Chapter 1INTRODUCTION

Background Information

Phytoplankton refers to the group of minute, autotrophic organisms that

float in the water surface of rivers, lakes and oceans. Like any terrestrial plants,

phytoplankton requires sunlight, water and nutrients for growth. Sunlight is most

abundant near the water surface where phytoplankton remains. They acquire

their food reserves from the fixation of carbon dioxide with the presence of light

and built up within the protoplasm (Relon, 1988). Thus, organism occupying

higher tropic level may both directly and indirectly dependent for energy supply.

Aside from its important role in the food chain, phytoplankton performs vital role

in the biogeochemical cycles necessary for biological metabolism.

Plankters are capable of adapting to different environmental conditions

and their distribution are affected by several factors such as pH, temperature,

light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration (Jorgensen, 1996). Moreover,

they need a wide variety of chemical elements but the two critical are nitrogen

and phosphorus, which are used to make proteins, nucleic acids and other cell

parts. Hence, the presence of elements in the water allows the phytoplankton to

survive and reproduce. The population of phytoplankton is said to be sensitive to

fluctuations in the environment. Temperature affects the uptake of carbon dioxide

for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration. As temperature reaches beyond

optimal range, net carbon dioxide changes until the limits are reached and refer

2

to the hot and cold limits of net photosynthesis (Salisbury and Ross, 1992).

Furthermore, extreme temperature may also inhibit subsequent photosynthesis

at optimal temperature.

Another condition that affects the growth of phytoplankton is

eutrophication, which rejuvenated by an increase in plant nutrients. This would

allow algae bloom on the surface that prevents penetration of light in the lake

water (Round, 1981). Eutrophication leads to oxygen depletion thus, death of

oxygen-dependent organisms.

In recent times, Sampaloc Lake shows the sign of being eutrophic

because the lake is extremely threatened by diverse human activities (i.e. illegal

settlement along the shores, resulting pollution illegal fish-pens, overfeeding and

crowded fish cages). The overuse of commercial fish feeding may resulted in

high nitrogen levels, low dissolved oxygen and proliferation of water lilies that

made the lake on its current trophic condition.

Recently, the local government of San Pablo regulates the construction of

fish cages within the lake. According to Mrs. Aleiga (personal communication)

one family can only avail 10 x 10 m2 of fish cages to support their personal needs

and other necessesities. It is in this premise that characterization of the

phytoplankton community be done in Sampaloc Lake. This would verify the

current trophic status of the lake by identifying indicator species present in the

study site.

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Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this research is to determine the structural diversity

of the phytoplankton in Sampaloc Lake, San Pablo City, Laguna.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. identify and classify the phytoplankton present;

2. compare the phytoplankton diversity in each station ; and

3. assess the diversity of phytoplankton in the study site.

Significance of the Study

This study dealt with the adoption of the different ecological parameters to

determine the community structure and dynamics of phytoplankton present in

Sampaloc Lake. The phytoplankton collection at different areas of the lake would

increase the value of knowledge on their distributional data. Such data are

essential in any phytoplankton studies by describing its structure as well as

diversity. Furthermore, such data generated by describing species richness and

structural adaptations are very useful in any attempt to various conservation

management.

Since phytoplankton depends upon certain conditions for growth, they are

good indicators of change in their environment (Herring, 2010). For these

reasons, phytoplankton are the primary interest to oceanographers and Earth

scientists around the world because they can relate the distribution of

phytoplankton on the climate (Herring, 2010). Moreover, data derived from the

4

physico-chemical parameters of this study will enhance the knowledge of the

local government of San Pablo City by knowing the diversity of the phytoplankton

in the lake and how these organisms can affect their daily life. This information

would help them to create sustainable management planning for maintenance of

the lake.

This study is also useful for the student who wishes to study freshwater

biology and are interested in algae. This would help them to identify common

phytoplankton that is present in freshwater ecosystem that would give them a

detailed description as well as their ecological importance.

Scope and Limitations

This study was limited in determining the community structure of

phytoplankton present in Sampaloc Lake located at San Pablo City, Laguna,

Philippines. Classification and identification of the collected phytoplankters were

based using Patrick and Reimer (1966) and Prescott (1951) keys. Identification

was done to the lowest possible level. The species distribution and its ecological

importance were discussed.

Phytoplankton investigation was done last November 21, 2010 from 11:00

a.m. to 3:00 p.m. This time was appropriate for sampling since phytoplankton is

dependent upon the amount of sunlight.

Moreover, the only physico- chemical parameters measured were

temperature, pH, transparency and dissolved oxygen concentration.

5

Chapter 2REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Taxonomy and Distribution of Phytoplankton

The factors affecting the distribution and growth of the freshwater

phytoplankton are a complex of physical (light, temperature, viscosity, current,

velocity, and turbidity), chemical (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, organic factors) and

biological features (growth rate, interaction, grazing etc.) The gross correlation

between nutrient status and organic production suggests that nutrients are a

limiting factor particularly in tropical and semi-tropical regions (Round, 1973).

Abundant freshwaters organisms are greatly dominated in

Euglenophyceae and Chlorophyceae which are the blue green algae and green

algae. There are 450 species in genus Chlamydomanas that found in freshwater

lakes and ponds but only few in marine waters (Willen and Willen, 1955).

The taxonomy of the phytoplankton of Balayan Bay was studied by a

group of undergraduate students from De la Salle University (de la Cruz et al,

1992) and reported a total of 104 species of phytoplankton collected and found

out that the dominant species were the following: Bacteriastrum, Chaetoceros

and Rhizosolennia.

In the succeeding year, Relon (1988) did the taxonomy of phytoplankton in

the Northwestern Luzon. Her study included collections from Pagudpud, Ilocos

Norte up to Balayan Bay in Batangas. She reported 108 species belonging to 39

genera and 19 families. She also noted a significant difference in the number of

6

cell counts in both seasons of the year and correlated some physico-chemical

factors such as temperature, salinity, pH, nitrates and phosphates affecting the

distribution of phytoplankton.

In freshwater environment the desmid are strictly confined because this

group is rich in species of genus Cosmarium ( Willen and Willen, 1955).

Ecological Factors Influencing Growth of Phytoplankton

Turbidity

Turbidity caused by suspended matter such as clay, silt, and organic

matter and by plankton and other microscopic organisms can interfere with the

passage of light through the water (Andersson, 2003). Thus, turbidity measures

the cloudiness of water- the cloudier the water, the greater the turbidity.

Patrick and Reimer (1966) emphasized that the amount of incident light

does not seem to be the limiting factor for growth, but rather the turbidity of water

caused by turbulence. The magnitude of turbidity depends on the amount and

grain size of suspended matter. They added that turbidity return sediments

previously deposited on the bottom into suspension.

