CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy resources hold great promise for meeting the energy and development needs of countries

throughout the world. This promise is particularly strong for developing countries where many regions have

not yet committed to fossil fuel dominance. Solar photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies are

particularly advantageous for serving the two billion people in rural areas without grid electricity. Modern

biomass energy is attractive because it uses locally available agricultural wastes. Wind energy and small

hydroelectric resources also are mature technologies well suited to developing countries. Such renewable

resources are far more economical than traditional energy resources, especially where the costs of acquiring,

maintaining, and operating centralized power stations and remediating their pollution can be avoided.

However, a host of economic, social, and legal barriers prevent these renewable resources from reaching

their full potential. This Article explores the legal mechanism for overcoming these bankers and provides

examples of how they have been overcome in industrial, as well as developing countries.

The subject that the present paper addresses is how fossil fuels can be replaced as a source of energy using

renewable solar technologies in the “agricultural paradigm”, that is in order to abandon the “bell shaped”

curve and reach, instead, a plateau of production at levels comparable to the present values. In this approach,

called here “Solar Power Agriculture”, energy, and in particular electric power, produced on agricultural

lands is considered as just another form of agricultural product, to be approached with the same social and

economic approaches which are commonplace for conventional agriculture. These studies arrived to the

conclusion that a fraction of the earth’s equatorial deserts would be sufficient to provide abundant energy for

humankind’s needs. However, large scale renewable energy plants in deserts do not appear to be on the

verge of materializing. The main problem appears to be the need to attract the huge investments needed, both

for the plants and for the related energy vectoring system. Here, a different approach is considered on the

basis of the idea that renewable energy can to make significant inroads in power production only if its

introduction is gradual and it starts from a relatively small scale. This approach leads to the idea of

embedding solar plants within areas used for conventional agriculture. It is an approach, in fact, that has

already been tested for wind energy in countries such as Denmark and Germany. Obviously, the possibility

of expanding this strategy to obtain a significant fraction of the worldwide energy needs depends on a

number of factors:

1

1. Technological factors: can renewable produce enough energy for the needs of humankind without

competing with conventional agriculture implements?

2. Cost: Even when embedded in conventional agricultural production, won’t renewable energies remain too

expensive?

3. Public opinion: Can the relatively expensive products for solar energy be made acceptable to the public?

The project will show that the answer to this entire question is, in principle, positive and that the

concept of solar power agriculture has a strong potential in order to speed up and favor the introduction of

solar renewable technologies in the world. The Hybrid Power Sprayer will manage much usage over its

counterpart and also helps farmer to take the initiative to use innovations.

1.1. Power Sprayer

Fig. 1.1.1 Power Sprayer

Power Sprayers are used to spray pesticides and fertilizers in the liquid form at agriculture farm and other

destinations. The Power sprayer mainly consists of two stroke petrol engine. It needs the petrol and oil for its

usage. The Two stroke petrol engine uses the Chemical energy of fuel and converts it into the Mechanical

Energy to spray the pesticides. The overall view of the power sprayer existing in the market is shown in

Figure 1.1.1

2

1.2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF POWER SPRAYER

The Technical Specification of the Power Sprayer are as follows

Capacity of Fuel Tank: 1.25 ltr.

Fuel Consumption for 1 hour continuous operation: 1.25 ltr.

Running Cost per hour: Rs. 100-120

Operating Cost: Rs. 1.7-2 [approx]

Durability of Engine: 4-5 years

Annual Maintenance Cost: Rs. 500

Weight of Engine: 4kg approx

Speed: 3000rpm

1.3. MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF POWER SPRAYER

Each and every machine requires the maintenance in order to work efficiently. To keep machine work effi -ciently, regular checkups and maintenance is required. Some are very sensitive so that they need necessarily regular maintenance. The Following are the major areas of concern regarding maintenance and care of con-ventional power sprayer.

1. Maintenance of air filter

2. Cleaning of whole system required after each 3 hours of the operations

3. Maintenance and adjustment of carburetor as per requirement

4. Cleaning and maintenance of Spark Plug

5. Maintenance of ignition system

6. Always required prevention against corrosion

7. Pipes should be cleaned.

3

1.4 HYBRID POWER SPRAYER

Fig. 1.4.1: Hybrid Power Sprayer

To overcome the above difficulties in the Existing models and to reduce the operating cost of the Power

Sprayer, a modified model has been designed and introduced for effective operation without fossil fuel. In

this modified model the two stroke petrol engine is replaced by a single motor. This can be operated by the

electrical energy stored in the 12V battery attached in the Unit. The 12V battery can be charged by the Solar

Panels.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVIEW

Sh. Nassehzadeh Tabriz, E. Behboodi, F.Q. Alice [1] “Towards Renewability By Applying Solar Energy Technologies For Improved Life Cycle”,

Energy crisis is one of the biggest issues of this era with limited and continuously depleting

conventional sources for energy and power generation such as fossil fuels. Alternate sources must be

targeted to meet the continuously increasing power requirements of the globe. Solar energy as one of the

renewable one is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In other words by using

renewable source of energy, termination of fossil fuel source and their harms to the environment will be

prohibited. This precious resource is a free, inexhaustible resource, yet harnessing it is a relatively new idea.

