thesis report housing with sustainable technologies

HOUSING WITH SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES

‐ HIGH RISE APARTMENTS

A R C H I T E C T U R A L D E S I G N T H E S I S

S H R A V A N I G U P T A

R O L L . N O : 0 4 1 6 1 B 0 0 2 8

I X S E M ‐ B . A R C H I T E C T U R E

Y E A R 2 0 0 8 ‐ 2 0 0 9

gayathri

DESIGN THESIS ON

HOUSING WITH SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES HIGH RISE APARTMENTS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE TO

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BY S.SHRAVANI GUPTA

04161B0028

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Prof. VASANTA SHOBHA

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 86 MADHAPUR, HITECH CITY ROAD, HYDERABAD – 500033

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 86, MADHAPUR, HITECH CITY ROAD, HYDERABAD 33

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS THESIS TITLED “HOUSING WITH

SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES – HIGH RISE APARTMENTS” HAS

BEEN SUBMITTED BY S.SHRAVANI GUPTA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE FROM

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY FOR THE YEAR 2008

2009.

GUIDE THESIS CO.ORDINATOR

PROF. VASANTA SHOBHA PROF. KAMINI SINGH

EXAMINERS PRINCIPAL PROF.DR.PRAMOD SHINDE

ACKNOWLDGEMENTS It is difficult to put into a few words the gratitude I feel for the assistance rendered by many

individuals and sources for the completion of this thesis. However I take this opportunity to acknowledge those who have given their valuable suggestions in shaping this study into a cogent form.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my guide Prof. Vasanta shobha, for her guidance and also for a strong support through the good and bad times, and my sincere thanks to Prof. Shalini & Prof. Kamini Singh , not only for shaping the outcome of this thesis, which he did taking a lot of time from his busy schedule, but also for shaping my entire outlook towards architecture earlier.

I would like to express my thanks also to my friend’s Shravan Kumar Reddy, Sraavani, Pooja.Y, Arun, Aparna,Husna Hussain and my seniors Supreet, Harish, Rohit and Shravan for their valuable support in times when I lost my confidence in the way of completion my thesis.

The acknowledgements will not be completed till I express my regards and thanks to my parents for their blessings and prayers for their encouragement and support.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Mrs.VASANTA SHOBHA and the faculty

for their valuable guidance, encouragement and supervision during the course of designing,

preparation of drawings and in finalizing this project report.

I am also thankful to Mrs. MADHAVI and Mrs. SHALINI for their valuable

guidance. I would also like to thank Mrs. KAMINI SINGH thesis coordinator, for giving me this

opportunity to prosecute my study.

I am also thankful to my classmates, friends and parents for their active involvement

in the discussions for generating new ideas in the concept.

I am highly indebted to the management and the inmates of the concerned institutes

for providing valuable data, information and suggestions for bringing out improvements in the

proposal.

S.SHRAVANI GUPTA

I dedicate this book to

Prof. M. Kalpana “The professor who has been my source of inspiration for the subject Green and Sustainable

Architecture during our climatology classes and discussions.”

CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENTS

Page .No • Synopsis 1 • Literature Study 5

A.1. INTRODUCTION To SUSTAINABILITY 5 1. 1 what is Sustainability? 5 1.2 Sustainability @ Habitat design 5 1.3 Objectives of sustainable development 6 1.4 Sustainability aspects of habitat design 6 1.5 Principles of sustainable devolvement in building design 1.6 Integrated approach to building design & Characteristics of 7

sustainable buildings

2. SITE PLANNING 8 2.1 Site Assessment 8 2.1.1 Site Selection 8 2.1.2 Site Analysis 9 2.1.2.1 Data assessment 9 2.1.3 Site Development & Layout 9

3. PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN 12 3.1 Thermal Comfort 12 3.2 Building design 13

3.2.1 Building Form 13 3.2.1.1 Compactness and Zoning 13 3.2.1.2 Streets or walkways on site 13 3.2.1.3 Lower perimeter to area ratio 14

3.2.2 Orientation 14 3.3 Advanced Solar Passive Techniques 14

3.3.1 Passive solar heating 14 3.3.2 Passive solar cooling 15

3.3.2.1 Evaporative Cooling 15 3.3.2.2 Ventilation 16

3.4 Day lighting 19 3.4.1 Room depth 19 3.4.2 Height of window head 19 3.4.3 Shading Devices 20

3.4.3.1 External shading 20 3.4.3.1.1 Vertical devices 20 3.4.3.1.2 Horizontal devices 21 3.4.3.1.3 Eggcrate devices 21

3.4.3.2 Internal shading 21 3.4.3.3 Solar control glazing 21

4. BUILDING MATERIALS 23

5. BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES 25 5.1 Roofing/flooring systems 25

5.1.1 Zipbloc system 26 5.1.2 Prestressed slab elements 26 5.1.3 Hollow floor slabs 26 5.1.4 Precast waffle units 27 5.1.5 Precast cored units 27 5.1.6 Precast/ in situ thin ribbed slab 27

5.2 Walling systems 27 5.2.1 Cast in situ fly ash walls 27 5.2.2 Reinforced and or grouted brick masonry 27 5.2.3 Interlocking bricks or Lok bricks 28 5.2.4 Reinforced/hollow brick masonry 28 5.2.5 Pre cast stone blocks 29 5.2.6 Pre cast concrete blocks 5.2.7 Fly ash based lightweight aerated concrete walling 29

and roofing blocks 5.2.8 Composite ferro cement system 29

6. EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT 30 6.1 Reducing water demand 30

6.1.1 Reducing water loss 30 6.1.2 Basic steps for reducing water consumption 31 6.1.3 Water conservation in landscape irrigation 31

6.2 Rain water harvesting 31 6.2.1 Potential 31 6.2.2 Influencing factors 32 6.2.3 Harvesting System 33 6.2.4 From where to harvest rain? 33 6.2.5 Basic components of the roof top rain water harvesting system

6.3 Storm water management 36 6.4 Waste water reuses 36

6.4.1 Calculating wastewater volume 37 6.4.2 Reusing wastewater indoors 37 6.4.3 Man made systems for waste water treatment 38

6.4.3.1 Conventional treatment system 38 6.4.3.2 Artificial wetlands and reed bed systems 38

7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 39 7.1 Guidelines for waste minimization 39 7.2 Segregation of wastes 39 7.3 Resource recovery or recycling 39 7.4Processing of waste 40

8. RENEWABLE ENERGY 41 8.1 Solar Energy 42 8.1.1 Solar Thermal Energy Application 42

8.1.1.1 Solar water heaters 42 8.1.2 Solar Electricity Generation 43 8.2 Bio energy 45

B.1.INTRODUCTION OF HIGH RISE APARTMENTS 46 1.1 Introduction of housing 46 1.2 Introduction of High Rise Apartments 46 1.3 PRO’S & CORN’S 47

2. SITE CONSIDERATIONS 48 2.1 Site Characteristics 48 2.2 Utilities 49 2. 3 Site Elements 49 2.4 Building Orientation 50 2.5 Apartment Layout 50 2.6 Open spaces and semi open spaces in apartments 51 2 .7 Circulation 51 2.8 Earthquakes 52 2.9 Wind loads 52

3. ESSENTIAL AMENITIES 52

4. SERVICES 54 4.1 Water supply 54 4.2 Drainage 54

4.2.1 Conventional system (two pipe system) 54 4.2.2 One pipe system & single stack system 54

4.3Fire safety 55 4.3.1 Fire fighting pump & extra water storage tank 55 4.3.2 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM 56

4.4 Garbage disposal 56 4.5 Telecommunications 56 4.6 Central gas systems 56

• Data collection 57

• Case studies 57 ü Desk case stud – k2 Apartments 64 ü Case study 1 – Retreat building 68 ü Case study 2 – Hill Ridge Springs 73 ü Case study3 – Silicon County 78

• Comparative analysis 82 ü Area statements and analysis 84 ü Analysis – silicon county & hill ridge 85

• Site selection & analysis 88

A R C H I T E C T U R A L P R O G R A M:

The architectural programs for the “HOUSING WITH SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES ‐ HIGH RISE APARTMENTS” are:

Zones: 1. RESIDENTIAL SPACE

a. 2 bed apartments b. 3 bed apartments c. 3 bed duplex apartments d. 4 bed duplex apartments e. Servant apartments

2. RECREATIONAL SPACE a. Open Air Theatre b. Club House c. Rock garden d. Badminton & basket ball courts e. Community hall

Population of the set up: 3300 Total site area : 18 acres

3. COMMERCIAL SPACE a. Laundry b. Super market c. Parlor d. ATM e. Restaurant spaces

4. Services/ common amenities a. Parking space b. Commercial complex

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS


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INTRODUCTION The past three hundred years have

seen many improvements in the conditions of life for humanity. Machines have completely changed the way we live, bringing improvement to many areas of our lives. In fact, we have come to believe that humans and their technology can conquer all problems, and that the answer to all our social problems such as poverty lies in economic growth fuelled by industry.

However, development brought its own problems. Factories and automobiles are polluting the air and water. These emissions contribute to the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer, which in turn is causingworld wide climate change. This causes a change in rainfall patterns and thus in the livelihood of many people making a living out of agriculture, forcing many off their farms. There are problems like global warming which is caused by the change in the environment; this is due to the increase in the modern way of lifestyle that has actually depreciated the meaning of nature. The increase of ice‐caps melting at the north and South Pole leading to a rise of the world water sea has all been due to the increase in the modern way of lifestyle.

“Our intensive farming methods, developed to feed this population, have removed so many nutrients from the soil that an apple grown today has less than a twenty‐sixth of the nutrients that same apple would have had eighty years ago”.

With all the environmental problems that have arisen this past century, such as air and water pollution etc., it is clear that we are not treating the earth well. At this rate, we will ultimately destroy the planet in which we live. We have come to an era where things have to change in our surrounding for us to live in harmony. In order to preserve our earth, we need to always consider the effects of the things we do on the environment. At the same time more and more people are born who want a job, a house and a decent quality of life – all things we cannot provide without economic growth and use of resources.

“The answer suggested to this dilemma is the concept of Sustainable Development.”

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NEED FOR THE STUDY

Last few years we have been witnessing the boom in economy as well as more constructional activities throughout the country. Its fact that the construction boom has given vast opportunities for employments, sales of essential materials etc. all at the cost of Nature & Mother Earth exploitations, Green cover reductions etc. Due to high population city limits will increase making commuting very cumbersome and time consuming. High number of vehicles will result in regular traffic jam and pollution. One such situation now exists in Hyderabad.

In such situation independent residential, commercial and social buildings will no longer serve their purposes as they would occupy too much area and traveling between them would become uneconomical. Because of scarcity of land the need of hour would be to go vertically skywards instead of spreading the structure over a large area in plan.

“Thus architecture should not only provide residential, commercial and social facilities but should also be sustainable and energy efficient. It should be self sufficient in terms of electricity, water purification and waste management.”

AIM

To design High Rise Apartments – Gated Community implementing Sustainable Technologies.

OBJECTIVES

STUDY OBJECTIVES

• To study the existing patterns and activities of gated communities (apartments)

• To study various sustainable technologies in the various aspects like building material and technologies, passive design, rain water harvestment, waste water recycle etc.

• To understand the need, requirement and qualities of a gated community.

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DESIGN OBJECTIVES

• The basic objective is careful planning and designing the housing, recreational and commercial areas to create pedestrian roads and reduce use of transportation systems within site.

• The design proposal shall provide different types of housing facilities to different income based people.

• Usage of solar passive methods to create energy efficient spaces.

• Assessment of average consumption of water in residences and adopting various ways to capture and store rain water and recycling of waste water in order to reduce the water consumption in the gated community.

• Considering non conventional sources of energy like solar as source of energy for everyday use.

• Design of a sustainable community with out compromising on comfort.

SCOPE The main scope of the design is to create a gated community integrated with various

sustainable technologies so as to create an environmental friendly design. Considering the vastness of the scope of Sustainable Development the study involves the following aspects such as

• Energy efficiency in buildings • Building material and technology • Rain water harvestment • Waste water treatment • Waste treatment.

The design is a demonstration project i.e. its concepts and techniques can be used in part of full in a different semi urban setting to create a sustainable community.

LIMITATIONS • Depending on the suitability of the location the technologies will be used limitedly. • My thesis does not deal with the economics of the project. • The construction details would not be dealt in very detail. • The concepts of sustainability are limited only to the ecological (environmental)

sustainability. • Doesn’t deal much with the social and economic sustainability

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METHODOLOGY OF STUDY

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A.1. INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABILITY 1. 1 What is Sustainability?

Sustainability can be defined as the continued ability of a society, an ecosystem, or

any such interactive system to function without exhausting key resources and without adversely affecting the environment.

Sustainability has been defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) as

Sustainable architecture basically, is architecture that minimizes the ecological impact of a building. This can be achieved by using biodegradable materials, recycling, and examining the impact the building will have on the local community. It is important to consider the "Three R’s" of sustainability: Reduce, Recycle, Reuse.

1.2 Sustainability @Habitat design

In context of the habitat design, sustainability recognizes the intricate relationship between human civilization and natural habitat. It realizes the fact that nature must be preserved and perpetuated if the human community itself is to survive.

Any development will have some environmental impact. Sustainable development can be thought of as development with low environmental impact, while maximizing environmental, economic, and social gains. Sustainable development is, therefore, a very broad subject that goes beyond just conserving the environmental capital.

Slateford Green Housing, Edinburgh TERI Retreat Building, Gurgaon

“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”



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1.3 Objectives of sustainable development

Sustainable development can be considered to have the following four main objectives.

• Social progress, recognizing the needs of everyone. • Effective protection of the environment.

• Prudent use of natural resources.

• Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.

1.4 Sustainability aspects of habitat design

Sustainability, in context of building and habitat design, has multi‐ dimensional effects, which can be summarized as below.

• Environmental sustainability

• Social sustainability

• Economic sustainability

Economic dimensions of sustainability: • Creation of new markets and opportunities for sales growth • Cost reduction through efficiency improvements and reduced energy and raw material inputs • Creation of additional added value

Environmental dimensions of sustainability • Reduced waste, effluent generation, emissions to environment • Reduced impact on human health • Use of renewable raw materials • Elimination of toxic substances

Social dimensions of sustainability • Worker health and safety • Impacts on local communities, quality of life • Benefits to disadvantaged

groups e.g. disabled

1.5 Principles of sustainable devolvement in building design

The basic principles of sustainable development in building design are outlined below:

• Maximizing the use of renewable and natural resources in the building environment.

• Minimizing the use of renewable and natural resources in the building environment.

• Ensuring process to validate building system functions and capabilities for proper maintenance and operation.