The light-photosynthetic relationship was affected by temperature

(Prescott, 1968) and other factors such as salinity and nutrient concentration.

Since most of the incident light energy was transformed into heat, temperature

conditions were usually dependent on the light regime.

With respect to light intensity, photosynthetic pigments were the most

affected part. In diatoms, cells growing at higher light intensities have a lower

7

chlorophyll concentration per cell and a higher maximum photosynthetic rate

(Strickland and Parsons, 1972). Diatoms continue to synthesize their

photosynthetic pigments when growing heterotrophically in the dark and were

capable of photosynthesis immediately upon return to the light.

In a study made by Frouin and Iacobellis, they argue that the impact of

phytoplankton extends beyond its warming influence. Changes in Earth's surface

reflection caused by increases or decreases in phytoplankton concentrations

may significantly affect the interactions of the planet's climate system with

human-produced concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. They also

argue that the climatological significance of phytoplankton increased or

decreased from region to region, since the magnitude of phytoplankton

concentrations ultimately will dictate the strength of their warming influence.

In fishponds, turbidity reduces phytoplankton growth thus reducing fish

production (Larsson, 1994). He added that erosion carries silt, sand and other

materials into ponds where they settle and lead to filling in of the pond. This

shortens the lifespan of the pond, creating problems with macrophytes, thus,

reducing the productive volume and sometimes increases turbidity.

Global warming has great influence on the growth and distribution of

phytoplankton; light and nutrients are also greatly affected by changes in the

environment (Behrenfeld ,2006).

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pH

According to Piat (2007), they had recently discovered that the basic

chemistry of the ocean was being altered by excess carbon dioxide absorption,

which threatens organisms by increasing acidification. Acidification was caused

by a reaction between CO2 and H2O, which forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Carbonic acid increases the acidity of waters by lowering the pH.

With increasing acidity, every species that constructs skeletons and shells

of CaCO3 will find it more difficult to survive in the future. The impact of such a

widespread decline in shell-producing marine organisms could be disastrous for

nearly all-aquatic ecosystems. Increasing acidity will also affect numerous

reproductive and/or physiological processes in other species with unknown

consequences.

The pH of freshwater ecosystems can fluctuate considerably within daily

and seasonal timeframes, and most freshwater animals have evolved to tolerate

a relatively wide environmental pH range. Animals can become stressed or die

when exposed to pH extremes or when pH changes rapidly, even if the change

occurs within a pH range that is normally tolerated (Tucker and D’Abramo,

2008).

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Temperature

Temperature influences oxygen solubility, photosynthetic rates, respiration

and metabolism (Wetzel, 1983). It has a significant influence on the species of

fish that can be cultured, growth rates, the quality of fish flesh, food conversion

efficiency, and the economics of a fish culture operation.

In addition, the temperature of air and water has great influence in the

growth and distribution of phytoplankton as they constantly change e.g. they

change as tides and currents bring new water into the area, or as solar radiation

heats up surface layers.

Temperature affects the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and

the uptake of oxygen for respiration. As temperature increases or decreases

beyond the optimal range, net carbon dioxide becomes steadily smaller until

finally limits are reached where CO2 equals to intake. Those limits are the hot

and cold limits of net photosynthesis, respectively (Salisbury and Ross, 1992).

Furthermore, extreme temperature may also inhibit subsequent photosynthesis

at optimal temperature.

If the top layer of the water warms, it makes harder for the upwelling of

nutrients to reach the surface, starving the phytoplankton. Researchers found

that drops in the amount of chlorophyll as detected by the satellite closely

corresponded to increases in surface water temperature, confirming the

predictions of climate models (Brahic, 2006).

10

In the Philippines, surface temperatures warm during summer and cool

during the rainy season. As reflected in the temperature readings furnished by

PAGASA, temperature of the water changed as the season changes.

Nutrient Uptake and Growth

The size of phytoplankton will be reflected in the relationship between

maximum specific rates of nutrient uptake and growth. Maximum nutrient uptake

rates are typically higher than the maximum growth rates and steady. State

growth rates are independent of nutrients concentration in chemostat cultures

(Caperon, 1968).

Assimilated nitrate can be stored (as nitrate, ammonia or low molecular

weight organic compound)and utilized for growth at some future time (Antia et. al

1963) have shown theoretically that such intracellular nutrient reserves can have

a marked influence on the relative abundance of phytoplankton species in a

variable nutrient environment. Lags between uptake and growth make possible

higher growth rates than could otherwise occur (Caperon, 1969).

McCarthy and Goldman (1979) present evidence that small-scale variation

in nutrient supply allow phytoplankton to grow at nearly maximum rates when

nutrient concentration are undetectable. Cells with the capacity to store nitrogen

when nitrogen supply exceeds the demand by growth should have advantage in

a variable nutrient environment over cell that have smaller storage capacities

(Lawas and Caperon 1976).

11

Many phytoplankton species posses a large vacuole within which nitrogen

reserves could be compartmentalized (Eppley and Coastworth 1968).This

organelle is esp. characteristics of large dinoflagellates and diatoms its volume

increasing as cell volume increases (Smayda 1965 and Paasche 1973). The

vacuole comprises of 30-90% of the cell volume in diatoms with mean spherical

diameters greater than 5um (Smayda, 1970).

An ability to store nutrients would provide a mechanism by which large cell

could grow faster than small cells under non steady state condition.

Phosphate and Nitrogen: Major source of Nutrients

In addition to carbon, oxygen and hydrogen that plants can find directly

from water, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, two major nutrients are

necessary for the development of aquatic life: Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).

A third one, silica (Si), is necessary for the development of diatoms. During

eutrophication, the concentration of nutrients in the water changes. In some

cases one out of the three nutrients may be totally bound to the aquatic life and

will not be available for further growth of algae. This nutrient is then called the

limiting factor. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus compounds in a water body is

an important factor determining which of the two elements will be the limiting

factor, and consequently which one has to be controlled in order to reduce a

bloom (Volterra, 2002).

Generally, phosphorus tends to be the limiting factor for phytoplankton in

fresh waters. Intermediate areas such as river plumes are often phosphorus-

12

limited during spring, but may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation in summer.

When phosphorus is the limiting factor, a phosphate concentration of 0.01 mg l-1

is enough to support plankton and concentrations from 0.03 to 0.1 mg l-1 or

higher will be likely to promote blooms but may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation

in summer. When phosphorus is the limiting factor, a phosphate concentration of

0.01 mg l-1 is enough to support plankton and concentrations from 0.03 to 0.1

mg l-1 or higher will be likely to promote blooms (Volterra, 2002).