According to the point that solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar

radiation, in this paper an attempt is made to explore the application of active solar techniques including the

use of photovoltaic and solar hot water systems to harness the energy.

Utility-scale solar photovoltaic technologies convert energy from sunlight directly into electricity,

using large arrays of solar panels. Solar photovoltaic technologies convert solar energy into useful energy

forms by directly absorbing solar photons - particles of light that act as individual units of energy - and either

converting part of the energy to electricity as in a photovoltaic cell or storing part of the energy in a chemical

reaction as in the conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight

directly into electricity. Solar cells are made of layers of semiconductor materials similar to those used in

computer chips. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar energy knocks electrons loose from

their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. Traditional solar cells

are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the most efficient. Second-generation solar

cells are called thin-film solar cells because they are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials.

5

Philippe Drobinski, [2] “WIND AND SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL

RESOURCES ESTIMATION”

Reviewable energy and farming are a winning combination. Wind, solar and biomass energy can be

harvested forever, providing farmers with a long-term source of income. Renewable energy can be used on

the farm to replace other fuels or even sold as a cash crop. It is one of the most promising and important

opportunities for value-added products in agriculture. It has been said that “anything that can be generated

from a barrel of oil can be generated from biomass. They type of renewable energy technology used in

agriculture depends on the type of energy required, access to the renewable energy source and the design of

agricultural facilities and processes. Solar energy can be used in agriculture in a number of ways, saving

money, increasing self-reliance, and reducing pollution. Solar energy can cut a farm’s electricity and heating

bills. Solar heat collectors can be used to dry crops and warm homes, livestock buildings, and greenhouses.

Solar water heaters can provide hot water for diary operations, pen cleaning, and homes. Photovoltaics (solar

electric panels) can power farm operations and remote water pumps, light, and electric fences. Building and

barns can be renovated to capture natural day light, instead of using electric light, solar power is often less

expensive than extensive power lines, making the farm more economical and efficient.

K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce [4], “A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of

Electricity”

As the solar photovoltaic (PV) matures, the economic feasibility of PV projects are

increasingly being evaluated using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) generation in order to be

compared to other electricity generation technologies. Unfortunately, there is lack of clarity of reporting

assumptions, justifications and degree of completeness in LCOE calculations, which produces widely

varying and contradictory results. This paper reviews the methodology of properly calculating the LCOE for

solar PV, correcting the misconceptions made in the assumptions found throughout the literature. Then a

template is provided for better reporting of LCOE results for PV needed to influence policy mandates or

make invest decisions. A numerical example is provided with variable ranges to test sensitivity, allowing for

conclusions to be drawn on the most important variables. Grid parity is considered when the LCOE of solar

PV is comparable with grid electrical prices of conventional technologies and is the industry target for cost-

effectiveness. Given the state of the art in the technology and favorable financing terms it is clear that PV

has already obtained grid parity in specific locations and as installed costs continue to decline, grid

electricity prices continue to escalate, and industry experience increases, PV will become an increasingly

6

economically advantageous source of electricity over expanding geographical regions... as the braid is pulled

in tension, the diameter reduces. This inherent conformability of braids offers a simple and efficient

alternative for the manufacture of complex shapes.

Denis Shepard, Michael Agnew, Luke Dant, [11] “Selecting Nozzles for Fungicides

SprayApplications”, June 2006

Fungicide spray applications are a key part of a superintendent’s turf management program. Fungicide

selection, application timing, application water volume and application equipment are important for effective

disease control. Chemical companies have developed products that are active at lower rates for longer periods,

are safer for the environment and come in formulations that are easier to apply. Even when these products are

applied at the proper interval, disease control can be compromised if fungicides are not applied uniformly over

the turf grass in the proper water volume.

Research conducted in the early 1980s suggests that a general guideline for fungicide applications is a

minimum of 44 gallons/acre (411.6 liters/hectare) for contact fungicides and 88 gallons/acre (823.1

liters/hectare) for products that are acropetal penetrants or have a systemic mode of action (1). Recent

research at the University of Maryland demonstrated that 50 gallons/acre (467.7 liters/hectare) worked fine

for the contact fungicide Daconil Ultrex (chlorothalonil) and the acropetal penetrant Banner Maxx

(propiconazole) (2). This may suggest that the new micro emulsion formulations do not require the additional

water that older EC or wet table powder formulations needed 25 years ago. Sprayer technology also has

improved over the past several years. Computerized systems now take the guesswork out of speed and spray

volume considerations. Sprayer and chemical improvements can be negated if the chemicals are not properly

applied to the turf. Even though nozzles are a small part of the overall operation, they are the last piece of

equipment through which sprays pass before contact with the turf. Several nozzle types are available from

various manufacturers, and choosing the right nozzle for various applications will improve product

performance.