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1.6 Integrated approach to building design & Characteristics of sustainable buildings

An ‘integrated approach’ to building design involves the judicious use of resources and application of efficiency measures. Future buildings should reflect the above concerns by providing and/or adopting the following measures.

• Improved building envelope and system design. • Water conservation and efficiency measures • Energy conservation and efficiency measures • Increased use of renewable energy resources • Reduction of elimination of toxic and hazardous substances in facilities, process, and

their surrounding environment • Improved indoor air quality and interior and exterior environments, leading to

increased human productivity, performance and better human health. • Efficient use of resources and materials • Selection of materials and products that minimize safety hazards and cumulative

environmental impacts • Increased use of recycled content and other environmentally preferred products • Salvage and recycling of waste and building materials created during construction

and demolition • Prevention of generation of harmful materials and emissions during construction,

operation, and decommissioning/demolition • Implementation of maintenance and operational practices that reduce or eliminate

harmful effects on people and the natural environment • Reuse of the existing infrastructure, identification of facilities near public transport

systems, and consideration of redevelopment of contaminated properties.

The adoption of the above features results in building that have

• Lower maintenance costs, • Reduced operational energy, • Lower emissions of air pollution, • Healthier and more productive occupants, • Less material usage, and • Longer building life.

Reference : Sustainable Design Manual ( Volume – 2)



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2. SITE PLANNING Sustainable site planning begins with the

assessment of the building site. Analysis and assessment of the site characteristics in terms of its capacity to provide natural resources such as light, air, and water and the extent to which the existing natural systems will be required to support building development from the first activities in the sequence of events in a sustainable site planning process.

2.1 Site Assessment

Site assessment is done at three levels

1. Site selection 2. Site analysis 3. Site development and layout

2.1.1 Site Selection

The process of site selection for sustainable development involves identifying and weighing the appropriateness of the site with respect to sustainable building design criteria.

Recommended checklist for site selection:

• Select a site taking into account its proposed and existing land use

• Reuse negative urban spaces or industrial sites.

• Identify the site characteristics in light of the sustainable goals of the project.

• Identify and balance the site inputs available in the form of resources against the environmental cost inherent in its development.

Potential factors

1.Order of importanace

2.Interactive relationship

Site assessment

Site developemn

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Site analysis

Site selection

“An ideal site system would be one in which the arrangement of roads, buildings and associated usage is developed by using site data and information from the

larger macro‐environment, including the socio‐cultural and historical patterns of the settlement.”



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2.1.2 Site Analysis

The site analysis evaluates all the on and off‐site determinants‐whether environmental, cultural, historical, urban, or infrastructural‐ that effect development of site and its building program. Its purpose is to determine the site characteristics so that proper drainage systems, circulation patterns, landscape design, and other site development features can be considered in relation to building design parameters.

A site analysis can be done on the basis of the following considerations

1. Environmental 2.Utility/infrastructural 3.Cultural/historical 4.Urban

2.1.2.1Data assessment

• Assess the data collected for site analysis to decide on the hierarchy of importance among the potential factors affecting the sustainable design.

• Assess the impact of the proposed design on soil erosion, sedimentation, and groundwater pollution and the control measures required for preventing storm water runoff, air and groundwater pollution, as well as protection of top soil.

• Optimize the design scheme by taking into consideration the alternatives available that could minimize infrastructural costs, improve the resource use, and reduce site disturbance, as well as efficiently merge the built form with the site characteristics.

2.1.3 Site Development & Layout

Site development can be carried out on the basis of best practices followed in each of the following potential areas.

• Land use and existing features • Siting and orientation • Landscaping • Utility or site infrastructure • Pavements • External lighting • Construction management



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SITE LAYOUT

• Ensure that basic amenities such as bank, child care, post office, park, library, convenience grocery, primary school, clinic and community hall are near to or within the site premises.

• Make a comprehensive transportation plan for the site, taking into consideration cleaner transportation options, parking capacity and conveniences for pedestrians and cyclists.

• Plan pedestrian access ways and bicycle tracks within site premises.

• Analyze the existing roads and pathways on site, to reduce the length of roads and utility lines.

• The site layout should allow for wind protection and solar access in winter and adequate sun protection and ventilation in summer. Having a mix of building types could help achieve this.

• Row buildings can be used as wind breakers. High‐rise can increase ventilation in a dense development.

• Hence the streets should be oriented to utilize the natural wind patterns. • Site should be properly planned to mitigate the ‘heat island effect’ by reducing the

total paved area allowed on site. The paved areas should be made pervious or open grid. Shading should be provided for the paved surfaces.

• Use gravity systems for water supply and sewerage, wherever possible, to avoid pumping.

• Try to locate all utility lines near already disturbed areas, like roads. Use concealed or shielded conduits for utility lines.

• Optimize the layout, to save land and natural resources, without affecting the quality of life.

• The layout should be flexible to accommodate future changes that could arise from the users needs or from other perspectives.

• The layout should use innovative ways to facilitate social networks among the residents. These could include the provision of parks, recreational areas, community halls etc.

Landscaping

• For projects larger than one hectare, remove topsoil and preserve for reuse on site.

• The most effective way to prevent soil erosion, sedimentation, and to stabilize soil is through the provision of vegetative cover by effective planting practices.

• The foliage and roots of plants provides dust control and a reduction in soil erosion by increasing infiltration, trapping sediments, stabilizing soil, and dissipating the energy of hard rain.



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• The vegetative cover also increases the percolation of rainwater thereby increasing the groundwater recharge.

• Selection of plant species should be based on its water requirements and the micro

climatic benefits that would result from it.

• Deciduous trees provide shade in summer and allow sunlight in summers. Evergreen trees provide shade and wind control throughout the year.

• Preserve existing vegetation on site. Mark all the existing vegetation in a tree survey plan. Evolve tree preservation guidelines.

• Replantwithin the site premises any mature trees that have been removed, in the ratio of 1:5. At the same time, care needs to be taken to avoid undesirable increase in humidity levels, by excessive plantations.

• Do not alter the existing drainage pattern on site. Existing grades should be maintained around existing vegetation. Ensure that the vegetation remains healthy.

• Use of organic mulches has to be done to enhance soil stabilization

• Sedimentation basins, and contour trenching, also helps top reduce soil erosion.

• Some methods for altering the air flow patterns by landscaping are shown in the figures below

Deciduous trees blocking sun

in summer and letting in

sunlight in winter.

Reference: (1) Sustainable Design Manual ( Volume – 2),

(2) Eco Housing guidelines for Tropical Regions



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3. PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN

The main objective of a climatic sensitive approach is to provide a high standard of comfort quality, which also results in energy saving with environmental benefits. The present world energy scenario shows that over 50% of commercial energy is used in building construction and maintenance and operation. further breakup of this building energy shows that about 85% is operational energy ad 15% is embodied energy. As we notice, the main use of operation energy is for space hearing and cooling, while designing a careful balance is required for thermal parameters.

3.1 Thermal Comfort

The following are various factors that affect human comfort.

• Air temperature

• Relative Humidity

• Temperature of surrounding surfaces

• Air velocity

• Clothing • Metabolic rate

• Age and sex

Other macro & micro climatic factors

• Topography

• Water bodies

• Altitude

• Vegetation

• Urbanization • Landscape & built form

“Comfort can be defined as the optimal thermal condition in which the least extra effort is required to maintain the human body’s thermal balance.”

http://www.architecture2030.org/images/current/US-Energy-Consumption.gif



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3.2 Building design

• Building form : compactness and zoning

• Orientation

3.2.1 Building Form

Building form can affect solar access and wind exposure as well as the rate of heat loss or heat gain through the external envelope. The general design objectives are given below.

• Contain the building’s exposure to external elements through compact building envelopes and careful consideration of the treatment of different elevations.

• Use sheltering and buffering to articulate the building mass so that building is shaded most of the times.

3.2.1.1 Compactness and Zoning

The compactness of a building could be measured by the ratio of surface area to volume(S/V ratio). The S/V ratio should be as low as possible in hot‐dry and cold‐dry climates, to minimize the rate of heat transfer. For hot, humid, tropical climate, the main aim should be to have a higher air flow inside the building, for which a low S/V ratio is not essential.

The perimeter to area ratio should be kept to the minimum, to reduce heat gains. The roof gets the maximum amount of direct solar radiation and hence its shape is important. As shown above, the higher the roof angle, the lesser the amount of direct radiation.

3.2.1.2 Streets or walkways on site

The ratio of street width to building height determines the altitude up to which solar radiation can be cut off. Similarly, street orientation determines the azimuth up to which solar radiation can be cut off. For hot dry climates the street should be kept as low as possible and in particular the streets running north – south. Thus would provide mutual shading from the horizontal morning and evening sun. East – west streets should be avoided on account of the low sun in the mornings and evening. However if unavoidable, they should be kept narrow.



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3.2.1.3 Lower perimeter to area ratio

The P/A ratios indicate radiative gains or losses and efficient ventilation. Low P/A ratios are suitable for hot‐dry climates. Plan form which enhances ventilation, is not an important issue in hot‐dry climates, as the breeze is often warm. The P/A for various shapes are

Square – 1.0 Rectangle – 1.05 L Shaped – 1.25 H Shaped‐ 1.13 Circle ‐ 0.88

3.2.2 Orientation

The amount of solar radiation falling on surfaces of different orientation varies considerably depending on the view or exposure to the sun. In topical climates, northward orientation has a brief period of solar radiation: early mornings and late afternoons, on clear summer days. East and west receive the maximum solar radiation during summer. Southward orientation has radiation during the winters, which can be potentially used during cold periods.

3.3 Advanced Solar Passive Techniques

3.3.1 Passive solar heating

Heat losses from buildings occur mainly by conduction through sand in the external surface by infiltration and ventilation through cracks and openings in the building envelope. Reducing this loss by improved insulation and infiltration can decrease the heating cost of the building.

Design criteria

• Reduce heat loss by insulation and infiltration

• Use passive solar elements for heat gain and storage.



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3.3.2 Passive solar cooling

In the cooling strategy, first control the amount of heat gained from solar radiation and hot air that reaches the building, then minimize the effect of unwanted solar heat within the building skin or through openings. Next, reduce the internal heat gains from appliances or occupants, and finally use environmental heat sinks to absorb any remaining unwanted heat by applying

• Evaporative cooling

• Radiative cooling

• Ground cooling and

• Ventilation

3.3.2.1 Evaporative Cooling

Direct Evaporative Cooling

The direct evaporative cooling systems such as fountains, pond, pools and wind towers are very effective in hot and dry zones where with cooling the increase in humidity gives additional comfort. In fountains, water sprinkles in the air with an increased surface area and this increasing the evaporation rate. This water sprinkled into the air also cleans

dust particles from the air. Direct Cooling

Indirect Evaporative Cooling

In roof sprays and roof ponds, external cooling through humidification can be achieved by

keeping the surfaces of roofs moist by using sprays or lawn sprinklers. The surface temperature can be reduced by up to 30 deg C. however; water consumption is excessive in this case.

Indirect Cooling

“Principle: Evaporation occurs whenever the vapour pressure of water is higher than the partial pressure of water vapour in the adjacent atmosphere. The change in the phase of water form liquid to vapour is accompanied by the absorption of a large quantity of sensible heat from the air that lowers the dry bulb temperature of the air

while the moisture content of the air is increased.”



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3.3.2.2 Ventilation

Ventilation is often considered to be the most energy‐efficient and health solution. Thermal comfort depends largely on ventilation, along with other factors such as air temperature and relative humidity. A well designed thermal structure can dampen the outside temperature fluctuations to a certain level, but further efficiency can only be achieved by ventilation. The different kinds of ventilation are

• Natural ventilation

• Mechanical ventilation

• Hybrid ventilation systems

Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is a controllable phenomenon and an efficient rate can be achieved through the proper design of window openings and orientation of the structure based on the wind direction.

Ventilation is required for fresh air, cooling for comfort conditions and for taking away the heat stored in the building structure. For the successful design of a naturally ventilated building the wind characteristics and air flow patterns around a building, influenced by climate, neighboring topography, plants and buildings has to be taken into account. Furthermore the fulfillment of natural ventilation depends on the location of vents (e.g.: windows and roof lights) and the interior design (e.g. walls, openings and courtyards).

Opening design and ventilation

Air distribution inside the building is largely governed by the design of the openings.

Windows: They provide high levels of ventilation when open and are therefore, suitable for summertime ventilation. However, they are difficult to control in winter. Proper window

“Design criteria: The design objective is to provide a controllable means of ventilation that can supply adequate fresh air for an occupant’s health and comfort while

minimizing uncontrollable air infiltration.”

Natural ventilation can be of two types. One is caused by wind pressure and the impact would depend on wind direction, speed and building shape. Using this we can provide single sided or cross ventilation. The other is caused by the density difference of air, caused by the difference in temperature between inside (warmer) and outside air. This is also called the “stack effect”. If the inside air is colder, then a reverse stack

effect can also be produced, which will bring in warm air from outside.



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design can be effective in creating pressure difference, which can improve ventilation and air distribution in the space.

Single Sided Ventilation Cross Ventilation

Effect of opening positions

Louvers: Louvers can be used for providing a more controllable and secure opening. However, they can be difficult to seal when closed and therefore, can cause a high air leakage rate. They are also usually single glazed and are not wide spread use other than in

hot climates.



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General design principles

ü A building need not necessarily be oriented perpendicular to the prevailing outdoor wind. It may be oriented at any convenient angle between 0– 30 degrees without losing any beneficial aspect of the breeze. If the prevailing wind is from east or west, the building can be oriented at 35 degrees to the incident wind so as to diminish the solar heat sacrificing slightly the reduction in air motion indoors.

ü Inlet openings in buildings should be well‐distributed and should be located on the wind‐ward side at a low level. Outlet openings should be located on the leeward side.

ü Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved by keeping the sill height of the opening at 85% of the critical height (such as head level). The following levels are recommended according to the type of occupancy.

For sitting on chair = 0.75 m For sitting on bed = 0.60 m For sitting on floor = 0.40 m

ü Inlet openings should not be obstructed by adjoining buildings, trees, signboards or other obstructions, or by partitions in the path of air flow.

ü Windows of living rooms should open directly to an open space. In places where this is not possible, open space could be created in buildings by providing adequate courtyards.

ü In case of rooms with only one wall exposed to the outside, provision of two windows on that wall is preferred to that of a single window.

ü Windows located diagonally opposite each other with the wind‐ward window near the upstream corner gives better performance than other window arrangements for most building orientations.

ü Provision of horizontal sashes, inclined at an angle of 45 degrees in an appropriate direction, helps promote indoor air motion. Sashes projecting outwards are more effective than those projecting inwards.

ü A veranda open on three sides is to be preferred as it increases room air motion with respect to the outdoor wind, for most orientations of the building.