Consequences of Eutrophication

The major consequence of eutrophication concerns the availability of

oxygen. Plants, through photosynthesis, produce oxygen in daylight. On the

contrary, in darkness all animals and plants, as well as aerobic microorganisms

and decomposing dead organisms, respire and consume oxygen. These two

competitive processes are dependent on the development of the biomass. In the

case of severe biomass accumulation, the process of oxidation of the organic

matter that has formed into sediment at the bottom of the water body will

consume all the available oxygen. Even the oxygen contained in sulphates will

be used by some specific bacteria. This will lead to the release of sulphur that will

immediately capture the free oxygen still present in the upper layers. Thus, the

water body will loose all its oxygen and all life will disappear (Boualam, 2002).

In parallel with these changes in oxygen concentration other changes in

the water environment occur changes in algal population during eutrophication,

13

macroalgae, phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates, chlorophytes) and

cyanobacteria, which depend upon nutrients, light, temperature and water

movement, will experience excessive growth (Boualam, 2002).

Ecosystem experience changes in zooplankton, fish and shellfish

population when eutrophication occurs. Being most sensitive to oxygen

availability, these species may die from oxygen limitation or from changes in the

chemical composition of the water such as the excessive alkalinity that occurs

during intense photosynthesis. Ammonia toxicity in fish for example is much

higher in alkaline waters (Volterra, 2002).

Effects of Eutrophication

Lake eutrophication is now a world-wide concern. The main manifestation

of this process is a very strong development of primary producers in the euphotic

zone and very low oxygen concentration in deep layers of the lake. In highly

eutrophic lake, phytoplankton is often dominated by cyanobacteria (Yasser Abdul

Kader Al-Gahwari, 2007). These organisms form water blooms at the surface

which strongly reduce light penetration in the water column most cyanobacteria

species are toxic, their massive development compromise drinking water

production and leisure activities (Yasser Abdul Kader Al-Gahwari, 2007).

Cyanobacteria have been largely studied in fresh water systems, due to their

ability to proliferate, to form massive surface scums, and to produce toxins that

have been implicated in animal or human poisoning.

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Algae display varying degrees of complexity depending on the

organization of their cells. Macroalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria may

colonize marine, brackish or fresh waters wherever conditions of light,

temperature and nutrients are favourable. There is growing evidence that

nutrients, especially nitrogen, favour the duration and frequency of such

toxic“blooms”, and concentrations of toxin in the cells

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Chapter 3METHODOLOGY

A. Description of the Study Site

Sampaloc Lake was located within the city proper of San Pablo, Laguna

(Appendix A) with an area of 104 hectares, a maximum depth of 27 meters and a

maximum width of 1.2 kilometers. Generally, Sampaloc Lake has muddy

substrate. The lake was situated at latitude of 14.079°N and 121.33°E

(Evangelista, 1987).

During the sampling, the lake was divided into two (2) zones namely

littoral and limnetic zone. The littoral zone was subdivided into four (4) stations

(Figure 1) and designated as (1) commercial, (2) residential and fish cages, (3)

tributary and (4) non-residential area. The various environmental conditions were

the bases of assigning different stations of the lake. This include as having the

presence of household’s waste, the milieu of having plants, along the fish cage

and the natural environment of the lake.

B. Environmental Parameters

The following physico-chemical parameters were determined in this study

namely transparency, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen.

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Figure 1. Shows the different station and their points. Red Dots- Point 1, Yellow Dots- Point2, Green Dots- Point 3. The large number indicates the station for the water sampling both for Limnetic and Littoral zone (Map Source: http://www.openstreetmap.org).

A D

+ 21 14°4.477 N 121°19.608

+ 16 14°4.577 N 121°19.528

+ 14 14°4.882 N 121°19.483

+ 16 14°4.805 N 121°19.542

+ 16 14°4.911 N 121°19.716

+ 19 14°4.988 N 121°19.904+ 22 14°4.701 N 121°20.132+ 16 14°4.548 N 121°20.096

+ 15 14°4.781 N 121°20.186

+ 14 14°4.441 N 121°19.993+ 19 14°4.382 N 121°19.815+ 16 14°4.419 N 121°19.699+ 12 14°4.744 N 121°19.631+ 16 14°4.799 N 121°19.574

+ 11 14°4.493 N 121°19.540

1

2

3

4 5

17

Figure 2. The different stations for water sampling for both littoral and limnetic zone in Sampaloc Lake, San Pablo Laguna. (A)Station 1-Commercial Area, (B)Station 2- Residential (C) Fish Cages Area, (D)Station 3- Tributary Area, (E)Station 4- Non Residential Area and (F) Station 5- Limnetic Area.

B.1 Transparency

B E

FC

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A circular metallic plate known as Secchi Disc was used having a

10 cm radius. The disc was lowered into the water and the distance of its

first disappearance was noted. The plate was slowly raised and the

distance when the plate reappeared was taken. The average distance

(cm) between the two readings represented the turbidity of the water. The

procedure was repeated three times in each station.

B.2 Temperature and pH

Temperature and pH were measured using Oakton pH tester 30.

The probe was immersed in water for at least two (2) minutes before

measurement was noted and repeated for three (3) times.

B.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Concentration

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration was measured at each

sampling site using the Oakton DO 300 series. The probe was immersed

at about six (6) inches below the water surface and performed three (3)

times, which the average measurement was noted.

C. Collection and Preservation of Specimens

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Collections of samples were done using horizontal hauling for littoral zone

and vertical hauling for limnetic zone. There were three (3) points considered for

each sampling station. The water samples were collected by using plankton net,

which has a diameter of 15 cm and height of 44 cm. In littoral zone, the collection

of sample was done by throwing the net at about 5 meters and repeated for five

(5) times. On the other hand, vertical hauling was used in limnetic zone. This was

done by submerging the plankton net at 10 meters below the water surface. The

collected water sample was transferred to 100 mL collecting bottle that was

previously labeled with station identification and replicate number.

Water samples were preserved in 4% buffered formalin (Appendix C). The

buffered formalin was used as a preservative that prevents deformation of the

cell (Azanza – Corrales et al, 1993).

Identification of preserved samples was based on the keys used by

Patrick and Reimer (1966) and Prescott (1951).

D. Assessment of Phytoplankton Community

D.1 Enumeration of Phytoplankton

In order to calculate the density of phytoplankton present in water

sample, a counting chamber and a microscope were used for this purpose. Since

the size of the phytoplankton were small, haemocytometer was used (Neubauer

Brand) as suggested by Martinez (1975).

20

One hundred (100) milliliter water samples were concentrated to 10 mL

and 1 mL aliquot was taken and carefully placed in the trough of the

haemocytometer. The organisms were observed under low and high

magnifications of the microscope for identification and enumeration.

The filled chamber was allowed to stand 1-2 minutes prior to counting in

order to give enough time for cells to settle down. Observation follows under low

magnification to check the distribution of the cells within the chamber.

The haemocytometer comprises 5 quadrants and each quadrant consists

of 16 squares. Large squares were used to count the phytoplankton present in

the chamber to show the average organism present.