7

Ricardo F. Ogre, [12] “Development of low volume sprayer nozzles for GA3 Application”, Ontario

International Development Agency, ISSN 1923-6654.

In hybrid rice seed production, Gibberellin acid (GA3), a growth hormone, is normally applied to the

mother rice plant (A-line) in order to facilitate panicle exertion and increase its chance to receive pollens

from the father plant (R-line) thus enhancing seed setting. Filipino hybrid rice seed producers are using

either the battery-operated ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer or the imported lever operated knapsack (LOK)

sprayer in the application of GA3. The former is being recommended by agricultural technicians however it

is relatively expensive hence not all of the farmers are using it. The latter, which most of the farmers are

using, requires a lot of water to use hence taking a lot time and efforts in carrying out the operation.

Unfortunately, no available sprayer nozzles could be found in the market that could satisfy the requirement.

It could be fitted easily on the lance of farmers’ sprayers. Field test results showed that the number of tank

loads per hectare was reduced from 10-13 in the accompanying nozzle of a farmer’s LOK knapsack

sprayer to 2-4 in the developed LV nozzle. This resulted to savings in time and cost of the GA3.

The idea of coming up with a low cost and efficient alternative to GA3 application was focused

on providing the farmers’ knapsack sprayers with a LV nozzle. The design of the LV nozzle developed by

the Cotton Research and Development Institute [15] was adopted as benchmark design with some

modifications done so as to satisfy the following design criteria:

(a) Low discharge; capable of reducing the spray volume applied by at least 50% as compared to the nozzle

used by the hybrid rice seed producers in applying the GA3;

(b) Fine mist to ensure that more droplets are produced per unit volume of liquid to effect a more efficient

GA3 application;

(c) Simple design to ensure that it could easily and locally be fabricated as well as easily be operated

and maintained by farmers;

(d) Corrosion resistant, to ensure that the parts would last longer even when used in applying

corrosive chemicals such as insecticides and herbicides;

(e) Low cost, to ensure that it is affordable to farmers.

8

Dibyajyoti Bhattachari, [13] “Some Issues on Fertilizer Consumption in Northeast India”,

Economic Reforms and Development In North East India, eds. Sengupta and Roy, Mittal

Publications, pp. 41-46, (2003).

From a nation dependent on food imports to feed its population, India today is not only self-sufficient

in grain production, but also has a substantial reserve. This gain has been accomplished through the

extensification of land under agriculture, as well as the intensification of agricultural inputs, i.e. fertilizers,

pesticides and irrigation. The fertilizer industry in India has grown tremendously in the last 30 years. The

Government is keen to see that fertilizer reaches the farmers in the remote and hilly areas. However, the

amount of fertilizers used in the agricultural fields of northeast for both kharif and rabi crops is much less

compared to the other zones of the country. Variation to a larger extent is noted in the consumption of

fertilizers even in the northeastern states. The present paper looks forward towards the various statistical

aspects of fertilizer consumption, reasons for such low ebb and tries to bring out the fact hidden behind

figures.

Agriculture has been the most crucial sector of the Indian economy. Agriculture and allied activities

make the single largest contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), accounting for almost 27 % of the

total. Agriculture provides employment to around 65 % of the total work force. Agricultural growth is

also an important factor in containing inflation, raising agricultural wages and for employment generation.

Hence, increase in agricultural production is a key to economic development for India. Maintaining of soil

fertility is an important step in creating a sustainable agriculture. Before stating how soil fertility can be

maintained, let us look at the causes, which lead to the decline of soil fertility.

In natural ecosystems soil minerals basically stay in place. Trees uptake minerals pass the minerals to

the leaves, and the leaves fall back to the earth where the process starts all over again. It may be pointed out

that agricultural systems differ from the natural forest systems, where the nutrients are completely

recycled. In agricultural systems the nutrients in the form of grains, straw and other produce are taken away

from the farm. Farmers remove the crops before the minerals can be replaced in the soil. There are some

natural ways to lessen the mineral loss, but there is no way to stop it from happening completely. So, minerals

must be replaced from outside.

9

B. Sinha, D. Choudhary, S. Roy, “Traditional Practices in Pesticide Management: Some

Examples in North East India” Regional seminar on the Role of biodiversity and environmental

strategies in North East India, 2004

Crop damages caused by pests contribute substantially to economic loss in agriculture. The

conventional approach to pest control has been the use of chemical pesticides or adopting integrated pest

management approaches. In the rural areas of north-east India, particularly the uplands, agricultural extension

and supportive delivery systems are practically nonexistent. Even where such services are available, the rural

poor normally do not have the means to access these services. In the absence of these facilities and supportive

delivery systems the rural upland farmer is largely dependent on traditional practices of pest management

based on empirical experience. Documentation of such practices reveals an interesting insight and

understanding of plant resources as well as the ecological principle of food-web linkages by the

communities. This presentation highlights a few of these practices.