ü Provide buffer spaces like staircases, lifts, store, toilets, double‐wall without opening etc., on at least 50% of the west wall.

ü Hedges and shrubs deflect air away from the inlet openings and cause a reduction in the indoor air motion. These elements should not be planted up to a distance of about 8 m from the building because the induced air motion is reduced to a minimum in that case .However, air motion in the leeward part of the building can be enhanced by planting low hedges at a distance of 2 m from the building.

ü Raising the building on stilts, at least 30 cm above ground, has three main advantages in warm and wet climates. First, it enables better ventilation by locating windows above the surrounding zone comprising lower buildings. Second, it enables cooling of the floor from below. Third, it helps to prevent moisture problems. It also gives flood protection, in flood prone areas.



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3.4 Day lighting

Day lighting is an inseparable part of design, and should be considered at the earliest stages of the design process.

Factors for the design of daylighting

• Critical indoor illuminance

• Critical outdoor illuminance

• Day light factor distribution

Factors affecting the day light distribution

• Room depth

• Height of the window head

• Shading devices

• Glazing type

3.4.1 Room depth

Deeper rooms have a poorer uniformity ratio – the ratio of the daylighting factor at the back of the to that at the front shows how the uniformity ratio varies as a room of a given cross section gets deeper.

Recommended percentage area of openings with varying room depth

3.4.2 Height of window head

The higher the window head, the deeper will be the penetration of daylighting; at the same time, however the view from the window will be cut. This aspect is easily adaptive and a good distribution can be achieved in the space while maintaining the visual connections.

The objective of a good daylighting system should be

• The amount of light needed

• Visual comfort and

• Psychological considerations



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3.4.3 Shading Devices

Shading of the building and outdoor spaces reduces summer temperatures, improves comfort and saves energy. Shading can block up to 90 percent of this heat.

Overheating and discomfort may occur if the annual penetration of sunlight exceeds one third of probable sunlight hours. Direct sunlight can also cause glare. Controls are therefore necessary, particularly in workspaces. There are there main ways of controlling sunlight

• External shading

• Internal shading

• Solar control glazing

Shading requirements vary according to climate and

house orientation. A general rule of thumb is shown in the figure beside

3.4.3.1 External shading

External shading is the most effective as it cuts off direct sunlight during the summer and allows the winter sunlight to enter into the space. In case of cloudy weather, however, it can further reduce the DF inside the space. For such cases, the external shading devices can be most effective solution. These can be of three types

• Vertical devices

• Horizontal devices

• Egg‐crate devices

3.4.3.1.1 Vertical devices

Vertical devices consist of louver blades or projecting fins in a vertical position. Narrow blades with close spacing may give the same shadow angle as broader with wider spacing. This type of device is most effective when the sun is to one side of the elevation, such as an eastern or western elevation.

Vertical louvers



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3.4.3.1.2 Horizontal devices

Horizontal devices may be canopies, horizontal louver blades or externally applied Venetian blinds. These will be most effective when the sun is opposite to the building face considered and at a high angle, such as for north and south facing walls. To exclude a low angle sun, this type of device would have to cover the window completely, permitting a view downwards only.

Horizontal louvers

3.4.3.1.3 Egg‐crate devices

These devices are combinations of horizontal and vertical elements. These can be effective for any orientation depending on detail dimensions

3.4.3.2 Internal shading

Internal shading is the most common form of sun control, such as curtains, Venetian blinds, and roller blinds, which can be drawn or lowered when needed. If they are properly adjusted they can allow diffused sunlight to penetrate inside. Pure white translucent blinds can become a source of glare. The greatest weakness of internal blinds is that they do not keep solar heat out.

Curtains Venetian blinds Roller blinds

3.4.3.3 Solar control glazing

Solar control glazing are very effective against heat flow across the window but can reduce the transmission of light inside. The choice of glazing affects the daylight, solar heat gain, and heat loss through a window. These are measured by visible transmittance, the total solar transmittance and the U value. The following are the different glazing types



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• Single glazing gives the best daylight. It offers little resistance to the passage of heat. The small amount of insulation that single glazing does provide is actually due to thin films of still air that exist next to the glass.

• Double‐glazing offers much better insulation. It comprises two panes of glass with a sealed space between. The space is filled with air or an inert gas with better insulating properties than glass. It gives about 20% less daylight than single glazing.

• In low‐E (low –emissivity) double glazing, the reduction in the daylighting factor is by another 10% with respect to double glazing.

• Tinted double‐glazing has low visibility, thus cutting out daylight. Typically, more than 2sq.mt of tinted glazing will be required to admit as much daylight as 1sq.mt of clear glass.

Design considerations for daylighting as per various climates (Hot & Dry Climate)

Orientation

Orient the buildings with the long axes in the east‐west direction so that the longest walls face north and south and only the short walls face east and west.

Key factors

• Adequate shadings on the south side to cut‐off direct solar radiation during the summer months.

• Airflow need not be encouraged through large windows, as the daytime air is hot. • Avoid externally reflected light from the ground and other external surfaces, unless

great care is taken to avoid glare.

Recommended design variables/strategies

• Smaller openings that are efficiently shaded. • Buildings with compact internal planning as courtyard type, with dense groping so

that the east and west walls are mutually shaded. • High level windows which would admit reflected light to the ceiling • Vertical strip windows at the corner of the room to avoid excessive brightness and

provide a light wash on the walls.



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4. BUILDING MATERIALS

For years the building industry had been dependent on a seemingly endless supply of high quality materials, supplies and energy resources. These become more significant when buildings are a global scale consume about 40% of the raw stone, gravel and sang, 25% of wood, 40% of energy and 16% of water each year. A building industry that depends on diminishing resources will ultimately become more costly as the resources will continue to be depleted, and would thus pose a negative impact.

The underlying principle assumes that all stages in the life of a material – right from the raw material, extraction, manufacture and transportation to the installation, operation, maintenance, and the recycling and waste management cause some degree of environmental impact which needs to be evaluated. The need for this analysis is justified when considering the present state of the environment, and hence would provide a sustainable format for the evaluation of efficiency of building material.

Sustainable materials have five major benefits

1. They have a similar or lower price compared to traditional materials. 2. They do not exhaust the existing supplies of finite materials 3. They save energy and reduce harmful emissions 4. As they are encouraged by the building control, planning permissions are more likely

to be received. 5. Since they are less harmful to occupants, they make healthier buildings.

Building materials are mostly made from naturally available materials like clay, stone, sand or biomass. Proper selection of building materials would help to conserve these natural resources.

A material that is suitable for one place may not be suitable elsewhere. We also need to understand that the building styles and design are heavily influenced by prevailing fashions, especially the fashions in the developed world. This was one of the reasons why many modern construction materials could ease out more durable, climate responsive traditional building materials in the developing world. The points to be noted for material and product selection are:

“The use of sustainably managed materials is an environmental responsibility in contributing towards a sustainable habitat.”



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ü Use naturally available materials, especially organic renewable materials like timber, trees, straw, grass, bamboo etc. Even non‐renewable inorganic materials like stone and clay are useful, since they can be reused or recycled.

ü Use certified timber. Check the reliability of the certificates, as forgery is possible. ü Do not use sand quarried from coral reefs. ü Check origin of soil for land filling. ü Check whether quarry sites are rehabilitated. ü Use materials with low‐embodied energy content for all structural work in fill

systems. ü Use locally available materials and technologies, employing local work force. ü Use materials amenable for reuse and recycling. Pure material like bricks, wood,

concrete, stone, metal sheets are most suitable for this purpose. Composite materials like prefabricated solid foam‐metal or foam‐plaster elements are difficult to separate and to recycle.

ü Use industrial waste‐based bricks / blocks for non‐structural or infill wall system. ü Reuse/ recycle construction debris. ü Minimize use of wood for interior works and use any of the following in place of

wood. ü Composite wood products such as hardboards, block boards, lumber‐

core plywood, veneered panels, particle boards, medium/ low‐density fibreboards made from recycled wood scrap from sawmill dusts or furniture industry and bonded with glue or resin under heat and pressure.

ü Materials/ products made from rapidly renewable small‐diameter trees and fast‐growing low‐utilized species harvested within a ten‐year cycle or shorter, such as bamboo, rubber, eucrasia, eucalyptus, poplar, jute/cotton stalks, etc. The products include engineered products, bamboo ply boards, rubber, jute stalk boards, etc.

ü Products made from wastes. These could be wood waste, agricultural wastes, and natural fibres, such as sisal, coir, and glass fibre in inorganic combination with gypsum, cement, and other binders, such as fibrous gypsum plaster boards, etc.

ü Salvaged timber and reused wood products such as antique furniture. ü Use water‐based acrylics for paints. ü Use acrylics, silicones, and siliconized acrylic sealants for interior use. ü Use adhesives with no/ low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions for indoor

use. It could be acrylics or phenolic resins such as phenol formaldehydes. ü Use water‐based urethane finishes on wooden floors. ü Use particleboard made with phenol‐formaldehyde resin rather than urea

formaldehyde, to control indoor VOC emissions. ü Avoid the use of products using asbestos and CFC. ü Minimize the use of metallic surfaces and metallic pipes, fitting, and fixtures. ü Use products and materials with reduced packaging and/ or encourage

manufacturers to reuse or recycle their original packaging materials. ü Wherever possible, use permeable wall structures made of palm leaves, reed, grass

or bamboo to promote aeration and low heat storage.



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5. BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES

Indian architecture has been the most enduring evidence to technological achievement when seen in the frame of culture, civilization, and range of variations in the Indian climatic conditions. The building technologies have been developed in the chronological course of time. In a streamlined manner, these technologies speak the language of the built form developed against the harshness of the prevailing climate. The most prominent traditional building techniques in ancient India incorporated the use of stone, timber and soil.

The following are the general building technologies implemented for a residential high‐rise construction

High‐ rise construction (residential) Roofing/flooring systems Zipbloc system, prestressed slab, hollow floor slabs,

precast waffle/cored units, precast in situ thin ribbed slabs, precast waffle slabs

Walling systems Burnt brick masonry: Fly ash/sand lime/Fal‐ G, reinforced grouted brick masonry, interlocking bricks, reinforced hollow bricks with framed RCC construction, precast stone blocks. Precast concrete blocks: Hollow/fly ash based aerated or cellular, composite ferro‐cement walling, interlocking concrete blocks, curtain walls, structural glazing systems.

Doors / windows Precast RCC doors and windows, PVC doors/ windows shutters, partitions, energy‐efficient windows, fiberglass reinforced plastic doors, resin bonded sawdust door panels, natural fiber reinforced polymer doors/windows. MDF particle board doors/windows. Gypsum based ceiling tiles, doors/windows, partitions, demountable systems with various types of recycled wooden boards.



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5.1 Roofing/flooring systems

5.1.1 Zipbloc system

This system developed in India, utilizes a single precast element, a hourdi‐type hollow block 530x250x140mm for walls and roofs. For ceiling and roofs, inverted T‐beams of required length are precast and placed on the walls at 60c/c distance and propped at mid‐span as shown in the figure. The concrete hollow blocks are placed to span two beams. On top of this, a welded steel mat is provided for temperature stresses and screed is cast in situ.

5.1.2 Pre‐stressed slab elements

This roofing system was developed at the structural engineering research centre in Chennai. System of construction – The hollow blocks used are ‘Hourdi’ or similar blocks and may be placed in one or more rows. Concrete ribs of at least a four centimeter width run around the periphery of the row of blocks forming the slab. The pre‐stressing wires are located in these ribs. Four units longer than two meters intermediate ribs with nominal reinforcement are provided in the traverse direction, at spacing that does not exceed tow meters. The hollow clay blocks, which have grooves on their surfaces, remain exposed at the top and bottom of the precast element. In situ concrete screed is laid on the top and plastering is done on the underside. The advantage over traditional system is that slab elements are about 25% lighter than conventional RCC slabs.

5.1.3 Hollow floor slabs

The overall dimensions of the unit are 350x60x12cm. System of construction – the steel end‐pieces with four openings define a trapezium‐shaped cross section of the floor slab, so that when finally assembled the V – shaped gaps between the slabs can be easily filled with concrete. Reinforcement is laid and four GI pipes are pushed lengthwise through the holes in the end. The concrete is poured and compacted simultaneously to ensure no air pockets develop around the pipes. The concrete is case very dry so that it will not collapse when the pipes are removed. The pipes are later pulled out with an electrical winch as show in figure.



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5.1.4 Precast waffle units

These provide speedy construction with an overall saving up to 10% besides avoiding shuttering work. These consist of precast concrete waffle floors/roof unit with nominal reinforcement. The shape is like an inverted trough, with square or rectangular plan having lateral dimensions up to 1.2m. Suitable for large spans over 6m in either direction, on laying in grid pattern with reinforcement and cast‐in‐situ concrete joints between them.

5.1.5 Precast cored units

These are simple to manufacture and provide a speedy and economical flush ceiling. They consist of extruded concrete section units with circular hollows and can be used up to a span of 4.2m. They can be used on floors or roofs in load‐bearing walls and framed structures.

5.1.6 Precast/ in situ thin ribbed slab

These are made from precast/in situ ribs provided at a spacing of 1.2m with a cast – in –situ RC flange. These can be used for floor/roof slabs. As the ribbed slab is thin, the roof should be treated over the slab for better thermal insulation. It is cheaper and easy to construct in comparison to conventional case in situ RCC slabs.

5.2 Walling systems

5.2.1 Cast in situ fly ash walls

Using a high fly ash mix comprising cement, lime, fly ash and sand in appropriate proportions, depending on the quality of fly ash with a pre‐measured water: cement ratio, cast‐in‐situ walls can be built. These can be cast to any thickness using a steel shuttering. By using this system 20% economy, quicker construction, good finish on both the sides of the wall and more carpet area can be achieved. Similar walls can be cast using Fal – G cement.

5.2.2 Reinforced and or grouted brick masonry

Grouted masonry is done in two widths of burnt clay brick, concrete block, or the stone units in which the interior joint called the ‘collar joint’ is filled with grout. This bonds the two widths together as well as provides the space wherein the reinforcement can be located and bonded to the surrounding masonry. The thickness of the grout between masonry units and reinforcement should not be less than a quarter inch except that steel wire reinforcement may be laid in horizontal mortar joints, which are at least twice the thickness of the wire’s diameter. Grout must be placed in a manner that it fills the entire void and does not become segregated due to improper fluidity during placement. This technology is highly suitable for earthquake‐ prone areas and multi‐storied residential construction. The details at the corner are shown in figure.



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5.2.3 Interlocking bricks or Lok bricks

The interlocking soil cement bricks are made in a CINVA‐Ram brick making machine. The rims and corresponding recesses have been raised on the lower surfaces to receive the projecting rims of the brick below (as shown in the fig).

