. Cluster/RAPID . , 2007 . . (, ). . (). . . () , , (magnetotail) (polar cus-p). (pitch angle) (central plasma sheet). , , ( ) - . - -, . - Cluster. , - Cluster - Cluster . - . , - ( , , - +) - . - 9 . 3 - , , , 4, 6, 7 8. 4 . 5 Cluster RAPID . 6, 7 8 - . , 9 v, . LaTEX kerkis - . . , - , , , . - 1-1 . - , . . , , . . - . . , . - . , . . - . . . Theodore A. Fritz - Quigang G. Zong, 2.5 . . , TheodoreA. Fritz . , - . , , - , . ., , , .vi1 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 . . . . . . . . . 21.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2.4 . . . . . . . . 51.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3.1 : . . . . . . . . . 61.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3.3 , . . . . . . 91.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . 101.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . 111.5 Lorentz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.5.1 . . . . . . . . . 121.5.2 . . . . . . . . . 171.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.6.1 . . . . . . . . 211.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.7.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.7.2 . . . . . 271.7.3 . . . . . . . 281.7.4 . . . . . 301.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.8.3 . . . . . . . . 331.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.9.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.9.2 . . . . . . . . . 402 432.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43vii2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.3.1 Maxwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472.3.4 Ohm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.4.1 ( = ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.4.2 ( Alfv en) . . . . . . . 513 - 553.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.2.8 (k | B0; E1 B0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.3.1 - . . . . . . . 683.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.4 : Doppler - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 774.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . 884.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984.5.1 . . . . . . . . 984.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044.7 . . . . . . . 1054.7.1 Fermi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075 Cluster/RAPID 1095.1 Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112viii5.4 RAPID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135.4.1 RAPID/IES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155.5.1 RAPID GSE 1155.6 Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186 1216.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457 - 1477.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1597.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1627.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727.7 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1738 Cluster . 1758.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1758.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1798.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1798.3.2 25 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1798.3.3 10 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1868.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 1979.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 201ixx 1 1.1 . B B. dl , ,dl B = 0 (1.1) - . (1.1) , - .1.2 (inhomogeneous) , . (homogeneous) B0 z . , B0 ,x = x0(1.2)y = y0 B0. "", r Taylor - (x0, y0),1 1. B(r) = B0 + (r 0)B+ (1.3) . "", - ,[B0[ [(r 0) B[ (1.4) B ,B =

Bx/x Bx/y Bx/zBy/x By/y By/zBz/x Bz/y Bz/z

(1.5) . , B = 0 . , .1.2.1 , Bx/x, By/y Bz/z. z, ,Bx = x

Bxx

0By = y

Byy

0(1.6)Bz = B0 + z

Bzz

0 Bx By 0 ., z(Bz/z)0 0. ,dxdz = BxBz(1.7)dydz = ByBz (1.6) (1.7) ,21.2. 1.1: (x0, y0). z [from Parks, 1991].dx1dz = 1B0

Bxx

0x0(1.8)dy1dz = 1B0

Byy

0y0 "1" "0", , (x0, y0). ,x1 = 1B0

Bxx

0x0z + (1.9)y1 = 1B0

Byx

0y0z + z / (x0, y0) 1.1. B (converging) - (diverging) .1.2.2 Bx/z By/z. . ,3 1. 1.2: z [from Parks, 1991].dx1dz = 1B0

Bxz

0z(1.10)dy1dz = 1B0

Byz

0z ,x1 = 1B0

Bxz

0z22 + (1.11)y1 = 1B0

Byz

0z22 + z2. (curved) 1.2.1.2.3 Bz/x Bz/y. , ,dx1dz = dy1dz = 0 (1.12) . - , ( 1.3).41.3. 1.3: [from Parks, 1991].1.2.4 B Bx/y By/x. (twisting) (shearing) -. B . , , . , , - (1.4).1.3 . , . Maxwell ,H = J + Dt (1.13) J D/t, (1.13) ,H = J (1.14) J , .5 1. 1.4: [from Parks,1991].1.3.1 : (ring cur-rent) (anks) , . - . (magnetic tail) . ,B = z x + z (1.15) x z -. (1.1) ,x = 12z2+ (1.16) ( 1.5). - y. , .1.3.2 . 61.3. 1.5: [from Parks, 1991]. . ( z) (neutral sheet) (plasma sheet). - . (plasma sheet boundary). . ,Bx = B0 z LBx = B0zL L z LBx = B0 z L(1.17) z = 0 , B0 (lobe) ( - ) L - ( - x , y z ). (1.17) -7 1. 1.6: Harris [from Parks, 1991]. x z - [z[ B0 . ( 1.6). ,B = B0 tanh

zL x

(1.18) (1.17) - z. Harris. Harris (1.17) (z = 0). - (z/L = 1), 0.76B0. tanh (z/L) , . x, ( z). - (1.17) - z. ,B = B0

zL x + z

(1.19) . . , , 0.1, . (1.19) , . . 81.3. . , () -. +y ( 1.6). . , , , . - (magneticeld merging).1.3.3 , . , -. - (singular point) . , - . , (magneticneutral point). , "" (merging) ""(reconnection) , . 1.7. 1 2 . . 3 4. . , X, . ,B = x x y y (1.20) . ,xy = constant (1.21) xy ( 1.8). .9 1. 1.7: . () () (). X [from Parks, 1991].1.4 - (electromotive force) . - . , (magnetized solar wind) - .1.4.1 ( ) . . Lorentz ,E = UswBIMF (1.22) Usw BIMF , . (1.22) (convective elec-tric eld) . - , .101.4. 1.8: [from Parks, 1991].1.4.2 - . , ,E = ( r) B (1.23)r . (corotational electric eld). (1.23) . - . , = z(1.24)B = 0M4r3

2 sin r + cos

r, z M . B0 r = R0 = 0. , B0 = 0M/4R30 ,11 1. E = r sin ( z r) B(1.25)= B0R30 cos r2

2 sin + cos r

, . . - . , - . , , - .1.5 Lorentz - . , Lorentz . - , . .1.5.1 m v B , . Lorentz ,mdvdt = q (v B) (1.26) v . (1.26) v v (v B) = 0, ,mv dvdt = ddt