The present trend in world population growth reflects the need of constant increase in food grain

production. A major obstacle in this effort is the loss of around 45% of potential yield of food grains due to

pests, diseases and weeds before and after harvesting (Singh & Chauhan, 2001). As of now the most

common solution to this problem is the use of chemical pesticides, though, of late a comparatively better

approach called Integrated Pest Management has been developed and employed. The use of these

chemicals (pesticides) in modern farming practices for higher yield has been viewed as an integral part of the

success of the agricultural sector. However, most of the pesticides may affect non-target organisms and

contaminate soil and water (Chandra, 2003). In the recent years there has been a growing concern that

pesticides constitute a potential risk to the wellbeing of the nature and natural resources including man.

10

CHAPTER 3

CONSTRUCTION

The Hybrid Power Sprayer mainly consist of following parts

1. Solar Panel

2. Battery

3. D.C. Pump

4. Storage Tank

5. Spraying Arrangement

6. Frame and Other equipments

3.1 SOLAR PANEL

A Solar Panel is a packaged, connected assembly of the photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can

be used as component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply the Electricity in commercial as

well as residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under a standard testing

condition. As single solar panel can produce a limited power, so most of installation consist of multiple

panels.

Fig. 3.1.1: Solar Panel

11

Solar Panels use light energy [ Photon ] from the sun to generate electricity through

“Photovoltaic Effect”. The majority of modules uses wafer based crystalline silicon cells or thin film cells

based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The electric connections are made in series to achieve the desired

output voltage or in parallel to achieve desire current parameter.

There are three types of solar panels.

1. Monocrystaline

2. Polycrystalline

3. Amorphous

Fig.3.1.2 Monocrystalline

Fig 3.1.3 Polycrystalline

12

Fig 3.1.3 Amorphous

Crystalline technologies are currently predominant in the market. There are two types of crystalline

technologies, monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Monocrystalline cells are cut from large single crystals or

from cylindrical blocks (ingots) of crystalline silicon. They are more efficient (12-16%) but more costly. The

polycrystalline cells, as the name suggests, are produced from square blocks (cast ingots) of polycrystalline

silicon. They are having slightly lower efficiency (11-13%), but are less costly.

3.2 BATTERY

The battery supplies current to operate the centrifugal pump when we start to spray the fertilizer. It

is also act as a voltage stabilizer by supplying current for the lights, radio, and other equipments when the

alternators not handling the load. The battery is an electrochemical device. This means it uses chemicals to

produce the electricity. The amount of electricity produced is limited. As the chemicals in the battery are

used up battery runs down or discharged. It can be recharged by supplying it with electric current from

battery charger, or from vehicle alternator. The used up chemicals are then returned to their original

condition, so the battery becomes recharged.

13

Fig. 3.2.1: Battery

The Chemical in battery are sponge load, lead oxide and sulphuric acid. These three substances are made to

produce a flow of current.

There are two types of batteries.

1. Primary Batteries

The primary batteries are designed to be used once and discarded.

2. Secondary Batteries

Secondary batteries are designed to be recharged and use multiple times.

We are using 6V batteries which are generally available.

3.3 D.C. Pump

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to create flow by

addition of energy to a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through piping.

14

Fig no.3.3.1 D.C. Pump

The fluids enter the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and are accelerated by the

impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volume chamber, from where it exists into the

downstream piping.

3.4 STORAGE TANK

A storage tank is a container, usually for holding liquids, sometimes for compressed gases (gas

tank). The term can be used for reservoirs (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. The

usage of the word tank for reservoirs is common or universal in Indian English, American English and

moderately common in British English. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to artificial

containers.

We are using a 4 litre capacity storage tank to store the liquid.

3.5 SPRAYING ARRANGEMENT

15

One of the more common forms of pesticide application, especially in conventional agriculture, is the

use of mechanical sprayers. A hydraulic sprayer consists of a tank, a pump, a lance (for single nozzles) or

boom, and a nozzle (or multiple nozzles). Sprayers convert a pesticide formulation, often containing a

mixture of water (or another liquid chemical carrier, such as fertilizer) and chemical, into droplets, which

can be large rain-type drops or tiny almost-invisible particles.

Fig. 3.5.1: Spraying arrangement

This conversion is accomplished by forcing the spray mixture through a spray nozzle under

pressure. The size of droplets can be altered through the use of different nozzle sizes, or by altering the

pressure under which it is forced, or a combination of both. Large droplets have the advantage of being less

susceptible to spray drift, but require more water per unit of land covered. Due to static electricity, small

droplets are able to maximize contact with a target organism, but very still wind conditions are required.

3.6 FRAME AND OTHER EQUIPMENTS

A frame is a structural system that supports other components of a physical construction. It gives the

stability to the sprayer and all assembly is mounted on the frame.

