thi - week ii realism
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
1/23
Teori Hubungan InternasionalSOH201
Realism(week 2)
Vinsensio Dugis
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 1
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
2/23
Structure of presentation Essence
General view
Basic philosophical assumptions on human nature
Historical origins & basic values Key points
Classical realism
Neoclassical realism
Contemporary realism Strategic realism Neorealism
General explanation of international relations (politics)
Positions on major themes
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 2
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
3/23
Essence
A school or a tradition of thought(perspective) explaining internationalpolitics (relations) in terms of power, anexplanation of which is based on its basicphilosophical assumptions of human being.
Realism = political realism, realpolitik,power politics
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 3
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
4/23
General view
Complex & rich tradition of thought Grounded in a long tradition of thought Tend to treat political power as separate from,
and predominant over, morality, ideology, andother social and economic aspects of life.
Developed in reaction to a liberal tradition of
thought that Realist called Idealism claims tobe realistic in comparison with the utopians ofidealism
Rapidly developed after the 2nd WW
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 4
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
5/23
Basic philosophical assumptions on
human nature Selfish, individualistic, and tend to behave in a self-
interested manner
1. The state centric assumption:
State is the most important actor, and just like human being,behave in a self-interested manner.
2. The unitary rational-actor assumption:
State acts as rational individuals in pursuing national interests;rational pursuit of self-interest.
3. The anarchy assumption:
International system is lacking of government/anarchy, thereforestates act in an anarchy context
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 5
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
6/23
Basic philosophical assumptions on
human natureIssues Realism
Human nature Selfish, individualistic, behave in a self-interested manner
Most important actor State (the state-centric assumption)
State behavior Like human being, behave in a self-interested manner
Causes of state
behavior
Act as rational individuals in pursuing
national interests; rational pursuit of self-interest (the unitary rational-actorassumption)
Nature of internationalsystem
Lacking government/Anarchy; states act inan anarchy context (the anarchyassumption)
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis6
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
7/23
Historical origins & basic values Sun Tzu (warring states period):
In facing armed & dangerous neighbor states, moralreasoning was not very useful to the sate rulers.
It is advised that in order to advance interests & protectsurvival, rulers better use power.
Thucydides: the strong do what they have the power to do and the
weak accept what they have to accept
Machiavelli;: In order to stay in power, princes were urged to
concentrate on expedients actions and usemanipulative power maneuvers.
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 7
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
8/23
Historical origins & basic values (cont) Hobbes:
When government is absent and people seek their ownself-interests, then it is free for all to exist
The state of nature or state of war. Clausewitz:
war is a continuation of politics by other means.
Morgenthau:
International politics is governed by objective,universal laws based on national interests defined aspower.
No nation had God on its side, then all nations had tobase their actions on prudence and practicality
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 8
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
9/23
Historical origins & basic values (cont)(Jackson & Sorensen, 1999: 76)
Thucydides Machiavelli Hobbes
Political fate Political agility Political will
Necessity & security Opportunity &security
Security dilemma
Political survival Political survival Political survival
Safety Civic virtue Peace & felicity
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis9
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
10/23
Historical origins & basic values (cont)
Commonness (Jackson & Sorensen, 1999: 76)1. Insecurity & conflict are permanent human conditions
that needs to be addressed & dealt with.2. Keys to address & deal with problem of security can be
found and identifies in a body of political knowledgeor wisdom.
3. There is no final escape from the human condition(security & conflict) = no final or permanent solutionsfor the problems of politics.
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 10
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
11/23
Key Points Sovereign states are the key actors in international relations
States are motivated by a drive for power and pursuit of thenational interest
The central problem in international relations is thecondition of anarchy
Conflict is an ever-present reality of international relationsdue to aggressive intent of states combined with lack ofgovernment
Order can be maintained by shifting alliances among states
Intl institutions and law can only be effective if backedby force or effective sanctions
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 11
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
12/23
Neoclassical Realism
Morgenthaus concept (In, Jackson & Sorensen, 1999: 79)
Human nature(basic condition) Political Situation(means & context) Political conduct(goals & values)
Animus dominandi Power politics Political ethics(prudence, etc.)
Self-interest Political power Human necessities
(security, etc.)
PoliticalCircumstances
National interest
Political skills Balance of power
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis12
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
13/23
Neoclassical Realism (cont)
Morgenthaus six principles of political realism(In, Jackson & Sorensen, 1999: 79-80)
1. Self-centered, self-regarding, and self-interested arepermanent & unchanging nature of politics.
2. State leaders should act in accordance with the dictates ofpolitical wisdom, as politics is an autonomous sphere of
action, which cannot be reduced neither to economics norto morals.
