thimbukushu first language syllabus … thimbukushu first language syllabus grade 8 & 9, nied...

Republic of Namibia

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND CULTURE

JUNIOR SECONDARY PHASE

For implementation: Grade 8 in 2017

and Grade 9 in 2018

THIMBUKUSHU FIRST LANGUAGE SYLLABUS

GRADES 8 AND 9

Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) Private Bag 2034 Okahandja Namibia © Copyright NIED, Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture, 2016 Thimbukushu First Language Syllabus Grades 8 & 9 ISBN: 978 99916-66-46-4 Printed by NIED Website: http://www.nied.edu.na Publication date: December 2016

YIKARAMO

1 Mwingeneno ………………………………………………………………………………. 1

2 Nunderero …………………………………………………………………………………. 1

3 Yitambo ……………………………………………………………………………………... 1

4 Makuhongopakerera ……………………………………………………………………... 1

5 Makunungero kuyikuhonga yimweya noyivungavunga………………………………. 2

6 Muhingo ghoruhongitho norukuhongitho ………………………………………............ 4

7 Yitwetha yomahurero ghonaro ……………………………………………………..…… 6

8 Makamweneno ghoyikaramo yoyikuhonga ………………………………………….… 7

9 Yikaramo yoyikuhonga……………………………………………………………………. 8

9.1 Mwingeneno ghoyikaramo ................…………………………………………………… 8

9.2 Yitambo yopopahe noyeneyenepo……………………………………………………… 9

9.2.1 Kutegherera no kughamba………………………………………………………............ 9

9.2.2 Kutoya no kutjanga………………………………………………………………………... 15

9.2.3 Kahongandimi noruñandweya …………………………………………………………... 22

10 Yikonakona ………………………………………………………………………..…........ 24

10.1 Yikonakona yishihuru ...……………………………………………............................... 24

10.2 Yikonakona-nangwera noyikonakona-kamununa ……………………………...……... 24

10.3 Mayendithitho ghopathinamuragho nopathinaghundambo ………………….………. 24

10.4 Makengwerero .......................................................…………………………………… 25

10.5 Yiwanamo nunga-marawero ................................…………………………………….. 25

10.6 Mashingweneno ghoyiwanamo.....………………………………………………………. 25

10.7 Rutenditho norupunguritho yikonakona……………………………………………….... 27

10.8 Yitambo yoyikonakona ............................................................................................ 27

10.9 Yikonakona yishihuru: maghorwero mwene ………………..…………………………. 28

10.10 Makonakono ghoghuhura ghomwaka: maghorwero mwene ………………………… 30

10.11 Mapendarundurukitha................................................................................................ 33

10.12 Mashingweneno …………………………………………………………………….......... 34

10.13 Yipepakorekitha yikonakona………........................................................................... 34

Thirameka A: Mapathwerero ghoruñandweya 35

Thirameka B: Muhingo gho kuhonga kutoya 37

Thirameka C-G: Yikorekitho 39

Thirameka H: Ghupungwero yikonakona 44

1 Thimbukushu First Language Syllabus Grade 8 & 9, NIED 2016

1 Mwingeneno

Edi dighanohongithitho dya shingonona yikuhonga nomakengwerero mumandimi gho kutanga ghomaheya muNaro dhoSekondere ghoMumbiru. Pamurandu eshi natho tha kara thikuhonga, Thimbukushu, ndimi dho kutanga, tha wera muYikuhongamandimi noYokutoya muMayendithithohongo. 2 Nunderero Kukuhonga no kukura mundimi dho kutanga ne yi di mudyo kwamwanuke mu kukuritha makukurupero no kutanaritha thishupo thendi mumukunda ghothivunganyi. Thitjo noghuparo ghodiko ya kununga nondimi. Hanuke mbo hana rundurura matjwathaneno ghothitjo thondimi dhokakoghatji no kurughanitha ghudimuki wawo mu kutjwathana yitjo yawamweya. Awo mbo hana kuritha matambwero ghomayira ghoghuparo, yikumonena noghundambo nawanumaghana. Hanuke mbo hana wana matjwathaneno nomatambwero ghothishupo noghuparo wawo. Mutara ghumweya gho kukuhonga ndimi dho kutanga ne kukuhonga yithimwetwedhatjanga. Yithimwetwedhatjanga kuneghedha yikumonena yawanu hoyitjo yo kukuthigha-thigha mumyaka edhi dha ka pita. Kukuhonga yithimwetwedhatjanga karo kutawedhera hanuke ha wane ghudimuki nomaghuwa agha gha tundanga kukutoya. Ayo karo kuwaghamwena ha tjwathane eshi ngepi edi dha rughananga ndimi nongepi edi gho kudhirughanitha mu kukumitha mo yitambo yongandji. 3 Yitambo Yitambo yo kuhongera ndimi dho kutanga ne mu:

kukuritha ghukaro mwene nomatambwero ghomudyo ghondimi noyithimwetwedha yadho;

kukuritha yitwetha nomarughanithero ndimi mughuhunga podigho eshi mwanuke gha twethe kuhatera mukehe yinu yopanunda dhongondahongero;

kukuritha matotitheropo ghoyinu pakuyereka kurughanitha ndimi mu kudeghura hanuke ha ghambe thiwana kuyinu eyi hana kumona, kudimuka, kughayara no kukuyuva;

kuyeyura rughayaritho mwene pakuninga hanuke ha kengurure marughanithero ghondimi kuyitambo yo kukutjaka;

kukuritha matjimapero ghawanuke nomatjwathaneno ghoghukaro, mi nomatawero ghawamweya mumukunda ghothivunganyi;

kukwatitha no kukuritha mihingo dhorughayaritho rwawanuke, mashutwero ghomaghukukutu nomaghundondoro ghawo ghonungathanitho muyikuhonga yimweya.

4 Makuhongopakerera Makuhongopakerera ne ngcamu dhamwanuke no kurundurura makuhatitheromo ghamwanuke kumakurando noyitapera yomayendithitho ghomakuhongo mumashure. Dighano di dya dhemenena pakutanaritha no kukwatitha ghupofotji (ghundambo) no kuyundaghura kehe yi yo kushweneka makuhongo mwene ghamwanuke. Mitiri (muhongi) ghoThimbukushu, Ndimi dho Kutanga, muNaro dhoSekondere ghoMumbiru gha kona kutambura hanuke waheya awa ha kara noyinyanda yomakuhongo yo kukutjaka-tjaka pakupirura dighanohongithitho di di kuwe noyinyanda yamwanuke mumihingo dhoruhongithitho nomarughanithero yihongithitha thika edi ha yi neghedha muCurriculum Framework For Inclusive Education: A Supplement to the National Curriculum for Basic Education (2014). Mapirwero ghoyikonakona yohanuke wa yina kundama kuyiwana thika edi ha yi fundhwera muHandbook for Centres (2014 - 2016) kutunderera kuDirectorate of National Examinations and Assessment (DNEA). Agha mafundhwero gha kundama hanuke waheya kutunda ngcara 1 kare 12, mbadi wowa ha tjanganga makonakono ghopanunda ngenyu. Hanuke awa ha kara noghurema ghushokuru gho kuwashweneka kuwana maghuwa gho kukuhonga shure mbo hana wana maghamweno kuyinyanda yawo kumango ghomaghamweno kare mbo ru kume mo ruvedhe rwawo ro kukona kukuhonga shure, ngeshi kukona.


Yikaramo yodighanohongithitho dyoThimbukushu, Ndimi dho Kutanga, ya tawedhera marudhi ghomahe ghawanu mu kukuhatithera muyikuhonga noyikuyonga, pathinaghukadhi nopathinaghurume muyinu yongandji, mu kuhonga no kuyareka yinu yo kunyekerekedha hamwe (hakamadi/hakafumu) nomayeywero makurikanyithero mughuparo. Mamitiri kukona kurughanitha yipepahokoka mu kuhonga hanuke yinyekerekedha pathinaghukadhi nopathinaghurume, no kuhonga hanuke mu kuyakunutha no kutokora yinyekerekedha muyitjanga.

5 Makunungero kuyikuhonga yimweya noyivungavunga Yihonga yo kuvunga-vunga kukona yi hatere kuyikuhonga mukunda, HIV noAIDS, makuhongo mihoko, makuhongo ghunu wamunu noghudemokirashi, mapathwerero nomayarekero patekinolodji nomakukungero muyitavura. Eyi yihonga ha yi tura mumayendithithohongo yoyishi kehe thihonga tha tamba yipimbo nomaghukukutu agha ghana tamba ditunga dyaNamibia. Yihonga yi pwe kuyareka kwawanuke mumanaro ghawo ghomaheya. Hanuke wetu ha nyanda:

kutjwathana mihingo dhoyipimbo nomaghukukutu;

kudimuka eshi ngepi edi ha kutjindja ditunga dyetu noghuparo wawanu pashadyarero nokughutho;

kutjwathana eshi ngepi edi gho kukandana po yipimbo nomaghukukutu muditunga nokaye kokahe; no

kutjwathana eshi ngepi edi gho kukona ha tjindje yipimbo nomaghukukutu mushure nomumukunda wawo.

Yipimbo yeneyene nomaghukukutu ha yi shingonona ngeno:

yipimbo nomaghukukutu agha ghana tu tamba ngeshi mbadi sho tu kone kughunguvura ghushwi ghomuthitu wetu;

yipimbo nomaghukukutu agha gha retedheranga po HIV noAIDS;

yipimbo nomaghukukutu kughundjewandjewa kutunderera kudidhiro (mupepo, meyu, yitjoro);

yipimbo nomaghukukutu kughudemokirashi nothiraro mumukunda kutunderera kumandorwera nomayendithitho ditunga agha gha ncenuna ghunu wamunu noyitumbukera;

yipimbo nomaghukukutu agha tuna tamba ngeshi mbadi tuna kudheghetera kumarughanithero thitavura mughuhunga;

yipimbo nomaghukukutu agha tuna tamba pamurandu ghothivunganyi thomatunga.


Yikuhonga yo kuvunga-vunga eyi yina ka randa ko mudighanohongithitho di kuyihonga thika edi ha yi neghedha. Yithinganyeka eyi muthimbangu kwa yi tambithera mu kughorora (kuneghedha) mamitiri yo kuhatera mapakerero ghoyihonga yoyivungavunga muyihonga yawo yondimi yo kehe diyuwa. Mamitiri kukona kuwedherera ko yihonga noyirughana yimweya ngambi kupirura yirughana yi panaro noyinyanyukera yawanuke wawo.