16

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric

current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a

three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be

placed together on a manifold.

Fig 3.6.1: Solenoid Valve

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off,

release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and

safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low

control power and compact design.

CHAPTER 4

WORKING

17

The solar radiations can be converted into the electric energy by using the semiconductor device

called as Photovoltaic Cells (PV Cells). Solar Panels use light energy [Photon] from the sun to generate

electricity through “Photovoltaic Effect”. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun light, which

can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.

The Solar Panel is connected to the batteries i.e. two 6V batteries. Batteries are connected to store the

electricity. The electric current is stored in the form of chemical energy in the batteries. These batteries are

charged with the electric current that is produced by the solar panel. These batteries are connected in series.

The storage tank is provided to store the liquid that will be used for the spraying purposes. 12V D.C.

Pump is fitted below the storage tank. The power is supplied to the DC pump by batteries. After the DC

Pump Solenoid Valve is provided. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics.

Then it is connected to Nozzle Arrangement by means of pipes.

When we switch on the pump and the solenoid valve, Liquid is starts to flow as soon as we push the

limiting switch and flow is generated. The flow of water goes pass from the nozzle assembly to produce

spray. The spray type can be changed by adjusting the nozzle.

CHAPTER 5

SPECIFICATION

SR.

NO

COMPONENTS NOS NOTATIONS SPECIFICATIONS MATERIALS /

OTHER

18

1. SOLAR PANEL 1 W,V 5Watt, 12Volts Polycrystalline

Structure

2. BATTERY 2 V,A 6Volts, 4.5A Rechargeable

Type

3. DC PUMP 1 A, RPM 7A, 2800RPM DC Type

4. SOLENOID

VALVE

1

5. STORAGE TANK 1 L 4L PVC Tank

6. FRAME 1 - - MS Flat

Table No. 5.1: Specification of parts

CHAPTER 6

DESIGN AND CALCULATION

1. FORCE REQUIRED FOR PUMPING OF WATER AT 10 FEET

F = 50N

2. AMOUNT OF WATER DISCHARGED

19

2.1 PRESSURE REQUIRED FOR FLOW WATER

P: Pressure required to pump water.

F: Force required to pump.

A: Area of outlet of nozzle.

P = 1.7 bar

2.2 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Pressure Head = Kinetic Head

V2 = 18.43 m/s

2.3 DISCHARGE THROUGH NOZZLE

20

Q = A*V

Q = 6.33 ltr/min

As discharge is 6.33 ltr/min, We took pump with capacity of 7 ltr./min.

The pump having specifications as follows

DC Pump

Discharge: 7 ltr/min

Speed: 2800 rpm

Current: 7A

Voltage: 12V

Power = VxA

Power = 12x7

Power = 84 Watts.

3. BATTERIES

Generally 6V batteries are available in market

Voltage required for D.C. Pump = Voltage produced by batteries.

12V = n x 6V

n = 2

21

Therefore 2 batteries are required for running the pump.

4. SOLAR PANEL

In order to charge 12V output batteries, 12 Volts Solar panel is necessary so we choose

Polycrystalline structure solar panel suitable for 12V charging.

CHAPTER 7

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

By doing the various Experiments on the Hybrid Power Sprayer following results are obtained.

6.1 CHARGING TIME

Charging is to be done by using a solar panel. Battery can be charged continuously during

usage in the farm, as solar panel is on the sprayers. It gives the continuous backup of 4-5 hours.

Note: During Rainy Season or cloudy conditions, charging of batteries can be done by electrical devices.

22

1. Charging Time: 6 to 8 hrs.(Depending on condition of weather) for solar panel

6 to 7 hours on electricity

2. Required Voltage: 12V

3. Backup: 3 to 5 hrs

4. When Radiation is more = Less charging time

5. When Radiation is less = More charging time

6. Charging Cost : Nil on solar panel

Rs. 10-12 on electricity

6.2 TIME TAKEN FOR DISCHARGE FULL TANK

The tank of the Hybrid Power Sprayer is filled with the water and then switch on the pump

and by using the sprayer we get following results.

CASE 1: Nozzle is set for Sprinkle type flow.

When nozzle is set for sprinkle type of flow, the time required to discharge the 4 ltr. Capacity tank

is given below.

Time taken to discharge 4 ltr. Water = 4 minutes and 30 sec.

CASE 1: Nozzle is set for Jet type flow

When nozzle is set for sprinkle type of flow, the time required to discharge the 4 ltr. Capacity tank

is given below.

Time taken to discharge 4 ltr. Water = 3 minutes and 15 sec.

23

6.3 READINGS FOR VARIOUS PESTICIDES

We use three commonly used pesticides used in agriculture practices. The three pesticides are

as follows

1. Profenofos

2. Choloropyrifos

3. Bioinsecticides

Get following results by using above pesticides and insecticides.