Cambridge Microscope was used in order to examine the features of each

specimen under LPO and HPO. Ocular Micrometer was also used to measure

the length and width of each species. Each of the measurement (length and

width) was multiplied by 0.255µm (HPO) and 1.02µm (LPO) to calculate the size

of the specimen. Above measurement were calibrated to get the definite size of

the species.

Abundance is the number of species in an area. It was used to determine

the abundance of the species on a particular environment and also used to

calculate the number of species per cell present in the lake. In determining the

species abundance in each sampling station the following formula was used

(Odum, 1980).

Density= N X V1

Vs

21

Where:

N= Number of cell in 1 mL sample

V1= Total Volume of the sample where 1 ml aliquot taken (mL)

Vs= Volume of the water filtered by plankton net within a hauling

depth (mL)

E. Community Structure

To asses the estimation of species diversity, dominance, richness and

evenness of phytoplankton present in the study site, different diversity indices

were used.Dominance is defined as the number of species that can be found in

an area in frequent occurrence (Odum, 1980). Moreover, Shannon index as well

as Simpson’s index emphasizes not only the number of species (richness or

variety) but also the apportionment of the numbers of individuals among the

species (Odum, 1971 and Reish, 1984). Evenness, therefore, takes into

consideration the dominance or lack of dominance of one or a few organisms in

the community. Lastly, Margalef’s is the number of different species in a given

area. It was used in conservation studies to determine the sensitivity of

ecosystems and their resident species.

All the calculations to characterize the phytoplankton community was

evaluated using the software Paleontological Statistics ver. 1.88.

Chapter 4

22

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Physical parameters of the lake water

The different environmental parameters measured in five stations of

Sampaloc Lake during November 2010 were summarized in Table 1. Water

temperature ranges from 25.86°C to 28.23°C with a mean of 27.33 ± 0.24°C.

Surface water varied from pH 8.27 to 8.43 generating a mean value of

8.35±0.05. On the other hand, the measured water transparency were 20.08

in to 38.58 in giving a mean of 30.38 ± 1.568 in while dissolved oxygen

concentration ranged from 8.75 mg/L to 10.22 mg/L with a mean of 9.33 ±

0.04 mg/L.

Table 1. Physico-chemical Parameters of Sampaloc lake (November 2010).

Parameters Station Average1 2 3 4 5

Temperature (130C-310C)

28.23±0.04 a27.82±0.03a 27.61±0.02a 25.86±1.11a 27.14±0.02a 27.33±0.24

pH(6.5-9)

8.35±0.05abc 8.32±0.05abc 8.36±0.03ac 8.43±0.05b 8.27±0.09c 8.35±0.05

Transparency(20-90 in)

28.50±1.32ab 38.58±5.30a 34.72±7.50a 30.02±7.59a 20.08±0.19b 30.38±0.57

Dissolved Oxygen(9-10 mg/L)

8.75±0.05a 9.06±0.02ab 9.32±0.02ab 10.22±.08b 9.29±0.05a 9.33±0.04

*values are reported as mean ± Standard Error (s/√n)*values with the same letters are not significantly different at a= 0.05*values in parentheses are acceptable ranges for a healthy aquatic ecosystem

Temperature

23

The highest temperature was obtained in Station 1 (28.23°C) and the

lowest temperature was observed in Station 4 (25.86°C) during the

sampling period. There was no significant differences (α0.05< 0.91)

observed from among the five stations of the lake. Each station would

imply different degree of stresses hence variation can be observed. Mean

temperature of the lake has a value of 27.33 ± 0.24°C, which may

maintain the development and production of phytoplankton present in the

lake. The optimum temperature that enabled the phytoplankton to grow is

about 130C to 320C (Boney, 1971).

The temperature of a freshwater environment can directly affect the

environment as a whole and the organism that occupy it. Phytoplankton

as a photosynthetic organism can proceed their production even if the

temperature rises up to 31 ºC (Boney, 1971). The condition that most

blue-green algae seem to flourish is having warm water temperatures at

28°C-31ºC.

pH

During the sampling period the pH of surface water in Sampaloc Lake

ranges from 8.27 ±0.09 to 8.43 ±0.05. The highest pH value was obtained in

station 3 (pH=8.43 ±0.05) while lowest at station 5 (pH=8.27±0.09). The ideal

pH of culture condition is 6.5 - 9.0 while about pH 8.0 in natural condition

(Relon, 1988). Data showed that the surface water of Sampaloc Lake is

24

slightly basic (mean=8.35±0.05), which is better for phytoplankton

development (Relon, 1988).

Stations 4 showed significant differences in pH at stations 3

(a0.05>0.030) and station 4 (a0.05>0.013). The differences in pH for each

station can be attributed to the presence of fish cages wherein Station 3

had fewer fish cages as compared to station 4 and station 5. By the

presence of the fish cages, it has been recently discovered that water

altered by excess carbon dioxide absorption, threatens organisms by

increasing acidification. Acidification will tend to be higher because of the

reaction of water and the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by the fish.

Carbon dioxide dissolves slightly in water to form a weak acid called

carbonic acid (H2CO3). After that, carbonic acid reacts slightly and

reversibly in water to form hydronium cation, H3O+, and the bicarbonate

ion, HCO3- (Shakhashir, 2008). pH of water will tend to be alkaline by

having relatively low concentration of hydrogen ion. This condition is

favorable for the growth and respiration uptake of phytoplankton (Moss,

1972).

Transparency

The highest measurement of transparency was recorded in station 2

with 38.58+5.26 in (3.22 ft) and the lowest measurement was observed in

station 5 with 20.08+4.19 in (1.67 ft). Michigan Lake Institute (MLI) stated

that water with less than 90 in (7.5 ft) transparency is considered to be

25

eutrophic. Significant differences in the transparency (α0.05> 0.015) were

observed in the surface water among the different stations. This was

observed in stations 2 and 5 (a0.05>0.014), 3 and 5 (a0.05>0.034) and in

station 4 and 5 (a0.05>0.046). Station 5 was not directly disturbed by

human’s organic devastation because this area was distant from the

shoreline and the deviation in water transparency could be caused by

suspended matters such as clay, silts and sand obtained in every stations

(Andersson, 2003). By this condition, excessive suspended matters in the

lake will cause water surface to be unclear. If these conditions happen the

light coming from the sun prevent to pass through the water surface that

would decline the photosynthetic rate of the phytoplankton (Boney, 1971).

Chemical Parameters of the Lake Water

Dissolved Oxygen

The highest amount of dissolved oxygen was obtained at station 4

(10.22±.08mg/L) while lowest at station 1 (8.75±0.05mg/L). Results

showed that there is significant difference (α0.05> 0.009) in the level of

dissolved oxygen among different stations. Station 4 showed significant

differences with station 1 (a0.05>0.006) and 5 (a0.05>0.047) that indicates

the variation in the dissolved oxygen among the stations.