12m2

= 0 (1.27), . . (1.26) , B, v =v

+v. (1.26) ,dv

dt + dvdt = qm (vB) (1.28)121.5. LORENTZ v

B = 0. (1.28) , ,dv

dt = 0(1.29)dvdt = qm (vB), B = (0, 0, B). , (1.29) ,mdxdt = qBy(1.30)mdydt = qBx u = x + iy i2= 1. , (1.30) ,dudt + icu = 0 (1.31) c = qB/m (gyrofrequency) (cyclotron frequency) Larmor . (1.31) ,u = eict(1.32) = 2x + 2y B. (gyroradius) ( Larmor ) ,rc = c= mqB (1.33) rc c xy. (1.32) Euler eict= cos ct i sin ct,x = dxdt = cos ct(1.34)y = dydt = sin ct13 1. 1.9: [from Parks, 1991]. (1.34) ,x x0 = csin (ct + )(1.35)y y0 = ccos (ct + ) xy /c . x0, y0, z0 - . z.

(1.29), z ,z z0 =

t (1.36) z B. - B

, (x0, y0).

x0, y0, z0 +

t

(guidingcenter) ( 1.9). (pitch angle) v B . , ,141.5. LORENTZ 1.10:

[from Parks, 1991]. = tan1

(1.37)

= cos = sin ,

v,v

v, ( 1.10).

, B. ,I = qc2 = 12q2Bm (1.38) (magnetic moment) " " , = Ir2c = 12q2r2cBm (1.39) , = 12q2m (1.40) = r2cB. . 1.11 15 1. 1.11: +q q . B . B0 [from Parks, 1991]. - . - ( ). rc, B, rc B. - . , = 12m2B (1.41) B. (1.41), (1.33) (1.39). , =

B2B (1.42) m2/2. , .161.5. LORENTZ1.5.2 . E = E

+E | B. , ,mdv

dt = qE

(1.43)mdvdt = q (E +vB) (1.43) B ,

=

qE

m

t + 0 (1.44)z =

qE

/m

t22 + 0t + z0 (1.45) 0 z0 . B. -, E

v

. (1.43) . , B = (0, 0, B) E = (Ex, 0, 0). , Lorentz ,dxdt = cy + cExBdydt = cx (1.46)dzdt = 0 c qB/m. ,d2ydt2 + 2cy = 2cExB (1.47) y (- ). ,17 1. y = u ExB (1.48) ,d2udt2 + 2cu = 0 (1.49) ,u = Acos ct + C sin ct (1.50) (1.47) ,y = Acos ct + C sin ct ExB (1.51) A C -. (1.46) x. v (t = 0) = (xo, yo, zo). , (1.46) ,x = xo cos ct +

yo + ExB

sin cty =

yo + ExB

cos ct xo sin ct ExB (1.52)z = zo Ex = 0, , . B, Ex/B (1.48). y ( E B) B. , . E = (Ex, Ey, Ez) B = (0, 0, B). v ,v = u + E BB2 (1.53) u du/dt = (q/m) u B. B. , (1.45). , E B (E B/B2). EB - (guiding center drifts) B. , 181.6. - . B.1.6 - . - , Lorentz . , . , . F. ,dvdt = qm (v B) + Fm (1.54) , B,dv

dt = F

m(1.55)dvdt = Fm + qm (vB) (1.55) B F

. F 1.12. B, F v . F . , . . B. . WD v = u +WD. , (1.55) ,dudt = qmWDB+ qmu B+ Fm (1.56) dWD/dt = 0. (1.56) WD ,19 1. 1.12: F B F [from Parks, 1991].dudt = qmu B (1.57) (1.56) WD ,qWDB+F = 0 (1.58) (1.58) B - (a b) b = (a b) bb2a ,WD = 1qF BB2 (1.59) WD B. . B F - . (1.59) F. . (1.55), B. . - . , . -, . 201.6. - ( ), .1.6.1 , . - . . (E B = 0). 1.5.2, - Lorentz. , F = qE. , ,WE = E BB2 (1.60) , . , . . Lorentz ,F = qE + qv B (1.61) ,v = E BB2 (1.62) (1.61) ,F = qE + qE BB2 B(1.63)= qE + q[(E B) BB2E]B2 = 0 E B = 0. (1.63) , v = EB/B2. , - . E B/B2 . , , "" ( 21 1. ) EB/B2. Lorentz BM BR < BM. BM B . 1.17, BM B "". , BM B . , BR > BM "" BR < BM . , B0. ,341.8. 1.18:

[from Parks, 1991].R = BMB0(1.114) R - . B0. - . . . - BM B0 ,sin20 = B0BM= 1R (1.115) 0 BM . , (1.115) , ( 1.18). . , . , 0 100 km 35 1. . 100 km . 100 km "" . 6 RE 3. 3 100 km. 100 km .1.9 ( ) . /. - . , , , (kinetic instabilities) - . - - . , , - Lorentz ( ) . - . . , , -/.1.9.1 - (1.3.2) . , ,361.9. xZ2LENEUTRALSHEETMAGNETICFIELDVECTORS 1.19: [from Speiser, 1965].B = B0

zL

x L z L (1.116)E = E0 y (1.117) B0 z = L, , E0 . 1.19. Lorentz , , , x = 0 y = c1z z + c2 (1.118) z = c1z y c1 = qB0/mL c2 = qE0/m. , -. d (z2/2) /dt = z z, (1.118) , y = y0 +

c12

z2z20

+ c2t (1.119) y z, ,37 1. 1.20: ( , y). y, + y. [from Speiser, 1965].12

z2+ y2

c2y = 12

z20 + y20

c2y0 (1.120) (1.120) . "0" . (1.119) (1.118) , z = c1z

y0 +

c12

z2z20

+ c2t

(1.121) (1.121) - . , (1.121) - , z + 2 z + z + z3= f(t) (1.122), (1.121) , = 0, = (c1y0c21z20/2 + c1c2t), = c21/2 f(t) = 0. > 0. (1.121) . c2t , 381.9. z(t). , (1.121) , z c1c2zt =