3. Self-interest is a basic fact of the human condition politics is the arena of expressing interests.
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 13
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
14/23
Neoclassical Realism (cont )
Morgenthaus (cont.)4. Ethics of international relations is political or situational
ethics. The responsible leader should strive not to do thebest but, rather, to do the best that circumstances on thatparticular day permit. This circumscribed situation ofpolitical choice is the normative heart of realist ethics.
5. Opposing idea on imposing ideology on other nations as
it would create instability.6. Statecraft is a sober & uninspiring activity that involves a
profound awareness of human limitations & humanimperfections.
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 14
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
15/23
Contemporary Realism:
Strategic Realism & NeorealismContemporary Realism
Product of the behavioralist revolution & the quest for apositivist social science of IR.
Seek to provide empirical analysis of world politics Differs from Classical & Neoclassical in terms of attitudes
of seeing the role of values in the study of internationalpolitics.
Whereas classical & neoclassical regards values as
important (normative analysis), contemporary realismmoves from it as their proponents regard it subjective &unscientific
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 15
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
16/23
Strategic Realism
Thomas Schelling; Focus on foreign policy decision-making (diplomatic & military
issues) State leader obliged to think strategically (instrumentally) in
order to be successful in decision-making on diplomatic &military issues.
Seek to provide analytical tools for strategic thought Decision-making on diplomatic and military issues is a
rational-instrumental activity, therefore it needs the applicationof logical analysis tools called game theory in order to get anunderstanding of it.
Central concept is threat (danger of nuclear threat) Concerns more with the best way to employ power intelligently
in order to be able to do a desired decision, avoiding from fear(threat/nuclear threat).
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 16
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
17/23
Strategic Realism (cont )
Comparison of Classical-Neoclassical & Strategic Realism(Jackson & Sorensen, 1999: 84)
Machiavellis
Renaissance statecraft
Schellings
Nuclear statecraft
Mode Instrumental realism Strategic realism
Means Strength & cunning Intelligence, nerve & risk-taking
Opportunities & luck Logic & art of coercion
Goals Security & survival Security & survival
Values Civic virtue Value neutral; non-prescriptive
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis17
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
18/23
NeorealismKenneth N. Waltz (In, Jackson Sorensen, 1999: 84-87): Depart from previous realisms by ignoring their normative
concerns, but trying to provide a scientific IR
A basic feature of international relations is thedecentralized structure of anarchy between states statesare alike in all basic functional respects
States that are crucially important in determining changesin the structure of the international system are the greatpowers.
Employs the concept of anarchy & focus exclusively onstates
Focuses on the central feature of anarchical state system=power politics
Security & survival are fundamental concerns of stateSOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 18
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
19/23
Neorealism (cont )Kenneth N. Waltz (In, Jackson& Sorensen, 1999: 84-87): The major problems of great powers are war The major task of international relations among the great
powers is that of peace & security No discussion on human nature but that of structure of the
system State leaders are prisoners of the structure of the system
(anarchy)
Foreign policy decision-making is not independent fromthe structure of international system (anarchy) Leaders decision on foreign policy constrained by and
therefore shaped by international structure this is calledas mechanical image of state leaders.
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 19
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
20/23
Neorealism (cont )
Waltzs neorealist theory structure & outcomes (In, Jackson &Sorensen, 1999: 86)
International Structure
(state units & relations)
International outcomes
(effects of state competition)
International anarchy Balance of power
States as like units International recurrence &
repetition
Unequal state capability International conflict, war
Great power relations International change
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis20
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
21/23
General explanation of international
politics
Variables Realism
Actor (s) / Analytic Unit (s) State
View of Actor (s) UnitaryBehavioral Dynamic State is rational actor constantly seeking to maximize
its own national aims via foreign policy
Main Issues National Security
Processes Competition for National Interests
Outcomes Limited order in an Anarchic Society
Structure of Intl System State Centric Inter-state system
Fundamental PrinciplesCharacterizing Intl System
Anarchy; Competition for Political Power & Influence
Distribution of Power & Influence(The Relative Status of MainActors)
Fragmented, unequal distribution of power amongstates
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis21
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
22/23
Positions on major themes
(Steans, Pettiford, Diez, 2005; 49-74)
Major Issues Realism
The state & Power States ability to change behavior/dominate
Conflict and Violence an ever-present reality of internationalrelations
Peace and Security The balance of power is a mechanism whichoperates to prevent the dominance of anyone state in international system (civicpacem parabelum)
Institutions & World Order Secondary Concern
Inequality & Justice Emphasize the principle of sovereignty,which bestows exclusive jurisdiction over aterritory and people
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis22
-
8/2/2019 THI - Week II Realism
23/23
Thank You
(VD)
SOH201-@Vinsensio Dugis 23