Placing – They have narrow vertical recesses and vertical reinforcement is poured in the grout holes before pouring the grout. When cement grout is placed into them, the blocks become permanently locked together.

Advantages – These bricks are earthquake‐resistant and allows for multi‐storied construction.

Dimensions – The length is twice the breadth, the length, breadth and height are 250x125x10mm so that right angle corners can be achieved without the use of special corner blocks, and interlocking and alignment are achieved automatically. A typical single and double brick wall construction as shown in the figure.

Figure showing the rims and recesses Lok Brick: single and double brick wall in the Lok bricks for adequate bonding

5.2.4 Reinforced/hollow brick masonry

Reinforced/hollow brick masonry is used as structural members for floors, roofs, and walls and as filler blocks to replace concrete in the tensile zone. The overall dimensions available are 25x27x10.3cm with various configurations of rectangular hollows in it. These blocks are also designed separately as bond beams, joist members as well as filler blocks. The reinforcement is placed in the hollow and concreting is done over the brick.

Ratio – The maximum thickness to height ratio is 1:25, with the minimum thickness being six inches. Hollow unit masonry is a type of wall construction that consists of hollow masonry is a type of wall construction that consists of hollow masonry units set in mortar as they are laid in the wall. All units are laid with full face mortar beds, with the head or end joints filled solidly with mortar. The distance from the face of the unit should not be less than the thickness of the longitudinal face. This type of construction can also be reinforced.

Various types of hollow bricks



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5.2.5 Pre cast stone blocks

Stone blocks that are larger than normal bricks are manufactured by using waste stone pieces of various sizes with lean cement concrete, this enables a rationalizes use of locally available materials, saving cement, reducing the thickness of stonewalls and eliminating the use of plasters on internal/external surface. The thickness varies by 4, 6, 8 and 12 inches depending on the design requirements. Filling the moulds with stones and cementing

5.2.6 Pre cast concrete blocks

These are made of similar dimensions of stone blocks without large size stone pieces, but use coarse and fine graded aggregate with cement. They have excellent properties as compared to other masonry blocks. Industrial waste like cinders and cut stone pieces can be well utilized.

Load bearings – for load bearing masonry construction, these blocks are suitable for low –rise construction when used with a suitable framed RCC construction they are suitable for high‐rise residential and commercial construction.

5.2.7 Fly ash based lightweight aerated concrete walling and roofing blocks

These are manufactured by a process that involves the mixing of fly ash, quick lime or cement and gypsum, and foaming agents like aluminum powder. These are considered excellent products for walling blocks and prefab floor slabs.

5.2.8 Composite ferro cement system

This is simple to construct and is made of ferro‐cement, i.e rich mortar reinforced with chicken and welded wire mesh. These reduce the wall thickness and allow for a larger carpet area. Precast ferro cement units in a trough shape are integrated with RCC columns. Ferro cement units serve as a permanent skin unit and as a diagonal strut between columns. The inside cladding can be done with mud blocks or any locally viable material. The details of the system are given in the figure.




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6. EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT

WHY SHOULD WE USE WATER WISELY?

Four things are conspiring to make fresh water one of the most valuable commodities in the twenty‐first century:

1. increasing world populations; 2. climate change; 3. man’s ever increasing interference with the natural flow of water; 4. pollution

Introduction

As population grows, so too do the rates of water extraction and pollution. To ensure future supplies of fresh, clean water we must start to think more carefully about how we use it. Good building design can greatly reduce the amount of water we use and the degree of contamination we cause. The following fact sheets show how to use water in a sustainable way.

• Reducing water demand • Rainwater harvesting. • Storm water management • Waste water reuse

The break‐up of the water consumption pattern in a building

6.1 Reducing water demand

6.1.1 Reducing water loss

Reducing water loss in a building includes ü Conducting water audits and monitoring water use ü Identifying and checking leakages in distribution lines and ü Installing a water meter to estimate the water consumption and check leakages.



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6.1.2 Basic steps for reducing water consumption

ü Avoid water intensive appliances ü Use water efficient faucets and toilets –

Install ultra low‐flow flush toilets (flow rate of 3lt per flush), Waterless urinals, EFS‐coupled urinals (flow rate at 0.5lt per flush), Faucet aerators and low‐flow showerheads (flow rate of 9.0 Lt. per minute)

ü Water efficient toilets – Conventional toilets use 13.5 lts of water per flush. Low flush toilets are available with a flow rate of 6lt. of water per flush and Ultra low flush toilets with a flow rate of 3 lt. of water per flush.

An overall reduction of water consumption of 40%‐50% is possible due to the use of low‐flow flush toilets. Dual flush adapters can be used for standard flushing for solids and a modified smaller flush for liquids. This can result in saving of 2.2 – 4.5 lts per flush. ü Water less toilets ü Electronic flush systems ü Waterless urinals ü Sensor taps for urinals

6.1.3 Water conservation in landscape irrigation

Water conservation in landscape can be achieved by ü The use of efficient irrigation systems such as drip irrigation ü Use low flow irrigation equipment ü The use of native species and drought resistant plants

6.2 Rain water harvesting

Rain Water Harvesting is a way to capture the rain water when it rains, store that water above ground or charge the underground and use it later. This happens naturally in open rural areas. But in congested, over‐paved metropolitan cities, we need to create methods to capture the rain water. Traditionally, rainwater harvesting has been practiced in arid and semi‐arid areas, and has provided drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water levels.

6.2.1 Potential

The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is called the rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential.



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6.2.2 Influencing factors

Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting potential of a site, eco‐climatic conditions and the catchments characteristics are considered to be the most important.

a. Rainfall

i)Quantity: Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and hence, to determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchments, reliable rainfall data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years. Also, it would be far better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with comparable conditions.

ii) Pattern: The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and design for rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the dry period, the more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if the dry period is too long, big storage tanks would be needed to store rainwater. Hence in such regions, it is more feasible to use rainwater to recharge groundwater aquifers rather than for storage.

b. Catchments area characteristics

Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchments over which it falls as well as surface features. (Runoff coefficient for any catchments is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface).

Source : Pacey, Arnold and Cullis, Adrian 1989, Rainwater Harvesting: The collection of rainfall and runoff in rural areas, Intermediate Technology Publications, London

Based on the above factors the water harvesting potential of a site could be estimated using the formula given below.

Water harvesting potential = Rainfall (mm) x Area of catchments x Runoff coefficient

Type of Catchments Coefficients Roof Catchments ‐ Tiles ‐ Corrugated metal sheets

0.8‐ 0.9 0.7‐ 0.9

Ground surface coverings ‐ Concrete ‐ Brick pavement

0.6‐ 0.8 0.5‐ 0.6

Untreated ground catchments ‐ Soil on slopes less than 10 per cent ‐ Rocky natural catchments

0.0 ‐ 0.3 0.2 ‐ 0.5

Untreated ground catchments ‐ Soil on slopes less than 10 per cent ‐ Rocky natural catchments

1.0 ‐ 0.3 0.2 ‐ 0.5



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6.2.3 Harvesting System

Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two purposes

§ Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or below ground § Charged into the soil for withdrawal later (groundwater recharging)

Source: A Water Harvesting Manual For Urban Areas

6.2.4 From where to harvest rain?

Rainwater harvesting can be harvested from the following surfaces

• Rooftops: If buildings with impervious roofs are already in place, the catchments area is effectively available free of charge and they provide a supply at the point of consumption.

• Paved and unpaved areas i.e., landscapes, open fields, parks, storm water drains, roads and pavements and other open areas can be effectively used to harvest the runoff. The main advantage in using ground as collecting surface is that water can be collected from a larger area. This is particularly advantageous in areas of low rainfall.

• Water bodies: The potential of lakes, tanks and ponds to store rainwater is immense. The harvested rainwater can not only be used to meet water requirements of the city, it also recharges groundwater aquifers.

• Storm water drains:Most of the residential colonies have proper network of storm water drains. If maintained neatly, these offer a simple and cost effective means for harvesting rainwater.

6.2.5 Basic components of the roof top rain water harvesting system

• Catchments area

• Gutters and down pipes

• Leaf screens and roof washers

• Conveying systems • Water treatment

• Cisterns or storage tanks



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1. Catchments area: The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof

made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.

2. Gutters and down pipes: Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi‐ circular or rectangular

3. Leaf screens (coarse mesh) and roof washers: Coarsemesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris. 4. Conveying systems (Conduits) : Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchments or rooftop area to the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI), materials that are commonly available.

First‐flushing: A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchments surface.

Source: A water harvesting manual for urban areas

5. Water treatment (Filter) : The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharge structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration.

6. Storage facility: There are various options available for the construction of these tanks with respect to the shape, size and the material of construction. Shape: Cylindrical, rectangular and square. Material of construction: Reinforced cement concrete, (RCC), ferrocement, masonry, plastic (polyethylene) or metal (galvanised iron) sheets are commonly used.



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Position of tank: Depending on space availability these tanks could be constructed above ground, partly underground or fully underground. Some maintenance measures like cleaning and disinfection are required to ensure the quality of water stored in the container.

7. Recharge structures : Rainwater may be charged into the groundwater aquifers through any suitable structures like dugwells, borewells, recharge trenches and recharge pits. Various recharge structures are possible ‐ some which promote the percolation of water through soil strata at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable pavements) whereas others conduct water to greater depths from where it joins the groundwater (e.g. recharge wells). Here are a few commonly used recharging methods:

a. Recharge pits

A recharge pit is 1.5m to 3m wide and 2m to 3m deep. The excavated pit is lined with a brick/stone wall with openings (weep‐holes) at regular intervals. The top area of the pit can be covered with a perforated cover. Design procedure is the same as that of a settlement tank.

b. Soak ways / Percolation pit

Percolation pits, one of the easiest and most effective means of harvesting rainwater, are generally not more than 60 x 60 x 60 cm pits, (designed on the basis of expected runoff as described for settlement tanks), filled with pebbles or brick jelly and river sand, covered with perforated concrete slabs wherever necessary.

c. Recharge troughs

Source: A water harvesting manual for urban areas

To collect the runoff from paved or unpaved areas draining out of a compound, recharge troughs are commonly placed at the entrance of a residential/institutional complex. These structures are similar to recharge trenches except for the fact that the excavated portion is not filled with filter materials. In order to facilitate speedy recharge, boreholes are drilled at regular intervals in this trench. In design part, there is no need of incorporating the influence of filter materials. This structure is capable of harvesting only a limited amount of runoff.

Filter materials in a soak away



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6.3 Storm water management

“Stormwater is pure rainwater plus anything the rain carries along with it”. Stormwater should be considered a valuable resource. Its re‐use leads to water savings and reduced environmental impact. In urban areas storm water is generated by rain runoff from roof, roads, driveways, footpaths and other impervious or hard surfaces.

Stormwater is a useful resource that can replace imported water for uses where high quality water is not required, such as garden watering. There are a number of steps the homeowner can take to better manage stormwater, and reduce the environmental impact of their home.

ü Avoid cut and fill on your block when preparing the building foundations. Attempt to maintain the existing topography and drainage pattern. If you do have to cut and fill, stabilize the soil and re vegetate as soon as possible.

ü Retain vegetation, particularly deep‐rooted trees that can lower the water table, bind the soil, filter nutrients, decrease run‐off velocities, capture sediment and reduce the potential for dry land salinity.

ü Retain Stormwater on your block with permeable paving, pebble paths, infiltration trenches, soakwells, lawn, garden areas and swales.

ü Minimize impervious surfaces such as paved areas, roofs and concrete driveways.

6.4 Waste water re‐uses

On‐site wastewater re‐use provides numerous opportunities to reduce water use within the home. At present, potable (drinkable) water is used for practically everything in the house and garden. Wastewater re‐use opportunities vary according to where you live. Urban households typically have a connection to a centralized, or reticulated, sewage system, whereas rural households manage their wastewater on‐site.

“We are literally flushing our drinking water down the toilet!”

There are two types of wastewater created in a home, each of which can be treated and used in various ways.

Blackwater is water that has been mixed with waste from the toilet. Blackwater requires biological or chemical treatment and disinfection before re‐use. Black water should only be re‐used outdoors.


(2) Eco housing guidelines for tropical regions

(3) Passive Design

(4) http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/urban/Urban.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/urban/Urban.htm



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Greywater is wastewater from non‐toilet plumbing fixtures such as showers, basins and taps. Depending on its use, greywater can require less

treatment than blackwater and generally contains fewer pathogens. Treated greywater can be re‐ used indoors for toilet flushing and clothes washing, both of which are significant consumers of water. Greywater can also be used for garden watering. Grey water collection, treatment and re‐ use for toilet flushing and outdoors.

6.4.1 Calculating wastewater volume

The table below indicates the amount of wastewater you can expect from your home

after applying simple water use efficiency measures.

6.4.2 Reusing wastewater indoors

ü Greywater can be re‐used indoors for toilet flushing and clothes washing. Reusing wastewater for toilet flushing will save approximately 65 liters of potable water in an average household every day.

ü Reusing wastewater in your clothes washer will save approximately 90 liters of potable water in an average household every day. In order to re‐use greywater indoors for toilet flushing and clothes washing you will need to firstly: Separate greywater and blackwater waste streams.

Reusing wastewater outdoors

• Reusing wastewater outdoors can reduce your household’s potable water use by 30 to 50 percent. Treated wastewater can be re‐used to water gardens either by subsurface or above ground irrigation. Only treated and disinfected wastewater should be used for above ground irrigation due to potential presence of pathogens.

BLACKWATER LITRES/PERSON/DAY Toilet 22 GREYWATER LITRES/PERSON/DAY Shower 56 Hand Basin 6 Kitchen tap 12 Dishwasher 5 Laundry tap 7 Washing Machine 27 Total ‐ Greywater 113 Total ‐ Overall 135



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6.4.3 Man made systems for waste water treatment

• Conventional treatment system

• Artificial wetlands or reed bed systems

6.4.3.1 Conventional treatment system

Sewage treatment plants based on the biological process are commonly used for treating waste water. The treatment can be carried out wither in the presence of oxygen(aerobic system) or in absence of air(anaerobic system). The aerobic process involves a higher energy input and requires regular maintenance of the mechanical pats. The land requirement is also significant and requires a higher retention time. On the other hand anaerobic systems do not require higher energy input and space. The retention time is low. However the operation and maintenance of the process involves a higher technical expertise as compared to the aerobic and reed bed systems.

6.4.3.2 Artificial wetlands and reed bed systems

These are based on natural processes and are beneficial due to the simple and low operation and maintenance costs. They consist of sealed filter beds comprising a sand/gravel/soil system with wetland vegetation such as phragmites australis available in most of the lakes of India. These systems are more suitable for decentralized waste water treatment for small colonies, hotels, etc.