qm

2

E0B0L

zt (1.123) ,z =t

Z1/3

23t3/2

(1.124) t

= (B0E0/L)1/3(q/m)2/3t Z1/3 - Bessel , . , (1.124) ,z t1/4(E0B0/L)1/12(q/m)1/6

Acos23

qm

B0E0L

1/2t3/2+Bsin23

qm

B0E0L

1/2t3/2 (1.125) A B . (1.125) , 1/t1/4. z , (1.119) - ,y y0 +

y0

c12

z20

t + c2t22 + (1.126) (1.126) (1.120) t2. , z = 0. , +y y. . (1.118) +y. , c1z z, y t. (1.118) , z = kz (1.127) k = c1 y. k. k ( E), . z(t) v B, z = 0 z . ( 1.20).39 1. 1.9.2 . (1.3.2) ,B = B0

zL x + z

(1.128) < 1 ( , , ). (1.128), x = c3 y (1.129) y = c3 x + c1z z + c2 (1.130) z = c1z y (1.131) c1 c2 c3 = qB0/m. (1.129) (1.130) ,( x x0) = c3 (y y0) (1.132)( y y0) = c12

z2z20

+ c2t c3 (x x0) (1.133) (1.133) ,(y y0) = c12

z2dt + c2t22 c3

xdt + c4t (1.134) c4 = y0 c1z20/2 + c3x0. , (1.134) (1.132) , x = x0 + c5t2+ c6t + c7

z2dt c23

xdt (1.135) c5 = c2c3/2, c6 = c3c4 c7 = c1c3/2. ( 1.21). .1. +y - E0 (1.130).2. y t (1.133). - x y t (1.129). , x t2. .401.9. 1.21: . - . 90, . - , , . , , [from Speiser,1965].3. y > 0, z (1.131). y y . y > 0, c1z z (1.130) .4. (1.130) t2(1.135) y y . , y , . z y = 0 (1.131).5. y y = 0, z - . y < 0, z (1.131) -. , .41 1. , (1.133) (1.131) , z = kz (1.136) k = c21z2/2 + c1c2t c1c3x + c8 c8 = c1c3x0 + c1 y0 c21z20/2. k 0, ,t = c3xc2 c1z22c2 c8c1c2(1.137) k z . x z2.. (1.135) ,x = x0 + x0t + c6t22 + c5t33 (1.138) z2 z -, x c23 = q2B202/m2. - x0 = x0 = 0, c4 = c8 = 0, y0 = c1z20/2. c6 = c3c4, c6 = 0. (1.138) (1.137) - (z = 0),t =6 (q/m) B0(1.139) (1.138) ,x = c5t33(1.140)=6E0(B0)2(q/m) x = c5t2(1.141)= 3E0B0 q/m . ( ) , , , (1.139). ( +x).42 2 2.1 . , . - . - . , - , () . - (Magnetohydrodynamics) (continuum mechanics) - . , . . - . , . . - . , . , .2.2 , . (uid dynamics) , 43 2. 2.1: [from Parks, 1991]. . , - . V S ( 2.1). dV dS . , , U(x, y, z, t) (x, y, z) t. dt Udt dS ,dm = U ndS dt (2.1) V ,m =

SU ndS (2.2) S. V ,m =

VtdV (2.3) . , ,

SU ndS =

VtdV (2.4)442.3. - ,

V

U+ t

dV = 0 (2.5) V , ,t + U = 0 (2.6) , , -. , (adiabatic), (compressional), (isothermal) (turbulent). U (mass ux density). .2.3 . ( ). . , " " . , " ", . , , , , .2.3.1 Maxwell Maxwell. - . -. , "" Maxwell ,45 2. E = Bt B = 0(2.7)H = J D = 0 .2.3.2 ( ) . (2.6), ,it + iui = 0(2.8)et + eue = 0 ,t (i + e) + (iui + eue) = 0 (2.9) ,m = +m + m(2.10)= nimi + neme ,U = nimiui + nemeuenimi + neme(2.11) (2.10) (2.11) (2.9) ,mt + mU = 0 (2.12) , .462.3. 2.3.3 , ,mdvdt = q (E +v B) (2.13) . , (2.13) n,mndudt = qn(E +u B) (2.14), v u , ( ). (2.14) . . . , T p = nkT, n k Boltzmann 1.381023Joules/oK. , . (2.14), , ,mndudt = qn(E +u B) p (2.15) p - . (2.15) , , p . . ,miniduidt = qini (E +uiB) pi(2.16)meneduedt = qene (E +ueB) pe ni = ne = n qi = qe = [q[, ,n ddt (miui + meue) = qn(uiue) Bp (2.17) p = pi + pe . J ,J = niqiui + neqeue (2.18) (2.10), (2.11) (2.18), ,47 2. mddtU = J Bp (2.19) . , (2.19) , J B. J B J B. J B . J B (electromagneticstress tensor).2.3.4 Ohm . , . J E ( ) ,J = E (2.20) Ohm. E . Ohm ,J = (E +UB) (2.21) U . (2.21) Ohm. Ohm . Ohm . . , ,[Dt [ = 0[Et[ 0[E[T (2.22) ,

0[E[T Vph) . k

V

= c. Doppler . "" - [from Tsurutani and Lakhina, 1997]. V. B , Lorentz B0. , , ., B -. 180 B , . 3.10(b) . Lorentz (gyromotion) - . , V(E) . 180, B , FL E . E, . E 3.11. - - () . . tan = V/V

V = V ,, = V

/V (3.42) 723.3. - 3.10: (a) V (b) V

. V B B [from Tsurutani and Lakhina, 1997]. ,V

=

qVBm

t (3.43) (3.42) , = qVm Bt 1V= BB0t (3.44), (pitch angle diusion rate) ,D ()22t= 22

BB0

2t (3.45) t k/2, 1 rad, t= 2/kV

. ,D

BB0

2 (3.46) = (/kV

) . - - . (random walk process) . , - - . 73 3. - 3.11: [from Tsurutani and Lakhina, 1997]. 1/e , - . - (mobility) , Pedersen, . Pedersen B0[Schulz and Lanzerotti, 1974] , = (1/B0) (e)