THIHONGA THO

KUVUNGA-VUNGA

THIHONGA

YIRUGHANA YO KEHE GHUNDONDORO

KUTEGHERERA

KUGHAMBA

KUTOYA

KUTJANGA

HIV noAIDS

Kupara thiwana noHIV noAIDS

Makandaneno ghomawaneno dihamba

Mangcamu ghawa ha di wana nowa dina kundama

kutegherera kuthitoya no kuhutha eshi kemo/mbadi-kemo

kutegherera kumapathwe-rero (muvidiyo/ thithimwetwe-dha thawanu awa ha kara noHIV) no kurongathana yitjanga yo kukukosha-kosha

rwipurwipu, (muhedhumuni ghoHIV noAIDS, kukongwedha ghushupi…)

ñanani: ya nyanda ghu dimuke memaneno ghoye kukambumburu koHIV ndi?

kufukunya muthitoya mihingo dhomakandane-no

kudhirutha mapathwerero: dikarata dyoditjango dyawanu muditunga, naro dho kuhenga mumikunda dho kukuthigha- thigha dhaNamibia

kupungura ghushupi muthimbangu/ girafiki kutunda kuthirughana tho kughamba

mapepawinda ghombudhi dhomakanda-neno

kuhutha mepwero ghothikuyonga thomuradiyo no kutjanga ko thithimwetwe-dha thoshemwa

Yikuhonga mukunda

Yinye ya kara mumukunda wetu?

Mango ghoyiyama nomotamo

Makungero/ maghunguvwero

Diyuwa dyoYitondo/ Yimenwa

kutegherera no kurongathana mapathwerero agha hana wana patupepagha-na

kwipudhura dithurungu dyoyiyama ngambi mukungi

kuroghitha thikuyonga, thighamba ngambi ñanani koyino, thit: ngepi gho kughunguvura meyu/rutjeno; kukandana didhiro

kutoya thitjangwa: kutapeka yimenwa pashure

kushereka mañando noyitongora yoyihunga muthimingwa oku pakutoya

mbapira dhomatumero kwaNguvuru wenu oyu nga hatera kuDiyuwa dyoYitondo pashure dhenu

Makuhongo mihoko

Hanu waNamibia/ mambunga ghomihoko

Yithimwetwedha yaNamibia yopathihuruhuru

Muhingo ghoghuparo wawanu muNamibia/mu-mikunda dhetu

kutegherera kuthitjangwa thomuhingo ghoghuparo wawanu, kutareka mahuthero mwene

kutegherera kumapathwere-ro ghomavure-ro ghawanu no kuhenga kwawanu muNamibia no kuhutha mepwero

kukuyonga: yithimwetwe-dha yaNamibia yokare: - hanu awa ha tendire yoyikuru kuyithimwa yaNamibia

ñanani: kukona twe kutwetha mavurero ghawanu ndi?

kudhirutha mapathwerero ghomihoko dhaNamibia yi tunde muyitara yi yende muthimbangu (tishi)

kutoya dikarata/ girafiki gho kuhenga muNamibia

kutenda dipepawinda: mihoko edhi dha kara muNamibia

kudhirutha mapathwerero kutunda mumakarata yi yende mutumbangu


THIKUHONGA THO KUVUNGA-

VUNGA (shime)

THIHONGA

YIRUGHANA YO KEHE GHUNDONDORO

KUTEGHERERA

KUGHAMBA

KUTOYA

KUTJANGA

Ghunu wamunu noghudemokirashi

Kuyeyura thitjo thothiraro

Kutjwathana thitjo nothivunganyi (mihoko)

Ghunu wamunu noyitumbukera

Diyuwa dyaMwanuke ghomuAfrika

kutegherera kuthitjangwa tho kuhatera kughunu wamunu noyitumbukera no kumanitha yirughana yo kukutjaka (thit: Kemo/Mbadike-mo, Kushereka, Mandorwera, Kuyaritha thimbangu…)

kughamba yo kuhatera kuyitjo yo kukutjaka (ndimi, rushupatitho, yidya…)

kughamba yo kuhatera ghunu/ngcamu noyitumbukera (Muragho/ Didhiveta)

kukuyonga Muragho ghoMakuhongo, 2001, mutara ix – muthineneko gho kukara mushure

kufukunya yitjangwa yo kukuthigha no kunongonona mo yitamenedhi yonyinya

kutoya yimingwa eyi yina kupa hanuke maghano mwene gho kukushingonona hathinda thiwana no kuyaritha yirughana yo kukuthigha (thit: Kemo/ Mbadikemo, Kushereka, Mahuthero-hatera (ghomafupi/ ghomare)

kutjanga tutjangaghana eshi ngepi gho kukara ghomutendithiraro

kutjanga mbapira dho kuhatera kuyidjabwana pashure

kutjanga yo kuhatera kukoye ghothinda

kutjanga yo kuhatera kufumwa nodikuto kwawamweya (yitjo/matawero)

Makukungero muyitavura

Matokwero mwene (marovu, dikaya, ghuwanga)

Kukara muhingi mwene

Yiretedherapo mahudhi muthitavura

Mayarekero makungero thitavura

kutegherera kumatjingitho/ yitjanga yo kuhatera makungero thitavura no kuhutha mepwero

kutegherera kuyitjanga yo kuhatera hanu, yihaghuto noyimweya eyi ya retedheranga po mahudhi

kutegherera kuyitundamo noyikuvureka yomarughani-thero thitavura

kukuyonga ghuyi ghomarovu, dikaya noghuwanga kwamunu oyu ghana kurughanitha thitavura

kukuvureka yo kuhatera kuyipemukitha yira selifoni pakuhinga

kughamba yo kuhatera makungero thitavura (hanu kumbadi dhothitavura, hahingi nawanu awa hana dhini muthihaghuto)

kutoya yitjanga omu mu di mahudhi gho kutunderera kumakwirero ghawanu

kutoya yimingwa yoghukaro mwene wawahingi nawarughanithi thitavura

kutjanga mbapira kwamukenguru-ri rukwaro ghu mu tongwere maghukukutu ghoyihaghuto mumukunda

kushana ghushupi kumango ghawamapori-tha, hayendithi mikunda, paindaneti nomango ghamweya kuhatera mahudhi ghomuyitavura mumukunda

kutjanga thipepahokoka no kuthipepa mumbunga (mayarekero makungero thitavura)

6 Muhingo ghoruhongitho norukuhongitho 6.1 Makuhongo dhemenena-mwanuke (MDM) Muhingo ghoruhongithitho norukuhongitho ne gho kudhemenena pawanuke hathinda. Makuhongo dhemenena-mwanuke (MDM) ne muhingo oghu ha shingonona mumayendithitho muragho ghoruhongithitho mwene. Muhingo oghu ne kughamwena hanuke mu kutwetha yikuhonga yawo ngeshi mayendithitho ha gha kumenena mo. Thitambo thoMDM ne mu ka yeyura yikuhonga ghu tjwathana, ghundondoro ghoyidimuka noyikaritha mwene mu ka kuritha mukunda. Matatekero gho kuhonga no kukuhonga ne gha di eshi mwanuke kwiya kushure noghudimuki noyitwetha yoyingi eyi gha wananga kehe pano padidhiko,


kwawakamukunda, nopamakunungathanithero ghendi nomukunda. Yikuhonga mushure ya kona kuhatithera, kuturitha, kuwedherera no kutjoka-tjoka maghano noyidimuka yamwanuke yokare. Hanuke kukuhonga thiwana ngeshi awo kehe pano kuwahatithera mo muyikuhonga, kutura po no kutenda yinu papawo hathinda no kuhatera kukehe yikuyonga yomungonda. Muruvedhe rofotji, kehe mwanuke gha kara pofotji noyinyanda yendi, naro dho kukuhongitha, yidimuka noyikumithamo. Mitiri gha kona kushingonona yinyanda yawanuke, ghukaro ghoyikuhonga eyi sho ha kuhonge no edi sho ha roghuthurure yidimuka yawo thika dyo. Mihingo dhoruhongithitho dha kona kukuthigha-thigha, ene yi rikanye mumarongathaneno ghoyihonga, thikuma po ngeshi ha tura dighanohongithitho di kununge kundjimandjima edhi dha kundama kuyihonga yoyivungavunga. Podigho eshi mihongohongithitho dha kona kukara dhodhingi mu kughamwena hanuke ha twethe. 6.2 Ruhongithitho mundimi dho kutanga Pakuhonga ndimi dho kutanga, mitiri gha kona kutjokedha hanuke ha toye no kutjanga pakurughanitha yitoyamingwa yoghushemwa, eyi yina kukununga noghuparo wawanuke, mumangondahongero ghoghukaro mwene omu hana kutawedhera hanuke ha tende makwirero ha shi yapa, no kutawedhera ghundambo pakatji kawanuke noyirughana yawo. Yoyishi mitiri ne yodithurungu dyondimi dho kutanga mungondahongero, aye gha kona kutamenenitha hanuke marughanithero mwene ghondimi pakughamba no pakutjanga. Aye karo gha kona kutamenenitha no kuhonga hanuke mihingo mwene dhorutoyitho ghu tjwathana, matjwathaneno ghomarongathaneno ghoyitoyamingwa no kukuritha ruñandweya. Maghundondoro ghondimi kughahonga mundhira dho kughapakerera. Thitamenedhi, kukuritha kutoya ghu tjwathana mbadi yemana pakutoya ngenyu, ene yemana pakutjanga, kutegherera, kudheghetera, kudimuka ndimi noruñandweya nomaghundondoro ghomatjwathaneno yinu papoye ghothinda (kudimuka eshi ngepi edi ghuna kuhonganga). Miragho dhokahongandimi noruñandweya rorupya ya kona kupwa kuhonga mumuhingo gho kupakerera mbadi nunu ngenyu kughutho gho kuyihonga nunu, nohanuke ha kona kuwana ruvedhe ro kurongathana ghudimuki wawo no kughudhirutha mumihingo dhimweya. Yithimwetwedhatjanga ne ghomute ghomudyo thikuma kundimi dho kutanga. Mitiri gha kona kukuritha matambwero nomanyanyukero ghomitara (nunderero) dhoyithimwetwedhatjanga, nomatjwathaneno ghomarughanithero ndimi ghamutjangi mu kutenda no kukundeka yikuyuva nomatjwathaneno ghongandji. Ngondahongero dha kona kuyara mapepawinda ghoyithimwetwedhatjanga agha ghana kuneghedha mitanuro, mapathwerero ghawatanuri nawatjangi mambapira. Yitjangathimwetwedha mwene yawanuke nayo kuyirameka mungondahongero. Mitiri gha kona kurughanitha mihongo dhoruhongithitho ro kukutjaka-tjaka mu kuyeyura manyunyukero ghoyithimwetwedhatjanga, thit: pakuninga hanuke ha temunune (pepe) thihokoka muthipepa ngambi kutoya mutanuro mutumbunga ngambi kwitha kushure mupepi muNamibia no gha tanure ngambi kuna pepa mungondahongero dhondimi. Muhongi gha kona kudheghetera kumarundurukero ghomaghundondoro gho kughayara, thit: mihingo dhorukuhongitho, kutjanga, kukuyonga, kukuroghithera ñanani, kwipura mutjangi, makuwero ghomepwero nomahuthero, kughayara no kukuhonga thinda papendi. Agha maghundondoro ne mudyo muyirughana yondimi. Hanuke ha kona kukara haghayari awa hana kukona kutjwathana no kurughanitha eyi hana kuhongo. Podigho eshi hahongi mbadi ha kona kwipura mepwero gho kukengurura ghudimuki ngenyu, ene ha kona kwipura mepwero agha ghana kutjokedha hanuke ha kuyarekere nawayendhawo, kugharava, kukengurura eyi hana kutoya no kukuhonga no kuwapa ruvedhe ro kukukengurura hathinda nomarundurukero ghawo kuyinu eyi hana kuhongo. NB: Toye manaro ghomepwero ghaBloom Taxonomy. Hahongi ha kona kutokora, kukutha yitambo yeneyenepo, eshi ruvedhe munye ro kuhonga yikaramo mumuhingo ghonunu, ruvedhe munye ro kuthigha hanuke ha shane no kuwana mapathwerero


