$,)e#6 # ,re#-+')%

"$! +e"!$"e* " !he E3%,!'" *$(-+e"!# $& !he ,'#!7 The e#!')#h"3 $& !he !+e $& !he E2$*-#

+-#! he), !$ #%"(hr$".e !he h#!$re# $& !he#e !w$ ,e$,)e#7

57 The )!er') +e'""3 $& +'"% ,'##'3e# " !he S(r,!-re# wh(h re)'!e !$ !he !+e $& !he E2$*-#6+,)% !h'! !here w'# ' 3re'! "'!-r') ('!'()%#+ $& e"$r+$-# *+e"#$"#7

@7 The #%"(hr$"$-# +$+e"! e!wee" !he E3%,!'" '"* =ew#h h#!$re# ('" e e#!')#he* & !he#'+e ('!'#!r$,he ('" ')#$ e !r'(e* " E3%,!'" )!er'!-re7

7 The P',%r-# I,-wer *e#(re# ' "'!-r') ('!'#!r$,he '"* "$! +ere)% ' #$(') re$)-!$"6 '# ##-,,$#e*7 A -2!',$#!$" $& +'"% ,'##'3e# $& !h# ,',%r-# e*!e* % A7 G'r*"er6 -"*er !he

"'+e ;A*+$"!$"# $& '" E3%,!'" S'3e


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147 The E2$*-# !$$: ,)'(e '! !he ()$#e $& !he M**)e K"3*$+0 !he "'!-r') ('!'#!r$,he ('-#e*

!he e"* $& !h# ,er$* " !he h#!$r% $& E3%,!7 Th# w'# " !he +**)e $& !he #e($"* +))e""-+

e&$re !he ,re#e"! er'7

157 The I#r'e)!e# )e&! E3%,! ' &ew *'%# e&$re !he "'#$" $& !he H%:#$# A+-7

II

1@7 The I#r'e)!e# +e! !he H%:#$# A+- $" !her w'% &r$+ E3%,!7 The H%:#$# were !he

A+')e:!e#7

17 The Ar'( '-!h$r# $& !he M**)e A3e# re)'!e* !r'*!$"# wh(h re&)e(! '(!-') h#!$r(')ee"!#6 '$-! !he A+')e:!e# wh$ )e&! Me::' '+*#! ('!'#!r$,he# '"* ,)'3-e#6 !he "'#$" $&

P')e#!"e '"* E3%,! % !he A+')e:!e#6 '"* !he A+')e:!e ,h'r'$h#7

17 The ('!'#!r$,he# '"* ,)'3-e# $& !he#e !r'*!$"# 're ,'r! $& !he ('!'()%#+ wh(h # *e#(re*

" !he S(r,!-re#6 !he P',%r-# I,-wer6 '"* !he "'$# $& e)Ar#h7 The &)$$*6 wh(h *r$w"e* +'"%A+')e:!e# wh$ e#(',e* &r$+ Ar''6 w'# #+-)!'"e$-# w!h !he -,he'') $& !he #e' $" !he *'%

$& !he P'##'3e7

197 Be('-#e $& !he $((-,'!$" $& #$-!her" P')e#!"e Ne3e % !he H%:#$#6 !he I#r'e)!e#

e#(',"3 &r$+ E3%,! were &$r(e* !$ r$'+ " !he *e#er!7 The De#er! $& !he '"*er"3# #!re!(he**ee, "!$ !he Ar' Pe""#-)'7

>87 The H%:#$# #!r$"3h$)* A-'r# w'# #!-'!e* '! !he e)Ar#h $& !$*'%7 I!# $!her "'+e# 're

Th'r- '"* Rh"$($r-r'7

>17 I!# -)*er L'!#6 +e"!$"e* " !he Ar'( #$-r(e#6 # *e"!(') w!h !he H%:#$# K"3 S')!# $&=$#e,h-#M'"e!h$7

>>7 The H%:#$# K"3 wh$#e "'+e # re'* A,$, I # !he A3$3 I $& !he S(r,!-re#7 S+)'r)%

A,$, II # !he )(') A3$3 II7

>?7 A+')e:!e &$r!re##e# were -)! " P')e#!"e7 O"e $& !he+ w'# '! Pr'!h$" " E,hr'+7

>47 The A+')e:!e# e+,)$%e* !he #'+e !'(!(# " !her *e'#!'!"3 r'*# $" P')e#!"e '"* E3%,!6(h$$#"3 !he !+e e&$re !he h're#!7

>57 The ,r$(e## $& !he ($"/-e#! $& P')e#!"e % !he I#r'e)!e# w'# #)$we* *$w" '"* reer#e*whe" !he C'"''"!e# '))e* !he+#e)e# w!h !he H%:#$#A+')e:!e#7 The w'r# $& !he =-*3e# were

"!e"*e* !$ &ree !he ,e$,)e &r$+ !he %$:e $& !he H%:#$#7

>@7 The ('!'()%#+ wh(h ('-#e* ' +3r'!$" $& ,e$,)e# r$-3h! !he Ph)#!"e# &r$+ C%,r-# !$!he #h$re# $& P')e#!"e7 The% "!er+'rre* w!h !he A+')e:!e# '"* ,r$*-(e* ' h%r* "'!$"7


4/23

>7 The M'"e!h$"'" !r'*!$" '$-! !he )'!er H%:#$# D%"'#!% $& ' ;He))e"(< $r3" re&)e(!# !he

,er$* whe" !he Ph)#!"e e)e+e"! e('+e r'!her *$+"'"! " !he A+')e:!e E+,re7

>7 The ;A+')e:!e (!%< wh(h w'# (',!-re* % S'-) w'# A-'r#7

>97 A# !he re#-)! $& h# (!$r% '! A-'r#6 S'-) &ree* E3%,! '"* !he e"!re Ne'r E'#!7

?87 I" !he #e3e $& A-'r#6 S'-) w'# '###!e* % K'+$#e '"* Ah+$#e6 !he '##') ,r"(e# $&

Thee#7

?17 M'"e!h$# #!$r% '$-! !he H%:#$# )e'"3 A-'r# % '3ree+e"! re&)e(!# !he #(r,!-r')

"(*e"! ($"(er""3 !he Ke"!e# )e'"3 !he e#e3e* A+')e:!e &$r!re##7

?>7 The "'#$" $& #$-!her" P')e#!"e % !he e#(',"3 re+"'"!# $& !he H%:#$# # re&)e(!e* " IS'+-e) ?8 '"* !her &-r!her *e#!r-(!$" '! Sher-he"6 " !he T')+-*( #!$r% $& =$'# w'r '3'"#!

!he (',!') $& !he A+')e:!e#7

??7 Th# )'#! '#!$" $& !he A+')e:!e# w'# ,r$')% $" $"e $& !he r$(:# $& Pe!r'7

?47 M'"e!h$ ($"&-#e* Sher-he" w!h =er-#')e+6 '"* !he I#r'e)!e#6 !he re*ee+er# $& E3%,!6 w!h!he H%:#$#7

?57 Th# ($"&-#$" #,re'* " !he P!$)e+'( !+e '"* e('+e !he ('-#e $& !he r#e $& '"!