1 + (e)2

1(3.47) e "" -. Pedersen , , - (adiabatic drift shells). Rose and Clark [1961],D = 'x`2/2 =

mV2/2q

(3.48) 1e qB0/m ( Bohm)., Bohm [1949] ,D = E/2qB0 = Dmax (3.49) 3.12 -. B0 - . , B

0 743.4. : DOPPLER 3.12: - [from Tsurutani and Lakhina, 1997]. -.3.4 : Doppler Doppler. . - fs O2 O1. fd, O1; Ts = 1/fs, . , - , 3.13(a), ,Td =1 + (/c)1 (/c)

1/2Ts > Ts (3.50) ,75 3. - 3.13: Doppler . S A, B, C . A fd < fs. B fd > fs. C fd < fs. (a) (b) : [from Lorrain and Corson, 1970].fd = 1/Td =1 (/c)1 + (/c)

1/2fs < fs (3.51) ,fd =1 + (/c)1 (/c)

1/2fs > fs (3.52) , ( 3.13(b)). , . . , , ,fd = fs() fd = fs () (3.53) = 1/

1 (/c)2

1/2 Lorentz.76 4 4.1 . , -. , . , . , , - 11 . 10 RE( , Earth radii) . , ( nT) , - (interplanetary magnetic eld, IMF) . , , - . (sunward) (bow shock). , - ( (2.4.2)) - "", . (collisionless), (magnetotail) 200 RE. , 77 4. 4.1: , [from Kivelson and Russell, 1997]. . (magnetopause) - . , - , , . , -, (subsolar distance), , 10 RE. . - (stando distance) , . 4.1 /, - . , , . - , . (magnetosheath), -784.1. , (turbulent ows) (5 cm3). , Amp` ere,B = 0

J + 0Et

(4.1) , ( ) - Amp` ere . Amp` ere - , . 4.1, . Chapman-Ferraro Chapman Ferraro . (tail-like eld) - (neutral sheet current) (central plasma sheet). "", -. , , (inner) (ring current). (westward direction) RE . , , keV . , , . , . (eld-aligned currents), Birkeland , . . - . 4.1 4.2. (tail lobes) (0, . . - . , , Bz400 km/sec) CPS PSBL. CPS - (single-ion component), PSBL, - (counter-streaming91 4. ion beams). , ( , - PSBL), (convective component) [Baumjohann et al., 1990 Petrukovich et al., 2001]. , . Angelopoulos et al. [1992] ( 1000 km/sec) (400-600 km/sec) 10 . - (ion heating) (transient elddipolarizations). 10 (bursty bulk ows, BBFs), (single popula-tion, convective bulk ow), PSBL.BBFs 19 RE, BBFs [Baumjohann et al., 1990]. - -. -, , (50 km/sec) . , , BBFs . . , , , BBFs. BBFs , 10 R2E yz [Angelopoulos et al., 1996]. - 60-100% , - [Angelopouloset al., 1994]. , BBFs . - , - . .924.4. (the substorm onset), -. : (auroral breakup) (most equatorward arc) (auroral oval) [Akasofu, 1964]. - 20:00 02:00 (magnetic local time,MLT) [Craven and Frank, 1991] 55 75 - [Kamide and Winningham, 1977], X> 15 RE [Murphree et al., 1991], , . - (westward travelling surge (WTS)) , km/sec [Opgenoorthand Pellinen, 1998]. (patchy and diuse aurora). 4.9. Pi2, nT 40-150 . [ , Ol-son, 1999]. (negative magnetic bay) [Akasofu andMeng, 1969 Meng and Akasofu, 1969] Bx, 1000 nT. , - (westward-directed substorm electrojet) ( 4.10). SCW, . , (convection electrojets) [Kamide and Vick-rey, 1983]. : , - / , (substorm current wedge (SCW) system), (- 4.11). SCW 93 4. 4.9: , . A) , B) , C) WTS, D) (morningside activity), E) , F) [from Akasofu, 1968]. . (horizontalsubstorm electrojet). SCW. , - (thermal ion gyroradius) [Lui et al., 1992]. - [Kokobun and McPherron, 1981Nagai, 1982 Singer et al., 1985] ( r B1), , ,

2

1= B2B1(4.11), 2 > 1, .108 5 Cluster/RAPID5.1 Cluster Cluster 1982 ESA . . Cluster . 1996, Cluster . Cluster "" - Ariane-5. , Ariane-501 , 4 1996, 4 Cluster. -, 37 . 10 . , 1996, , ESA Cluster. "Phoenix", , (spacecraft, SC) Cluster. Cluster. . , , Phoenix 1997, . . Cluster - , Clus-ter Phoenix. ESA, , -109 5. CLUSTER/RAPID , , . , , 2000. - Ariane-5 - -. , , Arianespace Soyuz . Soyuz Cluster II. 28 1997, - Cluster II Prime Contractor Daimler BenzAerospace (Dornier), 24 1998, Starsem, - Aerospatiale, Arianespace, Russian Space Agency Samara Space Center, . Soyuz Baikonur 16 2000, Cluster . , Cluster 9 2000. - . Cluster - 2005. - , 10000 km, 49 21 . (C1, C2, C3) 10000 km 2 - (C3, C4) 1000 km. Cluster 2001 2005. , 10 2005, ESA Cluster, 2005 2009.5.2 Cluster II Cluster 1996 . Cluster II - . . ( ), - 1105.2. 5.1: Cluster - 19000 km 119000 km, 57 . . . , - 419.6 () -. . , , , 360 .111 5. CLUSTER/RAPID 5.2: . Cluster 2009 ( ) 2001 ( ). , 2009 . 5.3: Cluster .5.3 Cluster "Lego", - . , - 1.3 2.9 ( 5.3). -1125.4. RAPID 5.4: RAPID. IIMS IES , . . - . - . , . . . - , . Cluster . , . .5.4 RAPID "RAPID" "Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detec-tors". RAPID Cluster - 20-400 keV , 40-1500 keV 10 keV/nuc-1500 keV/nuc . - 180 . -113 5. CLUSTER/RAPID 5.5: IES, - / . 5.6: IES. .. [Wilkenet al., 1997].1145.5. 5.4.1 RAPID/IES 20 keV 400 keV (Imaging Electron Spectrometer(IES)). 0.5 cm 1.5 cm "". - 60 3 . "" IES 5.6. 5.5 180 . - 800 450 g cm2(Si) 350keV, .5.5 . , 3D , . RAPID/IES Cluster - . 16 ( 5.7) 0 15 9 0 8 ( 5.8)., , Geocentric Solar Ecliptic (GSE) . GSE - 169=144 IES , (4). RAPID (housekeeping data) ( 5.7). - (science les (*.SCI)) GSE.5.5.1 RAPID - GSE RAPID - u 0, 4 w . 144 - ,115 5. CLUSTER/RAPID^u^ 5.7: RAPID GSE , [from Daly, 2004].V = u + b + c w (5.1), = sin

