thesis presentation

Thesis targetsMethodology

ResultsFuture

Damage to earthen structures in Cuenca, Ecuador

Sam De Jongh Matthias Van Wijnendaele

K.U. Leuven, Department of Civil Engineering

November 6, 2008

Sam De Jongh, Matthias Van Wijnendaele Building Pathologies in Cuenca, Ecuador


ResultsFuture

Damage AtlasEarthen materialsSeismic model

Thesis targets



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Damage Atlas and integration in MDDS Compass

I Introduction, literature on materials and explanation ofdamages

I Case studies, focus on the interesting problems and theirsolutions

I Scientifical support (in situ and laboratory)

I Multilingual to break down local barriers

I Digital and paper version, easy to consult

Integration in MDDS, an expert system for inventory anddiagnosis of damages in historical buildings



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Damage Atlas and integration in MDDS Compass



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Earthen materials

I Most used material in project area (Cuenca)

I Few investigation and literature (Ecuador)

I No cases in MDDS Compass (Europe)I Interesting material

I Not common in EuropeI Ecological and low-costI Opportunities for damage study



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Seismic model of earthen structure

I Situated in seismic area of the Andes

I Earthquakes serious threat for patrimonium

I Know-how from engineers



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ProspectionNetworkLiteratureDoccenterScience

In CuencaJuly 16 - October 17, 2008



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Methodology



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Serendipity

I You don’t know what you are looking for

I Broad view needed to discover interesting cases

I Determine focus during our stay



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Prospections in situ



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Prospections in situ

I Take photographs and visual inspection

I Determine materials

I Search for damages and logical causes

I Talk with local and involved people

Specific search:

I With Guıa de Arquitectura, Cuenca

I Buildings recommended by arq. Cardoso and others

I In- and outside the project area (Cuenca, Ingapirca. . . )

I Going inside if permitted



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Networking

I Involved people are great sources of knowledge

I Determine targets together

I Prevent doing the same work



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Literature

I Started in LeuvenI (Library) in Cuenca

I Scan or buy booksI Look for digital versions

I Internet sources



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Doccenter - Data Storage

System for Analysis of Materials And Their damages: Documentation Center version 6 (offline/online)

IMPORT



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Doccenter - Principle of XML-database

buildings.html damages.html



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Doccenter - Photos



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Doccenter - Buildings



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Doccenter - Damages



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Doccenter - Searchfunction



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Doccenter - Documents and References



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Scientifical base

I Lack of in situ toolsI Lab researchI Send samples to Belgium

I Seismic modelI Review building techniques, masonry and materialsI Numerical model: SAP / AnsysI 2D / 3DI Using spectra and accelerations from RSA



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NetworkDoccenterAdobe propertiesSeismic study

Results



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Network (more than 50 people)

I People involved in VLIR-project

I arq. Wilson Pacurucu, damages

I ing. Fernando Zalamea, seismic modelling

I arq. Edmundo Iturralde, Casa de las Palomas

I ing. Luis Matute, labo research

I arq. Lourdes Abad, practical techniques



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Literature and other data

I From network and libraryI In total more than 100 references including:

I Historical/technical studies and plans of investigated buildingsI Architectural presentations, photographs and booksI Specific books on building techniques, damages and materials

I Digitalised and usable in Leuven

I Library U. Cuenca can not satisfy us on related topics



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Doccenter

I > 2000 photos

I > 100 buildings

I 100 damages

Synthesize data to Damage Atlas



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Doccenter - Damage: urine

Cause Damage Prevention



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Doccenter - Damage: fire

Heat and blackening Bad electricity No fire exit



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Doccenter - Damage: fire

Demolished beams and erosiondue to fire extinguishing water Crack as result of broken beams Destroyed upper floor



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Doccenter - Water damage: drainage

Drainage pipes are often hiddenin walls

Water leakage causes loss of bond, peeling,. . .



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Doccenter - Water damage: drainage

Wall is often affected structurally Small reparations 6= solution



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Doccenter - Water damage: eaves

Eaves usually contain carrizoBad drainage causes severe and

growing damagesBy far the best example atiglesia de San Francisco



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Doccenter - Water damage: rising damp

Outside iglesia de San FranciscoRising damp influences the

material propertiesInside iglesia de San Francisco



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Doccenter - Water damage: humidity of wood

Due to rising ground water thefloor is continuously wet

Body of Serpula Lacrimans ispossibly found here

Water infiltration causesinstability of roof



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Doccenter - Damage: beetle attacks wood

Structural instability of column due to beetles Deterioration of door, aesthetical problem



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Doccenter - Damage: cracks in domes (cfr. prof. Zalamea)

Structural instability due to crack Other damages are introduced



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Doccenter - Damage: other structural problems

Cracks due to settlements,overloading or seismic forces,

modelling prof. Zalamea

Crack due to overloading Imperfect parts of structure



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Doccenter - Cause: bad rain water drainage