Se+!#+ wh(h6 &e* &r$+ *&&ere"! (h'""e)#6 #-re* -"!) !$*'%7

?@7 The ,er$* $& !he '"*er"3# " !he De#er!6 $& =$#h-'6 '"* $& !he =-*3e#6 ($rre#,$"*# !$ !he

!+e $& H%:#$# *$+"'!$" " E3%,! '"* !he Ne'r E'#!7 The ,er$* $& !he H%:#$# )'#!e* &$r +$re

!h'" &$-r h-"*re* %e'r#7 The 'r(h'e$)$3(') &"*"3# $& !he H%:#$# ,er$* " P')e#!"e ',,er!'"!$ !he !+e $& !he C$"/-e#! '"* !he =-*3e#7

III

?7 Tw$ :"3*$+# r$#e $" !he r-"# $& !he H%:#$# E+,re0 !he :"3*$+ $& I#r'e) -"*er D'*6'"* !he New K"3*$+ $& E3%,! -"*er !he E3h!ee"!h D%"'#!%7 The e3"""3# $& !he#e !w$

*%"'#!e# 're "$! #e,'r'!e* % #2 (e"!-re# !he% #!'r!e* #+-)!'"e$-#)%7

?7 The E3%,!'" -ee" T'h,e"e#6 !he ##!er")'w $& H'*'* !he E*$+!e6 w'# ' w&e $&

Ah+$#e7

?97 Th-!+$#e I '!!'(:e* Ge.er $& !he Ph)#!"e# '"* 3'e ! !$ S$)$+$"6 h# #$"")'w7

487 -ee" She' # *e"!(') w!h -ee" H'!#he,#-7

417 The "&$r+'!$" $& =$#e,h-# !h'! !he /-ee"3-e#! r-)e* E3%,! '"* A%##"'6 # ($rre(!7


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4>7 The !he$re# wh(h ,)'(e P-"! '"* G$*# L'"* " e!her S$-!h Ar'' $r A&r(' 're e/-'))%

wr$"37 H'!#he,#-# e2,e*!$"6 ,(!-re* " !he !e+,)e $& Der e) B'h'r "e'r Thee#6 we"! !$

P')e#!"ePh$e"('7

4?7 B% !he !+e $& !he O)* K"3*$+6 P')e#!"e w'# ')re'*% :"$w" '# G$*# L'"* $r H$)% L'"*7

The !re $& Me"'#he )e* " P')e#!"e ')re'*% '! !he !+e $& !he O)* K"3*$+ " E3%,!7

447 A ,re)+"'r% e2,e*!$" *#,'!(he* % H'!#he,#- !$ ,re,'re !he w'% &$r !he +'"

e2,e*!$"6 w'# +e! % Per-h'6 !he )(') P'r-'h6 3$er"$r $& E.$"Geer7

457 The ($rre(!$" $& !he er#e# I K"3# 46 1@1 wh(h ,)'(e A)$!h " !he *$+'" $& !he #$" $&P'r-'h6 # we)) &$-"*e*7

4@7 -ee" H'!#he,#- ,'r!(,'!e* ,er#$"'))% " !he +'" e2,e*!$" !$ E.$"Geer6 =er-#')e+6

'"* Ph$e"('7 Her "!e"!$" w'# !$ #ee wh'! #he h'* :"$w" ;% he'r#'%< $")%7

47 The re!-r" $%'3e w'# +'*e % #e' &r$+ !he P')e#!"'" #h$re !$ Thee# $" !he N)e6 '"* '#e($"* &)ee! w'# -#e*7 I" !he *'%# $& H'!#he,#- !here w'# "$ ('"') ($""e(!"3 !he N)e w!h !he

Re* Se'7

47 =ew#h $&&(er# " !he #er(e $& S$)$+$" 're ,$r!r'%e* $" !he w'))# $& Der E) B'h'r7

497 E2$!( '"+')# '"* ,)'"!#6 "()-*"3 !he ')3-+!ree# ;"eer #ee" e&$re


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5@7 The A%##"'" !r'*!$" ,re#ere* !he "'+e $& !he -ee" $& !he S$-!h '# M':e*'6 wh(h #

*ere* &r$+ !he ,er#$"') "'+e $& H'!#he,#- M':eR'7

57 The Ar'( ()'+ !h'! -ee" She' w'# !her -ee" B):#6 # -"&$-"*e*7

57 The !r'*!$"') $r3" $& #$+e Herew )e3e"*# ($"(er""3 -ee" She' ('" e !r'(e* " !he)&e '"* ',,e'r'"(e $& H'!#he,#-7

IV

597 Th-!+$#e III # !he #(r,!-r') Sh#h': he )e* "$! *-r"3 !he &&!ee"!h6 -! *-r"3 !he )'!!er

,'r! $& !he !e"!h '"* !he e3"""3 $& !he ""!h (e"!-r%7

@87 Th-!+$#e III re&er# " h# "#(r,!$" " K'r"': !$ !he #!'!e $& *#'3ree+e"! '"* w'r '+$"3!he =ew#h !re# $& P')e#!"e '&!er !he *e'!h $& S$)$+$"7

@17 The *#"!e3r'!$" $& !he e+,re $& S$)$+$" w'# ,)'""e* &$r % Th-!+$#e III '"* ('rre* $-!% h+7 He w'# ')#$ !he '-!h$r $& !he *#$" $& P')e#!"e "!$ !w$ :"3*$+#7

@>7 =er$$'+6 !he &r#! :"3 $& !he !e" !re#6 # ,(!-re* *-r"3 h# #!'% " E3%,! $" ' '#re)e& "Thee#6 !$3e!her w!h ' #+')) #$" $& h#6 '# !he ,r"(e $& D-", T-",6 wh(h # D'"7

@?7 B'')e: # !he '"(e"! D'"7

@47 The )#! $& !he P')e#!"'" (!e# "#(re* % Th-!+$#e III " K'r"': ($+,r#e# !he "'+e# $&

!he (!e# $& Reh$$'+ " h# &&!h %e'r7 The (!%&$r!re##e# -)! $r &$r!&e* % Reh$$'+6 E!'+6

Be!h-r6 Sh$(($6 G'!h6 ,h6 '"* A*$r'+6 ('" e *e"!&e* " !her E3%,!'" !r'"#(r,!$"7

@57 The (he& &$r!re## e#e3e* '"* (',!-re* e&$re !he Ph'r'$h ('+e !$ =er-#')e+6 w'#

Me3**$7 Me3**$ w'# *e&e"*e* % Reh$$'+ ,er#$"'))%6 '"* he e)-*e* (',!!% whe" !he

&$r!re## &e))7

@@7 The (!% K'*e#h6 !he +$#! +,$r!'"! '+$"3 !he P')e#!"'" (!e#6 '"* !he &r#! " !he )#! $&Th-!+$#e III6 # =er-#')e+7

@7 The #-+##$" $& Reh$$'+ '"* !he ,r"(e# $& !he )'"*6 '"* !her ;e($+"3 #er'"!#< !$

!he Ph'r'$h # *e#(re* " !he '""')# $& Th-!+$#e III7

@7 The e##e)# '"* &-r"!-re $& !he Te+,)e $& S$)$+$" #'(:e* % Th-!+$#e III6 're ,(!-re* $"' '#re)e& $& K'r"':7 The% ('" e #ee" " *e!')0 ')!'r#6 !')e#6 ('"*)e#!(:#6 e!(7

@97 The $r"'+e"!# $& ;' (r$w" $& 3$)* r$-"* '$-!


7/23

87 The #h$wre'*# h'* ' ($"(') &$r+7 The ('"*)e#!(:# h'* !hree r'"(he# $" e!her #*e $& !he

#!e+6 $r #ee" r'"(he# $" e!her #*e Jaltogether7 The &$-"!'"# &$r ,er&-+e were e##e)#

$r"'+e"!e* w!h &3-re# $& '"+')#7

17 The ($,,er ($ere* *$$r# '"* (h'"# $& 3$)* were '(!-') &e'!-re# $& !he Te+,)e $& S$)$+$"7

>7 G$)*e" (h'r$!#6 ):e !h$#e +e"!$"e* " !he S$"3 $& S$"3#6 were ('rre* &r$+ P')e#!"e '#

!r-!e6 '"* 're ,(!-re* " !he #e,-)(hr') (h'+er# $& Re:h+re6 !he .er $& Th-!+$#e III7

?7 The !he$r% '$-! !he #-,re+e 'r!#'"#h, $& !he C'"''"!e# " !he ,reI#r'e)!e ,er$* #

w!h$-! &$-"*'!$"7

47 =ew#h 'r!#!# r$-3h! !$ E3%,! "!r$*-(e* !her &"e 'r!# '"* "&)-e"(e* !he 'e#!he!(