d9 + 10

cos

2 s16 + 11.25

b = sin

d9 + 10

sin

2 s16 + 11.25

(5.2)c = cos

d9 + 10

d 0 8, s 0 15. 9 (3 ). 3 GSE x, y, z RAPID. x V GSE ,1165.5. w^ 5.8: IES, -, GSE [from Daly, 2004].V xgse = u xgse + b xgse + c w xgse(5.3)= M11 + bM12 + cM13 . ,Vgse =

M11 M12 M13M21 M22 M23M31 M32 M33

bc

(5.4) ,Vgse = M Vrap (5.5) M GSE RAPID , RAPID u, , w GSE ., 3 ( 3, 6 9 ) GSE. , (0, 0, 1) GSE . 144 RAPID GSE 117 5. CLUSTER/RAPID, . 144 - GSE- ( GSE). .5.6 Cluster RAPID, FGM, CIS, EFW STAFF. Fluxgate (Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM)) Cluster FG-M (Fluxgate ) [Balogh et al.,1997]. , , uxgate - . , - ( (outboard) ) - 5.2 m, ( (inboard) ), 1.5 m -. , (Primary Sensor) . , . 201.75 Hz, - , . 0.25 Hz (1 ). Cluster (Cluster Ion Spectrometry(CIS)) Cluster [R` eme et al., 1997] - Cluster ( ) . , CIS , (Hot Ion Analyser (HIA)) (time-of-ight ion Composition Distribution Function(CODIF)). CODIF 360 8 1185.6. CLUSTER ( - ) (4 ). H+,He+, He++ O+, 0-40 keV/e. , 180, . - , 4 (4 ) 5 eV/e-32 keV/e. (Electric Field and Waves (EFW)) EFW [Gustafsson et al., 1997] (Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC)). - 8 , - 42.5 (88 m ) - . - , GSE x . , - GSE y . , 4 . (SpatiotemporalAnalysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF)) STAFF [Cornilleau-Wehrlin et al., 1997] - Cluster(Cluster Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC, [ Pedersen et al., 1997])). STAFF . , - (waveform analyser) 10 Hz (180 Hz ) (Spectrum Analyser). - 3 EFW 55 27 8 Hz 4 kHz. , 0.125 sec 4 sec, . (Plasma Elec-tron and Current Experiment (PEACE)) (PEACE) [Johnstone et al., 1997] Cluster , -119 5. CLUSTER/RAPID (High Energy Electron Analyser (HEEA)) (Low Energy Electron Analyser (LEEA)), . 0.6 eV 26 keV (4 -). , HEEA 35 eV 26 keV LEEA 0.6 eV 1 keV, .120 6 6.1 90 19 RE - 27 2001 [Baker et al.,2002]. Baker et al. [2002] 04:06:16 04:08:19 UT. Cluster . - Cluster. 7.5 X Cluster [Baker et al., 2002], - - . : - , Bz . KCSI/CFCI (kinetic cross-eld streaming/current instabil-121 6. ity) [Lui et al., 1990, 1991b]. , - (auroral electrojet) [ 2 Baker et al., 2002], . NENL CD - . Cluster X . - - Cluster [Vogiatzis et al., 2005].6.2 - [Baker, 1984]. - Birkeland - [McPherron et al., 1973]. , . Kaufmann [1987] - . , Jacquey et al. [1991] - , . NENL[Baker, 1984]. , - , , 9 RE [Lui,1979]. X . Lui et al.[1988] Lopez et al. [1989] . - . , , -1226.3. . - Fermi ( -) ( ). , , [Baker and McPherron,1990]. 5Re6.6ReSunLanl91 (L~6.6,17 MLT)Dusk DawnLanl94(L~6.8,11MLT)Lanl97 (L~6.8,9 MLT)Goes8(L~6.8,23MLT)Polar(L~11,2MLT) 15Re20ReCluster(L~19,0MLT)Tail 6.1: - 04:00-04:30 UT[from Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. - - - - - Cluster/RAPID. - - - (X 30 RE) [Sarrisand Axford, 1979 Zong et al., 1998, 2004, 2007]. - - . , , -/ - , X , , , -.6.3 IES (Imaging Electron Spectrometer) 3 , 60. RAPID (Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors) Cluster [Wilken et al., 1997]. IES - 20-400 keV. 16 9 , (4 ). - RAPID ( , burst mode) 0.25 sec (1/16 -). 123 6. -, 144 . , , 4 IIMS(Imaging Ion Mass Spectrometer) 10-1500 keV. - CIS (Cluster Ion Spectrometer) , , 4 [R` eme et al., 1997]. FGM (Flux/Gate Magnetometer) [Balogh et al., 1997] 4 . , GOES8, Polar LANL - . 27 2001 -27-08-200102:00:00-07:00:00UT27-08-200104:30UT0 -2050-50 530001000-10000 2000 -2000 -2000-50 2000Z(R)GSMEX (R ) GSM E Y (R ) GSM EZ(K)GSMmX (K ) GSM m Y (K ) GSM mS/C_1S/C_2S/C_3S/C_4(a) (b)(c) (d)-2002020-200002000Y(R)GSMEY(K)GSMm 6.2: Cluster 02:00 07:00 UT , - X-Y Y-Z, GSM - [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. - - -. - - 04:00-04:30 UT - 6.1. 6.2 Cluster 02:00 07:00 UT - X-Y Y-Z, GSM(GeocentricSolar Magnetospheric) . S/C 1, 2, 3 4 - , , , . Cluster (19.2 RE) (0025 MLT) S/C_3 . 6.3 Cluster - 04:00-05:00 UT 04:00-05:15 UT, , 27 2001. - . (a)-(f) - Los Alamos, - . (g) (h) RAPID . RAPID, Cluster 1246.3. 1041031051041041031071061051041031021011071061051041031021071061051041031021014:00 4:15 4:30 4:45 5:001051041031024:00 4:15 4:30 4:45106105104103102(a)(c)(e)(g)(h)5:15TIME(UT)Particle