Components of a root zone system

• Screening chamber

• Settling tank for the sedimentation and partial biodegradation of organic matter

• Vertical root zone

treatment • Horizontal root zone treatment Root zone system for waste water treatment

Advantages of a root‐zone system compared to conventional systems

• Low capital costs

• Low operating and maintenance costs

• Non requirement of chemicals for the treatment process

• Absence of by products requiring treatment

• No requirement of high technical expertise for operation

• Effective treatment resulting in tertiary standards.



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7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Increasing urbanization and consequent rise in the generation of solid wastes in cities has made solid waste management an important area of concern. The average per capita generation of solid waste in India is 0.4kg/day. The solid waste generated in Indian cities had a higher organic content as compared to the developed countries.

7.1 Guidelines for waste minimization

The basic steps in solid waste management begin with the strategies to be adopted for waste minimization

• Use material that can minimize waste generation. For example

• Minimize the use of packaged goods and disposable items, such as paper plates,

paper cups, paper napkins, plastics etc

• Purchase refillable items to avoid packaging materials

• Use rechargeable batteries as the disposal of non‐rechargeable batteries in landfills can result in ground water contamination.

7.2 Segregation of wastes

The next stage in waste management is the segregation of collected waste for recycling and recovery of useful products. For efficient resource recovery and appropriate treatment for each section of the waste, segregation of waste at source is essential. This can be achieved through multi bin system at every waste generation source.

7.3 Resource recovery or recycling

• Explore the possibility of recycling items that can be reused.

• Avoid disposing paper and cardboard wastes along with other organic waste such as vegetable and food waste items. Facilitate recycling of these items through the local person engaged in these activities



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• Recycle glass bottles and jars, plastic bottles containers made of PET (polyethylene terephthalate), aluminum cans and foils, metallic items such as steel cans, scrap such as old pipes and appliances made of steel, copper and brass.

The treatment scheme indicating the product recovery from the waste

7.4Processing of waste

The quantity and characteristics of the solid waste determines the type of treatment system that needs to be adopted. In addition, the site and climatic conditions of a particular region also influence the decision to follow a particular system.

Treatment techniques for waste processing

The following are the different treatment techniques for waste processing

• Thermal processing

• Biological processing

• Land filling




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8. RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy sources also called non‐conventional energy, are sources that are continuously replenished by natural processes. For example, solar energy, wind energy, bio‐ energy ‐ bio‐fuels grown sustain ably), hydropower etc., are some of the examples of renewable energy sources

Most of the renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from sun and wind and can never be exhausted, and therefore they are called renewable.

However, most of the world's energy sources are derived from conventional sources‐ fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gases. These fuels are often termed non‐renewable energy sources. Although, the available quantity of these fuels are extremely large, they are nevertheless finite and so will in principle ‘run out’ at some time in the future

Renewable energy sources are essentially flows of energy, whereas the fossil and nuclear fuels are, in essence, stocks of energy

The following are the various forms of renewable energy

• Solar energy

• Wind energy

• Bio energy

• Hydro energy • Geothermal energy

• Wave and tidal energy

“A renewable energy system converts the energy found in sunlight, wind, falling‐water, sea‐waves, geothermal heat, or biomass into a form, we can use such as heat or

electricity.”



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8.1 Solar Energy

Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since prehistoric times. It is estimated that solar energy equivalent to over 15,000 times the world's annual commercial energy consumption reaches the earth every year.

“India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m 2 for 300 to 330 days in a

year. This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per square kilometre land area”.

Solar energy can be utilized through two different routes, as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes. Solar thermal route uses the sun's heat to produce hot water or air, cook food, drying materials etc. Solar photovoltaic uses sun’s heat to produce electricity for lighting home and building, running motors, pumps, electric appliances, and lighting.

8.1.1 Solar Thermal Energy Application

In solar thermal route, solar energy can be converted into thermal energy with the help of solar collectors and receivers known as solar thermal devices. The Solar‐Thermal devices can be classified into three categories:

• Low‐Grade Heating Devices ‐ up to the temperature of 100°C.

• Medium‐Grade Heating Devices ‐up to the temperature of 100°‐300°C • High‐Grade Heating Devices ‐above temperature of 300°C

Low‐grade solar thermal devices are used in solar water heaters, air‐heaters, solar cookers and solar dryers for domestic and industrial applications.

8.1.1.1 Solar water heaters

Most solar water heating systems have two main parts: a solar collector and a storage tank. The most common collector is called a flat‐plate collector (see Figure ). It consists of a thin, flat, rectangular box with a transparent cover that faces the sun, mounted on the roof of building or home. Small tubes run through the box and carry the fluid – either water or other fluid, such as an antifreeze solution – to be heated. The tubes are attached to an absorber plate, which is painted with special coatings to absorb the heat. The heat builds up in the collector, which is passed to the fluid passing through the tubes.

An insulated storage tank holds the hot water. It is similar to water heater, but larger is size. In case of systems that use fluids, heat is passed from hot fluid to the water



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stored in the tank through a coil of tubes.

Solar water heating systems can be either active or passive systems. The active system, which are most common, rely on pumps to move the liquid between the collector and the storage tank. The passive systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is heated.

8.1.2 Solar Electricity Generation

Solar Photovoltaic (PV): Photovoltaic is the technical term for solar electric. Photo means "light" and voltaic means "electric". PV cells are usually made of silicon, an element that naturally releases electrons when exposed to light. Amount of electrons released from silicon cells depend upon intensity of light incident on it. The silicon cell is covered with a grid of metal that directs the electrons to flow in a path to create an electric current. This current is guided into a wire that is connected to a battery or DC appliance.

Typically, one cell produces about 1.5 watts of power. Individual cells are connected together to form a solar panel or module, capable of producing 3 to 110 Watts power. Panels can be connected together in series and parallel to make a solar array (see Figure), which can

produce any amount of Wattage as space will allow. Modules are usually designed to supply electricity at 12 Volts. PV modules are rated by their peak Watt output at solar noon on a clear day.

Some applications for PV systems are lighting for commercial buildings, outdoor (street) lighting , rural and village lighting etc. Solar electric power systems can offer independence from the utility grid and offer protection during extended power failures. Solar PV systems are found to be economical especially in the hilly and far flung areas where conventional grid power supply will be expensive to reach.

PV tracking systems is an alternative to the fixed, stationary PV panels. PV tracking systems are mounted and provided with tracking mechanisms to follow the sun as it moves through the sky. These tracking systems run entirely on their own power and can increase output by 40%.

Back‐up systems are necessary since PV systems only generate electricity when the sun is shining. The two most common methods of backing up solar electric systems are connecting the system to the utility grid or storing excess electricity in batteries for use at night or on cloudy days.



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Performance

The performance of a solar cell is measured in terms of its efficiency at converting sunlight into electricity. Only sunlight of certain energy will work efficiently to create electricity, and much of it is reflected or absorbed by the material that make up the cell. Because of this, a typical commercial solar cell has an efficiency of 15%—only about one‐ sixth of the sunlight striking the cell generates electricity. Low efficiencies mean that larger arrays are needed, and higher investment costs. It should be noted that the first solar cells, built in the 1950s, had efficiencies of less than 4%.

Solar PV System Configuration

Solar PV systems are of three types

1. Stand alone type: these systems use electricity solely by solar PV. Normally, they have a battery to store electricity (except in pumping systems), which uses electricity as and when available to pump water. The water is then stored, if required in storage tanks.

2. Grid connected systems: these systems are directly connected to conventional electricity grids. The electricity generated is directly fed to the grid. These systems may have batteries to store electricity in the case of grid non‐availability.

3. Hybrid system solar PV systems: these systems are sometimes coupled with other power generating systems such as wind or diesel generators and are called hybrid systems.

Solar Water Pumps

In solar water pumping system, the pump is driven by motor run by solar electricity instead of conventional electricity drawn from utility grid. A SPV water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array mounted on a stand and a motor‐pump set compatible with the photovoltaic array. It converts the solar energy into electricity, which is used for running the motor pump set. The pumping system draws water from the open well, bore well, stream, pond, canal etc



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8.2 Bio energy

“Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including the by‐products from the wood industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, household wastes etc.”

Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment that is now being used for burning fossil fuels. Biomass is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas. Bio‐energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived

from biomass, is expected to become one of the key energy resources for global sustainable development.

Biogas Plants

Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow‐ dung, human waste or any kind of biological materials derived through anaerobic fermentation process. The biogas consists of 60% methane with rest mainly carbon‐di‐oxide. Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting. By‐product is usable as high‐grade manure.

A typical biogas plant has the following components: A digester in which the slurry (dung mixed with water) is fermented, an inlet tank ‐ for mixing the feed and letting it into the digester, gas holder/dome in which the generated gas is collected, outlet tank to remove the spent slurry, distribution pipeline(s) to transport the gas into the kitchen, and a manure pit, where the spent slurry is stored.

Biomass fuels account for about one‐third of the total fuel used in the country. It is the most important fuel used in over 90% of the rural households and about 15% of the urban households. Using only local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure are derived. Thus the biogas plants are the cheap sources of

energy in rural areas. The types of biogas plant designs popular are: floating drum type, fixed dome‐type and bag‐type portable digester.



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B.1.INTRODUCTION OF HIGH RISE APARTMENTS

1.1 Introduction of housing

Shelter is a basic human need next only to food and clothing.

The following are the different types of housing communities (user defined)

• Mixed housing community

• Educational housing

• Housing for old age people • Housing for industrial/IT(SEZ)

The following are the different types of housing layouts

• Residential enclaves

• Group housing

• Row housing

• Cluster housing

The following are the different house types

• Detached housing

• Semi detached housing • Courtyard housing

• Linked housing

• Terraced housing

• Town houses

• Apartments

Housing community

Housing layout

Dwelling unit(house)



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1.2 Introduction of High Rise Apartments

The vertical living had started since the beginning of urbanization. There has always been a tendency by rural population to migrate to the city for urban comforts, thus resulting in demand for accommodation in urban cities. With incomes growing and large numbers of people moving to urban areas, the demand for housing is on the upswing. Though the growing demand for accommodation has created a boom in the real estate sector, but has led to an

alarming increase in high‐rise buildings. Due to high construction costs and non‐availability of land at preferred locations, people opt for apartments. These apartments offer many advantages such as round‐the‐clock security, back‐up power supply, maintenance car‐ parking facilities and kids’ play areas. So far, so good – but multi‐storied buildings have their downside too.

"High rise buildings are the current solution to the recurring problem of shortage of space."

1.3 PRO’S & CORN’S

High rise buildings have been the subject of controversy ever since they have been constructed.

The degree of proximity had a social – cultural bearing for privacy issues, but in almost every private housing estate, surveys and interviews demonstrated that most residents have wither accepted or adapted to the trade off between privacy and convenience. Besides close proximity, as an integral element of residential developments it is also, in transport terms, a significant contributor to the compact city.

The growth of high rise buildings has mainly been promoted due to its usefulness in accommodating large number of families & business houses at one place.

Major roads in big cities are full of sorts if traffic. The resultant pollution of air & noise nuisance is gradually reduces at upper levels. The high rise buildings result in construction of lesser area per floor. This would mean that every room gets more open space for light and ventilation. There is also a definite advantage in internal planning of the more privacy due to greater distance between the adjoining buildings. Staying on upper floors offer scenic views. The roads, rivers, sea, green farms etc look beautiful when viewed from top. The view of distant objects like mountains, trees and beautiful buildings is certainly more enchanting from a height.

In a compact city, the housing estates are linked and connected with one another to benefit the connectivity of facilities. Connectivity, in layman’s terms, means convenience; its measure can be best represented by the physical distance between home and work, which in turn depends on the physical planning of and efficiency of public transport facilities.



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The children are likely to have psychological problems. Some of the parents fear to send their children downstairs for playing. These problems can be partially solved by providing an open floor at an intermediate level wherein suitable playing facilities can be provided. Besides this there are problems of dizziness and giddiness for some people while looking down.

The staying high rise buildings prevent the occupants from enjoying a private garden or courtyard. Sitting in ones own garden has a charm of its own which can never be compared even with most luxurious settings of a flat. The provision of an exclusive terrace garden in multi‐storied buildings solves the problem only partially.

A recent survey interviewed residents who lived in private and self owned apartment buildings, and revealed that the majority of them liked to live on higher floors to enjoy a better view and fresh air, rather than anywhere else, such as low rise houses in suburbs, the same survey also allayed concern over the damaging effects on children growing up in high rise apartments. Mothers were asked about the distancing and separation from the ground of high rise living that led them to their choice of vertical living – preferences for views, fresh air and the influence on young children. The majority of their replies were positive with an added explanation that artificial ground, which was a common feature on the roof of most podium decks on which residential towers sat, offered a welcome solution. The wide adoption of high density high rise living is a fact of life to meet the challenge of compact cities and continues to be an incentive for future research.

2. SITE CONSIDERATIONS

2.1 Site Characteristics

Physical characteristics of a site may impose limitations on a building program ; therefore an early analysis of site data and conditions should be undertaken by the architect in order to ascertain and evaluate such limitations . Borings and samples taken at the site will provide information regarding location and extent of rock, bearing capacity of the subsurface strata at various levels, and the level of a water table.

A survey indicating boundaries, contours, or spot elevations is necessary and, in the case of difficult sites, such a survey may indicate terrain and other conditions which will strongly influence design decisions. Limitations imposed by difficult terrain‐in addition to those imposed by local laws or ordinances may limit such items as location of driveways and parking entrances.



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2.2 Utilities

Availability, adequacy, and location of site utilities enter into basic decision making. A building or buildings may be located so as to minimize expensive service runs. Inadequacy or unavailability of certain services may require on‐site generation or disposal facilities.

2.3 Site Elements

The below diagrams possible

relationships among site layout elements which normally occur in apartment development. As suggested by the diagram, it is desirable to limit cross traffic among circulation elements such as vehicular access and pedestrian access and to maintain proximity or easy access among activity elements such as the dwelling unit, recreation, and parking. The relationships may be horizontally or vertically arranged, depending on density or tightness of a site. Emphasis on the importance of certain relationships may vary with the program; however, the basic elements and relationships remain. Building Access Figure 7 diagrams various means of building access and internal circulation, each with different advantages and degrees of suitability to specific design solutions.



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2.4 Building Orientation

Building orientation may be influenced by a number of factors such as site, view (desirable or undesirable), sun, and prevailing winds. Closely interrelated to building orientation is the question of internal circulation and floor layout of the building. Figure 8 indicates how different layouts lend themselves to solutions of site problems.