papawo hathinda, ruvedhe munye ro kutapa maghorwero muyikuhonga yawanuke, ruvedhe munye ha nyanda matjokedhero nomihingo dhimweya kengeyo. Yirughana yomutumbunga, hawadihawadi, pamundinda ngambi ngondahongero dhodhiheya ya nyanda marongathaneno mwene kughutho gho kuyitapa. Rukuhongitho ro kukuyarekera rwa nyanda mawedherero (makurithero) mungonda, ngeshi kukona. Muhongi gha kare mugharavi wawanuke mbadi mukamiti ghoghudimuki mungonda. Muyihokoka yo kenge, yirughana ya nyanda marongathaneno mwene mu kughamwena hanuke ha kupe maghano, yoyishi ngo mbadi mbo ha nongonona mudyo gho kurughana pofotji. Muhongi gha kona kughamwena hanuke mukehe muhingo gho kuwakuritha. 7 Yitwetha yomahurero ghonaro Mashingweneno ghoyitwetha yamwanuke kughutho gho kwingena munaro dhoSekondere ghoMumbiru kukona kughawana mudighanohongithitho dyoPrimere ghoMukuru. Munaro dhoSekondere ghoMumbiru, hanuke mbo hana rughanitha no kurundurura maghundondoro agha ha kuhongire muPrimere ghoMukuru, ene shime karo ghu wana maghundondoro noghudimuki gho kuyeyuka eshi ngepi edi dha rughananga ndimi. Kukona yi kare eshi hanuke hohapu mbadi ha kumitha mo thiwana yitwetha, no ha kona kuwana maghamweno kuyikuhonga yawo kutwara mumihingo dhoruhongitho edhi dha roghera, yirughanitha yo kuwarikanya, nomaghamweno kwawashere wawo. Hanuke hamwe ha kara noghukukutu ghomakuhongo no ha nyanda maghamweno ghashokuru gho kuwathotera keheyu mumundinda wendi, yighamwenitha ngambi yikonakona. Hamweya ne ghurema ngenyu oghu ghu di eshi mbadi wa kupemukitha ghurwi ngambi naro dhorukuhongitho rwawo nomarundurukero, thit: ghukunga, ghupurupuru nokughara. Kumaghongwero ghonaro dhoSekondere ghoMumbiru, hanuke hana wa taterera mu kudimuka yitwetha yondimi eyi ha shingonona kwishi. Yo kuhatera kukutegherera, kurorera no kughamba, hanuke ha kona

kutegherera ghu dheghetera kumambudhi ghopakanwa, no kuneghedha ghukaro nomi mwene pakutegherera no kurorera. Ha kona karo kurughanitha maghundondoro ghomengi agha ha dimuka mu kushana yitongora nomakengwerero ghoyirughana yopakanwa, no kuhutha mughuhunga ghu neghedha matjwathaneno nomatambwero.

kukunungathana thiwana ghu kukurupera, ghu tjindja thighamba mumihingo noyitambo

yongandji. Ha kona kutwetha kushindhura mañando mughuhunga no kuneghedha ghudimuki ghokahongandimi kopakanwa.

kutorora no kurongathana mapathwerero, yikuyuva nomaghano, no kutapa mayarekero gho kughororoka. Ha kona kurughanitha maghundondoro gho kughamba no kuyareka thiwana ghu kumitha mo matorwero ghoyitambo yopakanwa nawateghereri.

kuhatera thiwana muyikuvureka yoyihonga yopanaro dhawo, ghu neghedha maghundondoro ghonungathano mwene nawamweya no kukoneka muragho ghorughambitho mwene.

Yo kuhatera kukutoya no kutjanga, hanuke ha kona

kutoya thipore ndani wighuka yitjangwa yopanaro dhongcara dhawo mughuhunga, ghu yenderera no ghu tjwathana.

kuyakunutha mapathwerero muyitjanga yonunu ghu dheghetera thikuma, kushingonona marughanithero ndimi no kushana matjwathaneno noyitongora muyitjanga. Thikuma po ne


mu kukuhonga kunongonona ghundondoro wamutjangi mumarughanithero ndimi gha turithe po yikuyuva yo kukuthigha-thigha.

kutenda yitjanga yo kukutjaka-tjaka yo kutotitha po papendi thinda eyi yina hatera kuyitambo

yo kukutjaka, ghu rughanitha rudhi mwene, ruñandweya nomashindhukero diywi gho

kuroghera. Yitjanga ya kona kuneghedha marundurukero ghondimi dhodhidhungi nofumwa

dho kudimuka miragho dhomashashero mwene

Yo kuhatera kukahongandimi noruñandweya, mwanuke gha kona

kurughanitha miragho dhokahongandimi noruñandweya pakutjanga ngambi pakughamba;

kurughanitha kahongandimi mwene pakughamba yo kuhatera kundimi munaro dhi;

kurughanitha mughuhunga mathaghano, matadhi nomadhira agha ha dimuka nogha ha dhira kudimuka muyitjanga noyighamba yawo.

kurughanitha mughuredhu mañando noyighamba pakutoya, kutjanga, kughamba no kutegherera mu kukuroghithera naro dho kuranda ko: shure dhosekondere ghomukuru.

kushasha no kushindhura mañando mughuhunga 8 Makamweneno ghoyikaramo yoyikuhonga Kutegherera no kughamba Thitambo tho kutegherera kuyirughana yopakanwa ne mu kukuritha maghundondoro ghoyikuhongamighuma (thit: kudimuka ñando), kukuritha ruñandweya no kuwana dighano mwene dyo kurongathana mañando ghoyitjanga yawo, mu kuwana ghudimuki ghokaye, yitjo, nomarughanithero ndimi kuyitambo yo kukuthigha-thigha. Yikaramo yothirughana tho kutegherera ya kona kutapa ruvedhe kwamwanuke gha yuve edi gho kutenda thighamba nomarudhi ghamweya ghomarughanithero ndimi. Ngeshi kukona, matjingitho ghopaTivi nomakurando (thit: Ghuye Ghuno, Tutaleni, Mutuyuri), kukona kugharughanitha. Yitambo yeneyenepo yo kuhatera kughamba ya yaritha yino yina kuranda ko: kushwaghitha maghano noyighayara, maghundondoro gho kukuroghithera no kuyareka mapathwerero nomuhingo mwene gho kukunungathana muyikuyonga. Kutwara mudighanohongithitho di, yitambo yo kuhatithera hanuke mumambunga ne mu kuwapa ruvedhe ro kukuhonga kutegherera no kukumburura kumaghano ghawamweya no kuyareka maghano noyikuyuva yawo mu kushutura po maghukukutu no kuturitha po maghoyero ghoyinu mutumbunga twawo. Kutoya no kutjanga Yikaramo yo kutoya mbadi yemana ngenyu pamaghundondoro gho kutoya wighuka no kutoya muthipore, ene shime karo muyikuhonga yoyithimwetwedhatjanga noyitjanga yomapathwerero. (Mayandjwerero ghashokuru ghoyitjanga yomapathwerero kukona kughawana mumañandorandathana.) Hanuke ha kona kutoya yitjanga yoyingi mu kuwana manyanyukithero nomapathwerero, no kuwana ghudimuki nomatjwathaneno ghokaye noyitjo yo kukuthigha-thigha, mu kukuritha kutoya nomatjwathaneno, no kukuritha ruñandweya ghu dimuka muhingo mwene gho kutenda yighamba mwene muyitjanga yawo. Mumihingo dhodhingi dhomarughanithero ndimi, hanuke mbo hana kuru mughudimuki wawo ghomarughanithero mwene ghondimi nomarongathaneno ghokahongandimi. Yitjanga yoghushemwa noyombango (mathimwethimwe) ya kona kukara eshi yongcamu (kunyanyukitha no kupindutha hanuke) mu kughamwena hanuke ha wane marudhi ghomengi


ghomarughanithero ndimi, marongathaneno, madhighano nomaghano. Munaro dhi, mamitiri gha kona kuhonga yitjanga yo kukutjaka ghu torora muyithimwetwedha yaNamibia, Afrika noyithimwetwedha yokaye kokahe. Mitanuro, yithimwa noyipepa yi pwe kuhonga mughudhungi no hanuke ha twethe maghundondoro gho kuyakunutha maghano, kuyedhekeritha, kurikanyitha, kughanekeritha, kutjakitha ndimi no kurughanitha rudhi rondimi mwene mu kukuwa nawateghereri kuyitambo yoyitjanga nomahimeno ghamutjangi. Yikaramo yo kutjanga kutapa ruvedhe kwawanuke mu kusheka hathinda eshi ndimi ne thothirughanitha mwene tho kushwaghithitha maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva. Podigho keho eshi yirughana ya kona kunyanyukitha hanuke. Yirughana yo kutjanga ya kona kurikanya pamidhimba dhawanuke, ghu tjokedha rutjangitho mwene yira yikonakona yawayendhawo noyikonakona ghawo hathinda. Hanuke ha kona kwiya panaro dho kutjwathana eshi thitambo nawateghereri ghothitjanga mbadi ya hurera payikaramo ngenyu, ene rudhi nonaro dhomarughanithero ndimi mughuhunga. Yi di mudyo eshi hanuke ha yakunuthe makutjakero pakatji kondimi dho kughamba nondimi dho kutjanga. Muhingo mwene gho kughamwena hanuke ha dimuke kutjanga ne gho kuwatjokedha ha rughane no kukukona-kona pofotji nawashere wawo no kukukona-kona papawo hathinda mu kuviha marundurukero ghawo.