Fluxes10secresolutionProtons Electrons75-113KeVx1000113-170KeVx100170-250KeVx10250-400KeVLANL-97A105-150KeV150-225KeV225-315KeV1994-0841991-081S/C_1S/C_2S/C_3S/C_44secresolution1/(cms

sr)21/(cms

sr

keV)21/(cms

sr

keV)21/(cms

sr

keV)275-105KeV(b)(d)(f) 6.3: Cluster 04:00-05:00 UT 04:00-05:15 UT, , 27 2001. , ( 6.11) [from Vogiatzis et al.,2005]. 04:10 UT. 04:25 UT - . 125 6. 406080100120Hp(nT)406080100120He(nT)-200204060Hn(nT)3:30 4:00 4:3090100110120130140Htotal(nT)5:00TIME(UT)GOES80.5secresolution 6.4: GOES 8 04:09 UT [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. . "" 04:30 UT. 6.4 GOES 8 1.5 . 0.5 - PEN Hp , 1266.3. . He - . Hn Hp He . 04:09 UT. 04:09 UT, (100 nT) Hp , = arctan(Hp/He) 24 . 04:09 UT - Hp 2 . 04:28 UT . 6.5(a) CEPPAD 20 keV-400 keV - . 6.5(b)-6.5(e) GSM. 96 . - (6.5(f)) ( 6 ) . Po-lar L11 2 MLT - 6.1. GSM (7.65, 4.47, 3.51) - . - 04:22 UT. 7 24 , 17 . ( 90 ) - Cluster , 6.6. - 3D S/C_1 4 , 1 . 3D 16 9 . . - 04:25 UT ( ) 5 . 04:30UT - 7 . , 04:37 UT, - -. , / 04:30 UT 127 6. 0510Electron_count_ratesPOLAR10degfromspinaxis30degfromspinaxis50degfromspinaxis96sec resolution556575Bx_gsm(nT)15202530By_gsm(nT)51015202530Bz_gsm(nT)65707580Btotal_gsm(nT)(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(counts/sec)510152025300Exy(mV/m)4:00 4:09 4:18 4:27 4:36 4:45 4:54 5:03 5:12TIME(UT)(f) 6.5: Polar. , GSM . 04:22 UT [from Vogiatzis et al.,2005]. Cluster. 6.7 Cluster - 04:26-04:32 UT Vz, Bx . - 2 Vz . - , -1286.3. 30609012004:25:02306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120609012060901201801308030180609012004:26:0318013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012004:27:03180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012004:28:0018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012004:29:001801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018060901201801308030180609012018013080301803060901201801308030180609012018013080301806090120180130803018030609012030609012004:30:003060901203060901206090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120180130803018030609012004:31:0118013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012004:32:0118013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012004:33:0118013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012004:34:011801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012030609012004:35:02306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120306090120180130803018030609012004:36:0218013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012004:37:03180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030 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15018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015004:38:02180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015004:39:03180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015030609012015004:40:00306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150306090120150180130803018030609012015004:41:0018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015004:42:0018013080301803060901201501801308030180306090120150180130803018030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015004:43:0018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015018013080301803030609012015004:44:01180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150180130803018030306090120150CLUSTERRAPID27/08/2001,04:20-04:45UT CLUSTER_1(RUMBA)-E3DD_BM,MODE:BurstAzimuthalSectorPolarAngle

