Thesis PracticeCreate a fact list for the following question:

Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 the “Era of Good Feelings.” Evaluate the accuracy of this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1815-1825 to construct your answer.

Chapter 10

Rise of Democratic Politics 1824-1832Democrats 1830s

People Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren

Beliefs Suspicious of Fed

government States’ rights

Whigs 1830sPeople

John Q. Adams Henry Clay

Beliefs National government

should actively encourage economic development

Pressures:Industrialization in New

EnglandSpread of cotton cultivation in

SouthWestward Expansion

Democratic FermentMost important changesUniversal male suffrageParty nominating

conventionsPopular election of

PresidentTwo party systemRise of 3rd partiesMore elected officesPopular campaigningSpoils system

Developed at uneven paceNo democracy for ALL

Other changesSubstitution of poll taxes

instead of property ownership

Written ballots instead of voting aloud

Appointive offices became increasingly elected

“grass-roots” organization of political campaigns

Election of 1824End of Era of Good FeelingsCaucasus system splintered

5 Republican candidates for PresidentJohn Q. Adams

Sec. of State under MonroeJohn C. Calhoun

SC favored sonWilliam Crawford

Caucasus choice Suffered stroke

Henry Clay Dropped out to run

unchallenged for VPAndrew Jackson

Dark horse War hero

Wives played important partParticularly Mrs. Adams

1st election in which popular vote was counted

OutcomeJackson won popular and

electoral votes, but not majority

Election went to House of Representatives Top three run-off Adams, Crawford, Jackson

Clay supported Adams Alliance b/w NE and West

Jackson called it the “corrupt bargain”

John Q. Adams as President 1824-1828Made several mistakes

1825 proposed program of federal aid for internal improvementsOpposed by Martin Van

BurenErie canal proved states

could handle infrastructureCalled for national

university in Washington, D.C.

Called for government sponsored scientific research

Wanted to send delegates to conference of newly independent Latin American nationsInfuriated SouthDid not want to support

Haiti which had slave revolt

Rise of Andrew JacksonJ.Q. Adams popularity

declinedJackson’s rose

War heroHot temperSupporters organized

communities throughout country two years before 1828 election

Martin Van Buren“new” politicianBuilt his way up

County politics Governor of NY

Election 1824 convinced him of need of two-party system

Buren wanted “Old Hickory” to lead new party Democrats

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson

Drunken gambler

Adulterer and seducer (wife not divorced when they started dating)

Murderer (duels and military execution)

Illiterate backwoodsman

Bastard son of a prostitute

1st president to have affectionate and widely used nickname “Old Hickory”

John Q. Adams

Elitist

Wore silk underwear

Rich

In debt

Provided Russian tsar a prostitute

1st time popular vote determined outcome of electionNew campaign styles: state candidates gave speeches at rallies, picnicIncrease of Partisan newspapersVicious, mudslinging affair“Democracy vs. Aristocracy”

Jackson as PresidentOutcome of ElectionJackson wins both

electoral and popular voteHighlighted sectional

interestsJackson in Office

Supported “rotation in office” Removed office holders in

rival party Called spoils system Not first to use, but

employed most harshly Defended it on democratic

grounds More offices for “plain

people”

Took a stand on internal improvementsThought public officials

would use to “woo” voters1830 veto for Kentucky

roadsIndian Removal Act 1830

Increased Southern loyaltyTariff of 1828

Under AdamsCalled Tariff of

AbominationsFavored NE and WestLeads to BIG problems

NullificationJackson vs. Calhoun

Calhoun’s History Early career

Ardent nationalist War hawk Supported tariff of 1816

1820s Shifted to states’ rights Wanted to be president Need to support south

Anti-tariffRift

Peggy Eaton scandal Calhoun will resign VP in

1832 Back-stabbing 1818

Tariff of 1828Problems

Drove up sales of manufactured goods, threatened export of cotton

Calhoun Thought it unconstitutional Didn’t raise $ for common

purpose Set too high Federal laws should favor

equallyJackson

Devised two policies to keep peace Distribute federal revenue

to states Ease tariffs down

CrisisSC ConventionNullified Tariff of 1828

and 1832Forbade collection of

custom duties in SCJackson’s reaction

Sends arms to loyalistsIssues proclamation

Nullification is unconstitutional

“single nation” vs. “league of states”