Kahongandimi noruñandweya Thitambo thoyikaramo yokahongandimi noruñandweya ne mu kutanaritha nunderero dhomiragho ghokahongandimi no kudhirughanitha thiwana patjangwa no pakughamba, no kukuritha ruñandweya noghundondoro oghu ha wanine muPrimere ghoMukuru. Yinu yi yiwadi yi di mudyo mu kuroghitha hanuke mu ka kumitha mo yinyanda yodighanohongithitho dyonaro dhoSekondere ghoMumbiru. Hanuke ha kona kudimuka no kurughanitha kahongandimi (thit: ñandodina, ñandorughana, yinungitho, yiramekaturaghutho, noyiramekaturanyima...) kuyitambo yo kukuthigha-thigha. Eyi yi di mudyo mu kughamwena mwanuke gha tjwathane no kukuroghithera yinyanda yodighanohongithitho dyonaro dhoSekondere ghoMukuru. Ngambi kenge eshi yikaramo yoyihonga ne ha yi taghura mumithinga nothitambo tho kuredhupitha pakuyirughanitha, maghundondoro ghomahe gha kona kupwa kuhonga mumuhingo gho kughavunga pofotji. 9 Yikaramo yoyikuhonga 9.1 Mwingeneno ghoyikaramo

Yikaramo yoyikuhonga eyi yina ka randa ko ne yo kutapa ngenyu dighano nomaghorwero eshi yipi eyi mbo ha kona-kona hanuke munaro dhi. Mbadi yina kushingeka, mukehe muhingo, kehe shure mu kuturitha po no kukutha kehe makurando gho kurundurura ghudimuki wawanuke muThimbukushu. Mitiri gha kona kutotitha po kehe yihonga eyi yina roghera hanendi, thit: ghudjaho, ghufumu, ghuruwo; kushana, kushingishera; kurovera, kuyuwa wato; mahumbithero ghopathitjo (yira kuratha, matjupa, kufurumeka muwato, kuvukumena padipenga; dithimbura...), maturayi/yikusho; kutandwera, kuyamba; kutereka, kuthataghura; kuthinda, kushesha (yira pathitjo), kughombotha; ghuparo kumara, mapara; maghanga, thinyaku, mbara (mbundhi, mengi, dighombero, mahemo, herekadhi, ghupika), Kangumbe, Makombwe; Kora (ghuta waKora), mena ghomikunda dhetu, ngomba; yikorwa, yikina; mi mwene (hakafumu(ghana) nawakamadi(ghana), ngoro nomughanangoro; kuyukwera; kuhumeka, kadhimu, kuthataghura, yishikera; ghushuka, ghuparo wawanu muyivaka; yitongora yotughonda, yitongora yomena; thidhira, Kushasha (mupya); yidhira noyidhirerekedha; thiyovo, kushakera; kwandhura, kutenda ndunda; kughunguvura (yidya, meyu, muthitu), ñuno nomashutwero ghadho; makutjakero ghomithitu dhetu (yira digcu, diyana, divava, muronga, mughambo…); noghuparo wawaMbukushu gho kukuthigha-thigha.


9.2 Yitambo yopopahe noyeneyenepo Ngambi kenge eshi wingi ghoyitambo yeneyenepo yongcara dho 8 no 9 ne ya kupitura, pakona kukara marundwerero ghomaghundondoro kutwara kunaro dhoghukututu muyirughana yopakanwa nopatjangwa. Mu kutwetha yitambo yi, hanuke ha nyanda kuyikudeghura no kuyirughanitha pamihingo dhodhihe munaro dhawo. 9.2.1 Kutegherera no kughamba Mudyo gho kutegherera no kuhutha thiwana ghu di ghundondoro mumakuhongo gho kuyeyuka nomukehe yirughana, podigho eshi kuhonga ghudimuki ghu, twa ghu mwagherera pamashure ghosekondere ngenyu.

YITAMBO YOPOPAHE Hanuke hana:

YITAMBO YENEYENEPO YONGCARA 8 Hanuke ha kona:


1. kutegherera thiwana ghu ghayara kumapathwerero ghomengi gho kupwa kutjanga no kuhutha ghu dheghetera thiwana.

kutegherera ghu tjwathana kumitanuro, membo noyithimwetwedha kehe yino ghana turitha po muhongi

- kuhutha ghu neghedha marughanithero ghondimi mughuhunga

- kukara noñanani mwene

- kutjwanitha yitongora yonunu noyokunda

kutegherera thiwana no kudheghetera kuyitjanga yomapathwererero noyitjanga yo kuturitha po vene.

- kushingonona yikaramo noyirughana

yopakanwa: yighamba yomayandhwerero/ matambwero, mayendithitho, mambudhiyarekera, (ghofiyaghudhi, matumero noghomuraghitho) matjingitho, mbudhi nomapumbero ghomupepo

kutegherera ghu tjwathana kumitanuro, membo noyithimwetwedha kehe yino ghana turitha po muhongi

- kuhutha ghu neghedha marughanithero ghondimi mughuhunga kukutha omu ghana kuyighayarera

- kukara noñanani mwene - kutjwathanitha yitongora yonunu noyokunda

kutegherera thiwana no kudheghetera kuyitjanga yomapathwererero noyitjanga yo kuturithapo vene

- kushingonona yikaramo noyirughana yopakanwa: yighamba yomatjokedhero, maneghedhero, mayeyukero, thihonga, yitundamo yoyihokoka, rwipuruwipu


9.2.1 Kutegherera no kughamba (shime)

YITAMBO YOPOPAHE YITAMBO YENEYENEPO YONGCARA 8 Hanuke ha kona:


- kunongonona ndhika, thitambo nohateghereri mbudhi.

- kughoya yitambo - kutenda maghoyero agha ghana kughu

nothitambo

- kugharava eyi ghana kumona no kuyuva yi tanarithe matjwathaneno ghothitjanga

- kunongonona makurando ghoyihokoka - kunongonona yitenda noyiretidhera po

- kunongonona maghukukutu nomashutwero ghapo

- kunonogonona maghano gho kukutjaka-tjaka

- kutaghura pakatji koghushemwa noyighayarera

- kutenda makuwero nomakutjakero ghomapathwerero

- kunongonona ndhika, thitambo nohateghereri mbudhi.

- kukengurura no kurikanyitha

marongathaneno ghoyitjanga yo kuturitha po vene.

- kughoya yitambo nodidhi dyothitambo.

- kutenda maghoyero agha ghana kughu nothitambo

- kugharava eyi ghana kumona no kuyuva yi tanarithe matjwathaneno ghothitjanga

- kunongonona yitenda noyiretedherapo

- kunongonona maghukukutu nomashutwero ghapo

- kunonogonona maghano gho kukutjaka-tjaka

- kunongonona marughanithero ghondimi no kutjwathanitha edi yina kundama muteghereri



YITAMBO YOPOPAHE Hanuke ha kona:



- kushana ghu rongathana maghano ghoghushemwa, ñanani, noyithinganyeka eyi yina kuneghedha ghushemwa

- kunongonona meghukero diywi dya

mughambi pakurughanitha mañando,

yighamba noyighambaghana yongandji mu

kukoka muteghereri no kuyitjwathanitha edi

yina mu kundama

- kunongonona yinyekerekedhamo (thit: hamakuwa naweru, hakamadi nawakafumu)

- kukamununa no/ngambi kurongathana mapathwerero no kuyareka muhingo mwene thika edi ya roghera

- kunongonona no kushana mihingo dhoruhongaghuritho (yira: makuruperitho, yihongaghura, mandundatongora, kupurupumba dighano) nomambudhi gho kwangera

- kushingonona ñanani dhamughambi kuyitongora mwene ghukengurura ghushemwa ghokonda(thitambo) noghushupi

- kunongonona no kukuyonga ghufwiki noyangera

- kurikanyitha no kutjakitha mapakerero ghoyitjangatjaka (yitjanga omu mwa kara yopakanwa, yopatjangwa no/ngambi yirughanitha yo kumona), ghu kona-kona maghano noyinu

- kukamununa no/ngambi kurongathana mapathwerero no kuyareka muhingo mwene thika edi ya roghera

2. kughamba thiwana no kutambura

marughanithero ghomañando agha ha

dimuka no ghashidimuka muthighamba

nothitambo tho kutjoka-tjoka

makuyarekero

kurongathana no kughamba yi kene thiwana

wighuka

kutjakitha ruñandweya, madhira, matadhi,

mathaghano nomarongathaneno thitongora

thenethene no kutotitha po ghu rughanitha

kahongandimi mughuhunga

- kurongathana no kughamba yi kene thiwana

wighuka

- kurughanitha ruñandweya, madhira, matadhi, mathaghano nomarongathaneno thitongora thenethene no kutotitha po ghu rughanitha kahongandimi mughuhunga






kurughanitha ndimi mwene nomihingo kwawateghereri ho kukuthigha-thigha noyitambo yo kukutjaka-tjaka:

- marawero - mambudhi (ghofiyaghudhi, matumero,

muraghitho) - thishongero - rwipurwipu - makuyongo gho kushutura

maghukukutu - dikanyi

kuneghedha ghudimuki gho kuyarerera

ghoyitjo no kutapa fumwa ngeshi kuna

kuyareka yighamba yo kukutjaka-tjaka

kurughanitha ndimi mwene nomihingo kwawateghereri ho kukuthigha-thigha noyitambo yo kukutjaka-tjaka:

- kutapa yitundamo yothihokoka - kuyareka - thighamba - kukuvureka namupitererithi - ruvedhe ro kushutura po maghukutu - mambongo (yikuvureka mu-) - dikanyi

kuneghedha ghudimuki gho kuyarerera

ghoyitjo no kutapa fumwa ngeshi kuna

kuyareka yighamba yo kukutjaka-tjaka

3. kukuroghithera no kutapa mayarekero kuyitambo yo kukuthigha-thigha yawateghereri

kutorora ndimi (ndimi dho

kuroghera/muhingo), yikaramo

noyirughanithatjaka (yira: yirughanitha yo

kumona, yo kutegherera no yo kukwata

maywi) eyi yina roghera kwamuteghereri

nothitambo tho ka yi yarekera

kurughanitha mihingo dho kurongathana

thiwana omu sho mu kare mwingeneno,

yikaramo muyimingwa yo kukurandathana

nomaghoyero

kutorora ndimi (ndimi dho kuroghera/

muhingo), yikaramo noyirughanithatjaka

(yira : yirughanitha yo kumona, yo

kutegherera no yo kukwata maywi) eyi yina

roghera kwamuteghereri nothitambo tho ka

yi yarekera yi kumenene mo

kurughanitha mihingo ghokurongathana

thiwana omu sho mu kare mwingeneno,

yikaramo muyimingwa yo kukurandathana

nomaghoyero






kutapa mayandjwerero mwene, ghushemwa,

yitamenedhi yira dikanyi edi dina kukwatitha

ndjimandjima dhoyighamba

kuhukuruka (mbadi kukupombera mumutwi)

no kutapa mayarekero mwene gho

kurongathana

kurughanitha muhingo gho kughamba pakanwa nothimumu noghundondoro mu kuhatithera mo muteghereri

kutapa manyanyukero ghomayandjwerero

mwene, ghushemwa, yitamenedhi yira

dikanyi edi dina kukwatitha ndjimandjima

dhoyighamba

kuhukuruka (mbadi kukupombera mumutwi) no kutapa mayarekero mwene gho kurongathana

rughanithe mihingo dhodhingi dho kughamba pakanwa nothimumu noghundondoro mu kuhatitheramo muteghereri

4. kuhatera muyikuyonga noyikutambaghura yoyingi pakutjoka-tjoka maghano noyitjangwa mu kuneghedha muhingo mwene ghomakuyarekero no kutambura ghukaro gho kuroghera muyikuyongathana yo

kuneghedha maghundondoro ghomakuyarekero:

- kuhatera ghu nyanyuka muyikuyonga yo kurongeka no kutapa ko ñumbu mwene

- kutapa konda no kuturitha po maghano mumakurongathaneno mwene

kuneghedha maghundondoro ghomakuyarekero:

- kuhatera ghu nyanyuka muyikuyonga yo kurongeka no kutapa ko ñumbu mwene

- kutapa konda no kuhongaghura ghu rongatha dighano thiwana gha di tambure ghumwe






4. kuhatera muyikuyonga noyikutambaghura yoyingi pakutjoka-tjoka maghano noyitjangwa mu kuneghedha muhingo mwene ghomakuyarekero no kutambura ghukaro gho kuroghera muyikuyongathana yo

- kutureka ñumbu kare paruvedhe ro kuroghera

- kutambura yikuyaghuka noyitjoka-tjoka

- kugharava yitongora yonunu noyoyidhungi mughuhunga

- kukanyeka ghu kandana po ghufwiki noyinyekerekedha eyi hana nyeghenya hamwe

- kurughanitha ghushupi ghu kuhema mu kukwatitha ngambi kutjoka-tjoka memaneno ghawamweya

kurughanitha ghudimuki ghonungathaneno noyitjo yo kukuthigha-thigha (kuhatera kudirumeritho, kukutwa meho nomeho,kukandana po ñanani noyimwe) pakukuyarekera ghu neghedha yinyanyukera, fumwa noghuye kuyikuyuva yawamweya

- kurikanyitha no kutjakitha maghano

- kutjoka-tjoka maghano, yighayarera, ghufwiki noyinyekerekedha (apa yina roghera) mumarongathaneno, ghushupi ngambi dikanyi

- kutambura yikuyaghuka noyitjo-katjoka nomutjima gho kupendhighana

- kukona-kona no kukuyonga eyi yina kundama yiparitha noyikaritha yoghuhunga

kurughanitha ghudimuki ghonungathaneno noyitjo yo kukuthigha-thigha ( kuhatera kudirumeritho, kukutwa meho nomeho,kukandana po ñanani noyimwe) pakukuyarekera ghu neghedha yinyanyukera, fumwa noghuye kuyikuyuva yawamweya


9.2.2 Kutoya no kutjanga Naro dhoyikuhonga yoyikukutu, ghure ghoyitjangwa ya kona kukuwedherera. Yikuhonga yo kukutjaka-tjaka nomarudhi ghoyitjangwa ya kona kupwa kuyikona-kona mu kudimukitha hanuke marudhi ghoyitjangwa, marughanithero ghondimi, marongathaneno ghondimi noruñandweya.




Kutoya: 1. kutoya wighuka nothitambo tho kuneghedha

matjwathaneno ghothitjangwa no kunyanyukitha hateghereri

kutoya wighuka yitjangwa yopanaro dho kuroghera ghu yenderera no kuneghedha yikuyuva (kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kutoya thiwana mañando

kurughanitha madivwero nomayeywero mwene ghodiywi no kuturumutha ghu neghedha yikuvuva pakutoya (kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kutoya wighuka yitjangwa yopanaro dho kuroghera ghu yenderera no kuneghedha yikuyuva(kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kutoya thiwana mañando

kurughanitha madivwero nomayeywero mwene ghodiywi no kuturumutha ghu neghedha yikuyuva pakutoya (kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kukoka hateghereri pamuhingo ghothimumu yira kuwakenga no kurughanitha ndimi dhoyipo

2. kutoya thipore mughuhunga ghu yenderera no kutjwathana

kutoya thipore mañando gho kukuma ku185 kate 195 mumunute ghofotji

kuneghedha ghudimuki kurughanitha mihingo dho kutoya ghu tjwathana mu kuwana yitongora yomuthitjangwa (kenge thirameka B)

kutoya thipore mañado gho kukuma ku195 kate 200 mumunute ghofotji

kuneghedha ghudimuki gho kurughanitha mihingo dho kutoya ghu tjwathana mu kuwana yitongora yomuthitjangwa (kenge thirameka B)

3. kukuhatithera no kukukona-kona muyitjangwa yoyikukutu yo kuturitha po vene yira

- yitjangwa yomapathwerero - yitjangwa yoshemwa - marawero - yomatjwathanithero ngambi

yithithimwedha (yomumambapira, mambudhi notutjangamwene

kushingonona yidimukitho yomudyo nomarongongathaneno ghoyitjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha yomapathwerero

kuyakunutha yitjangwa mu kuwana yitongora yonunu noyokunda

kushingonona thitambo nohateghereri ghomarudhi ghoyitjangwa yira: katjangwa

kuyakunutha yitjangwa mu kuwana yitongora yonunu noyokuhorama

kushingonona thitambo, hateghereri nomahungekero ghothitjangwa nongepi edi ya kununga yidimukitho nomarongathaneno ghothitjangwa

kuyakunutha no kukengerura mudyo noyireti-


9.2.2 Kutoya no kutjanga (shime)



tomumagazini) - yitjangwa yoñanani noyomahongaghudhi

yira: (yighamba yoghupolitika, yitjanga-thimwetwedha, ghunu wamunu, mangcamu ghamukamadi muyithimwetwedhatjanga, mathothweneno ghombudhi, matjingitho, mbapira dhokwamuyendithi korambudhi)

- kukuhatithera no kukukona-kona muyitjangwa yoyikukutu yo kuturitha po vene yira

- yitjangwa yomapathwerero - yitjangwa yoshuhemwa - marawero - yomatjwathanithero ngambi yomadhi-

muthithimwedha, tutjanga tomumagazini

- yitjangwa yoñanani noyomahongaghudhi yira yighamba yoghupolitika noyitjangathimwetwedha, ghunu wamunu nomangcamu ghamu-kamadi muyithimwetwedhatjanga mathothweneno ghombudhi, matjingitho mbapira dhokwamuyendithi korambudhi

- yitjangwa yo kufukunya (yira katjangwa ko kuyedhekeritha yipara yomuditunga noyomuñurumbara)

- yitjangwa yo kutapa maghano - yitjangwa yo kunyanyukitha (yira

yihekitha) - yitjangwa yomarawero (yira wera,

fungufungu)

komukorambudhi, mayandjwerero ghombudhi, mbapira dhoyihokoka yo kehe diyuwa, makamweneno mbapira, mbapiradimukitho.

kushingonona ndimi edhi ha rughanitha kuthitjangwa no kunongonona muhingo ghomarughanithero

kuyakunutha yiretitherapo yomatorwero ghomañando kuyitongora nokumashindhukero ghothitjangwa

kutenda maghoyero no kutapa ghushupi ghomuthitjangwa gho kutanaritha maghoyero

kushana didhi dyothitjangwa tho kuyakunutha marundurukero ghatho mumiyirateta dho kukutjaka-tjaka

kushingonona marughanithero ghondimi muyirughanitha yoyithimwetwedhatjanga, yidimukitho yogirafiki nomihingo dhimweya dho kurughanitha, kuturitha po yiretedherapo muyitjangwa yoyitjangatjaka yira matjingitho

kukona-kona ghushemwa ghothitjangwa, no kutanaritha yighayara noñanani dho kuroghera

kuyakunutha pakatji koyighayara noghushemwa

kunongonona yinyekedhekera (stererotypes) noghushupi ghombango

kutapa mughuhunga mbudhi dho kukuthigha-thigha pagarafiki yira;

therapo, mudyo ghondimi, yirughanitha yoyithithimwetwedhatjanga nomihingo dhimwe dho kuturitha po yiretitherapo yongandji

kushana didhi dyothitjangwa no kunyanyukitha marundurukero ghatho mumiyirateta dho kukutjaka-tjaka

kutenda maghoyero no kutapa ghushupi ghomuthitjangwa gho kutanaritha maghoyero

kupakerera mapathwerero ngambi maghano gho kutunda muyinu yo kukuthigha yo kuhatera kuthinu/thihonga tho kukupitura

kushana memaneno ngambi thitambo thamutjangi muthitjangwa no kuyakunutha edi ghana kurundurura mutjangi memaneno ngambi thitambo yira marughanithero ghokahongandimi

kukengurura ghushemwa ghomarongatha-neno ghoñanani dhamutjanga yira mathothweneno ghombudhi

kunongonona yinyekedhekera noghushupi ghombango

kughongawedha no kurughanitha mapathwerero pagarafiki mumuhingo ghumweya ghorutjangaitho (yira katjangwa koñanani)