Pesticides Applications Density Pump

Discharge (Q)

Exit Velocity

Profenofos Control of

insects & mites

on cotton,

soybean, maize,

tobacco etc.

1455 Kg/cubic

meter

6.59 ltr/min 15.55 m/sec

Cloropyrifos Cotton, corn,

almonds, fruit

trees including

oranges,

bananas, apples.

1398 Kg/cubic

meter

6.73 ltr/min 15.86 m/sec

Bioinsecticides Plant agent,

seeds treatment

& soil

amendments.

1030 Kg/cubic

meter

7.07 ltr/min 18.39 m/sec

24

Table No. 6.3.1 : Readings for various pesticides

CHAPTER 8

COMPARISION

Conventional Power Sprayer Hybrid Power Sprayer

Two stroke petrol engine DC Pump running by solar power.

25

Cost of a unit is Rs. 5000 approx Cost of unit is Rs. 7000 approx.

Operating cost is Rs. 100/hour approx. Operating cost is zero.

Effective Periodic Maintenance is

necessary.

Less Maintenance is required.

Table No. 8.1: Comparison

CHAPTER 9

ADVANTAGE

1. Uses clean and alternative source of energy

As the Hybrid Power Sprayer uses solar power as source of energy, it is the clean source

of energy and also the alternative energy resource. The solar power is primary source to charge

the batteries and electricity can also be used to recharge the batteries.

2. No fossil fuels required

26

The Hybrid powered sprayer does not use any type of fossil fuel for its operation. This

helps us to reduce the use of fossil fuel and to use non-conventional source of energy. That helps

us to save our fossil fuel.

3. No costly maintenance

The Hybrid powered sprayer uses solar energy based equipment as medium for spraying

while the conventional power sprayer uses 2 stroke petrol engine. The 2 stroke engine required

regular periodic maintenance. But hybrid powered sprayer does not required such kind of the

maintenance.

4. Minimum running cost

The hybrid powered sprayer uses solar power as well as electricity to spray the insecticides

or pesticides. While the conventional power sprayer uses petrol operated assembly to spray

insecticides. So it costs more running cost than hybrid power sprayer.

5. Subsidy

The government can give this implement on subsidy to the farmers which can help to reduce

the Maximum Retail Price of the equipment. This will be an innovative step in farming sectors.

6. Awareness

27

This implement will help us to reach to the grassroots level people and help to aware them

how we can use the sustainable solar energy in agriculture field. The more awareness more will be

the benefit.

CHAPTER 10

FUTURE SCOPE

Regarding the future development of hybrid power sprayer, the hybrid power sprayer basically

designed by us to use the sustainable solar energy in agriculture field and to lower use of fossils fuel. Some

futuristic scope that we vision are as follows

1. The PV technology that used in the Hybrid Power Sprayer can be used for all type of

spraying purposes.

2. The rural areas not getting electricity properly so when sprayer is not in use for spraying

purpose can be used for lighting or other household purpose.

28

3. The mobile charger can be employed to sprayer which can charge mobiles during load

shading.

4. Further development can be achieved by researching on better means to use the sprayer.

CHAPTER 11

COST ESTIMATION

Sr. No. Parts of Sprayer Cost of Part

1 Solar Panel Rs. 1500

2 Battery Rs. 500

3 Pump Rs. 1200

4 Solenoid Valve Rs. 500

5 Limit Switch Rs. 150

29

6 Nozzle Assembly Rs. 800

7 Frame, Cushioning, Tank Rs. 2000

8 Other Rs. 1000

Total Rs. 7650

Table No. 11.1: Cost Estimation

CHAPTER 12

CONCLUSION

The Hybrid Power Sprayer model was developed based on the Photovoltaic Technology. It is used to

spray pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers etc. The main conclusions are as follows:

1. The Model is running successfully that means it can be an alternative for the power sprayers.

2. As operating and maintenance cost is low, so farmers can use this there production cost will be

reduced.

3. The farming community will accept this proved implement.

4. The PV Technology can be extended to use it in every type of spraying.

30

5. The Hybrid Power Sprayer has high initial cost but more economical.

6. This hybrid powered sprayers can be used for other purposes also.

7. This implement will help to aware usage of alternative energy device.

8. This implement is total ecofriendly device.

REFERENCES

1. Sh. Nassehzadeh Tabriz, E. Behboodi, F.Q. Aliyev, TOWARDS RENEWABILITY BY APPLYING

SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVED LIFE CYCLE, 2-IJTPE-Issue11-Vol4-No2-

Jun2012 Page no.7-12

2. Philippe Drobinski, WIND AND SOLAR RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL RESOURCES

ESTIMATION

3. Chikaire, J. Nnadi, F.N., Nwakwasi, R.N., Anyoha, N.O, Aja O.O., Onoh, P.A.,

And Nwachukwu C.A., SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE, Journal of

Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Volume 2, September 2010.