The significant differences of dissolved oxygen in different stations

was due to differences in the stresses that each station obtained. DO

obtained in station 4 was due to reduced amount of stress it receives as

26

compared with station 1 and 5. On the otherhand, DO obtained from

station 1 maybe due to the human effluents and improper disposal of their

waste in the periphery of lake. Effluents have organic wastes that coming

from the remains of any living organism. It is decomposed by the bacteria

and eventually remove dissolved oxygen from the water when they

breathe. If more food (organic waste) is available for the bacteria, more

bacteria will grow and use oxygen, and the DO concentration will drop

(Murphy, 2007).

The mean value of dissolved oxygen observed in Sampaloc Lake

was 9.33 mg/L. DO concentration ranging from 9 to 10 mg/L indicated a

very healthy aquatic life (Mack and Cub, 2003). If dissolved oxygen levels

are too low (3-5ppm), some fish and other organisms may not be able to

survive (SIT, 2009). Levels of 5 to 6 ppm are usually required for growth

and activity of aquatic organism (LaMOTTE Company, 2006).

Phytoplankton Composition

The algal composition of Sampaloc Lake was characterized by three

major groups namely Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta, which

consist of twenty (20) taxa.

Green algae collected was distributed into four (4) orders and six (6)

genera (Figure 3). Five taxa were identified up to the genus level and 1 taxon

was not identified but considered to be in Division Chlorophyta. Moreover, five

(5) orders of Bacillariophyta were collected and it was distributed to eleven

27

(11) genera (Figure 4-5). In addition, Division Cyanophyta consists of two (2)

orders and three (3) genera (Figure 6).

Division Chlorophyta

During the sampling period (November, 2010), 6 genera were determined

under Division Chlorophyta namely Protococcus sp., Pediastrum sp.,

Stigeoclonim sp., Staurastrum sp., Spirogyra sp. and Green Algae 1.

Algae belonging to this group are characterized by green color chloroplast,

one or many in each cell or protoplasmic unit. The cell wall, which is firm in most

genera, is composed of cellulose and pectic compounds. There may be, also, a

mucilaginous outer layer. Sometimes it may be unicellular (one cell), multicellular

(many cells), colonial (living as a loose aggregation of cells) or coenocytic

(composed of one large cell without cross-walls; the cell may be uninucleate or

multinucleate) (Prescott ,1951).

Order Chaetoporales

Family Chaetophoraceae

1. Stigeoclonium sp. (Figure 3A)

Thorn-like branches; cell ranges up to 12-18 in diameter.

Branches mostly alternate or opposite; branched filament; cells

scarcely smaller than those or of man’s axis ending in bluntly pointed

or setiferous cell; horizontal or prostrate portion of the thallus often

present.

28

Family Protococaceae

2. Protoccoccus sp. (Figure 3B)

Simple colony and simple filament; the colony of the cell ranges to

4-6 celled colonies; 1.275 µm in diameter; globular in shaped; cells are

up to 8-12 in diameter.

Order Chlorococcales

Family Hydrodictyaceae

3. Pediastrum sp. (Figure 3C)

Species form a colony; Shape like a human tooth; the colony of

the cell ranges to 32-38 celled colony; colony cell size is 65µm in

diameter; cells up to 12-20 µm in diameter; thallus flat, circular plate of

polygonal cell; cylindrical cell arranged to form a macroscopic closed

cylindrical net.

Order Desmidiales

Family Desmidiaceae

4. Staurastrum sp. (Figure 3D)

Cells appear star shaped or triangular. H-Shaped; cells ranges

to 1.507 µm; apex of cell extended into 3 or more arms or lobes, the

arms usually extended radiantly so that the cell appears star-shaped or

triangular when seen in vertical or end.

29

Order Zygnamatales

Family Zygnamataceae

5. Spirogyra sp. (Figure 3E)

Filaments are long and unbranched; cell are cylindrical and

short; colony of the cell ranges to 55-90 µm in diameter; 40.8 µm in

length. 20-30 cells diameter. Bright green in color and cotton growth.

6. Green Algae 1 (Figure 3F)

Green algae; non filamentous; the size of the cell ranges 3-

10µm in diameter; semilunate in form; appears to be green.

30

Figure 3. Different genera of division Chlorophyta (A) Stigeoclonium sp.;(B) Protoccocus sp.; (C) Pediastrum sp. ; (D) Staurastrum sp.; (E) Spirogyra sp.; (F) Green Algae 1.

31

Division Bacillariophyta

During the sampling period (November, 2010) 11 genera were

determined under Division Bacilliariophyta namely Amphora sp., Berkeleya

sp., Cosinodiscus sp. ,Cyclotella sp., Mastoglia sp., Melosira sp., Navicula sp.,

Pinnularia sp., Odontela sp., Nitzcha sp. and Thalossiosira sp.

The external morphology of diatoms is based on the solid silica shell or

frustule that they all have in common. All diatom skeletons are made of silica

and consist of two parts or frustules that fit inside each other like a petri dish:

the epitheca and the hypotheca. The shape of the frustule is the defining

feature that is used to break the diatoms into two distinct classes: the centric

or Centrobacillariophyceae and the pennate or Pennatibacillariophyceae. The

pennate diatoms are usually radially symmetrical while the centric diatoms are

generally bilaterally symmetrical (Alexopoulos, 1967).

Order Bacillariales

Family Bacillariaceae

7. Nitzchia sp. (Figure 4A)

Frustules solitary; diagonally opposite one another; raphe on a keel

or wing; occur both valves.

32

Order Centrales

Family Coscinodiscaceae

8. Cyclotella sp. (Figure 4B)

Cells drum-shaped; the length of the cell size ranges to 0.5-

3µm; valves with an intramarginal zone of costae; frustules circular

in valve view and without spine-like thorns.

9. Coscinodiscus sp. (Figure 4C)

Circular in shaped; species arises up to thousands of cells;

the length of the cell ranges to 30-60µm; valves without intranargint

profusion and every ornament; frustules of drum-shaped,

rectangular in girdle view.

10. Mastoglia sp. (Figure 4D)

Cell is solitary; bean shaped; the length of the cell ranges 1-

5µm; frustules with septa; rectangular in girdle view; naviculated in

valve view; septum large.

11. Melosira sp. (Figure 4E)

Cells closely united to more straight and arranged in

filament; Bread like; short spines at the junction of the frustules,

which are united into a filament; cells ranges to 0.5-1.5µm in

diameter; frustules cylindrical in girdle view attached end to end in

filament polar margin in often with denticulation; with intercalary

band.