- yitjanga yomihongo dhodhingi (ruterekitho, yifaneka) makurandoruvedhe, garafiki, barafiki, dimbangu, dikarata, nunderero (kakoghatji)

(tumbangu/mambangu, makaratatunga, makaratapumbero mupepo)

kughongawedha no kurughanitha mapathwerero ghorutjangitho yira yitundamo ngambi dipepawinda

kuyedhekeritha no kutjakitha mapathwerero ghomuyitjangwa yiwadi ngambi kupitakana kuthihonga thorudhi rofotji tho kutjwathanitha makuwero nomakutjakero kuyinu yoghushemwa, yighaghara ngambi matjwathaneno

kuhukuruka no kuredhupitha madhi ngambi kutorora yinu muthitjangwa

kunongonona ghuhunga madhi ghothitjangwa mumakamweneno ghopopaheya

kuneghedha ghudimuki gho kurughanitha ghushupi gho kukuthigha-thigha

kuyedhekeritha no kutjakitha yitjangwa yo kuhatera marughanithero nomarongathaneno ghomaghano

kushingonona ndimi edhi ha rughanithanga kuthitjangwa no kunongonona muhingo ghomarughanithero ndimi

kurongathana ngambi kutorora madhi mumiyirateta dhothitjangwa

kunongonona ghuhunga nomadhi ghothitjangwa mumakamweneno ghondorwera

kuneghedha ghudimuki gho kurughanitha ghushupi gho kukuthigha-thigha

Yithimwetwedhatjanga: 4. kutoya, kutjwathana no kukwipura ghu

dheghetera kuyithimwetwedhatjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha yo kuyeyuka ko (mitanuro yipepa noyithimwa)

Mitanuro

kunongonona no kushingonona yinongononitho yene-yene yomarudhi ghomitanuro, yira: mutanuro ghothivunganyi (free verse), balati (ballad), sonata (sonnet).

kutambura mitanuro pakunongonona marughanithero ndimi, muhingo, yighanekera, murembo, muwero, diywi, mashindhukero noyikuyuva (ghukaro)

Mitanuro

kunongonona no kushingonona yidimukitho yomitanuro dho kukuthigha-thigha yira: ghorwimbo (lyric), makughero (ode), gho thidiro (elegy)

kuneghedha matambwero ghomitanuro pakuhatithera kundimi, rudhi, maghanekeritho, murembo, mughuma, diywi, mashindhukero noyikuyuva (ghukaro)





kunongonona, kuyitjwathanitha no kukengurura thimanenopo (symbol) noyirughanitho yoyithimwetwedhatjanga mumitanuro yira: mapituritho (metaphor) mayedhekeritho (simile), kunupitha, onomatopiya, yikwipudhura (rhetorical question), rupitughuma (alliteration), rupituñando (assonance), mandunda (hyperbole)

Yithimwetwedha yoyifupi, yithimwa noyipepa

kushingonona yidimukitho yomudyo nomarongathaneno ghothithimwetwedha thothifupi, thithimwa nothipepa

kunongonona, kushingonona no kutenda maghoyero mwene koyino yina kuranda ko

- marongathaneno ghoyihokoka (plot) - dyango (setting) - makurandero ghoyihokoka (sequence of events) - didhi/ndjimandjima (theme) - hapepi - ruthimwetwedhitho (narrative viewpoint) - muhingo nondimi (muhingo nondimi)

kushingonona marughanithero ndimi paghukaro, payithimwetwedha nopathitjo thothitjangwa

kutjwathanitha no kukuyonga yitongora yonunu noyokunda

kunongonona, kutjwathanitha no kukengurura thimanenopo noyirughanitho yithimwetwedhatjanga mumitanuro: makurimbo (irony: situational irony, verbal irony, dramatic irony), disheve (sarcasm), [“euphemism, litotes, sibilance, oxymoron, innuendo”] noyihekitha (pun)

Yithimwetwedha yoyifupi, yithimwa noyipepa

kutjwathanitha no kutenda maghoyero mwene, kukengurura marundurukero ghawapepi nodidhi dyothitambo, ndjimandjima dhothitjangwa kukutha mumarughanithero ghothitjangwa paghukaro, payithimwetwedha nongambi pathitjo thothitjangwa

kushingonona ruthimwetwedhitho nothitambo, noyiretedherapo yatho

kutjwathanitha no kukuyonga yitongora yonunu noyokuhorama

kutemununa ghushemwa ghomuthitjangwa gho kutanaritha mayakunuthero ghawo kuthitjangwa

kuyedhekeritha no kutjakitha yimthimwetwedha yoyifupi yo kuneghedha didhi dyothitambo/ndjimandjima dho kukupitura



YITAMBO YOPOPAHE Hanuke ha kona



kutemununa ghushupi ghomuthitjangwa gho kutanaritha mayakunuthero ghawo kuthitjangwa thothipepa yira: diñambwe, ndwa, noyindhendherera (suspense)

kukengurura marongathaneno ghoyinu mayendero kughutho ghothihokoka nodidhi, ndwa, nomashushutukero ghadho

kunongonona yirughanitho yithimwetwedhatjangwa yo kumona eyi yina kuthothonona muhingo ghondimi dhamutjangi

kutjwathanitha edi thina kuneghedha thirughana thoyithimwetwedhatjanga, thitjo, ghukaro ngambi matawero ghamutjangi

Kutjanga: 5. kuturitha po yitjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha

yo kurongathana thiwana

kutorora mapathewerero gho kuroghera muthitjangwa thofoji ngambi yoyingi no kuyitjanga pamuhingo wagho nagho ghu dhemenena yitambo nawatoyi

kutenda makamweneno ghopathinamasho ghomadhi ngambi mapathwerero gho kutorora muthitjangwa thopakanwa ngambi thopatjangwa (kenge makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kukamununa madhi ghombudhi, rwipurwipu, ñanani noyikuhonga

kupakerera maghundondoro no kukamununa nomapathwerero gho kutunda moyotekinolodji (makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kurughanitha muhingo gho kughayara yo kutjanga nothitambo mu kuturitha po yihutha yo kurongathana thiwana patjangwa

kupakerera maghundondoro no kukamununa nomapathwerero gho kutunda moyotekinolodji (makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kutorora mapathwerero gho kurogherera muthitjangwa thofotji ngambi yoyingi no kuyitjanga pamuhingo wagho nagho ghu dhemenena yitambo nawatoyi

kuyakunutha no kupakerera mapathwerero ghomuyitjangwa yoghushemwa noyoñanani no kuyitura pamuhingo gho kuyandjurura patjangwa, kutapa ñumbu kumakutjakero ghoyikuyonga mumayarekero (kenge makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

kutenda makamweneno pathinamasho ghomadhi ngambi kutorora mapathwerero ghomuyitjangwa yoghushemwa noyo kughayarera

kurughanitha muhingo gho kughayara gho kutjanga nothitambo mu kuturitha po yo kurongathana thiwana patjangwa (kenge makuhongo ghoyokuvungvunga)

kurongathana thiwana miyirateta dhine dhoyitongora

kurughana yidimukitha yokahongandimi, yitoyadimukitha, mathaghano, matadhi, madhira nothitambo





kurongathana thiwana miyirateta dhi neghedhe yitongora

kurughanitha yidimukitho yokahongandimi, yitoyadimukitha, mathaghano, matadhi, madhira nothitambo tho

kuthimwetwedha no kushingononona

kuturitha po yitjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha nothitambo thopapendi thinda nopathirughana ghu rughanitha muhingo mwene gho kuroghera kuthitambo nawateghereri (kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

- mbapira dhopathinamuragho - imeyiri

mbapira dhoyihokoka kehe diyuwa

makamweneneno mbapira

yitundamo

diñambwe

kumanitha yirughana yo kukuthigha-thigha yopatjangwa kuyihonga eyi ha fundhwera noyi ha pira kufundhwera (kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga).