($"(e,!$"# $& !he E3%,!'"#7

57 A"+')# '"* ,)'"!# $& P')e#!"e $& !he *'%# $& Reh$$'+ 're ,(!-re* " !he !e+,)e $&

K'r"':7 The% ($+,r#e !he ($))e(!$"# $& S$)$+$"7

@7 ;Ar.e"-< $-r )'"*6 % wh(h !he S(r,!-re# +e'" P')e#!"e6 w'# !# "'+e " !he E3%,!'"!$"3-e ;Re.e"-< 6 ' 3e$3r',h(') e/-')e"! $& !he "'+e ;G$*# L'"*


8/23

57 The !he$r% !h'! Ter'h $& !he P$e+6 wh$ "'*e* !he #$-!h $& P')e#!"e w!h +))$"# $&

#$)*er#6 # !he &'!her $& Ar'h'+6 # wr$"37

@7 The She+e#hE*$+ $& !he w'r'""')# $& A+e"h$!e, II # !he E*$+!e (!% $& Sh',e#hShe+e#h re&erre* !$ " !he P$e+ $& Kere!7

7 I" !he *'%# $& Th-!+$#e IV6 P')e#!"e '3'" e('+e ' ,r$!e(!$r'!e $& E3%,! " &e'r $& '

+e"'("3 ($"/-e#! % A##-r"'#r,') 5@86 &'!her $& Sh')+'"'##'r7

7 Sh#h': +e"!$"e* " !he R'# Sh'+r' !e2!# # Th-!+$#e IV7

97 The !e2!# &$-"* " R'# Sh'+r' 're "$! $& !he &&!ee"!h6 -! $& !he ""!h (e"!-r%7

987 The ()$#e re#e+)'"(e $& !he !e2!# $& R'# Sh'+r' w!h *er#e $$:# $& !he S(r,!-re#re,-*'!e# +$#! $& !he '##er!$"# $& !he B)e (r!(#+ )'!e $r3" $& !he !e2!#6 '# we)) '# !he

+$*er" !he$r% '$-! !he C'"''"!e her!'3e " !he S(r,!-re# e'r)% $r3" $& !he !e2!#7

917 The !he$r% !h'! '),h'e!( wr!"3 w'# ,er&e(!e* " !he #2!ee"!h (e"!-r% ('""$! e #-,,$r!e*

% !he R'# Sh'+r' !e2!# $& !he ""!h (e"!-r%7

9>7 A# !he '),h'e!( wr!"3 $& Herew " (-"e&$r+ $& R'# Sh'+r' # ($"!e+,$r'"e$-# w!h

!he #!e)' $& Me#h' wr!!e" " Herew '),h'e!( (h'r'(!er#6 !he '),h'e! +$#! ,r$')% ** "$!

$r3"'!e " Ph$e"(' -! " P')e#!"e7

9?7 The !he$r% !h'! !he R'# Sh'+r' !e2!# ($"!'" +e"!$" $& I$"'"#6 '"* $& !her (!% D*%+e6 #($rre(!6 -! ! ($"(er"# !he ""!h (e"!-r% I$"'"#7

947 The Kh'r $& !he E3%,!'" '"* R'# Sh'+r' !e2!# were "$! H-rr!e# $r Tr$3)$*%!e#6 -!C'r'"#7

957 The #!'!e+e"! % ()'##(') '-!h$r# !h'! !he C'r'"# +3r'!e* &r$+ Cre!e # ($rr$$r'!e* %!he "'+e $& Kere! $& !he R'# Sh'+r' !e2!#7

9@7 The Kh'r C'r $& !he S(r,!-re# were !he Kh'r $r C'r'"# &r$+ R'# Sh'+r'7

97 The C'r'" )'"3-'3e # #!-*e* " !he *#3-#e $& !he H-rr'" $r H-rr!e )'"3-'3e7 The

re'*"3 $& !he (-"e&$r+ Kh'r ('" e he),e* % ' ($+,'r'!e #!-*% $& !he C'r'" "#(r,!$"# "

Gree: )e!!er# &$-"* " E3%,!7

97 The re'*"3 $& C'r'" w)) ($"!r-!e !$ !he *e(,her+e"! $& !he C%,r'" '"* Cre!'"

her$3)%,h(# '"* +'% '* " re($"#!r-(!"3 !he e'r)% h#!$r% $& !he e#!7

997 The "'+e $& !he (!% U3'r! R'# Sh'+r' # ,r$')% !he e/-')e"! $& E-'3$r'#6 !he C'r'"

I$"'" "'+e $& ' "-+er $& C%,r'" :"3#7

1887 The "'+e N:+e* $& !he R'# Sh'+r' !e2!# # !he I$"'"C'r'" "'+e N:$+e*e#7


9/23

1817 The (!% $& R'# Sh'+r' w'# *e#!r$%e* " !he *'%# $& !he K"3 N:+e* % Sh')+'"'##'r "

5@ B7 C7 E7 I!# *e#!r-(!$" # re($r*e* % Sh')+'"'##'r '"* !he (!% # ('))e* ;!he (!% $&

N:*e+7 The e"!re 'r(h'e$)$3% $& !he e'#!er" Me*!err'"e'"6 '#e* -,$" !he '##-+,!$" !h'! !heM%(e"'e'" (-)!-re e)$"3# !$ !he &&!ee"!h!hr!ee"!h (e"!-re#6 # -)! -,$" ' +#)e'*"3

,r"(,)e7

VI

11?7 The e)A+'r"' Le!!er# were wr!!e" "$! " !he &&!ee"!h&$-r!ee"!h (e"!-r%6 -! " !he +**)e

$& !he ""!h (e"!-r%7

1147 A+$"3 !he ($rre#,$"*e"!# $& A+e"h$!e, III '"* A:h"'!$" 're )(') ,er#$"'3e#0

=eh$#h',h'! A*H'6 K"3 $& =er-#')e+ Ah' R A**6 K"3 $& S'+'r' Be"H'*'*


10/23

A*A#hr!'6 K"3 $& D'+'#(-# H'.'e) A.'r-6 K"3 $& D'+'#(-# A+'" A+'"',,'6

G$er"$r $& S'+'r' A*'' A*''6 A*"' A*'*'"-6 A+'#'6 #$" $& hr #$" $& -hr-6

=eh$.''* ='h.'*'6 +)!'r% 3$er"$r# $& =eh$#h',h'! O'*'6 !he (he& $& =e.ree) O'*'*'6 ' (!% 3$er"$r " =-*e' !he Gre'! L'*% $& Sh-"e+ B'')'!h Ne##e N''+'"

='"h'+'6 !he (',!'" $& D'+'#(-# '"* $!her#7 Ar.' Ar.''6 !he ($-r!er " S'+'r'6 #

re&erre* !$ " ' )e!!er7

1157 Me#h'6 K"3 $& M$'6 # $&!e" +e"!$"e* " !he Le!!er# % h# "'+e Me#h7 The $+##$"$& !he "'+e $& !he ree) :"3 % !he !r'"#)'!$r# $& !he Le!!er# # "$! w'rr'"!e*7

11@7 The K"3 $& H'!!6 wh$ &$r %e'r# "'*e* '"* h'r'##e* S%r'6 w'# A##-r"'#r,') '"* '&!er

h+ Sh')+'"'##'r7

117 The &$))$w"3 ($rre#,$"*e"!# $& A+e"h$!e, '"* A:h"'!$" 're :"$w" &r$+ !he "#(r,!$"#$& Sh')+'"'##'r A*+'6 Pr"(e $& S'"' '"* Ir/'!' M-!B')- M'!"-B')6 Pr"(e $& Ar'*7

117 B-r"'-r'# # !he B'%)$"'" "'+e $& Sh')+'"'##'r6 '"* -"*er !h# "'+e he ($rre#,$"*e*w!h A+e"h$!e, III '"* A:h"'!$"7 I" !he Le!!er# he # ')#$ re&erre* !$ '# Sh')+''!7