33

Figure 4. Different genera of division Bacillariophyta.(A) Nitzschia sp.; (B) Cyclotella sp. ; (C) Coscinodiscus sp.; (D) Mastoglia sp.; (E) Melosira sp.; (F) Odontella sp.

34

Family Eupodiscaceae

12.Odontella sp. (Figure 4F)

Filamentous; cells ranges to 1-2 µm in diameter; colony

composed of 4-6 cells; valves are thin-walled with ocelli on

elevation; mantle rounded.

Order Naviculales

Family Naviculaceae

13.Navicula sp. (Figure 5A)

Cells solitary; cells are longitudinal in form and elongated;

axial field narrow and linear; transverse ornamentation composed

of puncta.

Family Pinnulariaceae

14. Pinnularia sp. (Figure 5B)

Cell is elongated and elliptical; not filamentous; the cell size

ranges to 1-3µm in diameters; composed of 2 valves, valves

overlap like a petri dish; valves are covered by connecting band

called cingulum.

15. Thallossiosira sp. (Figure 5C)

Cells in colonies usually wide apart; solitary; the cell size

ranges to 0.5-1µm in diameters; the length of the cell ranges to 1-

4µm

35

Figure 5. Different genera of division Bacillariophyta. (A) Navicula sp.; (B) Pinnularia sp. (C) Thalasiosira sp.;(D) Amphora sp.;(E) Berkeleya sp..

Order Thalassiophysales

36

Family Catenulaceae

16.Amphora sp. (Figure 5D)

Comb-like shaped; not filamentous; the cell size ranges to 3-

8 µm in diameter; ventral margin of curved frustules; cells usually

with concave margin.

17. Berkeleya sp. (Figure 5E)

Raphe are straight; the length ranges to 8-25 µm; composed

of 2 cell; cells are long and elongated; optical ending terminate

valves linear-lanceolate, broad with rounded apices.

Division Cyanophyta

During the sampling period (November, 2010), 3 genera were determined

under Division Cyanophyta namely Lyngbya sp.,Merismopedia sp.,Oscillatoria

sp..They are characterized by having poorly defined nucleus.  Although individual

organisms in this kingdom are for the most part microscopic, their colonies can

reach great size. The cell component lack membrane and the protoplasm is gel-

like without streaming characteristics of eukaryotes. The cell wall are distinct

from those on other algae in consisting of two or more three layers in close

association with the plasma membrane. They are unicellular colonial or

filamentous. The photosynthetic apparatus is not bound in chloroplasts but rather

on the surface of free floating thylakoids (Prescott, 1951).

Order Chroococcales

37

Family Chroococcaceae

18.Merismopedia sp. (Figure 6A)

Plate-like colony; quadriangular in cell shaped. 2-4 cells; colony

cells ranges to 15-25 µm in diameter; consisting of more than 4000

cells in one colony; globose cell compactly or loosely arranged in rows

both transverse and longitudinally .

Order Nostocales

Family Oscillatorialles

19.Lyngbya sp. (Figure 6B)

Filamentous; diameter of the cell ranges to 1.5-3 µm ; size of the

taxa ranges to 20-50 µm; composed of uniserate and unbranched

trichomes of cell; more or less firm sheath.

20.Oscillatoria sp. (Figure 6C)

Filamentous and elongate; 1-3 µm in cell diameter; solitary or

matted trichomes ; length ranges to 50-80 µm diameter in long; distinct

sheath like membrane the calyptras.

38

Figure 6. Different genera of division Cyanophyta.(A) Merismopedia sp.; (B) Lyngbya sp.; (C) Oscillatoria sp

39

Phytoplankton Community Structure

The composition of phytoplankton community in Sampaloc Lake and

their abundance during November 2010 is presented in Table 2. The algal

composition of Sampaloc Lake was represented by three major groups

namely Bacillariophyta (diatom), Chlorophyta (green-algae) and Cyanophyta

(blue-green algae) which comprises a total of twenty (20) taxa. The taxa were

distributed into 6 genera of green algae, 11 genera of diatoms and 3 genera of

blue-green algae.

Light microscopy was used to identify the phytoplankton species at high

power magnification. This allowed to identify the morphological characters of

each species. However, the highest possible level of identification is up to

genus level only.

The relative abundance for 3 major phytoplankton groups of Sampaloc

Lake is summarized in Figure 7. The phytoplankton community is highly

represented by Bacillariophyta (55%), Chlorophyta (30%) and Cyanophyta

(15%), respectively. The highest number of taxa was obtained in

Bacillariophyta which accounted for the presence of 11 genera. On the

otherhand, low abundance of Cyanophyta (15%) in the different station of the

lake can be attributed to the impacts of human activities such as household

wastes, manure and industrialized effluents that directly manipulate the

distribution of this group.

40

Table 2. Composition, relative abundance and relative frequency of phytoplankton in Sampaloc Lake (November, 2010).

Taxa Abundance ( individuals/ m3) MeanRA(%)

Rf(%)

1 2 3 4 5Chlorophyta1. Pediastrum sp. 76 0 0 0 116 131.20 0.180 402. Protoccocus sp. 0 0 0 139 0 139.00 0.191 203. Spirogyra sp. 182 8 0 0 0 44.40 0.061 404. Stigeoclonium sp. 0 369 0 0 0 369.00 0.507 205. Staurastrum sp. 0 0 58 0 0 58.00 0.080 206. Green algae 1 8 0 0 0 0 1.60 0.002 20Bacillariophyta7. Amphora sp. 0 0 0 0 152 152.00 0.209 208. Berkeleya sp. 0 0 0 0 3 3.00 0.004 209. Cosinodiscus sp. 3 0 1768 0 0 1768.60 2.43 4010. Cyclotella sp. 245 240 104 328 53 774.00 1.06 10011. Mastoglia sp. 0 0 0 0 18 18.00 0.025 2012. Melosira sp. 2326 1374 859 902 12104 15704.20 21.56 10013. Navicula sp. 48 0 33 5 0 47.60 0.065 6014. Pinnularia sp. 3 0 0 0 0 0.60 0.001 2015. Odontela sp. 0 0 0 0 1152 1152.00 1.582 2016. Nitzcha sp. 35 10 13 0 73 103.00 0.141 8017. Thalossiosira sp. 0 96 0 0 0 96.00 0.132 20Cyanophyta18. Lyngbya sp. 0 0 0 0 1323 1323.00 1.816 2019. Oscillatoria sp. 533 78 0 0 0 184.60 0.253 4020. Merismopedia sp. 0 116 46510 0 4242 50868.00 69.82 60

Legend: RA (Relative Abundance) Rf (Relative frequency)

41

Figure 7. Distribution of the major phytoplankton taxa in Sampaloc Lake (November 2010).