2.5 Apartment Layout

Form Plan Characteristics Merits Demerits Central Has a double

loaded corridor More accommodation

Less privacy and more noise

Open central corridor

Has a single loaded corridor, one side opening

Well lighted and ventilated

Tower Central access to flats around

compact plan usually symmetric & max floor area

Cross plan Shape cross with central access

Circular Circular Compact central access

Odd shape of dwelling units

Free form Can be any form suitable to site

More design flexibility

Irregular shaped dwelling units

Terraced form

Has a stepped external form

Open to sky terraces, good lightening and ventilation



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2.6 Open spaces and semi open spaces in apartments

Outdoor spaces used for a variety of activities are very important in the individual context. Very often these spaces are sacrificed to accommodate a large number of flats. Whenever open spaces are provided they are not appropriately designed to soil, the needs of the people. These lacks of open spaces discourage the social, cultural and economic activities which can take place anywhere.

• Courtyards, setbacks, corridors, staircases, parking lots are usually the various interpretations of open/semi open spaces at back level.

• Open/semi open spaces are interpreted in the form of balconies and terraces in apartments at the unit level.

• Due to certain inevitabilities like space constraints and the buildings attitude purely open spaces are hard to achieve. Hence the balconies semi‐open spaces become the object of focus.

• In apartment, the balcony serves as the sole nexus between the inhabitants and the surrounding environment, which is a crucial factor in the life of a man. Hence the optimum location of physical space and the right interpretation of a balcony would enhance the following activities.

• The physical, visual and psychological links between the balcony and the closed spaces is an important factor determines its usage. Apart form the usual design consideration specific aspects like visual access in and out of degree of enclosure affects the balcony to some extent.

2.7 Circulation

They are basically in two ways vertical and horizontal. Staircase, ramps, lifts come under vertical circulation. Corridor, lobby, open spaces come under horizontal circulation.

• Staircases: a well placed and designed stair should be provided as easy quick and safe mode of communication between various floors. It should be located so that sufficient height and ventilation is ensured in the stairway. Width of the staircase varies with the situations, the purpose, no of people using the means.

• Ramps: ramps with a slope not more than one in a ten may be substituted for stairways the maximum width of ramps in residential shall be 2m.

• Elevators: for above 15m high building lifts has to be provided. Capacity of lifts preferred for apartments is 08‐13 numbers of persons. Minimum dimensions are 8’x5’.

• Horizontal circulation: aisle width is 1980mm, subsidiary aisle is 990mm.

• Width of lobby having: lifts on one side – 1.8 m– 3.7 m Lifts on two sides – 3m 0 3.6 m



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2.8 Earthquakes

The earthquake shocks because a movement of ground this movement causes the structure to vibrate. The predominant direction of vibration is horizontal. The effect of the vertical force is practically negligible compared to the horizontal force.

For the purpose of determine seismic forces the country is divided into 5 zones. Zone one is the least affected area and covers most of the deccan trap area and portion of Rajasthan and Orissa. The most severe zones cover Assam, Kashmir and part of Bihar and Kutch. Hyderabad comes under zone one and its basic horizontal coefficient is o.o1

2.9 Wind loads

The wind pressure results in the horizontal thrust on building. Higher the building more is the effect of wind. The basic wind pressure in India varies dorm 60kg. Sq.mt up to a height of 30m. The east coast of the country comes under the highest category. The pressure on west coast varies from 100‐150kg.sq.mt. the influence of a severe storm after striking the cost does not exceeded beyond 65‐75km and thus practically all the interior parts of the country fall under 60kq.sq.mt category. The effect of wind on a tall structure is show in the figure, if h is less than 2a the stability calculations can be ignored for wind pressure.

3. Essential amenities

ü Adequate car parking: an efficient rapid transit system must be developed to bring committers to this central commercial district. If this facility is not provided there is a tendency to use private cars and parking could be a serious problem.

ü Wide & elegant entrance: the entrance of a building is the first impression on a visitor. In a high rise building it assumes greater significance because of the larger number of occupants and visitors. An elegant entrance adds a great deal to the prestige of the building.

ü Letter box: a space for letter box for each flat should preferably be provided in the entrance. A time will soon come in our country when it will be too expensive for the postal authorities to deliver letters in every individual flat in a high building.

ü Lift corridor lobbies: if budget permits these items should also be given proper treatment. The dado around lift must be of durable material as most of the visitors are prone to relax by putting their hands on it while waiting for the elevator.

ü Society cum administrative office. The maintenance & management of a high rise building requires some administrative staff. A small office is necessary to house this staff. It can also serve as the office of the co‐operative society of the premises.



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ü Store room: It is necessary for storage of materials such as electric bulbs, brooms, plumbing & electric appliances & tools etc, required for day to day maintenance. The room can be made large enough to accommodate tricycles, bicycles & scooters of small children. This will avoid for them the trouble of bringing these things down frequently from upper floor flats.

ü Intermediate open floor: this can be put to various uses in a high rise building. It partially solves the problem of small children to go down all the way to the ground for playing. It can be an ideal place for indoor games. Social gatherings can also be planned on this floor.

ü Terrace: this is always an asset in a high‐rise building because of the excellent view, open atmosphere & cool breeze. It can be a permanent source of income in commercial buildings if utilized. An attached terrace to a flat is perhaps the biggest asset in countries having tropical climate. It is an ideal place to have a small private garden where sitting is a pleasure.

ü Community facilities : many housing developments and neighborhoods that appear stable and desirable considered owning a portion of credit to the ancillary community facilities for recreation.

Balconies are very popular in tropical countries because it provides a feeling of openness to the occupants. It also provides a facility to enjoy outside view for the individual as well as for a group as a whole. It helps in shading the inner living rooms from the vagaries of nature.

Lack of sound insulation between apartments pose restrictions on the freedom of families. Very often there are visitors in groups, which create more noise. To reduce this disturbance the common wall between the two apartments should have a sound insulation property. Drying of clothes present a special problem in flats, especially during monsoon months when relative humidity is very high. If space permits, a balcony or verandah large enough to accommodate the clothes should be provided. Sometimes a common facility is also provided in the basement of a building.

Many times the ordinary peephole provided in a main entrance is not preferred by flat owners. Some conservation is necessary with a stranger before allowing him to enter the flat. An additional open type door is provided to over come this difficulty.



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4. Services

4.1 Water supply

The water distribution system needs elaborate planning in high rise buildings. Faulty planning can lead to uneven distribution & excess wear & tear of fittings & pipes. In order to ensure continuous water supply the most common method adopted is to feed the municipal water into an underground water storage tank from where it is pumped to overheard storage tanks on the terrace.

The main problem in high rise buildings is the excess water pressure for lower floor occupants. This pressure gradually reduces on upper floors. The higher the building the more is the differential pressure and subsequent unequal distribution of water. In order to minimize this unequal distribution and excessive pressure on lower floors the following methods are adopted

• The diameter of the pipe is gradually reduced as we go lower. This reduces the quantity of water available to lower floor occupants.

• Pressure reducing valves are introduced on lower floors for more than 30‐35m head of water to reduce the water pressure.

• Separate lines are used for every 4‐5 floors. If the same line is used for the entire building then the upper floor occupants will find it difficult to get adequate quantity of water when the lower floor occupants open the taps.

4.2 Drainage

4.2.1 Conventional system (two pipe system)

This system is adopted to carry waste and other discharges form kitchens, w.c’s, bathrooms etc consists of two pipes where in the soil pipe conveys discharges from w.c’s & urinals and the waste pope conveys water from kitchen and bathrooms. Beside this vent pipe is used to provide flow of air to or from drainage or to provide circulation of air within such systems to protect trap seal from sponge and black flow. The usual custom in India is to provide a partially vented system which ventilates only traps of water closets.

4.2.2 One pipe system & single stack system

In this system a single pipe is used to carry both types of discharges the vent pope provides ventilation to the traps of water closets, basin etc

In single stack system the vent pope is also eliminated and only one pipe serves as soil, waste and vent pope. For the use in high rise buildings it has to be designed and constructed properly. Besides, it gives much lesser latitude to architects in the location of



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sanitary appliances. There are also limitations to the lengths of horizontal branch lines which can be connected to it & the maximum number of fixtures to be attached to each floor.

4.3Fire safety

There are two important aspects of fire safety in high rise buildings

A. This would pertain to design & construction features. This will involve the following

• The structure must remain rigid and intact throughout fire.

• Smoke control is a very important element in the provision of safety

• There must be a circulation system for people, including safe travel & safe areas of refuge in case of very tall buildings.

B. This would pertain to special appliances & equipments to be provided within the building. This will consist of the following

• Fire fighting appliances & facilities within the building since the fire department mist operate internally.

• Emergency communications & control systems providing sufficient information for occupants & fire fighting squad such as data on fire, its location etc.

• There should be adequate maintenance securing a proper & reliable functioning of all the mechanical & electrical appliances in the building throughout its life.

4.3.1 Fire fighting pump & extra water storage tank

An exclusive water supply within the high rise building is usually provided for fighting for immediate use till the municipal supply is secured. The capacity of the tank is dependent upon the size of the building & may vary from 45,000 to 20,00,000lts. The supply may be stored at the ground level or at an upper level. If provided at the ground level, the water in the fire tank should be under circulation.

There is a necessary to avoid mosquito breeding. The regular domestic & flushing supply is fed through the over flow of the tank. A special pump is provided on the fire tank & a 100‐150mm diameter pope serves as a delivery line for this pump. This delivery line runs up to the topmost story of the building. Water is pumped @ of 1200 to 1400. Its of water per minute under a pressure of 1.4 to 3.2 kg/sq.cm. On the top most floor of the building. The delivery line known as the wet or dry riser is usually located in the main staircase lobby of the building with an outlet on each floor. A hose pipe is provided on each floor in a glass cupboard for spraying water.



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4.3.2 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

Integral part of any fire protection system is the five alarm systems. Fire experts say” the first five minutes are more important than next five hours”. With the help of proper fire alarm systems, it is possible to fight the fire in initial stage. The heat and smoke detectors which can detect the fires in its initial stage are used as alarms. They should use alarm on all the panels. An indicator panel on each floor is installed near the staircase or lift lobby. In the case of very tall buildings it is necessary to have a panel on the ground floor which will indicate the floor, on which the fire alarm button is pressed.

4.4 Garbage disposal

Collection and disposal of solid waste also, create a special problem in high rise buildings. Until now in most buildings constructed in India, the conveying has been done manually along the staircase or lifts. This system is very cumber some, in sanitary and increasingly expensive with higher cost of labor every year.

Chute system

In the more developed countries a chute system is adopted where all the refuse is collected on the ground floor and many times utilized as a source d energy by burning it in incinerator.

4.5 Telecommunications

In apartment complex wiring for telephone connection is done in a concealed manner through conduits. An inter‐com facility among the neighboring flats and within a flat is provided. To provide this private automatic branch is installed where all the external lines coming to the apartment and they are connected to internal lines through a switching arrangements.

4.6 Central gas systems

This system supplies gas in the form of piped gas which is stored as bulk LPG under pressure in liquid form, is evaporated and through pressure regulator it is passed through pipe distribution network buried in the ground. Distribution is one through service pipe connections.


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MULTI STORIED BUILDING REGULATIONS

High‐Rise building” means a building 18 meters or more in height. Buildings less than 18 m including stilt floor/parking floor stand excluded from the definition of high‐rise buildings.

1.1 Requirements for high rise buildings:

• High Rise buildings / Complexes shall be permissible only in areas other than those given in Annexure I and II. High Rise buildings shall not be allowed in Congested areas/existing areas and settlement areas/ Abadi /Gram khantam areas.

• The minimum size of plot for High Rise building shall be 2000 sq. m. For buildings in the Skyscraper zone as given in Annexure III, the minimum plot size shall be 4000 sq m

• The building bulk, coverage and height shall be governed by the minimum alround setbacks to be left, the organised open spaces to be left and the height restrictions imposed by the Airport authority (if applicable) / Defence authorities (if applicable) and Fire Services Department and the City‐level Impact fee on built up area

The minimum abutting road width and all round open space for High rise Building / Complex shall be as follows:

Height of building Minimum abutting road width required ( in metres)

Minimum alround open space on remaining sides (in metres) *

(1) (2) (3) Up to 21 mt. 12.2 7 Above 21 mt. & upto 24 mt 12.2 8 Above 24 m & up to 27 m 18 9 Above 27 m & upto 30 m 18 10 Above 30 m & up to 35 m 24 11 Above 35 m & upto 40 m 24 12 Above 40 m & up to 45 m 24 13 Above 45 m & upto 50 m 30 14 Above 50 m 30 16

ü The abutting road has to be black‐topped with minimum 2 –lane carriageway. Service roads where required as per these Rules shall be minimum 7 m wide with minimum 2‐lane black topped carriageway.

ü For upper floors from 2nd floor onwards, the balcony projection of up to 2 m may be allowed projecting onto the open spaces.



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(i) The open space to be left between two blocks shall be equivalent to the open space mentioned in Column (3) of above Table IV.

(ii) In case of high rise buildings upto 30 m height, it is permitted to transfer upto two metres of setback from one side to the other side, which needs to be uniform at any given point, subject to maintaining of minimum setback of 7 m on all sides.

(iii) Where the lighting and ventilation of a building is through the means of a chowk or inner courtyard or interior open space/duct, such open space shall be open to sky and of area at least 25 sq m and no side shall be less than 3 m.

1.2 Restrictions of building activity in vicinity of certain areas:

(a) No building/ development activity shall be allowed in the bed of water bodies like river, or nala, and in the Full Tank Level (FTL) of any lake, pond, cheruvu or kunta / shikam lands.

(b) The above water bodies and courses shall be maintained as recreational/Green buffer zone, and no building activity other than recreational use shall be carried out within:

(i) 30 meters from the boundary of Lakes of area 10 Ha and above;

(ii) 9 meters from the boundary of lakes of area less than 10 Ha / kuntas / shikam lands;

(iii) 9 meters from the boundaries of Canal, Vagu, etc.

(iv) 2 meters from the defined boundary of Nala

The above shall be in addition to the mandatory setbacks.

Unless and otherwise stated, the area and the Full Tank Level (FTL) of a lake / kunta shall be reckoned as measured or given in the Survey of India topographical maps/Irrigation Dept.



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1.3 Floor Area Ratio

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for all occupancies.

Plot size sqm. Proposed road width Below 12 m 12 to

Below 18 m

18 to below 24 m

24 to below 36 m

36 m and above road along the spine

1 Less than 500 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 500 to less

than 1000 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

3 1000 and less than 2500

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5

4 2500 and above

2.25 2.25 2.25 2.5 No limit

Parts of buildings exempted from FAR Computation:

The following shall be excluded from the calculation of FAR:

ü Area of fire escape stairways and cantilever fire escape passages according to the Fire Officer’s requirements.