1197 The +)!'r% (he& wh$ $,,$#e* Sh')+'"'##'r '! K'r:'r w'# !he 3$er"$r $&Me3**$Br*r Br*'6 $"e $& !he Ph'r'$h# ($rre#,$"*e"!#7 The *e"!&('!$" $& Be" H'*'*

w!h Br*r # wr$"37

1>87 S-+-r $& !he Le!!er# # S'+'r' G-' # =e.ree)7 The "ew re#*e"(e $& !he :"3 $& I#r'e)

w'# "'+e* " h$"$r $& h# w&e =e.ee)7

1>17 ='r+-!' $r R+-!' $& !he Le!!er# # R'+$!h " G)e'* S3'! # S-::$!h A+ M$'

D-r"- E*$+ R--! R'$!h " A++$" K)! '* Ke)!7

1>>7 ;E),,e< " ' "-+er $& e)A+'r"' Le!!er# +e'"# ;' +'" $er ' !h$-#'"*< $r ' (he&6 '"*

"$! ' ;#h,57 The (',!-re $& Be" H'*'* '"* ' ($e"'"! #3"e* e!wee" h+ '"* !he K"3 $& S'+'r' 're

ee"!# ')#$ re)'!e* " !he Le!!er#7

1>@7 The #e3e# $& S'+'r'6 !he "e3$!'!$" '$-! #e"*"3 E3%,!'" *e!'(h+e"!#6 '"* !he &)3h!$& !he S%r'"# '! !he #,re'*"3 $& ' r-+$r '$-! !he 'rr') $& !he E3%,!'" !r$$,#6 ('" ')#$ e

re'* " !he Le!!er#7


11/23

1>7 K"3 Ah' w'# "$! :))e* '! R'+$!h " G)e'*6 -! +ere)% w$-"*e*7 He #-re*

=eh$#h',h'! % !w$ %e'r#7 The er#$" > K"3# ?6 > # err$"e$-#6 '"* !he r') er#$" > K"3# 16

1 # ($rre(!7

1>7 M'"% ee"!# '#(re* % !he S(r,!-re# !$ =eh$r'+6 #$" $& Ah'6 $r !$ !he -"*e&"e* ;:"3

$& I#r'e)


12/23

1417 The &')"3 $& w'!er #$-r(e#6 !he *r$-3h! '"* !he 3re'! &'+"e $& #ee" %e'r# *-r'!$" "

I#r'e) 're *e#(re* " +'"% $& !he )e!!er# $& !he K"3 $& S'+'r'7

14>7 R'+$!h " G)e'* w'# ' #-e(! $& r')r% e('-#e ! w'# "$! '&&)(!e* % *r$-3h! '"*&'+"e7

14?7 The e2#!e"(e $& ' Gre'! L'*% $& S-"e+ ('))e* B'')'! Ne##e ;$"*er $((-rre* !$ her< 6

!hr$w# ' #*e)3h! $" !he )&e '"* '(!# $& E)#h'7

1447 The (h'"3e " !he '!!!-*e $& ='"h'+'6 !he (',!'" $& D'+'#(-#6 !$w'r* !he K"3 $&

S'+'r'6 !hr$w# '"$!her #*e)3h! $" !he )(') "'rr'!e '$-! E)#h'7

1457 The #!$r% '$-! #e"*"3 '##'##"# '3'"#! Ah' '"* '$-! h# re,e'!e* e#(',e# # ')#$

"'rr'!e* " !he Le!!er#7

14@7 The #(:"e## $& Be" H'*'*6 '"* h# e"3 :))e* wh)e #(:6 # ($"&r+e* % !he Le!!er#7

H'.'e)6 h# +-r*erer6 w'# h# #$" % ' h're+ w$+'"7

147 The )(') *')$3-e $& H'.'e) # !r-)% !r'"#+!!e*6 '# h# )e!!er# '"* )e!!er# '$-! h+,r$e7 I" h# wr!"36 he -#e* !he er% #'+e e2,re##$"# '#(re* !$ h+ " !he S(r,!-re#7

147 H'.'e) -r"! !he !$w"# $& I#r'e) '"* $((-,e* +$#! $& !her )'"* !h# # er&e* % !he

Le!!er#7

1497 H'.'e)6 '&!er )e'""3 !$w'r* Sh')+'"'##'r6 w'# '(:"$w)e*3e* K"3 $& D'+'#(-# %A:h"'!$" $" !he ($"*!$" !h'! he $,,$#e Sh')+'"'##'r7

1587 Sh')+'"'##'r# "#(r,!$"# '"* !he )e!!er# $& H'.'e) A.'r- 3e ($$r*"'!e* re($r*#'$-! !her w'r '"* $!her ($"*!$"# " S%r'7

1517 The !he$r% $& ' M.r :"3*$+ " S%r' # wr$"37 The #$)*er# $& M.r '! K'r:'r wereE3%,!'"#7 The 3&!# #e"! % !he K"3 $& M.r !$ Sh')+'"'##'r 're !h$#e e"-+er'!e* %

A:h"'!$" " h# )e!!er !$ !he K"3 $& H'!!7

15>7 Ah'6 -"*er ,re##-re &r$+ H'.'e)6 we"! !$ Ber-!7 He w'# "$! ,er+!!e* % h# r$!her !$

re!-r" !$ =e.ree)7 He we"! &r$+ Ber-! !$ S*$"6 !$ !he &'+)% $& h# w&e =e.ee)7 I" h# )&e!+e6r-+$r# '$-! h# *e'!h were #,re'*6 '"* !he% ($"!r-!e* !$ !he ($"&-#$" $& )'!er

(hr$"$3r',her#7

15?7 S'w'r*'!!' $& !he Le!!er# w'# ' ,r"(e $& !he S$*$+!e# wh$ )e* '! V'*Ke)!7

1547 L''' $& !he Le!!er# w'# ' ree))$-# ,r"(e $& L"'7

1557 The )e!!er '**re##e* % S-))-+' !$ H-rr' *$e# "$! e)$"3 !$ !he e)A+'r"' ($))e(!$"7 I!w'# wr!!e" " !he #ee"!h (e"!-r% '"* '**re##e* !$ Trh':'H-rr'6 !he E!h$,'"7 I! #h$-)* e '


13/23

+'!!er $& &-r!her "e#!3'!$"6 whe!her '"% $!her )e!!er# 're wr$"3)% '#(re* !$ !he e)A+'r"'

'r(he7

15@7 The $re# $& S'+'r' $& !he !+e $& Ah' 're "$! )'!e +!'!$"# $& !he $re# $& !he !+e$& A+e"h$!e, III6 A:h"'!$" '"* T-!he":h'+$"6 -! 're ($"!e+,$r'"e$-# ,r$*-(!#7

VII

157 Be!wee" !he E3h!ee"!h '"* !he N"e!ee"!h D%"'#!e# !here w'# ' ,er$* $& '$-! 158

%e'r#6 *-r"3 wh(h E3%,! w'# r-)e* % !he L%'"# '"* !he E!h$,'"# Twe"!%#e($"* !$

Twe"!%&&!h D%"'#!e#7

157 The ,er$* $& !he L%'"# " E3%,! )'#!e* "$! $er >88 %e'r# -! '$-! 188 %e'r# $")%6 '"*

!# !er+"'!$" # ($rre(!)% &2e* '! !he e"* $& !he e3h!h (e"!-r%7

1597 The $")% ,er$* $& '"(e"! E3%,! wh(h # ($rre(!)% ,)'(e* " !+e6 # !he #h$r! E!h$,'"

,er$*7 B-! !h# re!e"!$" $& !# ,r$,er ,)'(e '! !he e"* $& !he e3h!h '"* !he e3"""3 $& !he#ee"!h (e"!-r% ('-#e* ' #!)) 3re'!er (h'$# " h#!$r$3r',h% 3e"er'!$"# wh(h '(!-'))%

&$))$we* e('+e ,r$3e"!$r#6 '"(e#!$r# e('+e *e#(e"*'"!#7

1@87 O#$r:$" I w'# "$! er'h $& !he S(r,!-re#6 "$r ** he "'*e P')e#!"e7 O#$r:$" II w'# "$!