42

Among the five stations, Station 1 had the highest number of taxa

(n=10) while station 4 obtained the least number of taxa (n=4). The difference

is due to the amount of light received by both stations. This circumstance can

cause obstruction of light penetration that is one of the requirements of

phytoplankton to conduct photosynthesis (Boney, 1971). Station 1 was more

likely receiving much light because this area does not have any impediment

such as the presence of trees which station 4 obtained.

During sampling, the dominant taxon was Melosira sp. that can be

found in basic water (Prescott, 1951). It can tolerate at about a pH ranges

from 8 to 9 and accompanied with low transparency (Prescott, 1951 and

Relon, 1988). In this study, results of physico - chemical parameters coincide

with the said condition. Melosira being dominant genera can be a proof that

the water in Sampaloc Lake is in eutrophic condition. Melosira sp. being a

dominant taxa would mean that diatoms respond quickly to environmental

changes as well as for having specific tolerances for water quality (Dixit et al,

1999).

Phytoplankters in the five stations with highest frequency (100%) were

observed in Melosira sp. and Cyclotella sp.. Their presence would indicate the

capability of the diatom to adapt to different kinds of environment. With a high

sensitivity to environmental variables, a group of diatoms performs essential

roles that include acting as a primary food source, oxidized the water and

increased the available nutrients (Stone, 2005).

43

On the otherhand, members of Chlorophyta were found in the lake

specifically Pediastrum sp., Protococcus sp., Spirogyra sp., Staurastrum sp.,

Stigeoclonium sp. and Green Algae 1. It has been reported that the presence

of Pediastrum (18 %) species are more common in eutrophic waters than in

oligotrophic waters (Turkmen, 2005). Therefore, Sampaloc Lake could be

characterized with a eutrophic condition.

Members of Cyanophyta were observed to be more abundant in all

stations except in station 4. Merismopedia sp., Lyngbya sp. and Oscillatoria

sp. belonging to Cyanophyta were observed. These species can tolerate a

polluted water (Turkmen, 2005). Boney (1971) also stated that the presence of

Oscillatoria species on the bodies of water would signify rapid eutrophication.

Characterization of Phytoplankton Community

The summary of diversity indices of the phytoplankton community along

the study site is presented in Table 3. A total of 20 species of phytoplankters

was observed in the study site, where the highest quantity of taxa was found

in station 1 (S=10) whereas the least number was recorded in Station 4

(S=4). Station 1 (D=1.104) showed a high value of species richness as

compared to other stations that is evidently supported by the occurrence of

elevated number of taxa present in the said station. Likewise, low value of

species richness in station 4 (D=0.415) would indicate the low number of taxa

present. The variation between the species richness showed no significant

relationship (α0.05< 1.680) among the different stations. This only shows that

44

Table 3. Community characteristics of phytoplankton in Sampaloc Lake (November, 2011).

Station Diversity Indices

Taxa Dominance Shannon Simpson Evenness Richness(S) (d) (H’) (1-D) (E) (D)

1 10 0.048 a 1.113 a 0.516 a 0.305 a 1.104 a

2 8 0.398 a 1.302 a 0.601 a 0.409 a 1.033 a

3 7 0.890 a 0.274 a 0.110 a 0.188 a 0.555 a

4 4 0.498 a 0.871 a 0.502 a 0.597 a 0.415 a

5 9 0.453 a 1.092 a 0.547 a 0.298 a 0.912 a

Average 20 0.534 0.973 0.466 0.132 1.680*values are reported as mean ± Standard Error (s/√n)*values with the same letters are not significantly different at a= 0.05

despite of different stresses that the lake is exhibiting, there would be less

variation in terms of species richness and composition among them.

Moreover, the computed dominance was highest in station 3 (d=0.89)

and lowest in station 1 (d=0.048). The high value of dominance in station 3

indicated that there is a tendency of one (1) species to dominate the

community, which was observed in the abundance of Merismopedia sp. while

dominance(d=0.048) in station 1 would only mean that one (1) taxa will not

strictly dominated the and that was observed in Melosira sp.. Inspite of great

number of cell count in Melosira sp. (2326/ m3 ), it shows that abundance in

cell count does not dominate the community as well as with Merismopedia

sp.(46510/m3).

Hence, high values of Shannon Wienner and Simpson’s Indices were

found in station 2 (H’=1.302; 1-D=0.601) and lowest in station 3 (H’=0.274; 1-

D= 0.11) (Appendix D). Data showed that there were no significant

45

differences between Shannon Wienner Index and Simpson index (H’= α0.05 <

0.384; 1-D = α0.05 < 0.334). This only proved that the overall diversity of the

plankton community is greatly represented by the total quantity of species

present in the area.

Evenness was highest in station 4 (E=0.597). This only means that the

phytoplankton species in station 4 are more evenly distributed than station 3

(E= 0.188). In addition, no significant differences (α0.05 < 0.718) were

observed between species evenness in the different stations. This would

indicate that there is little distribution of phytoplankton in each station.

A total of 20 taxa was documented in Sampaloc Lake during the

sampling period. High species richness (D=1.680) implies that despite the

high dominance value (d=0.534) in the site, there is possibility that one taxon

will dominate the phytoplankton community. Values near one (1) would

indicate that there is a chance of one taxa to dominate the area. Moreover,

values of Simpson Index (1-D=0.466) and Shannon-Wienner Index (0.973)

would indicate that the general diversity of phytoplankton community in

Sampaloc Lake is highly represented by the total quantity of species present

in the study area but index of species evenness (E=0.1324) showed a little

distribution within the community.

46

Chapter 5SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Phytoplankton plays an important role in determining the trophic status

of freshwater systems. Their distribution, development and productivity are

directly affected by the varying physical and chemical factors present in an

environment. This study assessed the composition of phytoplankton

community in Sampaloc Lake, San Pablo City, Laguna to qualify the current

water status after the rehabilitation attempt specified by the local government.

Different environmental parameters were measured, specifically

temperature, pH, transparency and dissolved oxygen but only temperature did

not showed significant differences. This may be due to differences in the

stresses experienced by the lake. The values attained from the various

physico-chemical parameters during sampling support the present status of

the lake as eutrophic.

In this study, the composition of phytoplankton community in Sampaloc

Lake was determined as well as their relative abundance and frequencies for

each species identified. The phytoplankton community was highly represented

by Bacillariophyta (55%) followed by Chlorophyta (30%) and Cyanophyta

(15%), respectively. Diversity indices of phytoplankton in Sampaloc Lake were

characterized with high species richness (D=1.682), high dominance

(d=0.534) but uneven(E=0.132) distribution of phytoplankton organisms.

During the sampling period, some species indicated that the Sampaloc

Lake could be eutrophic. This was ascertained by the dominance of Melosira

47

sp., which can also tolerate about pH 8 and low transparency of water.

Merismopedia sp., Lyngbya sp. and Oscillatoria sp. (Cyanophyta) also

indicated polluted water and rapid eutrophication.

Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions were figured

out:

1. the phytoplankton community in Sampaloc Lake was distributed to 3 major

groups namely Division Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta ;

2. a total of 20 taxa was present in Sampaloc Lake and dominated by

Melosira sp. ; and

3. Sampaloc Lake is exhibiting eutrophic condition based on the presence of

bioindicator species.

Upon completion of the study, the following are recommended:

1. the trophic state of Sampaloc Lake be verified using other chemical

analyses ;

2. continuous monitoring of the lake be done to improve the trophic

condition of the lake; and

3. use (scanning electron microscope) SEM in identification of the

phytoplankton at species level.

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48

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51

APPENDICES

52

Appendix ANautical Map of San Pablo City Laguna

(Source:blogspot.com/2010/02/sampaloc-lake.html)

Appendix BDescription of San Pablo City, Laguna

53

(GBLontok 2004)

San Pablo City, Laguna's first city, is an important commercial and transportation hub linking the provinces of Laguna with Batangas and Quezon and is also on the southern rail line. San Pablo City is also known as the “City of the Seven Lakes.” There are actually 8 crater lakes of extinct volcanoes (including a very small one), each nestled in a depression created long ago by volcanic activity. All have scenic charm and are worth seeing. Total aggregate area is 210 hectares. The other lakes have an aggregate area of 34 hectares. The seven lakes are Sampaloc Lake, Calibato Lake, Bunot Lake, Mohicap Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Lake Pandin and Lake Yambo.

Lake Sampaloc is an inactive volcanic maar on the city. The 105-hectare Sampaloc Lake is the largest of the city's lakes. It is also the most accessible being just in the vicinity of the City Hall.

Considered one of the prime tourist spots in the city, Sampalok Lake is also home to numerous floating restaurants along its shoreline that serve Filipino food and Native Philippine cuisine. It used to abound with various types of fish tilapia, bangus, carp and several species of shrimps but not anymore. Today the fishpens in the lake are for growing fingerlings only.

San Pablo City is 2 hours drive from Makati. It is a border city to the province of Quezon where the nearby town Tiaong has the storied Villa Escudero resort. Most of the bus lines servicing Laguna and Southern Luzon will have direct trips to San Pablo. Also, Lucena-bound buses pass through the city limits.

APPENDIX CPreparation of 3% buffered formalin

54

The preserving solution (3% buffered formalin) was prepared by adding 54

mL (37%) of commercial formalin for every one liter and saturated with borax

powder. This type of preservative affected the color and avoids the deformation

of the cell (Azanza – Corrales, 1993).

APPENDIX DTable for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

55

C.1 Analysis of Variance of Physico-chemical Parameters of Phytoplankton Community.

Parameters F p-value

Temperature 2.717 0.091

pH 5.288 0.015

Transparency 5.302 0.015

Dissolved Oxygen 6.283 0.009

C.1.1 Multiple Comparison of the Different Environmental Factors of Phytoplankton using Tukey HSD.Station Point

sTemperature pH Transparency Dissolved

Oxygen1 2 0.982 0.908 0.364 0.589

3 0.925 0.662 0.657 0.103

4 0.075 0.238 0.765 0.006

5 0.641 0.372 0.266 0.664

2 1 0.982 0.908 0.364 0.589

3 0.999 0.984 0.979 0.679

4 0.166 0.067 0.939 0.058

5 0.901 0.824 0.014 1.000

3 1 0.925 0.662 0.657 0.103

2 0.999 0.984 0.979 0.679

4 0.244 0.030 1.000 0.3915 0.972 0.980 0.034 0.605

4 1 0.075 0.238 0.765 0.006

2 0.166 0.067 0.939 0.058

3 0.244 0.030 1.000 0.391

5 0.512 0.013 0.046 0.047

5 1 0.641 0.372 0.266 0.664

2 0.901 0.824 0.014 1.000

3 0.972 0.980 0.034 0.605

4 0.512 0.013 0.046 0.047

56

C.2 Analysis of variance for the diversity indicesDiversity Indices F Sig. (0.05)

Dominance (D) 1.29 0.334Shanon (H') 1.16 0.384

Simpson (1- D) 1.3 0.334Eveness (E) 0.528 0.717Margaleff (R) 0.478 0.751

Required t-value for significant at 0.05 level

C. 2.2 Multiple Comparison of the Different Diversity Indices of Phytoplankton using Tukey HSD.

Station Points (D) (S) (1-D) (E) (R)1 2 0.566 0.685 0.272 0.805 1

3 1 0.999 0.873 0.675 0.84 0.955 1 0.866 0.831 0.9215 0.44 0.73 0.171 0.899 0.991

2 1 0.566 0.685 0.272 0.805 13 0.628 0.533 0.068 0.999 0.8044 0.91 0.677 0.758 1 0.9235 0.999 1 0.997 0.999 0.991

3 1 1 0.999 0.873 0.675 0.82 0.628 0.533 0.068 0.999 0.8044 0.976 0.999 0.372 0.998 0.9985 0.497 0.578 0.061 0.989 0.961

4 1 0.955 1 0.866 0.831 0.9212 0.91 0.677 0.758 1 0.9233 0.976 0.999 0.372 0.998 0.9985 0.812 0.722 0.575 1 0.995

5 1 0.44 0.73 0.171 0.899 0.9912 0.999 1 0.997 0.999 0.9913 0.497 0.578 0.061 0.989 0.9614 0.812 0.722 0.575 1 0.995

57

APPENDIX E

Table 9. Different Measurement of Physico-chemical Parameters on each station in Sampaloc Lake San Pablo City, Laguna, Philippines (November, 2010).

Station Temperature pH Transparency DO

1 28.85 8.18 19.00 7.66

1 28.3 8.45 26.00 8.15

1 27.55 8.01 30.50 8.09

2 28.32 8.04 28.25 7.85

2 27.3 8.13 45.50 8.76

2 27.84 8.22 42.00 9.44

3 28.04 8.03 49.65 9.60

3 27.45 8.04 26.50 9.18

3 27.33 8.17 28.00 9.19

4 27.16 8.52 31.25 10.07

4 23.65 8.34 42.50 10.25

4 26.77 8.44 26.30 10.34

5 26.92 8.01 13.75 7.50

5 27.07 8.04 8.00 9.25

5 27.42 8.03 8.50 9.11

Ave. 27 8.18 28.38 9.00

58

APPENDIX FTypical Structure of Diatoms

(Source:blogspot.com/2010/02/diatoms.html)

59

APPENDIX GTypical Structure of Blue Green Algae

(Source:blogspot.com/2010/02/bluegreenalgae.html)

60

APPENDIX HTypical Structure of Green Algae

(Source:blogspot.com/2010/02/Green Algae.html)