31

4. Igor Tyukhov, Advanced Solar Energy and Education Technology, Transection in Solar Energy, ISSN

1985-9406 Online Publication , June 2010

5. Ugo Bardi, Solar Power Agriculture : New Paradigm For Energy Production, Renewables 2004

Conference, Evora, Portugal , June 2004

6. K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce, “A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of

Electricity”, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, pp.4470-4482 (2011).

7. Richard L. Oitinger, Rebecca Williams, Renewable Energy Resources for Development,

Heinonline . 32 Envtl . L . 332 2002 ,Page No. 331-339

8. Ravi Prasad, Making India A Solar Energy Economy-Prospects and Challenges

9. Tarujyoti Buragohain, “Impact of Solar Energy in rural Development in India”, International Journal

of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012

10. Robert Grasso, Pat Hopkins, Nozzles-Sizing and Selection

11. Denis Shepard, Michael Agnew, Luke Dant, “Selecting Nozzles For Fungicides Spray Applications”,

June 2006

12. Ricardo F. Orge, “Development of low volume sprayer nozzles for GA3 Application”, Ontario

International Development Agency, ISSN 1923-6654.

13. Dibyajyoti Bhattachari, “Some Issues on Fertilizer Consumption in Northeast India”, Economic

Reforms and Development In North East India, eds. Sengupta and Roy, Mittal Publications,

pp. 41-46, (2003).

14. B. Sinha, D. Choudhary, S. Roy, “Traditional Practises in Pesticide Management: Some Examples in

32

North East India” Regional seminar on the Role of biodiversity and environmental strategies in North

East India, 2004

ANNEXURE-1

HYBRID POWER SPRAYER

Saurabh Nimbarte1, Aniruddha Sarode2, Jayant Wasamwar3,

Kaustubh Balpande4, Ajinkya Ujjankar5, Abhishek Bhagwani6, Prashant Girsawade7

Final year Bachelor of Engineering Students

Department of Mechanical Engineering

B.C.Y.R.C’S Umrer college of Engineering, Umrer, Dist Nagpur, Maharashtra1itechidiot@gmail.com,2anisarode1989@gmail.com, 3mr.jayant.w@gmail.com

ABSTRACT-

33

Energy is one of the major sectors for establishing growth and development any country. To fulfill

the energy demand is major challenge for everyone in society. Applications of Non-Conventional Energy are

the only alternate solution for conventional energy demand. Nowadays usage of alternative sources of energy

rises as public aware about Energy Crisis. Agriculture Sector has a large number of applications which uses

Solar Energy. Solar Energy plays an important role in each and every aspect of agriculture. The solar cookers

and solar pumps are used at various villages. This Solar Energy can be also used for spraying purposes,

using Hybrid Powered Sprayers. This paper is about a Revolutionary Agriculture Implement which uses

alternate sources of energy.

Key words: Energy; Non-Conventional Energy; Energy Crisis; Agriculture Sector; Revolutionary

Agriculture Implement

1. INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy resources hold great promise for meeting the energy and development

needs of countries throughout the world. This promise is particularly strong for developing countries

where many regions have not yet committed to fossil fuel dominance. Solar photovoltaic and solar

thermal technologies are particularly advantageous for serving the two billion people in rural areas

without grid electricity. Modern biomass energy is attractive because it uses locally available

agricultural wastes.

The subject that the present paper addresses is how fossil fuels can be replaced as a source of energy

using renewable solar technologies in the “agricultural paradigm”, that is in order to abandon the “bell

shaped” curve and reach, instead, a plateau of production at levels comparable to the present values. In this

approach, called here “Solar Power Agriculture”, energy, and in particular electric power, produced on

agricultural lands is considered as just another form of agricultural product, to be approached with the same

social and economic approaches which are commonplace for conventional agriculture. Obviously, the

possibility of expanding this strategy to obtain a significant fraction of the worldwide energy needs depends

on a number of factors:

1. Technological factors: can renewable produce enough energy for the needs of humankind without

competing with conventional agriculture implements?

2. Cost: Even when embedded in conventional agricultural production, won’t renewable energies

remain too expensive?

34

3. Public opinion: Can the relatively expensive products for solar energy be made acceptable to the

public?

The project will show that the answer to this entire question is, in principle, positive and that the

concept of solar power agriculture has a strong potential in order to speed up and favor the introduction of

solar renewable technologies in the world.

The Hybrid Power Sprayer will manage much usage over its counterpart and also helps farmer to take the

initiative to use innovations.

1.1 Introduction to Power Sprayer

Figure 1: Conventional Power Sprayer

Power Sprayers are used to spray pesticides and fertilizers in the liquid form at agriculture farm and

other destinations. The Power sprayer mainly consists of two stroke petrol engine. It needs the petrol and oil

for its usage. The Two stroke petrol engine uses the Chemical energy of fuel and converts it into the

35

Mechanical Energy to spray the pesticides. The overall view of the power sprayer existing in the market is

shown in Figure 1

Technical Specifications

Capacity of Fuel Tank: 1.25 ltr.