' ($"!e+,$r'r% $& O+r '"* Ah'7

1@17 Herew )e!!er# $" !he #!'!-e# $& O#$r:$" '"* S$#e": +'*e % !he Ph$e"('" :"3# E)'')'"* A'') re,re#e"! !he (h'r'(!er# $& !he e3h!h (e"!-r%6 "$! !he !e"!h (e"!-r%7

1@>7 The $#!r'(' $& S'+'r' were "$! wr!!e" " !he *'%# $& Ah'6 -! ()$#e !$ !he e"* $& !he

:"3*$+ $& I#r'e)6 " !he *'%# $& =eh$r'+ [Jeroboam II7 The#e $#!r'('6 wr!!e" " (h'r'(!er##+)'r !$ !h$#e $& !he S)$'+ "#(r,!$" $& He.e:'h6 *$ "$! #3"&% '" '"$r+') *ee)$,+e"!

$& !he Herew #(r,!7

1@?7 Ph'r'$h S$ wh$ re(ee* 3&!# &r$+ H$#he' w'# S$#e": IV6 '"* h# '#re)e& #(e"e

,(!-re# !h# !r-!e7 S$#e": re3-)'r)% ,)'(e* '# I &r#! w'# IV )'#!7

1@47 O#$r:$"6 !he ,re#! wh$ ('-#e* ' () w'r '"* w'# e2,e))e* &r$+ E3%,!6 w'# !he h#!$r('),r$!$!%,e $& O#'r#,h $& M'"e!h$6 wh$+ he wr$"3)% *e"!&e* w!h M$#e#7

1@57 A&!er !he '!!)e $& E!e:'6 E3%,! e('+e ' '##')'3e $& Se""'her7

1@@7 P#'++e!(hSe! I6 K"3 $& E3%,! '"* '" '))% $& !he E!h$,'"#6 w'# *e,$#e* % h# r$!her

H're+h'6 wh$ w'# " (h'r3e $& !he 3$er"+e"! *-r"3 !he :"3# '#e"(e e('-#e $& !he w'r7H're+h' we"! $er !$ !he A##%r'"#7 The )e3e"* '$-! H'r+'# =$#e,h-#M'"e!h$6 wh$

*e(ee* h# r$!her6 # !he #!$r% $& H're+h'7

1@7 H're+h' w'# K"3 $& E3%,! -"*er Se""'her6 '"* " !h# #er(e +'*e w'r '3'"#! !he

E!h$,'"#7 H# )'w# were +'*e $" !he A##%r'" +$*e)6 '# were ')#$ !he ,-"#h+e"!# "$)e*7


14/23

1@7 H'r#e#e6 !he ,re#! $& A++$" '! !he e"* $& !he L%'" D%"'#!%6 w'# !he +'" wh$ re're*

H're+h'7

1@97 H're+h' w'# e2,e))e* % Trh':'6 !he E!h$,'"6 '"* ,r$')% &)e* !$ C%,r-#7

187 The 59!h %e'r $& #$+e re(:$""3 +e"!$"e* " ' *$(-+e"! wr!!e" " Jreferring to !he *'%#$& H're+h'6 # !he 59!h %e'r $& !he er' $& N'$"'##'r6 wh(h #!'r!e* " 4 B7 C7E7

117 A ('r!$-(he $& H're+h' $" !he ""er w')) $& ' #e,-)(hr') (h'+er (-! " !he *'%# $& !he

E!h$,'"#6 *$e# "$! ($"#!!-!e '" e"3+'7

VIII

1>7 The #$('))e* N"e!ee"!h '"* Twe"!%#2!h D%"'#!e# 're #-#!'"!'))% $"e '"* !he #'+e7

1?7 R'+#e# I # *e"!(') w!h6 Ne(h$ 17 He w'# $"e $& !he (er$%# -"*er E##'rh'*$"7 A&!er !he

*e'!h $& E##'rh'*$"6 whe" !he (er$%# !$$: #*e# w!h Trh':' !he E!h$,'" '"* were :))e* %A##-r'",')6 R'+#e# I6 ,'r*$"e* % !he A##%r'" K"36 w'# "#!'))e* % h+ '# !he :"3 $&

E3%,!7

147 Sh'+'#h Sh-+ U:"6 K"3 $& B'%)$"6 '"* r$!her $& A##-r'",')6 ($rre#,$"*e* w!h

Trh':' '"* '))e* h+#e)& w!h h+7

157 P#'++e!(hSe! II6 #$" $& R'+#e# I6 r$#e &r$+ '##') !$ !he ,$#!$" $& '" '))% $&

A##-r'",') " h# w'r '3'"#! Sh'+'#h Sh-+ U:"7

1@7 P#'++e!(hSe! II Se! !he Gre'! re,e'!e*)% "'*e* "$r!her" P')e#!"e7 He +e"!$"#

#+'))er ($"&)(!# w!h M'"'##eh6 re&err"3 !$ !he )'!!er % h# "'+e7

17 The (!% Pe:'"$" !$ wh(h he )'* #e3e '"* wh(h he (',!-re* w'# ' &$r!re##(',!') $&

Pe:'6 K"3 $& I#r'e)6 wh$ )e* !w$ 3e"er'!$"# e'r)er7 Be"3 ' (',!')6 ! w'# ,r$')% S'+'r'7

17 Be!hSh'"S(%!h$,$)# w'# !he (!% where Se! +e! !he '"3-'r* $& !he S(%!h'"#7 He$((-,e* !he (!%6 '# he re,$r!e* $" h# #!e)' &$-"* !here7

197 Se! -)! ' &$r!re## $" !he Or$"!e36 '! Te)) Ne Me"* ! # R)'h $& !he S(r,!-re#7

187 Se! ,'r!(,'!e* " !he w'r " !he '))e% $& !he E-,hr'!e# $" !he #*e $& A##-r'",') '"*

'3'"#! N'$,$)'##'r7 The E3%,!'" 'r+% re&erre* !$ % N'$,$)'##'r " h# '""')# w'# !h'! $&Se!7

117 Gree: #$)*er# #e"! % G%3e# $& S'r*# !$ E3%,! " !he *'%# $& Se! e('+e !he &r#! Gree:

#e!!)er# !here7

IX


15/23

1>7 There w'# "$ E+,re $& !he H!!!e# " !he &$-r!ee"!h!hr!ee"!h (e"!-re#7 The 'r(he

&$-"* '! B$3h'.:$ e)$"3# " !# )'r3er ,'r! !$ !he Ne$B'%)$"'" E+,re $& !he #ee"!h#2!h

(e"!-re#7

1?7 The#e *$(-+e"!# re&)e(! !he ,$)!(')6 re)3$-# '"* -r*(') '(!!e# $& !he Ch')*e'"#7

147 I" !he #ee"!h (e"!-r% !he Ch')*e'"# were (e"!ere* " A#' M"$r6 " '" 're' $-"*e* %

!he B)'(: Se'6 !he E-,hr'!e#6 '"* !he H')%#7

157 The ;H!!!e< her$3)%,h(# 're !he Ch')*e'" #(r,!7

1@7 The ,re#-+e* ;H!!!e< 'r! $& !he &$-r!ee"!h!hr!ee"!h (e"!-re# # !he Ch')*e'" 'r! $& !he#ee"!h#2!h (e"!-re#6 '"* # ($e') w!h '"* #-#e/-e"! !$ )'!e Phr%3'" 'r!7 The '#re)e& $&

Y'#):'%' *'!e# &r$+ !he !+e $& !he Ne$B'%)$"'" E+,re7 Gree: #(-),!-re# w!h ;H!!!e87 F$r ""e!ee" %e'r# R'+#e# II w'# " ' #!'!e $& w'r w!h Ne-:h'*"e.'r7

>897 The *e&e'! $& =$#'h # ,$r!r'%e* " ' +-r') &r'3+e"!6 "$w " !he Me!r$,$)!'" M-#e-+ $&