- kughongawedha mapathwerero gho kurogherera gho kutunda muyitjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha noyopatekinolodji (kenge makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

- kukona-kona mudyo, ghushemwa ghonunderero dho kehe thitjangwa

- kupakerera mapathwerero gho kutorora

kuturitha marudhi ghoyithimwewedha yino yina kuranda ko nothitambo tho

- kutota mapathwerero no kushingonona

kuturitha po yitjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha nothitambo thopapendi thinda nopathirughana ghu rughanitha muhingo mwene gho kuroghera kuthitambo nawateghereri (kukenga makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga) - mbapira dhopathinaghundambo dho

kutanaritha, dho kushwaghitha yighayara no dho kuhongaghuritha

- mbapira dho kumamberegho ghombubdhi (yira NAMPA)

- thighamba - katjangwa komumagazini - yitundamo yokorambudhi

kumanitha yirughana yo kukuthigha-thigha yopatjangwa kuyihonga eyi ha fundhwera noyi ha pira kufundhwera (kenge makuhongo ghoyokuvungavunga)

- kughongawedha mapathwerero gho kurogherera gho kutunda muyitjanga yo kukuthigha-thigha noyopatekinolodji (makuhongo ghoyokuvungvunga)

- kukona-kona mudyo, ghushemwa ghonunderero dho kehe thitjangwa

- kupakerera mapathwerero gho kutorora pakutjanga ghu dhira kwidha maghano ghawamweya, kushimba thiwana no





pakutjanga ghu dhira kwidha maghano ghawamweya, kushimba thiwana no kudimukitha eshi kupi ghuna yi shimbi

- kukuroghithera, kutjanga, kuhukuruka no kutjangurura thirughana nothitambo tho kurughanitha kahongandimi, mathaghano, ruñandweya, matadhi,madhira mashendende mughuhunga no kutapa thitjangwa tho kutjanga thiwana

kudimukitha eshi kupi ghuna yi shimbi - kukuroghithera, kutjanga, kuhukuruka

no kutjangurura thirughana nothitambo tho kurughanitha kahongandimi, mathaghano, ruñandweya, matadhi, madhira,nomashendende mughuhunga no kutapa thitjangwa tho kutjanga thiwana


9.2.3 Kahongandimi noruñandweya

YITAMBO YOPOPAHE Hanuke ha kona



Kahongandimi 1. kuneghedha ghudimuki noghundondoro

ghomarughanithero kahongandimi nondimi mumuhingo mwene pakutjanga nopakughamba ghu rughanitha mañando mwene pakukuhonga no kughamba yo kuhatera kundimi

kurughanitha ghudimuki ghokahongandimi gho kuroghera ngcara pakughamba no pakukuyonga: manako, yiramekaturaghutho, yinungitho, muningi (subject), thininga/thirughana (verb), thiningwa/thituraghutho (object)

kurughanitha yikurutjanga mughuhunga: - mafupipithero (NIED, RCC, RCA, NANSO)

kurughanitha mañando ghokahongandimi ghondimi dhongcara dhi

kurughanitha yitoyadimukitha yino mughunga:

- kemaneno munyima dhoñandoneghedha (signal word), (thit: Tho kutanga, wa kona kunwa mapirishi ghoye. ngambikemo,...)

- tutharawadi pakuranda ko makurando ghoyinu (Aye nga ka ghura yino: ngombe, shushwa noñombo.)

- mitakatjidimukitho - yidimukitho yomatemweneno kumena

ghoyimweya ( Awo nga ha rorera vidiyo wa wa“Mr Bones”)

- yidimukitho yomatemweneno pakutemununa yirughana yopatjangwa

- yidimukitho yomatemweneno, mwimi dhomatemweneno (“ ‘ ‘ ”)

kunongonona no kurughanitha kahongandimi kano mughuhunga:

- mañandodina ghopaabusitaraka (ruhakitho, thinyenganyi...)

- mañandowipura (kupi? hadye?)

kurughanitha yitoyadimukitha yino mughunga: -mitakatjidimukitho -shumbero/kapi/kandjumbi -tutharawadi -masho -katharakemaneno (kemanenoghana)

kurughanitha yikurutjanga mughuhunga

kurughanitha ghudimuki ghokahongandimi gho kuroghera ngcara pakughamba no pakukuyonga: manako, yighambatunumeka noyishitunumeka, yighambatanara noyishitanara, yighambavura

kunongonona no kurughanitha kahongandimi kano mughuhunga: -mañandotongora nomañandoshingononi, mañandotara, mañandonegha, yinungitho -yiyandjururitha yighamba (relative clauses), thit: Muhero, apa nga na kumu, nga kini thikuma.


- yighamba yishitunumeka

kurughanitha ghudimuki ghomiragho dhoyighamba pakughamba no pakutjanga:

- muningi, mañandorughana, mañandoshingononi, mañandotongora nothiningwa muyighamba

- kutenda mepwero nomahuthero ghokemo/mbadikemo

- kutenda yighamba yomuhingohamura munako dho kuroghera

- kuturitha po yighamba eyi yina kurughanitha ‘ene, no, noyoyishi’

- kurughanitha manako mughuhunga muyighamba yo kukutjaka

- kununga yighamba

- muhingotanara noghushitanara

kurughanitha ghudimuki ghomiragho dhoyighamba pakughamba no pakutjanga:

- muningi, mañandorughana, mañandoshingononi, mañandotongora nothiningwa muyighamba

- kutenda mepwero nomahuthero ghokemo/mbadikemo

- kutenda yighamba yomuhingohamura munako dho kuroghera

- kuturitha po yighamba eyi yina kurughanitha ‘ene, no, noyoyishi’

- kurughanitha manako mughuhunga muyighamba yo kukutjaka

-kununga yighamba

Ruñandweya 2. kudimuka no kurughanitha ruñandweya

mwene muyighamba, pakutoya, pakutegherera, pakutjanga ghu rwighuka no kurushasha mughuhunga

kurughanitha ruñandweya ro kuyeyuka ko pakughamba no pakutjanga: - mashendende - mañando gho kuromba - mañandopitura nomañandotjaka - matadhi nomathaghano noyighamba

yomathaghano - mughuma wayo - mena ghomango - rutoyitho pathirume nopathikadhi

kughongawedha ruñandweya no kuturitha po tumbapira toruñandweya

kudimuka muhingo mwene ghomashashero muThimbukushu

kurughanitha ruñandweya ro kuyeyuka ko pakughamba no pakutjanga:

- mashendende - mañando gho kuromba - mañandopitura nomañandotjaka - matadhi nomathaghano noyighamba

yomathaghano - mughuma wayo - mena ghomango (ditondo, ndjumungu,

thirudhi, thipiro, mbundhi, thinyaku, mahemo, ngomayambi, thindanda/rupare, maragho...)

kughongawedha ruñandweya no kuturitha po tumbapira toruñandweya

kudimuka muhingo mwene ghomashashero muThimbukushu


10 Yikonakona Mayendithithohongo dhemenena-mwanuke (learner-centred curriculum) noruhongithitho dhemenena-mwanuke (learner-centred teaching) gha rughanitha ghudimuki noghundondoro ghowingi oghu ghu di mudyo mughuparo ghomukunda dhemenena-ghudimuki (knowledge-based society). Muyitambo yeneyenepo yomudighanohongithitho ya dhemenena eshi matjwathaneno nomaghundondoro munye agha ha roghera kuneghedha hanuke munyima dho kuhonga no kukuhonga, noyitambo munye yo kukona-kona. Ngambikemo, mayendithithohongo kwa gha tambithera kuyikuhonga yamwanuke, mbadi kuyikonakona nomakonakono. 10.1 Yikonakona yishihuru Mu ka kamununa ñaro nonaro dhoyitwetha yamwanuke, yikonakona yishihuru yopamuragho noyopathinaghundambo ya kona kukara yoyingi mu ka wana difano dyomarundurukero noghudimuki wamwanuke. Yikonakona yishihuru ya kona kukena, kuredhupa no kukona kuyikumitha mo no ya kona kudhemenena pamuhingo ghoruhongitho ro kutura mwanuke gha kare mukamiti kuyikuhonga yendi thinda. Mamitiri gha kona kushana mapathwerero (ghushupi) ghoshemwa muyitombora yamwanuke kukutha yitambo yeneyenepo. Ghushupi oghu hana ghongawedha gho kuhatera marundurukero nomutombo wamwanuke wa kona kutapa ñumbu kuhatera kughutanavu noghukashu, kupi oku ghana kurughana thiwana, no pashanye, ngepi nopashanye gha nyandera mwanuke kukutura mo thikuma. Hakuru ha kona kuwana ñumbu dho kuhatera kuyirughana yawanawo muyikuhonga, kuwatjokedha mu kutapa furufenda kumutombo wamwanawo no kuwapa yithinganyeka eshi ngepi edi sho ha kambeke ko nyara kuyirughana noyikuhonga yamwanawo. Marundurukero noyikumitha mo yamwanuke muthikuhonga ha kona kuyiyareka kwawakuru mumuhingo ghothishupo thoshure. 10.2 Yikonakona-nangwera noyikonakona-kamununa Mihingo dhiwadi dhomakengwerero edhi ha rughanitha ne yikonakona-nangwera noyikonakona-kamununa. Yikonakona-nangwera (Formative Assessment) ne yikonakona yomumwaka yo kushana kuroghuthurura mayendithitho ghoyikuhonga yamwanuke noruhongitho rwamitiri. (Mumuhingo ghu mitiri gha kona kunongonona/kunangura/kuncenuna/kumona/kudimuka yitundamo yo ruhongitho rwendi mu kughamwena hanuke ha kuhonge thiwana no kukumitha mo maghundondoro). Yikonakona-nangwera yi yi di nomanangwero kwamwanuke ngeshi

kuna kuyirughanitha mu kumutjokedha gha wedherere ghudimuki nomaghundondoro ghendi, gha kare nomi mwene, no kuyeyura rukuhongithitho mwene;

yirughana yomakengwerero kughamwena mwanuke gha shuture ghukukutu wendi noghunyanyami ghoyinu eyi gha mu honga mitiri;

mitiri ha rughanitha ghushupi oghu ghana nangura mu kuroghuthurura ruhongitho noyihongithitha yendi mu kughamwena mwanuke.

Yikonakona-kamununa (Summative Assessment) ne yikonaona yo kutenda kughuhura ghomwaka no kudhemenena kumaghongawedhero ghomarundurukero noyikumithamo yamwanuke mumwaka ghoghuheya muthikuhonga thendi, pofotji nomawedherero ghomakonakonoghana ngambi makonakono(-tjanga) ghoghuhura ghomwaka. Yitundamo yomakengwerero gha ne kutenda ñaro dhomapenda gho kurundurukitha mungcara. 10.3 Mayendithitho ghopathinamuragho noghopathinaghundambo Mitiri (muhongi) gha kona kukona-kona eshi ngepi ghana kukumitha mo kehe mwanuke yitambo yeneyenepo mudighanohongithitho no kuwana difano dyomarundurukero ghamwanuke yo. Eyi kukona kuyikumitha mo mumuhingo ghopathinaghundambo (gho kukukarera) yira kukona-kona makuturero mo ghawo, kurondonona marundurukero ghamwanuke muyikuhonga nomarughanithero


ghamwanuke ghushupi, marughanithero ghudimuki, nungathano nawamweya nongepi edi gha tendanga matokwero ghendi. Ngeshi yi di mudyo eshi yikonakona yi kare pathinamuragho, mitiri, apa gha ka hurera, gha kona kurughanitha muhingo oghu gha twaghera mwanuke mu kukona-kona yitwetha yendi. Makonakonoghana ghofumwa ghopatjangwa noghopakanwa kukona kugharughanitha mu kukona-kona hanuke, ene mbadi gha shimbe ruvedhe roruhe rothikuhonga. Makonakonoghana ghomafupi kukona kughatjanga muruvedhe rothikuhonga muyikandho yodina dina humena payi, ene mbadi gha kona kushimba ruvedhe roruheya rothikuhonga.