Canals made with cement haveto drain the rain water

Water reservoirs are to small,are made from cement and can

get blocked

Wrong choice of materialcauses different problems



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Doccenter - Cause: bad rain water drainage

Loss of bond inside, at thesame place of canals

Staining inside, at the sameplace of reservoirs

Leaching, at place of reservoirs



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Doccenter - Damage: treatment of roof (bricks)

Past: chemical-biological attackcaused soiling and deterioration

of materials

Now: soiling and protectinglayer removed by water under

high pressure

Future: applying hydrorepellentwill cause big problems (inside

drying of wet bricks)



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Adobe properties

I In situ tests

I Available tools in laboI Determine main properties

I CompositionI Grain size distribution > 75µmI Sedimentation < 75µmI Liquid limitI Plastic limitI Simple compression test

I Ona ↔ Cuenca



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Adobe properties: Composition

I Sundried mud brick

I Straw to increase tensile strength

I Organic material

I Lots of water



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Adobe properties: Grain size distribution

I A.S.T.M. Standard D422− 63

I Fraction > 75µmI Sets of sieve

I 2, 36mm − 1, 18mm − 600µm − 300µm − 150µm − 75µm

I Sieve shaker

I Portion retained is weighed

I Sieves are cleaned with brush

I Fraction passing calculated related to total oven-dry weight



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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

>2360 2360 1180 600 300 150 75 0

Pa

ssin

g s

iev

e (

%)

Sieve screen size (µm)

Oña 1

Oña 2

Oña 3

Oña 4

Oña 5

Cuenca 1

Cuenca 2



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50

60

70

80

90

100

Pa

ssin

g s

iev

e (

%)

Gemiddeld Oña

0

10

20

30

40

50

>2360 2360 1180 600 300 150 75 0

Pa

ssin

g s

iev

e (

%)

Sieve screen size (μm)

Gemiddeld Oña

Cuenca 1

Cuenca 2



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Adobe properties: Sedimentation

I A.S.T.M. Standard D422− 63I Fraction < 75µm

I Wet sieving

I Dispersion reagent (sodium hexametaphosphate, 4%weight)

I Soaking during 16h

I Stirring during 15min

I Constant temperature bath 20 ◦CI Hydrometer 151H readings



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Adobe properties: Sedimentation

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

100,00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Pa

ssin

g (

%)

Particle diameter (µm)

Cuenca A

Cuenca B

Oña

Results to be interpreted!



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Adobe properties: Atterberg’s limits

I Influence of water on materialI Different states depending on water content

I Liquid limit: between liquid and plastic stateI Plastic limit: between plastic and semi-solid stateI Shrinkage limit: between semi-solid and solid state

I How to determine?I Liquid limit: device of CasagrandeI Plastic limit: rolling threadsI Shrinkage limit: shrinkage dishes (not available)

I Fraction < 425µm



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Adobe properties: Atterberg’s limits

Plasticity Index = Liquid limit− Plastic limit

Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity Index

Ona 1 32,1 20,3 12Ona 2 30,6 21,2 9Ona 3 34,7 23,9 11

Cuenca 1 34,5 27,0 8Cuenca 2 34,0 25,7 8

First classification on basis of limits: silty clay with low plasticity



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Adobe properties: Compression strength

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y = 1E+08x - 1E+06

R² = 0,9516

y = 9E+07x - 305689

R² = 0,9964

0,0E+00

5,0E+05

1,0E+06

1,5E+06

2,0E+06

2,5E+06

0,000 0,010 0,020 0,030 0,040 0,050 0,060 0,070 0,080

Str

ess

(P

a)

Strain (-)

σmax = 2,0-2,2 MPa

Elin = 90-100 MPa



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LimitationsI No proper sample preparation possibleI Old equipment

I Doubtful calibration

I No constant velocity possibleI Only analogue extensometer



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y = 1E+08x - 1E+06

R² = 0,9516

y = 9E+07x - 305689

R² = 0,9964

0,0E+00

5,0E+05

1,0E+06

1,5E+06

2,0E+06

2,5E+06

0,000 0,010 0,020 0,030 0,040 0,050 0,060 0,070 0,080

Str

ess

(P

a)

Strain (-)

σmax = 2,0-2,2 MPa

Elin = 90-100 MPa



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Adobe properties: Results

I Ona is better than Cuenca

I Cracks due to shrinkage



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Adobe properties: Results

I Ona is better than Cuenca

I Cracks due to shrinkage

I Problems expected related to water damageI Critical evaluation of results

I Aged equipmentI Use ASTM-norm ↔ Laborant experienceI Verificate results with samples sent to Leuven



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Seismic study: earthen structures threatened

Damaging mechanism

Project area in AndesGreat risk for earthquakes

PGA = 0, 25g10% chance in 50 years (Garcia, 2000)

↔

Damage

Earthen materials in project areaBrick and concrete studied (Jimenez, 2002)

PGA = 0, 1g − 0, 2g (Getty, 1996)Damage initiation in unreinforced adobe



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Seismic study: Methodology

I Wait for actual seismic eventI Study the vulnerability and risk of earthquakes in Cuenca

I Big scale (Cuenca - the historic city - the project area)I Small scale (a particular historic building)

I Create and use norms



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Seismic study: choice of building

What is a good building to model?