Ar!7

>187 The !r-!e +,$#e* -,$" =-*e' '"* !he +,r#$"+e"! $& =eh$'h'. 're re&erre* !$ $" '"

$e)#: $& T'"#7

>117 The &r#! +'r(h $& Ne(h$R'+#e# II !$w'r* !he E-,hr'!e# # re)'!e* $" !he $e)#: $& T'"#'"* $" !he r$(: "#(r,!$" $& N'hr e) K') "e'r Ber-!6 wr!!e" " h# #e($"* %e'r7 The r$(:

"#(r,!$"# $& R'+#e# II 're "$! '# $)* '# !h'! $& E##'rh'*$" $" !he #'+e r$(:7

>1>7 The #e($"* ('+,'3" wh(h R'+#e# II )e* !$w'r* !he E-,hr'!e# # "'rr'!e* " h# '""')#

'"* " !he Pe"!'-r,$e+ '"* h'# ' ,'r'))e) re($r* " =ere+'h 4@7

>1?7 The Sh'r*'"' +er(e"'re# were !he ,e$,)e $& S'r*# L%*'"#6 '"* "$! $& S'r*"'7

>147 The (!% K'*e#h !he O)* $& !he '!!)e w'# C'r(he+#h7

>157 The re+"'"!# $& !he &$r!&('!$"# '"* !he *$-)e +$'!# $& K'*e#hC'r(he+#h ,(!-re* %

R'+#e# II 're re($3".')e " #!-7

>1@7 Her$,$)# !he O)* w'# #!-'!e* $" !he #!e $& C'r(he+#h7

>17 The rer Nr! $r R"! w'# !he E3%,!'" "'+e $& !he E-,hr'!e#7

>17 B' '"* Ar'"+e +e"!$"e* % R'+#e# II " !he ($-r#e $& !he '!!)e 're B' '"* Ar+e $"

!he r$'* &r$+ A)e,,$ !$ C'r(he+#h7

>197 A! !he e3"""3 $& !he '!!)e6 R'+#e# II6 w!h !he *#$" $& A+$"6 w'# "$r!hwe#! $&

C'r(he+#h !he *#$" $& Re w'# e!wee" S'*-r '"* C'r(he+#h !he *#$" $& P!'h '"*S-!e:h were #$-!h $& B'7 The 'r+% $& Re w'# *re" "$r!hw'r* 'w'% &r$+ !# '#e6 '"*6

!$3e!her w!h !he *#$" $& A+$"6 w'# !hr$w" "!$ !he E-,hr'!e#7

>>87 A&!er !he *e&e'! '! C'r(he+#h6 R'+#e# II )$#! *$+"$" $er S%r' '"* P')e#!"e &$r !hree

%e'r#6 -"!) !he e3h!h %e'r $& =eh$':+7

>>17 A &r'3+e"! $& ' ()'% !')e!6 *e')"3 w!h !he '!!)e $& C'r(he+#h6 # ,re#ere* " !he'r(he $& B$3h'.:$7


18/23

>>>7 Ne-:h'*"e.'r re!-r"e* &r$+ !he ,-r#-! $& R'+#e# II e('-#e he w'# '((-#e* e&$re

Ner3)##'r $& "!e"*"3 !$ -#-r, !he +,er') (r$w"7

>>?7 The ,er#$" $& h# '((-#er6 Ar+'6 ' er% '3e* re)'!e6 wh$+ he -)!+'!e)% ,-! !$ *e'!h6 #"!+'!e* " !he r'"(') )!er'!-re '"* " !he F'!her# $& !he Ch-r(h '# !h'! $& Hr'+6 K"3 $&

T%re6 $)* re)'!e '"* '((-#er $& Ne-:h'*"e.'r7

>>47 Ner3)##'r e2'(!e* '" $'!h &r$+ Ne-:h'*"e.'r !h'! he w$-)* e &'!h&-) !$ h# #$" '"*

her6 L''#hM'r*-: L'+'#h $r L'- " !he B$3h'.:$ !e2!#7 A&!er Ner3)##'r# *e'!h7Ne-:h'*"e.'r (r$w"e* h# "e,hew6 -! ""e +$"!h# )'!er6 he 'rre#!e* h+7 A )e!!er $&

Ne-:h'*"e.'r H'!!-#)# !$ h# +"$r "e,hew6 ($"!'""3 ' *e"-"('!$"6 # ,re#ere*7

>>57 The re,'r# $& !he ,')'(e '"* !he !e+,)e $& E.'3)' " B'%)$" +'*e % Ner3)##'r '"!e*'!e

!h$#e +'*e % Ne-:h'*"e.'r7

>>@7 The /-ee" $& Ne-:h'*"e.'r w'# ' *'-3h!er $& ' ,re#! $& I#h!'r7 She w'# "$! '" E3%,!'"

$r Me*'" ,r"(e##6 '# re)'!e* % e'r)% '-!h$r#7

>>7 Ne-:h'*"e.'r e('+e K"3 $& B'%)$" &e %e'r# '&!er R'+#e# II e('+e K"3 $& E3%,!7

>>7 I" h# ""!h %e'r R'+#e# II $((-,e* A#:')$" '"* !he Ph)#!"e #h$re7 M'r(h"3 !hr$-3h

!he '))e% $& =e.ree)6 h# !r$$,# re'(he* Be!h Sh'"7

>>97 I" !he !we)&!h %e'r $& R'+#e# II6 P')e#!"e w'# '3'" #-*-e* % Ne-:h'*"e.'r7

>?87 D-r"3 !he "!er') e!wee" !w$ #e3e# $& =er-#')e+ " !he *'%# $& e*e:'h6 ' !re'!% w'#

($"()-*e* e!wee" R'+#e# II '"* Ne-:h'*"e.'r !# !e2! # e2!'"!7

>?17 =ew#h &-3!e# " E3%,! were e2!r'*!e* " '(($r*'"(e w!h !he !re'!%7

>?>7 The ;F$##'e Te+,)e< $& L'(h#h w'# -)! " !he *'%# $& S$)$+$" '"* re-)! " !he *'%# $&=eh$#h',h'! '"* A+e"h$!e, III !he (!% w'# (',!-re* % Se""'her6 '"* *e#!r$%e* %

Ne-:h'*"e.'r7 The ;F$##'e Te+,)e?@7 Ne-:h'*"e.'r# *'-3h!er h'* ' ,')'(e '! D',h"ehT'h,'"he#7


19/23

>?7 Re* ':e* r(:# $& !he R'+#e# ,er$* " T'h,'"he# were '" ""$'!$" "!r$*-(e* &r$+

!he B'%)$" $& Ne-:h'*"e.'r7

>?7 The Be"!re#h S!e)' *e')# w!h !he +e"!') *#e'#e $& !he e)*er *'-3h!er $& Ne-:h'*"e.'r6'"* w'# wr!!e" % !he ,re#!# $& Kh$"# ' &ew *e('*e# !here'&!er7 Th# *'-3h!er w'# +'rre* !$ '

,r"(e $& D'+'#(-#7

>?97 The ,'r'"$'( (h'r'(!er $& Ne-:h'*"e.'r # &-))% re&)e(!e* % h# '-!$$3r',h% '"* $!her

!e2!# $& B$3h'.:$6 "$!')% *e')"3 w!h e2$r(#+#7 The )(') re($r* '$-! h# #-&&er"3 &r$+"3h!+'re# '"* '$-! h# +e"!') *#e'#e # #-#!'"!'!e*7

>487 The !$+ $& Ahr'+ &$-"* '! B%$# *'!e# "$! &r$+ !he !hr!ee"!h (e"!-r%6 -! &r$+ '$-!

@88 B7C7E7 The C%,r'" ,$!!er% $& !he e"* $& !he #ee"!h (e"!-r% '"* !he '#e# $& R'+#e# II

&$-"* " !h# 3r'e 're ($"!e+,$r'"e$-#7

>417 I!$'')6 #$" $& Ahr'+6 !he -)*er $& !he !$+6 w'# ,r$')% !he *e&e"*er $& T%re '3'"#!