[degrees]3060609012004:20:00306060901203060609012030606090120306060901203060609012030606090120306060901203060609012030606090120306060901203060609012030606090120306060901203060609012018013080301803060609012004:21:0118013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012018013080301803060609012004:22:01180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090 12018013080301803060609012004:23:02180130803018030606090120180130803018030606090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012004:24:021801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012018013080301803060901201801308030180306090120180130803018030609012010110210003080130180030801301800308013018003080130180030801301800 2 4 6 8 10 12 1416 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 4 6 8 10 12 1416 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 10 12 1416 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 10 12 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 14 0 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14counts/min 6.6: 3D S/C_1. . 04:30 UT 7 . [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. ( [Baker et al., 2002]). Bx , , Cluster , .129 6. 01020304050Counts/sec01020304050Counts/sec01020304050Counts/sec04:26 04:27 04:28 04:29 04:30 04:31 04:32TIME(UT)-4000400800Vz_gsm(km/sec)-10-5051015Bx_gsm(nT)051015Btotal(nT)S/C_1S/C_3S/C_490 pitchanglechannels00123S/C_1S/C_3S/C_4 6.7: 90 , . , Vz, Bx Btotal [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005].6.4 6.3 . - - (LANL-97A, 1994-084 1991-081). 1306.4. 9, 11 17 MLT, , 6.1. - . - . ( ) . - ( ) 90 [Reeves et al., 1990]. - 6.8 ( ) (0,0). ( ) , . - 3 ( ) 13 ( ). - 04:09 UT 04:16UT, 7 , [Korth et al., 1991 Birn et al., 1997a]. 04:06 UT , Cluster Bz - 6.9 ( )[ Baker et al., 2002]. - Cluster 1 700 km/sec - (, 6.9). [Hesse and Birn, 1991]. , Bz , [Ohtani et al., 1992]. GOES 8 04:09 UT GOES 8, 23 MLT, - [Takahashi et al.,1987], . -/ (Bz/t) [Aggson et al., 1983], Lui et al. [1988] Polar.131 6. AllSatellites0.00 0.01 0.020100200300400500600AllSatellites0.00 0.01 0.02(1/V)(sec/km)050100150200T(seconds)T(seconds)(1/V)(sec/km) 6.8: . 3 ( ) 13 ( ), 04:09 UT 04:16 UT, . . , , LANL94, LANL97 LANL91, [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. , GOES 8 04:28 UT - "" , Polar 6.5. , - Polar. - - Polar. , . - - , (-1326.4. -1000-500050010001500Vx_gsm(km/sec)3:45 4:00 4:15 4:30 4:45-15-10-5051015Bz_gsm(nT)5:00TIME(UT) 6.9: , , , 700 km/sec [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. 6.4). (FACs). , - . , , [Kaufmann, 1987]. 6.5(c) FAC - Polar, - . FAC [Nagai,1982]. ( Po-lar 04:22 UT [Baker et al., 2002]), FAC. FAC, 04:19 UT, y ( By ). FAC, 04:20:40 UT, y , FAC , 04:25:20 UT, y ( By ). Lopez and Lui [1990b]. , - Btotal Bx 133 6. ZZXXYYPolar(L~11,2MLT)Polar(L~11,2MLT)GOES8(L~6.8,23MLT)GOES8(L~6.8,23MLT)Cluster(L~19,0MLT)Cluster(L~19,0MLT)Elevation70Elevation240Elevation10Elevation540Elevation240Elevation500BeforeDipolarizationat~04:09UTAfterDipolarizationat~04:30UT 6.10: -. , - [from Vogiatzis et al., 2005].Btotal , J. , -/ J Btotal, ( 6.5(e)) [Lopez et al., 1988a]. , - GOES 8, 04:22 UT ( ). 6.10. 1346.4. 10 10Energy(KeV)310210-410-2100102104Protons/(keV

cm2sr

s)Spectra27/08/200110101010 10 10Energy(KeV)2 3-6-4-2100102104104Electrons/(keV

cm2sr

s) 6.11: S/C_1 04:00-04:05 UT ( ) 04:30-04:35 UT( ) Cluster ( (g) (h) 6.3). , . , - (spectrum softening) [from Vogiatziset al., 2005]. , . 04:09 UT ( ), , - . 04:30 UT , (). 6.7 . / - Cluster Cluster , - . 135 6. X-

~04:00:38UT~04:06UT~04:09UT~04:09UT~04:16UT~04:30UT~04:08:19UTCDClusterBz>0

Cluster(Vx~500km/sec)z

95keVE>95keV(a)(b)(c)020406080Bx_gsm(nT)SC1SC2SC3SC46:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:006:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00-20-100102030Bz_gsm(nT)-40-20TIME(UT)4sec resolution6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:006:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00(d)(e)6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:0010110010-110-210-310-410-310-3Plasma

Beta(f) 7.2: ((a)-(c)) Cluster 06:00-10:00 UT 7 , 2002. Bx Bz (d) (e) GSM . (f) ., 5 ( 7.5) [from Vogiatziset al., 2006].151 7. - 7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00204060801007:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:0060801001201407:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00-40-30-20-10010207:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:0090100110120130140GOES81minresolutionHp(nT)He(nT)Hn(nT)Htotal(nT)7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:000204060801007:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:0002040607:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00-1001020307:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00020406080100GOES101minresolutionHp(nT)He(nT)Hn(nT)Htotal(nT)TIME(UT) TIME(UT) 7.3: GOES8 GOES10 07:39 UT [from Vogiatzis et al., 2006]. 7 , 2002 , , - , Dst -100 nT 07:00 08:00 UT. AL -1500 nT. 07:00-09:30 UT 7.1. Cluster X-14 RE, Y8 RE Z1 RE, GSM , SC1. SC3 . 7.2 Cluster FGM 06:00-10:00 UT 7 , 2002. , SC1 . (a) (b) , RAPID. (c) 1991-080/LANL91 07:41 UT, . (d) (e) , GSM , Bx Bz Cluster. - (f) . 1527.3. RAPID FGM, Cluster - . , 07:44 UT, . 08:00 UT Cluster -/ 25 08:28 UT . , 07:30 UT, Bx 09:00 UT , Bz 20 nT, - . , , 09:15 UT. 7.3 GOES8 GOES10 . - 1 PEN Hp - , . He - . Hn Hp He . GOES10 07:15 07:39 UT. 07:15UT, - Hp He = arctan(Hp/He) 26. 07:15 UT - Hp 19 , - 5 . , 07:39 UT, 1991-080 07:41 UT., GOES8 08:04UT . 25 GOES10 GOES8. . Cluster , - 7.4. 3D - SC1 4 (30-120 keV) 30 . - 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 170. -153 7. - 7.4: 3D SC1 30-120 keV. -. - . , , (1 2 ) ( 6 ) 2 3 7.2, 5 - , . 3D 16 13 , 9 [from Vogiatzis et al., 2006]. (08:44-08:49 UT) (09:15-09:20 UT) 1547.3. Spectra10/07/2002SC1Protons/(keV