I Existing building

I Historical and architectural relevant

I In the project area

I Adobe, tapial and bahareque

I Easy to model

I Well-studied or not investigated yet



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Seismic study: choice of building

San Miguel dePorotos

Casa de los Arcos Casa de lasPosadas

Santo Domingo Casa de lasPalomas



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Seismic study: necessary information

I Young moduli of used materials

I Extrapolation of labo results (Ona)

I Geometry, composition and connections of building

I Plans (arq. Wilson, own)I PicturesI StoriesI Minor investigation in situ

I Microzonification of project area (ground type)

I Red Sismica del Austro (extract from ArcGis)

I Accelerations and/or spectra of possible earthquake

I Ecuatorian norms (ing. Zalamea)I RSA (Jimenez, 2002)



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I Young moduli of used materialsI Extrapolation of labo results (Ona)

I Geometry, composition and connections of building

I Plans (arq. Wilson, own)I PicturesI StoriesI Minor investigation in situ







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I Geometry, composition and connections of buildingI Plans (arq. Wilson, own)

I PicturesI StoriesI Minor investigation in situ







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I Geometry, composition and connections of buildingI Plans (arq. Wilson, own)I Pictures

I StoriesI Minor investigation in situ







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I Geometry, composition and connections of buildingI Plans (arq. Wilson, own)I PicturesI Stories

I Minor investigation in situ







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I Geometry, composition and connections of buildingI Plans (arq. Wilson, own)I PicturesI StoriesI Minor investigation in situ







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I Microzonification of project area (ground type)I Red Sismica del Austro (extract from ArcGis)





ResultsFuture






I Accelerations and/or spectra of possible earthquakeI Ecuatorian norms (ing. Zalamea)

I RSA (Jimenez, 2002)



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I Accelerations and/or spectra of possible earthquakeI Ecuatorian norms (ing. Zalamea)I RSA (Jimenez, 2002)



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Evaluation of dataFinish researchExtraIncreasing impact

In Leuvenuntil May 2009



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Evaluation of data

I Literature study (Human Settlements,. . . )

I Labo results and further investigation

I Photographs (MDDS and Damage Atlas)

I Evaluate Casa de las Palomas in seismic model



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Finishing of our research

I 11/’08: Actually starting to write our thesis

I 12/’08: Verification of labo results and further tests

I 01/’09: Developping the Damage Atlas in InDesign

I 03/’09: Creating a dynamic model in SAP/Ansys after thisinvestigation

I 05/’09: Finishing and presentation of thesis



ResultsFuture


Extra: SQL-database

I Literature study (Human Settlements,. . . )

I Labo results and further investigation

I Photographs (MDDS and Damage Atlas)

I Evaluate Casa de las Palomas in seismic model

Extra

I Dynamic database in SQL (↔ static XML)



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Extra: SQL-database

Cuenca Leuven

?



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Extra: SQL-database

I DynamicI Download as passive user to consult dataI Upload as active user to report about projects

I Integration with GISI Buildings (in 4D snapshot ↔ evolution, see Veronica)I EarthquakesI Ground type

I AccessibleI Prevent loss of informationI Easy to useI For everyone



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Extra: SQL-database



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Futureafter 2009



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Increasing impact

I Increasing belgian involvement from studentsI Learning from others

I Speaking and understanding languagesI Leuven ↔ Cuenca

I Work more scientifically

I Connection engineers and architects (Cuenca and Leuven)I Laboratory has to use norms (ASTM)I Use results in the VLIR-project

I Emergency notes (for example: hydrorepellent Inmaculada)



ResultsFuture


Increasing impact

I Increasing belgian involvement from studentsI Learning from others

I Speaking and understanding languagesI Leuven ↔ Cuenca

I Work more scientificallyI Connection engineers and architects (Cuenca and Leuven)I Laboratory has to use norms (ASTM)I Use results in the VLIR-project

I Emergency notes (for example: hydrorepellent Inmaculada)



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Thank you, Gracias, Dank u!



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Questions

I How to promote the VLIR-project in Cuenca?

I How to make the Damage Atlas?

I How to integrate the infomation (¿100 buildings) in MDDS?

I Additional labo research in Leuven?I How to model Casa de las Palomas?

I Which software can we use?I Can we model the whole house?I How to model the masonry?

I Is it possible to develop an SQL-database?


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