Ne-:h'*"e.'r6 '# +e"!$"e* % =$#e,h-#7

>4>7 The "#(r,!$"# $& Ahr'+# !$+ 're $& !he #'+e '3e '# !he $#!r'(' $& L'(h#h7 The

*ee)$,+e"! $& !he Herew )e!!er# we"! !hr$-3h ' "$r+') ,r$(e## w!h$-! &'))"3 "!$ 'r(h'#+#7

>4?7 The *#,-!e '# !$ whe!her R'+#e# II $r Ne(h$ -)! !he ('"') ($""e(!"3 !he Me*!err'"e'"w!h !he Re* Se'6 *e')# w!h ' #,-r$-# ,r$)e+7

>447 Gree: 'r+$r &$-"* " D',h"eh D',h"$6 '# we)) '# r$" !$$)# '"* "3$!#6 're ($e') w!h

!he !e+,)e $& R'+#e# II !here6 '"* 're ,r$*-(!# $& !he Gree: +er(e"'re# " !he #er(e $& !he

,h'r'$h# $& !he N"e!ee"!h Twe"!%#2!h D%"'#!%7

>457 T)e# $& -)*"3# ere(!e* % R'+#e# II " K'"!r wh(h h'e Gree: )e!!er# $" !he '(:6 're

,r$*-(!# $& Gree: )'$rer# " !he #er(e $& !he ,h'r'$h7 The )e!!er# 're 3e"-"e Gree: )e!!er# $&

!he #2!h (e"!-r%7

XI

>4@7 Ph'r'$h M'r"e,!'h # !he )(') H$,hr' '"* A,re# $& !he Gree: '-!h$r#7 M'r"e,!'h w'#"$! !he Ph'r'$h $& !he E2$*-#6 -! !he Ph'r'$h $& !he E2)e7 H# r$%') "'+e -#-'))% re'*

H$!e,hr+'6 +-#! e re'* H$,hr'M'!7

>47 Th'! ,'r! $& !he ,$,-)'!$" $& P')e#!"e wh(h e#(',e* *e,$r!'!$" !$ B'%)$"6 we"! !$E3%,!6 '"* !h# +3r'!$" !hr$-3h !he &$r!re## (!% $& T':h- w'# re($r*e* % !he $&&(')# $&M'r"e,!'h7

>47 The &$r!re## '"* ,')'(e #!'!$" T':h- $" !he &r$"!er6 # !he )(') T'h,'"he# D',h"$7

>497 The +e"!$" $& I#r'e) " !he ;I#r'e) S!e)'< $& M'r"e,!'h '# '" -"#e!!)e* ,e$,)e re&er# !$

!her #!'!-# $& e2)e#7


20/23

>587 M'r"e,!'h -#e* +e!',h$r# #+)'r !$ =ere+'h# " *e#(r"3 !he ,)3h! $& P')e#!"e '"*

I#r'e)7

>517 The "(-r#$" $& M'r"e,!'h "!$ S%r' # e(h$e* " D$*$r-# I6 @7 Th# ($-)* h'e !':e",)'(e *-r"3 !he +e"!') ))"e## $& Ne-:h'*"e.'r7

>5>7 The (!% K'*!# " P')e#!"e6 re&erre* !$ % Her$*$!-#6 # =er-#')e+6 '"* "$! G'.'7

>5?7 The L%'" ('+,'3" $& M'r"e,!'h w'# ('-#e* % !he +3r'!$" $& !he Gree:# !$ C%re"'e7

I! w'# "$! '" 'r(h'( "'#$" $& He))e"( ,e$,)e# " !he !hr!ee"!h (e"!-r%6 -! !he +'##

+3r'!$" e"($-r'3e* % !he P%!h'" $r'()e '"* *e#(re* % Her$*$!-# IV6 1597

>547 A+'## *e,$#e* M'r"e,!'h7 There were "$! #ee" (e"!-re# e!wee" M'r"e,!'h '"*

A+'## !he )'!!er w'# ' 3e"er') " !he #er(e $& !he &$r+er7 A+'## :e,! h# ,r#$"er &$r ' wh)e

'# ($r-)er $" !he !hr$"e7

>557 The $)e"! *e'!h $& A,re#M'r"e,!'h '! !he h'"*# $& !he '##'##"# w'# ('-#e* % ' )e!h')w$-"* $& !he he'*6 '# !he ,er&$r'!$" $& !he #(-)) $& h# +-++% 3h$w#7

XII

>5@7 The $er!hr$w $& E3%,!6 wh(h R'+#e# III re&erre* !$ '# h'"3 $((-rre* ' "-+er $&

3e"er'!$"# e&$re h# $w" *'%#6 # !he ($"/-e#! $& E3%,! % C'+%#e# " !he %e'r $& A+'##

*e'!h7

>57 The P')e#!"'" Ir#' wh$ !'2e* E3%,! # E.r'6 !he #(re he !'2e* E3%,! " '(($r*'"(e w!h

!he *e(ree $& Ar!'2er2e#7

>57 R'+#e# III # *e"!(') w!h Ne(!'"e$ I $& !he Gree: '-!h$r#7 He )e* "$! " !he !we)&!h

-! " !he &$-r!h (e"!-r%7

>597 I" Her$*$!-# !here ('" e "$ re&ere"(e !$ R'+#e# III6 e('-#e !he h#!$r'" )e* e&$re !he

,h'r'$h7 The h#!$r% $& E3%,! % Her$*$!-#6 !h$-3h *e&e(!e " *e!')#6 # +$re "e'r)% '((-r'!e

!h'" !h'! $& !he )'!er '"* +$*er" h#!$r'"#6 e('-#e he ,)'(e* !he h#!$r% $& !he E3h!ee"!h6 !he

E!h$,'"6 '"* !he N"e!ee"!h D%"'#!e# " &'r)% '((-r'!e $r*er7

>@87 ;I"'#$" $& E3%,! % !he 'r(h'( Gree:#< " !he !we)&!h (e"!-r% # ' &'))'(%7 The Gree:#

wh$ ,'r!(,'!e* " !he w'r# $& R'+#e# III '"* wh$ 're #h$w" '# (h'"3"3 #*e#6 were '! &r#!

#$)*er# $& Ch'r'#6 '###!"3 E3%,!6 '"* !he" !r$$,# $& I,h(r'!e#6 $,,$#"3 R'+#e# III7

>@17 A3e#)'-#6 !he K"3 $& S,'r!'6 h'* ')re'*% 'rre* " E3%,! " !he *'%# $& Ne(!'"e$ IR'+#e# III6 JTachos (Ramses IV) '"* R'+#e# III6 wh$ re&erre* !$ h# 'rr')6 +e"!$"e* ')#$

h# "$!')% #+')) #!'!-re7

>@>7 The Pere#e!6 w!h wh$+ R'+#e# III w'# '! w'r6 were !he Per#'"# $& Ar!'2er2e# II -"*er !he

#'!r', Ph'r"'+'.-#6 '"* "$! !he Ph)#!"e#7


21/23

>@?7 The w'r *e#(re* % R'+#e# III6 '"* % D$*$r-# '"* $!her ()'##(') '-!h$r# !he w'r $&

Ne(!'"e$ 16 # $"e '"* !he #'+e w'r $& ?4 BCE

>@47 A ('+, w'# #e! -, % Ph'r"'+'.-# " A(($ " ,re,'r'!$" &$r '" '!!'(: '3'"#! !he E3%,!$& R'+#e# III7

>@57 A "'') "'#$" '3'"#! E3%,! w'# -"*er!':e" % &$r("3 !he Me"*e#'" +$-!h $& !he N)e6

&$r!&e* % R'+#e# III7

>@@7 F)'+e !hr$wer# were -#e* $" !he Per#'" #h,# &$r!% %e'r# e&$re !her -#e % !he T%r'"# '!