ü Area under stilts up to a clear height (i.e. between floor and ceiling) of 2.4m to 3.6m.If the clear height exceeds 3.6m. the area under stilts will be considered for FSI computation.

ü Area under structures like biogas plants, effluent water treatment plants, solar water heating system, sewage treatment plants, and street lighting systems, air conditioning plant rooms, electric substations et.

ü Refuse area, Fire escape passages in the case of industrial and public assembly buildings up to a width of 2m.If the width is more than 2m. the additional covered area shall be considered for FSI computation.

ü Areas covered by Lofts, Meter rooms, Porches, Canopies, it provided in accordance with these Regulations.

ü Area covered by lift and passage to in building. ü Area covered by staircase flights and floor landings. ü Service floor. ü Basements if used for Parking / Ac plant / electric substation. ü Area of office of a co‐operative housing society or apartment owner’s association upto 30

sqm. per society/plot. ü Cabin for security staff.

ü Besides areas allocated for parking in the stilts or basements/service floor, the Exempted areas shall not exceed 10% for Residential Zones and 15 % for non Residential Zones



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1.4 Individual residential buildings

Plot area in sq.mt Max. permissible ground coverage Below 500 60% 500 and below 2500 50% 2500 and above 40% of plot are

1.5 Height of buildings

• There is no restriction to building height in cyberabad provided that the buildings above 15 m should have adequate fire safety measures such as sprinkler systems, fire escape staircases as per NBC.

• Irrespective of its location any building or tower structure exceeding 25m in height require a NOC from airport authority and fire department and margin of at least 9m all round.

• The height of any multi‐storied building permitted under these regulations shall not exceed 30m.

1.6 Provision of greenery:

• In every high rise building site, an organized open space which shall be utilized as greenery, tot lot or soft landscaping, etc. shall be provided over and above the mandatory open spaces to be left in and around the building. This space shall be at least 10% of total site area and shall be a minimum width of 3mts. This may be in one or more pockets and shall be open to sky.

• In addition to the above, a minimum 2 m wide green planting strip in the periphery on all sides within the setbacks are required to be developed and maintained greenery and trees in all high rise building sites.

• Rain water structure shall be provided in the prescribed manner within the setbacks.

1.7 Parking

• For plot of area below and above 100 sq.m the car parking is 1 car per flat.

• In multi family residential 30% of parking of total built up area.

• 15% of total parking for visitors parking to be provided on ground.



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1.8 Fire norms

• For building above 15 m in height non‐combustible material shall be used for construction.

• Width of the road should be 12m

• Road shall not end in a dead end.

• Compulsory open spaces around the building shall not be used for parking.

• Adequate passage way of 4.5m shall be provided for the entry of the fire fighting vehicles and the headroom of an arch r opening a the entrance shall not be less than 5m.

• Above 24m height and not exceeding 35m one wet riser cum down comer per 1000m2 floor area. The riser shall be fully charged with adequate pressure and be automatic.

• Underground static tank capacity should be 10,000lts.

• Terrace tank capacity should be 20,000lts

• Alternate source of power supply shall be provided to drive pumps.

• Up to 24m height size of ventilation shaft 5.4sq.mt

Various room details in a dwelling unit



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DESK CASE STUDY –

K2 APARTMENTS

Project details

Location: Raleigh Street, Windsor, Melbourne Developer: The Department of Human Services, Office of Housing, Property Services & Asset Management. Architect: DesignInc Melbourne Builder: Hansen Yuncken Site Area: 4,800m2 Site Content: 96 units, community room and 52 car parks Completion Date: February 2007



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INTRODUCTION K2 Apartments is an ecologically sustainable, medium density public housing

development located at Raleigh Street, Windsor.

• The design embodies the philosophy of integrating sustainable architecture into the conceptual basis of the design – not just as an added extra.

• The primary ecological objectives of the project were to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption, and to design for longevity through the use of reusable and recycled materials. True sustainability takes into account far more than energy and water savings.

• The approach taken with the K2 Apartments was to combine the notion of a healthy building and environment.

• The project considered the social and economic aspects of sustainability to be as important as the natural environmental aspects.

SITE PLANNING

Urban Context

• Pedestrian access was given priority over vehicles, and sustainable landscaping was integrated into public and private courtyards.

• Display panels were integrated into a street accessed “urban courtyard”.

• Solar access was carefully controlled, both in terms of site spaces and

surrounding buildings.

Site Plan

• First principle passive solar design led to the expression of four connected buildings on the 4800m2 site.

• The buildings are oriented on an east west axis to allow for maximum northern exposure, and were staggered on the site to allow for the creation of a series of public and private courtyard spaces.

• The height of the four buildings and the distance between the front and back pairs was carefully calculated to ensure that all units received northern sun all year round.

Green Spine • The four buildings are linked by a shared ‘Green Spine’. Likened to a central nervous

system, the spine integrates the functional and social aspects of the proposal.

• It was designed to emphasize community awareness and promote the sustainable functions of the building



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BUILDING FORM

• Each facade responds to its orientation and function. North facades combine balconies with solid bedroom walls while south walls integrate privacy screens with circulation.

• Facade and roof ‘pod’ forms were angled for optimal solar panel placement as well as being self shading to levels below.

• Dwellings were designed with single loaded access walkways that allow cross ventilation through all the units.

• High levels of exposed internal thermal mass, combined with high levels of insulation, double glazing and appropriately designed shading enable a tight building fabric to minimize heat loss and gain through the envelope.

• The extensive exposed thermal mass provides internal thermal stability by naturally moderating the air temperature

PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN

• By optimizing the building form, orientation and circulation, thermal modeling showed that comfortable conditions could be expected for most of the year.

• Additional heating has also been provided by means of a central gas fired hydronic natural

convector system that provides a better indoor air quality, lower energy consumption and reduces chance of burns and risk of gas leaks in the units.

• While the units are naturally ventilated, a centrally located internal fan and roof level ventilators help purge excess heat build up in extreme conditions.

WATER SYSTEMS

• A treated grey water reticulation supply system recycles water for irrigation and toilet flushing.

• Roof water is collected from all roof surfaces and stored in central water tanks. This water is used to supplement mains supply for domestic hot water.

• This is equal to a reduction of 40% in the

total runoff from the site to the council system. A wet down pipe system eliminates the need for any pumping to the tanks.



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• The rainwater is sterilized and pumped to two domestic hot water plants to supplement water supply.

• Water efficient fittings and fixtures are specified to minimize water consumption.

• Landscape treatments are used as a natural filter for storm water.

• Grey water is collected from buildings 3 and 4 and treated for reuse in toilet flushing and garden watering.

• Water smart landscaping principles include the use of hardy native plants, planning to

maximize water filtration, mulched garden beds with no lawn, and a water efficient drip irrigation system.

ENERGY

• Photovoltaic (PV) and flat plate solar collectors are located on the north facing roofs and pod facades. The flat plate

• solar collector array has been sized to achieve at least 50% of the domestic hot water demand, with the 130m2 collector area determined by balancing practical considerations of available roof space and system cost.

• Efficient lighting systems, individual metering and energy efficient lifts contribute to

reduced overall energy consumption.

• The photovoltaic panels contribute 10% of the base building load.

LIFE CYCLE & MATERIALS

A total life cycle approach to material selection was taken including the consideration of embodied energy, biodiversity, waste, end of life reuse/recyclability, robustness and toxicity to human occupants, manufacturers and to the environment.

LANDSCAPE

• The design of the key public spaces and connections was developed with unique, practical and cost‐effective environmentally sustainable landscape design.

• The gardens link to the buildings and systems via reuse of treated grey water for irrigation and initial storm water absorption.

• A variety of planting was chosen to suit the varying solar access across the site and includes deciduous and evergreens for passive solar or screening capabilities.


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CASE STUDY –1 RETREAT BUILDING

Project Details

Building/Project Name: RETREAT

Site Address: Gual Pahari, Gurgoan

Building Type: Institutional

Architects: Sanjay Prakash & TERI

Covered Area: 3000 sq.mts

Year of start & completion: '97‐‘00

INTRODCUTION

RETREAT (Resource Efficient TERI Retreat for Environmental Awareness and Training) is TERI’s vision realized—the vision of building a sustainable habitat, which is not just the first of its kind in this part of the world, but also one that inspires many such habitats to be created in the future. Built as a model training complex, RETREAT demonstrates efficient utilization of energy, sustainable, and integrated use of both natural resources and clean and renewable energy technologies, and efficient waste management.

Basically, three important things were considered in the creation of the complex. • Firstly, the functionality of the building, and trying to see how energy is used in it. • Secondly, the design of the complex minimizes demands of energy in the building by

architectural intervention through passive concepts like solar orientation, latticework for shading, insulation, and landscaping.

• Thirdly, the space‐conditioning and lighting demands are met through energy‐ efficient systems whereas the electric energy demands are fulfilled by renewable energy sources.

What makes RETREAT unique is its total independence of the city’s grid system and near‐complete freedom from city services and infrastructure. Interestingly, energy planning in the building has led to a reduced load of 96 kW (peak) from a conventional 280 kW (peak), showing a saving of 184 kW (peak).



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PASSIVE DESIGNING FOR LOAD REDUCTION

Various passive design concepts have resulted in reduction of space conditioning loads by 10%–15%. Building envelope efficiency, which result in lowering of space‐ conditioning loads, was achieved by adoption of various passive techniques as listed below.

• The roof is insulated by using vermiculite concrete and China mosaic white finish. Walls are insulated by using expanded polystyrene insulation.

• Part of the building is sunken into ground in order to take advantage of ground storage and thus stabilize internal temperature.

• Shading devices and fenestration have been adequately designed to cut off summer sun and to let in winter sun.

• Glare‐free daylight has been adequately provided in the conference hall, library, and recreation hall through use of specially designed skylights.

• Landscaping has been adequately designed so that wind directions are favorably altered. Deciduous trees are used in the southern side of the building to shade the

building during summer. During winter, the trees would shed their leaves thus letting in winter sun.

• The building is oriented along the east–west axis so as to have maximum exposure along north and south.

• Architecturally, the building is consciously freed from the confines of a strict orientation in order to demonstrate that though energy‐conscious architecture needs to be somewhat oriented, the orientation need not be rigid and interesting patterns can be formulated for architectural purposes.

• In RETREAT, the north block is made slightly concave towards the front, while the south block forms a hybrid convex surface facing the winter sun.

• The points of the south block broadly fall on the surface of large imaginary cones that generated the slightly free geometry and this allows the architecture to break away from the grid iron approach that is associated with ‘solar architecture’ normally.



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ENSURING A SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY OF ENERGY TERI’s Gual Pahari campus is intended to

serve as a model of sustainable habitat based on new and clean technologies. Therefore, it makes full use of the most abundant source of energy, namely the sun, by tapping the sun’s energy in different ways, both directly and indirectly. Some of the innovative ways of tapping solar energy and using energy more efficiently at RETREAT are

(1) Solar water heater, (2) PV (photovoltaic) panels,

(1)An array of 24 solar water heaters forms a part of the parapet wall of the living quarters. The system can deliver up to 2000 liters of hot water (at 65 °C) every day.

(3) Gasifier, (4) Waste water recycling, and

(5) Underground earth tunnels

(3) The building is powered by a PV‐gasifier hybrid system. Firewood, dried leaves, twigs, and crop residues after the harvest and such other forms of biomass fuel the 50 kW gasifier. The 10.7‐kW (peak) roof‐integrated PV system generates power from solar energy. The power available from both the gasifier and the systems is managed and controlled with the help of a building management system. The excess power generated from the sources goes o charge the battery bank. During the night, the loads are met by the 900 amphours/ 240 V battery bank.



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ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS

The living quarters (the south block) are maintained at comfortable temperatures (approximately between 20 °C and 30 °C) round the year by circulating naturally conditioned air using earth air tunnel system, supplemented with a system of absorption chillers powered by LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) in humid season and air‐washer in dry summers. Underground structures are not exposed to the sun and thus do not heat up as much. Secondly, the surrounding earth insulates them, which helps in maintaining a more or less constant temperature. Temperatures recorded at roughly 4 m below the surface show that they are stable and reflect the average annual temperature of a place.

Underground earth tunnel Handling unit Outlet chimneys Outlet for hot air in rooms

However, the cooler air underground needs to be circulated in the living space. Each room in the south block has a ‘solar chimney’; warm air rises and escapes through the chimney, which creates an air current: the cooler air from the underground tunnels rushes in to replace the warm air. Two blowers installed in the tunnels speed up the process. The same mechanism supplies warm air from the tunnel during winter.



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WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste water from the RETREAT is recycled using the root zone technique. It is a natural waste water treatment process based on aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of the contents in the roots of the reeds (phragmytes) and microbial organisms. The process is natural, economical, and efficient and gives quality treated water. This water is used for irrigation. The entire area is proposed to have water harvesting and watershed management.

A great deal of thought and planning has gone into the construction of RETREAT, but it is not just a facility: it is a concrete reaffirmation of TERI’s faith in its research and of its commitment to sustainable development—it is TERI’s gift to humankind in the 21st century.


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CASE STUDY –2

HILL RIDGE SPRINGS

Project Details

Building/Project Name: IVR PRIME Hill Ridge Springs

Site Address: Gachibowli, Hyderabad

Building Type: Residential (Apartments)

Architects:

Covered Area: 17.5 Acres

Site Plan

Orientation: The facing of the site is towards NW direction

Terrain: The site is undulated

Shape of the site: The site is a almost a perfect rectangle

Site approach: There is only one main entry to the site (SW – direction) , and there are no special service entry or exit from the site.



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Project features:

• HOUSING TYPES :

TYPE OF APARTMENTS(BLOCK)

NO. OF FLOORS

NO.OF FLATS NO. OF TOWERS

TOTAL NO. OF FLATS

2 Bedroom G + 10 32 3 102

3 Bedroom G + 13 40 8 336

4 Bedroom G + 10 20 1 20

4 Bedroom Duplex G + 10 16 4 72

• • • • •

• AMINTIES : Floating gardens, Two acres of lush green park with water bodies &

fountains, Jogging track, Clubhouse comprising of swimming pools, Gymnasium, Children's play area, Banquet lawns, Indoor games, Basket ball & Tennis court, Restaurants, Laundry & General Store.

Club house Swimming Pool Badminton Courts

Percentage of Areas

• Total built up area : 53%

• Roads & Pathways : 24.3%

• Landscaping & open areas : 22.7%



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C A S E

S T U D I E S

CONNECTIVITY & HIERARCHY OF SPACES

Connectivity in site Semiprivate Interconnectivity Public area connectivity

• Connectivity of Blocks: As the site is not leveled all the blocks are connected at first floor level and the basement is used for parking. So the pathways connecting the blocks are located in the first floor.