Fuel Consumption for 1 hour continuous operation: 1.25 ltr.

Running Cost per hour: Rs. 100-120

Operating Cost: Rs. 1.7-2 [approx.]

Durability of Engine: 4-5 years

Annual Maintenance Cost: Rs. 500

Weight of Engine: 4kg approx.

Speed: 3000rpm

Maintenance and Care

Each and every machine requires the maintenance in order to work efficiently. To keep machine work effi -

ciently, regular checkups and maintenance is required. Some major areas are as follows.

Maintenance of air filter

Cleaning of whole system required after each 3 hours of the operations

Maintenance and adjustment of carburetor as per requirement

Cleaning and maintenance of Spark Plug

Maintenance of ignition system

Always required prevention against corrosion

Pipes should be cleaned.

2. Hybrid Power Sprayers

2.1 Introduction

To overcome the above difficulties in the Existing models and to reduce the operating cost of the Power

Sprayer, a modified model has been designed & introduced for effective operation without fossil fuel. In this

36

modified model 2 stroke petrol engine is replaced by a single motor. This can be operated by the electrical

energy stored in the 12V battery attached in the Unit which can be charged by the Solar Panels:

2.2 Specification of Parts

4.2.1 Specification of DC Pump

1. Weight: 0.75kg [approx.]

2. Operating Power: 84watts

3. Operating Voltage: 12volts

4. Operating current: 7amp

5. Speed: 2800rpm

6. Discharge: 7 lt/min

4.2.2 Specification of Batteries

1. Weight: 2kg approx.

2. Power: 84watt

3. Current: 7Amp

4. Voltage: 12volts

4.2.3Specification of Solar Panel

37

1. Weight: 0.75kg

2. Voltage: 12volt

3. Power Output: 5watts

3. Working

Solar Radiation can be directly converted into electricity by using semiconductor device called as

Photovoltaic (PV) Cells. When Sunlight falls upon the Solar cell a part of the light is absorbed and it is

converted into Electrical Energy by means of Electron Movements. This Solar Panel is connected to 12V

lead acid battery for storing the

electrical energy. A 12V DC motor is connected to these lead acid battery to convert the electrical

energy into mechanical energy.Battery can be charged continuously during discharge itself, by attaching

the panel on the sprayers. Without panel on the sprayers, discharge can be done for a minimum period of

4 to 5 hours. By changing the battery, discharge can be continued for further more hours. Charging can

be done by separate Solar Banal attachment. Note: During Rainy Season charging can be done by

electrical devices.

4. Advantages

1. It uses clean and alternative source of energy.

2. No fossil fuels are required.

3. No costly maintenance.

4. Minimum Running cost

5. It may be subsidized by govt. as per renewable energy resources policy.

6. It helps farmers to get aware about usage of Alternative Energy Implements

5. Conclusions

38

The Hybrid Power Sprayer model was developed based on the Photovoltaic Technology. It is used to

spray pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers etc. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1) The Model is running successfully that means it can be an alternative for the power sprayers.

(2)As operating and maintenance cost is low, so farmers can use this there production cost will be

reduced.

(3) This hybrid powered sprayers can be used for other purposes also.

(4)This implement will help to aware usage of alternative energy devices.

6. References

1. Sh. Nassehzadeh Tabriz, E. Behboodi, F.Q. Aliyev, Towards renewability by applying solar energy

technologies for improved life cycle, 2-IJTPE-Issue11-Vol4-No2-Jun2012 Page no.7-12

2. Philippe Drobinski, Wind and solar renewable energy potential resources estimation

3. Chikaire, J. Nnadi, F.N., Nwakwasi, R.N., Anyoha, N.O, Aja O.O., Onoh, P.A.,

And Nwachukwu C.A., SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE, Journal of

Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Volume 2, September 2010.

4. Igor Tyukhov, Advanced Solar Energy and Education Technology, Transection in Solar Energy, ISSN

1985-9406 Online Publication, June 2010

5. Ugo Bardi, Solar Power Agriculture : New Paradigm For Energy Production, Renewables 2004

Conference, Evora, Portugal , June 2004

6. K. Branker, M. J.M. Pathak, J. M. Pearce, “A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of

Electricity”, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, pp.4470-4482 (2011).

7. Richard L. Oitinger, Rebecca Williams, Renewable Energy Resources for Development, Heinonline.

32 Envtl. L. 332 2002 ,Page No. 331-339

8. Ravi Prasad, Making India A Solar Energy Economy-Prospects and Challenges

9. Tarujyoti Buragohain,”Impact of Solar Energy in rural Development in India”, International Journal

of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2012

10. Robert Grisso,Pat Hipkins, Nozzles-Sizing and Selection

39

ANNEXURE-2

PROJECT PHOTO’S

40

Figure: Hybrid Power Sprayer

41