!he #e3e $& T%re % A)e2'"*er7

>@7 The E3%,!'" '#re)e $& !he !e+,)e '! Me*"e! H'- #h$w S*$"'" #h,# '"* Per#'"

('rr'3e# ($+,'r')e !$ !he ,(!-re# $& #h,# '"* ('rr'3e# $" !he S*$"'" ($"# +"!e* *-r"3

!he %e'r# $& !he "'#$"7

>@7 The '#re)e $& Me*"e! H'- #h$w !he re&$r+ $& I,h(r'!e# " )e"3!he""3 !he #w$r*#'"* #,e'r# '"* re*-("3 !he 'r+$r "!e"*e* &$r *e&e"#e7

>@97 The =ew#h +)!'r% ($)$"% '! E)e,h'"!"e #!)) e2#!e* " ?4 BCE '"* ,'r!(,'!e* " !he

*e&e"#e $& !he e'#!er" $r*er $& E3%,!7 The#e ,r$&e##$"') #$)*er# were ('))e* M're"- %

R'+#e# III6 wh(h # !he Ar'+'( M're"-7

>87 Se+!( )'"3-'3e# '"* !he P')e#!"'" (-)! $& B'') +'*e he'*w'% " E3%,! '! !he !+e $&R'+#e# III7

>17 The Gree: )e!!er# $& ()'##(') &$r+ "(#e* $" !he !)e# $& R'+#e# III *-r"3 !he ,r$(e## $&

+'"-&'(!-re &$-"* '! Te))e)Y'h-*eh " !he De)!' ,re#e"! "$ ,r$)e+7 The% 're Gree: )e!!er#$& !he &$-r!h (e"!-r%7

>>7 The ")'% w$r: '"* 3)'."3 $& !he !)e# $& R'+#e# III 're ""$'!$"# "!r$*-(e* &r$+

Per#'7

>?7 The h-"!"3 +$! " !he 'r! $& R'+#e# III were "#,re* % A##%r'" '"* Per#'" '#

re)e #$+e +$! $& !he Gree: 'r! ')#$ +'*e !her "&)-e"(e &e)! " !he +-r')# $& R'+#e# III7

>47 O!her :"3# :"$w" % !he "'+e $& R'+#e#6 &r$+ R'+#e# IV !$ R'+#e# XII6 're *e"!(')

w!h !he :"3# $& !he Twe"!%""!h '"* Thr!e!h D%"'#!e# '"* !her $r*er $& #-((e##$" #

($"&-#e*7

>57 The ,',%r-# $& e"'+$" *e#(re# !he ($"*!$"# " S%r' *-r"3 !he )'!e Per#'" $r e'r)%Gree: !+e#7 I" !he *'%# whe" !he Te#!'+e"! $& N',h!') w'# ($+,$#e*6 !he B'r':e) Sh,$w"er#

C$+,'"% +e"!$"e* " !h# ,',%r-# w'# #!)) " e2#!e"(e '"* $w"e* % ' #$" $& B'r':e)7

>@7 The #$('))e* Twe"!%&r#! D%"'#!% &)$-r#he* "$! " !he !we)&!he)ee"!h (e"!-r%6 -! " !he

&&!h&$-r!h (e"!-r% ! w'# e#!')#he* % !he Per#'"# '# ' *%"'#!% $& ,re#!)% ,r"(e# " !he


22/23

$'#e# $& !he L%'" *e#er! &$r #!r'!e3( ,-r,$#e#7 I! e2#!e* e&$re6 *-r"3 '"* '&!er !he Twe"!e!h

Twe"!%""!h '"* Thr!e!h D%"'#!%7

>7 The #$('))e* S!e)' $& !he E2)e* # !he E3%,!'" re($r* $& !he #! $& A)e2'"*er !he Gre'!!$ !he $r'()e $& A+$" " !he $'##7 The /-e#!$" '$-! !he e2)e# re&er# !$ !he e2)e# &r$+ Ch$#

!he /-e#!$" '$-! !he ,-"#h+e"! $& !he +-r*erer# re&er# !$ !he +-r*erer# $& Ph),7

>7 The "'rr'!$" $& Gree: '"* L'!" '-!h$r# ($"(er""3 !h# #! $& A)e2'"*er # h#!$r(') '"*

!r-e " +'"% *e!')# #-(h #6 e7 376 !he e,#$*e $& !he ,re#! ',,)%"3 !he w$r* ;#$"< !$A)e2'"*er6 $r !he $r'()e# +'""er $& '"#wer"3 /-e#!$"# % "$**"37

XIII

>97 The h#!$r% $& !he '"(e"! w$r)*6 ($"&-#e* &$r ' ,er$* $& $er $"e !h$-#'"* %e'r#6 re'(he#

!he e"* $& !# ($"&-#$" w!h !he !+e $& A)e2'"*er !he Gre'!7 S"(e !he" ! # re"*ere* " '

#%"(hr$".e* &$r+7

>87 The ,r$)e+ $& !he e3"""3 $& !he Ir$" A3e " *er#e ($-"!re# # ($"&-#e* % wr$"3

(hr$"$)$3%7 The Ir$" A3e *ee)$,e* #+-)!'"e$-#)% " E3%,! '"* P')e#!"e7

>17 The $&!e" +'*e '##-+,!$" !h'! !he r$%') #3"# #('r'# w!h ('r!$-(he# $& !he E3%,!'"

:"3# *$ "$! ,re#e"! ' ')* 'r3-+e"! &$r !he !+e ')-'!$" $& !he #!r'!' " wh(h !he% 're &$-"*6# err$"e$-#7 I" +$#! ('#e# !he% were "e!her her)$$+# *e,$#!e* '! ' )'!er *'!e6 "$r )'!e

($-"!er&e!#6 -! 3e"-"e 3e+# '# $)* '# !he #!r'!' " wh(h !he% 're &$-"*7

>>7 Ar(h'e$)$3(') w$r: " !he Ne'r E'#! # +#)e* % !he err$"e$-# (hr$"$)$3% $& E3%,!7 I"

!he e2(''!$"# where !he #!r'!' were ('re&-))% *#!"3-#he*6 '# " Be!h Sh'"6 "$ #!r'!' $& !he

I#r'e)!e ,er$* '$e !he #!r'!-+ $& R'+e# II ($-)* e &$-"*7

>?7 The '#!r$"$+(') ($+,-!'!$" $& (hr$"$)$3% +'*e % (')(-)'!$" $& !he S$!h( ,er$*# #

e"!re)% 'r!r'r% " +'"% '#,e(!#7 The E3%,!'" New Ye'r &$))$we* !he ,)'"e! I##6 wh(h #

Ve"-#6 '"* "$! Sr-#7 The C'"$,-# De(ree $& !he ,re#!# $& P!$)e+% III E-er3e!e# w'#($"(er"e* w!h !he !r'"#&er $& !he New Ye'r &r$+ !he he)'(') r#"3 $& Ve"-# !$ ' *'!e re3-)'!e*

% !he r#"3 $& Sr-# S$!h#7

>47 A&!er !he e"* $& !he M**)e K"3*$+6 ' (h'"3e " ($#+( #(e"er% ('-#e* ' re&$r+ " !he

(')e"*'r7 D-r"3 !he !+e $& !he L%'" D%"'#!% e!wee" !he E3h!ee"!h '"* N"e!ee"!hD%"'#!e# '"$!her (h'"3e w'# +'*e " !he (')e"*'r7

Ve):$#:% )'!er ($"()-*e* !h'! !here were !w$ Ner3)##'r#6 !he #e($"* re3""3 '&!er E)

M'r*-:7


23/23

Ve):$#:% )'!er ree(!e* Ir#' e"3 E.r'6 '"* *e"!&e* h+ '# !he Per#'" $&&(')

Ar#'+e#7 C&7Peoples of the Sea,"7 $" ,'3e >7

Ve):$#:% )'!er &$-"* !h'! !he ($"&-#$" ,er##!# -"!) !he !+e $& P!$)e+% II7 C&7Peoplesof the Sea.

The E*!$r#

theses for the reconstruction of ancient history

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