cm2sr

s)Energy(KeV)07:12-07:17UT08:44-08:49UT09:15-09:20UT10 100 1000Electrons/(keV

cm2sr

s)Energy(KeV)07:12-07:17UT08:44-08:49UT09:15-09:20UT10-1100101102103104(b)10-1100101102103104(a)10 100 1000 7.5: SC1 07:12-07:17 UT ( ), 08:44-08:49 UT () 09:15-09:20 UT ( ) Clus-ter ( (a) (b) 7.2). . -, , - ( 7.4) [from Vogiatzis et al., 2006].- , , ( 7.5). , Cluster . 90 Cluster ( 7.2, (a)). ,- ( ) ( /) . . 7.5 - SC1 5 7.2. 7.5(a) 155 7. - 160 -180 pitchangle0 080 -100 pitchangle0 0(b)(c)0024680510152025Counts/spinCounts/spin-55152503060902630-20-1001020Bx_gsm(nT)Bz_gsm(nT)ElevationAngle(degrees)Btotal(nT)(d)(e)(f)(h)Ey(mV/m)0 -20 pitchangle0 0 SC1channels0 pixelnormalized30-120keV123(a)9:55 9:40 9:45 9:50246810Counts/spin8:40 8:45 8:50 8:55 9:00 9:05 9:10 9:15 9:20 9:25 9:30 9:3510141822(g)TIME(UT)-0.400.40.81.21.6 7.6: , 1 , SC1. (a)-(c) . (d), (e), (f) (g) Bx Bz, , . , (h) GSE [from Vogiatzis et al., 2006]. . 1567.3. 10 100 100010-1100101102103104105Bi-directional09:17-09:19UT09:28-09:30UT0 -200 0160 -1800 010 100 100010-1100101102103104105Spectra07/10/2002SC1Perpendicular80 -1000 010 100 100009:20-09:22UT09:39-09:41UT09:41-09:43UT10-110010110210310410 100 100010-110010110210310410510 100 100009:29-09:31UT09:47-09:49UT10-110010110210310410 100 100010-1100101102103104105Bi-directionalElectrons/(keV

cmsr

spin)2Energy(keV)Electrons/(keV

cmsr

spin)2Electrons/(keV

cmsr

spin)2Electrons/(keV

cmsr

spin)2Electrons/(keV

cmsr

spin)2Electrons/(keV

cmsr

spin)2 Energy(keV)Energy(keV) Energy(keV)Energy(keV) Energy(keV)PerpendicularPerpendicular Bi-directional09:17-09:19UT09:28-09:30UT09:20-09:22UT09:39-09:41UT09:41-09:43UT09:29-09:31UT09:47-09:49UT(a) (b)(c) (d)(e) (f) 7.7: 2 , [from Vogiatzis et al., 2006].. , ( 7.5(b)) . ( ) - - , ( ) 157 7. - . - , . 7.6 -XYGOES8(L~6.8,3MLT)GOES10(L~6.7,23MLT)Cluster(L~17,22MLT)Elevation280Elevation100Elevation580Z 7.8: GOES10 07:39 UT - 1991-080 07:41 UT. , [from Vogiatzis et al., 2006]. - - ( (a)-(c)). - (d), (e), (f) (g) Bx Bz GSM , - arctan(Bz/Bx) Btotal, . (h) Ey - -, GSE -. - - , . , 90 . / . (c), (d) (g) 09:15 UT Bx Btotal ( ). , (f) - (- (h)). , 08:58 UT . - , 7.7. 2 . (a), (c) (e) 1587.4. . (a)-(b), (c)-(d) (e)-(f) - . - , . GOES10 7.8. 3D . 07:39UT, , , , . 09:15 UT, , ( 7.1 ).7.4 7.2, - . - 07:39UT GOES10, 23 MLT, - [Takahashi et al., 1987], LANL91. GOES10 LANL91 GOES10 LANL91. / (Bz/t) [Shepherd et al., 1980 Aggson et al., 1983] , Lui et al.[1988]. , ( -) GOES10 - 07:15 UT , - , . GOES8 7.3 - . , Htotal 08:04 UT He -159 7. - Htotal , J. , / J Htotal, ( 7.3, GOES8)( , 6.5 6 1 Williams et al. [1990]). GOES8, - GOES10 Htotal J 07:15UT. Htotal GOES8 GOES10 . GOES8, Htotal He, Htotal GOES10 , Hp. . GOES10 23 MLT, [Nagai, 1982 Lopez et al.,1988b Lopez and Lui, 1990b]. , GOES10 , , [Angelopoulos et al., 1994, 1996] [Baumjohann et al., 1990, 1999 Nagai et al.,1998a]. , [Hesse and Birn, 1991]. , Hp , Hp Htotal ( 7.3). , GOES8, , - He Htotal, 7.3. , GOES8 GOES10 . , ( 7.2, 08:28 UT ) , [Vogiatzis et al., 2005]. 7.2 7.5, - - , 90 . 1607.4. , . -, , Cluster - - -, . , 08:28 UT, . - , , - . , , "" . , , 7.6. : ) -/ - . , ,) - 90 , ) , , . , - , ) 09:15 UT - , - - . , . , . 7.7, , - , 161 7. - , - . Vogiatzis et al.[2005], Cluster /. - , .7.5 90 . , . . , - , . - - . . ( 7.6) - . , . , -UT 07:15 07:39 09:15GOES8 30deg 28deg 71degGOES10 26deg 58deg 72degCluster 19deg 10deg 65deg 7.1: - GOES8,GOES10 Cluster - , , - [from Vogiatzis et al.,2006]. Hada et al. [1981]Smets et al. [1999] Shiokawa et al.[2003], Fer-mi - - - -. Shiokawa et al. [2003], - - , ., (h) 7.6, - . Fermi . -, 1627.5. Fermi, , Hoshino et al. [2001], - X. 6, . . , , . (steady-state scenario), , - , , - . , - [Cravens,1997]. . , Poynting 10

S(E B) da (. 7.2) S , - ( da ). . , [Cravens, 1997]. ( - ), . Poynting ,

V(E J) d = 10

S(E B) da

V

0E Et + 10B Bt

d (7.1),163 7. - dWdt = 10

S(E B) da ddt

V12

0E2+ 10B2

d [Joule/sec] (7.2) V S [ Griths, 1999]. - V S. . V. , - () ( V) . , - c2B2/E2>>1 . . , ,10B Bt = t

B220

(7.3) () V. B/t Faraday. , , , , - . Poynting GOES - GOES8 GOES10. , , S GOES8, 08:04 UT . , . (7.3) t

B220

0 (. (7.1)), . GOES8, GOES10 . GOES10 -. , 1647.5. [Angelopoulos et al., 1994, 1996] [Baumjohann et al., 1990, 1999 Nagai et al., 1998a], - . , , , V. , Poynting S , 10

S(E B) da