• Connectivity in Blocks : In each block (tower) there are two passenger lifts and two staircases



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C A S E

S T U D I E S

ARRANGEMENT OF BLOCKS

• The blocks are arranged in linear and alternate rows where they create a courtyard space between two blocks.

• According to the type of apartments the blocks are arranged so that they form a small cluster or community.

• Because of the courtyard type of layout there is ample of ventilation on all the four sides of the block.

• The lawn in between these blocks is of area 102’ * 86’

• The landscaping design of each lawn is different.

SERVICES

The following are the services provided in the site:

• Fire safety systems – sprinkler in parking, hoses & fire extinguishers in the flats and near stair cases.

• Electricity & Generator back up ‐ In case of power cut there is a generator in each block and the generators run on diesel.

• Telephone and internet facilities ‐ The telephone connections of all the flats, which has an intercom facility. This is located in the ground floor of a tower. VSNL is the internet cable operator for the entire site. Both the telephone and the internet connections are located in same room



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C A S E

S T U D I E S

• Water supply systems – DRINKING WATER ‐ The drinking water storage tank is of 5 lakhs liters capacity,

where the source of water is Municipal water, as this amount of water system is not sufficient they are also depending on the underground water. There are two bores where about 1lakh liter of water is being extracted per day. And the total consumption of water in site is about 5lakh per day.

COLLECTION OF WASTE WATER ‐ The waste water that is collected from the entire site is about 5lakh liters. Almost all the water is getting collected, treated and stored as there is a lot of water shortage in the site during the summer season. The waste water is collected from the flats – bathroom water, kitchen water etc, and the rain water from the roofs (terrace) streets, roads & pathways. The water is treated in water plant and reused.

USAGE OF TREATED WATER –

• The treated water is mostly used for the landscaping.

• There is a two pipe system used in this township where from one pipe water to the bathroom sinks, kitchen etc is send and from the other pipe the treated water is send for the flushing.

• Thus some amount of water is being saved and the treated water is being used in a better way.

• The treated water is used in case of fire where about 2.5 lakhs of water is being

stored. • The treated excess water is being sent to the municipal drainage.



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C A S E

S T U D I E S

CASE STUDY –3

SILICON COUNTY

Project Details

Building/Project Name: Silicon County

Site Address: Hitec City Road, Hyderabad

Building Type: Residential (Apartments)

Architects:

Covered Area: 11 acres

Site Plan

Orientation: The site is oriented to south direction

Terrain: The site is undulated

Shape of the site: The site is a almost a perfect rectangle

Site approach: There is a main entry to the site from the South direction, and there is an exit exactly parallel to the main entry.



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C A S E

S T U D I E S

Project features:

• HOUSING TYPES :

TYPE OF APARTMENTS(BLOCK) NO. OF FLOORS

NO. OF TOWERS

TOTAL NO. OF FLATS

APLHA BLOCK ‐ 3 Bedroom G + 8 6 96

BETA BLOCK ‐ 3 Bedroom Duplex G + 8 6 48

GAMA BLOCK ‐ 4 Bedroom Duplex G + 8 2 18

Alpha Blocks Beta Blocks Gama Blocks

• RECREATIONAL /AMINTIES :

General store, laundry, CLUB HOUSE ‐ Swimming pool, Health club with gymnasium, Shuttle badminton courts and squash Courts, Cards Rooms ,Billiards Table and Table Tennis, Library ,Air‐Conditioned auditorium, Beauty parlor ,Restaurant, Meditation Hall, Yoga Center & Children play area.

Club House Swimming Pool Restaurant

Percentage of Areas

• Total built up area : 50% • Roads & Pathways : 34.3%

• Landscaping & open areas : 15.7%



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C A S E

S T U D I E S

CONNECTIVITY & HEIRARCHY OF SPACES

ARRANGMENT OF BLOCKS

The blocks are arranged around a central courtyard green space for more ventilation and create interaction space; the distance between any two blocks is 5mts.



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S T U D I E S

SERVICES

The following are the services provided in the site: ( ALL THE SERVICES MAIN UNITS ARE PROVIDED

IN THE BASEMENT FLOOR OF ALPHA BLOCK)

1. Fire safety systems – sprinkler in parking, hoses & fire extinguishers in the flats and near stair cases.

2. Electricity & Generator back up – In case of power cut there is a generator in each block which, its an automatic system & the generators are run on diesel

3. Telephone and internet facilities ‐ The telephone connections of all the flats, which

has an intercom facility. This is located in the ground floor of ALPHA BLOCK 4. Gas Supply ‐ There is a Central gas supply system provided in the site. There is a

small gas go down which consists of 20 gas cylinders from which the gas is being supplied. The beside pictures shows the picture of gas meter which is attached below the range. This is located in the ground floor of ALPHA BLOCK.

5. Water Treatment Plant – 1. The total waste water produced from the site is about 3lakh liters but only 1.5 lakhs

liters of water is being treated and the rest in drained out from the site. 2. The water is collected from the silicon county and silicon towers, it is stored in a

collection tank, where air is sent into the tank for the growth of bacteria and then collected into clarified tank and then the water is filtered in four stages

1. Sand filter,

2. Carbon filter,

3, UV filter &

4. Softener.

3. Thus purified water is being used in the chilling towers of the silicon towers.

Collection Blowers Various Filters



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S.NO

REQUIREMEN TS

STANDARDS CASE STUDY 1 HILL RIDGE

VILLA

CASE STUDY 2 SILICON COUNTY

INFERENCE

1 LOCATION & SITE

SURROUNDING S

Should be located in a

residential area and close to basic amenities like bank, school etc

Located in a institutional area,

there are no basic amenities

near by

Located in a commercial area and the proximity to basic amenities

is very close

Preferred in a residential area if not should be located at place where the basic amenities are near by

2 SITE APPROACH & ORIENTATION

Should be w.r.to the main

approach road to the site

Oriented in S.W direction and the main road runs through S.W

Oriented in South direction and the main road runs through South

The site should be located to the main

road

3 SHAPE OF SITE Rectangular, square

Rectangular Rectangular Depends

4 SITE ENTRIES & EXIT

Single/double Single Double Separate site entry n site exit would be

better 5 SHAPE OF

BLOCKS Circular, free

form, square etc “H” &” I” shaped

block Rectangular &

square Depends

6 ARRANGEMENT OF BLOCKS

The distance between two

blocks should be half the height of

the block in whatever way

they are arranged

Blocks are arranged in linear

series and alternate rows & distance between 2 blocks is half of

ht of block

Blocks are arranged to form a square shape with a courtyard in the centre n the distance between the

blocks is less than half of the ht of

the block

The arrangement of blocks of hill ridge villa

is more proper in aspects of ventilation and more open spaces

7 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN BLOCKS

There is a unified path connecting all the blocks in the entire site

(bridge)

There is no unified path connecting all

the blocks in the entire site

It would be better to have a unified path connecting all the

blocks in the entire site for better connectivity

and convenience 8 AMINITIES Play school,

laundry, super market, public parking, parlor, restaurant, club

house etc.

It has all the amenities other than play school and super market

and less commercial area

It has all the amenities other than play school

and less commercial area

The major requirements of a community are

commercial area which is not proper in both

the cases which should be considered

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9. SERVICES Water supply & sanitation Water treatment plant Electricity and generator Fire safety Telephone & Internet Gas supply

Drinking water is supplied without purification No central gas supply other than these all the services are provided Sometimes the waste water treatment goes waste as excess treated water is sent to municipal drains due to excess of water in rainy season

Drinking water is supplied without purification and rest of all the services are provided Only half the amount of waste water is treated and being used in silicon county and the rest of water is sent to municipal drains

In both the cases there is no seperate rain water harvestment pit, so even this water is mixed with drainage water. If it was separate the filtration and usage of rain water would had been better

10 LANDSCAPING Trees & shrubs enhance the living ability of the housing area

Landscaping has been done in the courtyard of

blocks and a huge park is provided at the entrance of the site in front of the

blocks

Landscaping has been done in the central courtyars of the blocks and in clubhouse.

Trees have been placed along the periphery sides of

the site.

Landscaping is Compulsory to minimize noise ,pollution, for visual recreation and enhance the atmosphere

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AREA STATEMENTS & ANALYSIS

S.NO

REQUIREMEN TS

STANDARDS CASE STUDY 1 HILL RIDGE

VILLA

CASE STUDY 2 SILICON COUNTY

CONCLUSION

1 BALCONIES Should be minimum of width .9mts

1.2 mts 1.8 mts As per standard design program

2 LIVING SPACE 12’ x 14.5’ 11’6” x 20’ Living/dining

12’ x 8’9” Living/dining

3 DINING 10’ x 9.5’ 4 KITCHEN 10’ x 12’ 10’3” x 7’ 13’ x 8’ 5 BEDROOM 1 10’ x 13’ 13’ x 12’ 12’9” x 11’7” 6 BEDROOM 2 11’ x 9.5’ 13’ x 11’ 14’9” x 10’9” 7 BEDROOM 3 12’ x 16’ 13’ 6” x 11’6” 13’ x 14’5” 8 TOILET 6.5’x 7.6’ 5’9” x 7’ 9’ x 5’ 9. PARKING In multi family

30% of total built up area and 15% visitors parking on the ground

As per standards The percentage of visitor parking is less

10 RECREATION AREA

25% of plot area As per design program

Less than required

As per design program

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ANALYSIS – JAYABHERI SILICON COUNTY

S.NO FACTS ANALYSIS INFERENCE

1 A 13 floor office building is at the front portion of the sir, behind which the stretch of apartment

unit runs.

Since the main entry for apartments and office

buildings are very near the vehicular movements and the fact of residential security has to be maintained at a higher

grade

There has to be distinguishing buffer zone between

residential and commercial units

2 Every two flats share a common lift and staircase

This gives no scope for lengthy corridors and max privacy for each flat with no common

walls to share

Since these are deluxe apartments there is every

scope of avoiding and creating the factors such as common walls, corridors and high

privacy units

3 Terrace garden above stilts and sitouts of each flat are not justified w.r.t their function

Huge central courtyard had been landscaped and it is the only outdoor comfort within the zone of privacy other than clubhouse which is visible only from the gama block. There are no outdoor recreation spaces for the alpha & beta blocks. This becomes a

backdrop to the residents in future

Every dwelling unit should satisfy with the recreation outdoor spaces provided

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CASE STUDY 1 : HILL RIDGE VILLA, HYDERABAD

FINDINGS INFERENCE

SITE AREA : 17.5 acres Total.no of flats obtained – 530 flats

more land coverage area than required according to the standards

Percentage of Areas ◦ Total built up area : 53% ◦ Roads & Pathways : 24.3% ◦ Landscaping & open areas : 22.7%

The built up area is more it should be of 35‐40 percent

Types of blocks A variety of flat types have been provided

Areas • 2 bedroom flats ‐ 1000sq.ft • 3 bedroom flats ‐ 1250 sq.ft • 4 bedroom flats – 1500 sq.ft

All the areas are sufficient

Terrace garden above stilts and sitouts of each flat are justified w.r.t their function

Every dwelling unit should satisfy with the recreational outdoor spaces provided. This being an important factor in apartments should be given prior concern

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CASE STUDY 2 : SILICON COUNTY, HYDERABAD

FINDINGS INFERENCE

SITE AREA : 7 acres Total.no of flats obtained – 162 flats

Only 40% of land has been used

} Percentage of Areas ◦ Total built up area : 40% ◦ Roads & Pathways : 34.3% ◦ Landscaping & open areas : 25.7%

The built up area is according to the standards

Types of blocks A variety of flat types have been provided

Areas • 2 bedroom flats ‐ 170 sq.mt • 3 bedroom flats ‐ 275 sq.mt • 4 bedroom flats – 350 sq.mt

All the areas are sufficient

Terrace garden above stilts and sitouts of each flat are not justified w.r.t their function

Every dwelling unit should satisfy with the recreational outdoor spaces provided. This being an important factor in apartments should be given prior concern

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HOUSING WITH SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES ‐ HIGH RISE APARTMETNS

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CRITERIA FOR IDEAL SITE SELECTION

• Avoid using sites having special value like agricultural land, cultural sites, wetlands, habitats of endangered species etc.

• Reuse land that has already been developed or a more ambitious target could be to reuse land that is polluted.

• Give special considerations for disaster prone areas. For example in a tsunami prone area, the site should be out of the safety buffer zone, at an elevated place, preferably not on slopes or near other steep slopes and should avoid different floor levels.

• Encourage development in locations that exhibit superior performance in providing transportation choices or otherwise reduce motor vehicle use.

• Encourage development within and near existing communities or public transportation infrastructure ‐ In order to

o Reduce vehicle trips and miles traveled and support walking as a transportation choice.

o Reduce multiple environmental impacts caused by sprawl. Conserve natural and financial resources required for construction and maintenance of infrastructure.



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Site selected

Location: It is located in between Hitec city MMTS station and KPHB phase IV, kukatpally – Hyderabad.

Site area: 18 acres

Site shape: Parallelogram



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SITE ANALYSIS

• AREA

o The total area of the site selected is 18 Acres.

• TOPOGRAPHY/VEGETATION

o The site is almost plain with few numbers of contours which are present on the corners of the site.

o The highest point of the site is on to the east.

o The site is entirely covered with thick vegetation and sloping towards the west of the site. And the higher contours towards the lake are of rocky terrain.

o The prevailing winds are from the South West and there are no obstructions from the SW direction and there is a water body which in turn is a fetching point, where the prevailing winds become cooler while they pass over the water body and approach the site.

• NATURAL RESOURCES

o Water body on the south of the site

o Thick vegetation

o Rocky terrain

• ACCESS

There are 3 main roads connecting to the site

o Road from Hitec City MMTS Station

o Road from KPHB Phase IV

o Adjacent to the site there is an other road

These roads form the main access points to the site.

• Encourage balanced communities with diversity of users and employment opportunities reduce energy consumption and pollution from motor vehicles by providing opportunities for shorter vehicle trips and / or use of alternate modes of transportation.



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• SURROUNDINGS

The site is surrounded by:

NORTH: KPHB Phase IV

EAST : Barren Land

WEST : Hitec City MMTS Station

SOUTH : Mullakuthuva Cheruvu

• EXISTING SERVICES

o There is a main underground water supply pipeline passing adjacent to the site (towards south).

o There is a main electrical line near by.

o And there is also an existing drainage system(as the site is surrounded by major housing layouts)

• CLIMATIC DATA OF HYDERBAD



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WIND DIRECTION & SUN PATH @ SITE

SITE ANALYSIS

thesis report housing with sustainable technologies

Documents

r c h i t e c t u r

ld e s i g n t h e s

g u p t ar o

guide thesisco

vasantashobha prof

award of degree

valuable guidance

friends shravan kumar