The Olive Branch and the SwordOlive Branch:

Tariff of 1833 (Compromise Tariff)

Gradual, but significant lowering of duties between 1833-1842

The Sword: Force Bill Authorized President to

use arms in SC to collect customs

SC rescinded nullificationThe Hero

Henry Clay

Bank Veto and Election of 1832Problems:Gap between rich and poor

wideningPanic of 1819Bank favored wealthy

Political Move:Daniel Webster and Henry

Clay pushed Pres. of Bank of US to recharter bank

Congress passedJackson’s Response:

Vetoed billWhy?

Private and privileged monopoly

Drained west of specie Immune to taxation

Clay’s Miscalculation:Thinks it will sink

Jackson in electionBackfiresJackson runs with Martin

Van Buren as VP States’ rights and unionist

Clay runs on “American System” National bank Federal support for

internal improvementsJackson wins

People approved of Jackson’s attack on bank

“hydra of corruption”

Bank Controversy and 2nd Party System 1833-1840War on the BankCharter out in 1836Biddle began to call in

bank loans and credit, 1832-1833

Jackson devised new policy State banks Influenced economy J hated “pet banks” Economy expanded- forced

to sign Deposit Act of 1836Deepened split within

party Soft money vs. hard money NY locofocos

1834-1837 Economic problems Inflation, silver from Mexico

Rise of Whig OppositionArose during J’s second

termBroad base in SouthOpposed JacksonReformers

In North Abolitionists, temperance Supported “active”

government Protestants supported

Anti-Masonry Movement Against Masonic lodges Abduction of William Morgan

18261836

Officially National party Called Whigs to associate with

Patriots vs King “Andrew” I

Democrats vs. WhigsFavored

Local ruleLimited governmentFree tradeEqual economic opportunity

OpposedMonopoliesNational bankHigh tariffsHigh land prices

SupportersSouthernersWesternersUrban workersSmall farmers

FavoredClay’s “American

System” National Bank Internal improvements Protective tariffs

OpposedImmoralityCrimeBlamed on

immigrantsSupporters

NEMid-AtlanticUpper mid-westOld protestantsMiddle class

professionals

Election of 1836DemocratsMartin Van Buren

WhigsWilliam Henry HarrisonDaniel WebsterW.P. Mangum

Problems for Van BurenJackson leaves bad

economy Specie Circular 1836

All future land purchases had to be purchased in gold or silver

Britain restricts flow of specie to US

Panic of 1837Economic boom 1835-

1836 led to commodity and land prices soaring

1837 states made commitments to build canals

Domino Effect: Bad harvest in Europe Imbalance of trade Prices tumble Banks suspend payments

1839 Economy crumbled again Wages dropped 1/3 1836-

1842 Millerites

“Martin Van Ruin”Search for Solutions1836 Whigs won

governorship of NY and legislative seats

Called for independent treasury Instead of deposits,

government hold revenues and keep from corporations

Called Independent Treasury Bill

Failed to address banks at state level

By 1837 Democrats: Anti-bank and hard $

1840Democrats

Van BurenWhigs

William Henry Harrison Log Cabin and Hard Cider Tippecanoe and Tyler too

Outcome 78% voter turnout Harrison dominates Only serves one month in

office, dies of pneumonia

2nd party system maturesHuge jump in eligible

votersPlateau in 1840, lasts a

decade

Reform MovementsMovements Leaders Location,

Time PeriodDescription

Second Great Awakening

Eastern Revivals

Unitarians

Mormonism

Shakers

Temperance

Public-School

Abolition

Women’s Rights

Utopian Communities

Extra Credit Question:

What did Jackson call the deal between Henry Clay and John Q. Adams in the election of 1824?