10.4 Makengwerero Mapathwerero (ghushupi) yikonakona yishipu yothinamuragho nothinaghundambo gha kona kugharughanitha mitiri apa ghana roghera mu kutanaritha no kutjindja mayendithitho noyirughanitha yomarundurukero noyinyanda yamwanuke. Kughuhura gho kehe thihonga, no kughuhura ghothinema, mitiri, pofotji nohanuke, ha kona kukengurura makurando muthinema kutwara kuyirughana eyi ya pwa ko, makuturero mo, yinye nga ha kuhongo hanuke noyinu munye ha nyanda kuroghuthurura mu kutjindja yitwetha yawo mungonda. 10.5 Yikonakona nunga-marawero (Criterion-referenced grades) Pakutapa yiwanamo yoyikonakona yishipu, yi di mudyo eshi ya kona kuneghedha naro mwene dhoyikumithamo yamwanuke muyitambo yeneyenepo, no mbadi yina kundama eshi ngepi nga ha tombora hanuke hamweya muyitambo yi ngambi kudighano dyo kuninga eshi maperesenda ghohanuke hongandji kehe pano ha kona kuwana A, B, C noyimweya kengeyo (yikonakona-taghura/norm-referencing). Mumakengwerero ghoyikonakona nunga-marawero, kehe thitjanga (thiwanamo) tha kona kukara nomashingweneno eshi yinye sho gha neghedhe mwanuke mu ka kumitha mo yiwanamo yo (kenge 10.6). Mamitiri gha kona kurughana pofotji mu kukuyarekera matjwathaneno ghoyitongora yomashingweneno yiwanamo, ngepi gho kuyirughanitha muyikonakona yishipu noyimweya kengeyo. 10.6 Mashingweneno yiwanamo Maghongawedhero ghomutombo wamwanuke muyitambo yeneyenepo kuyineghedha muyitjanga A kare E, oku A ne yokamanakandongo noE ne muyangu ghopamuve. Ngeshi yiwanamo yamwanuke gha ha yi neghedha muyitjanga, yi di mudyo eshi ya kona kuneghedha naro mwene dhoghuhunga dhomatombwero ghoghundondoro. Makupitwero ghothitjanga noyitambo yeneyenepo ha yi neghedha mutishi oyu kwishi (dipepa dyo kuranda ko). Thitjanga kuthirughanitha mu kuneghedha yiwanamo kehe pano, mbadi maperesenda.


Thiwanamo

% Ghukatji

Mashingweneno yiwanamo

A 80%+ Ghana kumitha mo yitambo yeneyenepo thiwana shemwa. Mwanuke ne ngwenya mumitara dhodhiheya dhoyitwetha.

B 70-79% Ghana kumitha mo yitambo yeneyenepo thiwana. Yitwetha yamwanuke ne pawiru, ya pitakana dihenda dyoyikumithamo, nomwanuke gha dimuka thiwana yitwetha yongandji.

C 60-69% Ghana kumitha mo yitambo yeneyenepo thiwana vene. Mwanuke ghana dimuka yitambo yeneyenepo no kukona kuyirughanitha muyihokoka yishikuroghithera.

D 50-59% Hasha ghana kumitha mo yitambo yeneyenepo. Yitwetha yamwanuke ne hasha vene, kukuma kudihenda. Mwanuke gha nyanda maghamweno muyikuhonga yendi mumitara dhimweya.

E 40-49% Ghana kumitha mo thivarero thongandji thoyitambo yeneyenepo mu kumughayarera kukutwetha. Ngambi kenge eshi mwanuke mbadi ghana kumitherera mo yitambo yeneyenepo, ene mutombo wendi ne wa rikanya no wa pitakana naro dhopamuve. Mwanuke ghana nyanda maghamweno mumitara dhodhingi.

U 0-39% Mbadi ghana kumitha mo thivarero thomatombwero ghoyitambo yeneyenepo. Mwanuke mbadi ghana kumu kuthivarero thomatombwero, ngambi kenge eshi muhongi ne papendi gha ghondherire ruvedhe roruheya. Mwanuke ne ghana nyanda maghamweno pawangu-wangu muyikuhonga yendi.


10.7 Rutenditho norupunguritho yikonakona Yikonakona yishihuru ya nyanda kuyirongathana no kuyitaghura kumatangero ghomwaka no kuyitura yi kare yishaghuredhu. 10.8 Yitambo yoyikonakona Munaro dhosekondere, maghundondoro ghohanuke gho kutegherera no kutoya, pofotji noghudimuki wawo ghokahongandimi noruñandweya, gha kona kupwa kukona-kona kutwara edi hana kughamba no kutjanga, podigho eshi yitambo yoyikonakona yomaghundondoro kuyivunga-vunga muyitambo yoyikonakona yo kughamba no kutoya.

Yitambo yoyikonakona yondimi dho kutanga ne yino: 10.8.1 Kughamba Hanuke ha kona

1. kuyareka thiwana no ghuhunga; 2. kukuwa yighamba yawo yo kudimuka noyishidimuka mu kutjokatjoka yikuyonga 3. kuyareka maghano mughuhunga ghu rughanitha maghororwero mwene ghoyighamba

nomashindhukero ghomañando 4. kuneghedha ndimi dhopakanwa thiwana 5. kutapa thighamba tho kukuroghithera thiwana kwawateghereri 6. kukutura mo thiwana muyikuyonga yo kukunungathana noyikuvureka yo kuhatera kuyihonga

noyitoya yongandji 7. kuneghedha maghundondoro mwene ghonungathano 8. kuyereka kutambura ghukaro ghoghuwa ghonungathano 10.8.2 Kutjanga Hanuke ha kona

1. kutoya thitoya muthipore no kutjwathana yitongora yapo 2. kurikanyitha no kukengurura mambudhi ghoyithimwetwedha kutwara kwawateghereri 3. kutumbura mambudhi ghomudyo muthitoya no kugharughanitha muyitambo, muhingo

nawateghereri hongandji. 4. kutumbura ngambi kurikanyitha no kutjakitha mambudhi gho muyitoya yiwadi ngambi yoyingi 5. kukona-kona, kutjwathanitha no kukengurura mayendithitho ghoyithimwa, yipepa nomitanuro edhi

dha pwa kutorora 6. kuthukura, kutjwathanitha no kutapa mapathwerero kuyinu yonunu noyokughayarera

yomuyithimwa, yipepa nomumitanuro edhi ha torora no kutapa makwatithithoko kutunda muyitoyaminga

7. kukengurura marughanithero noyiretitherapo yondimi, yirughanitho yithimwetwedhatjanga, nomihingo dhimweya muyitjanga

8. kuturitha po yitoya yo kupira kughororoka no yo kughororoka, pamundinda, mumarughanithero ghoyihonga nothitambo

9. kurughanitha mughunga mashokekero, ndimi nomashindhukero ghodiywi mu kukuwa nothitambo nawateghereri

10. kuneghedha ghudimuki ghomiragho dhoyitoyadimukitha nokahongandimi pakutjanga 11. kurughanitha yihonga, rutjangithitho nomashashero mwene ghondimi


10.9 Yikonakona yishihuru: maghorwero mwene Yikonakona yishihuru ya roghera kuyitorora muthinema, yiwanamo ya kona kupwa kungeneka. Eyi yikonakona yishihuru ya roghera kuyirongeka thiwana no kuyikoreka kutwara muthikorekitho nomahuthero. Muhingo ghoyirughana yoyikonakona yomakonakonoghana wa roghera kughutapa kwamwanuke kughutho ghoyirughana yoyikonakona (mbadiko kughombekedha). Ghushupi ghoyirughana yohanuke awa hana wana mapenda ghomawa, pakatji-katji nopamuve komapenda, yirughana yopatjangwa nomakorekitho ya kona kupwa kupungura pashure kate ghuhura ghomwaka gho kuranda ko. Mamitiri ha kona kutorora mapenda ngambi agha ha pungura ghoyikonakona yishihuru eyi yi di mudyo mu kuyirughanitha kuyikonakona-nangwera yongandji. Kughuhura ghomwaka mapenda ghoyikonakona-kamununa gha kona kudhemenena kumakengwerero ghoyirughana eyi ha tawedhera mudighanohongithitho. 10.9.1 Kutegherera no kughamba Ghundondoro gho kughamba wawanuke wa nyanda makonakoneno ngambi rofotji muthinema (Mbadi kukuyonga ngenyu, ene nomaghundondoro gho kuyareka no kukunungathana nawamweya). Ghundondoro ghawo gho kuyareka nagho kughukona-kona ngambi rofotji muthinema, ghu rughanitha yikorekitho eyi ha rameka kudighanohongithitho di. Agha mapenda kughapungura mumuthinga gho kuroghera muGhupungwero Yikonakona Yishihuru. 10.9.2 Yitoya noYitjangatambithera Yitoya noyitjangatambithera Kutoya no kuhutha ha kona kuyikengurura kehe pano muthinema thothiheya mu kurughanitha mepwero gho kukutjaka-tjaka mu kukona-kona matjwathaneno ghoyo kuyuveka noyo kupira kuyuveka yitongora yapo. Ngambi thirughana thothitoya thofotji ngenyu muthinema, mitiri gha kona kuthingeneka muGhupungwero Yikonakona Yishihuru. Thirughana tho kukona-kona matjwathaneno tha kona kurikanya makumi-mane no kutapera mo ruwadi mu ka wana mapenda makumi-mawadi (20). Muyikonakona yo kutoya no kuhutha mwa kona kukara yirughana yoyitjangatambithera omu sha ka torore hanuke mambudhi ghomudyo muthitoya thofotji ngambi yoyingi yo kumona eyi ha rughanithanga kukutjanga yirughana yo kukuthigha-thigha, thitambo nohateghereri kutunda koyi hana toyo. Yirughana yoyitjangatambithera kukona yi kare mumuhingo gho kukamununa, mbapira dhopathinamuragho ngambi dhopathinaghundambo; noyitundamo, yihokoka kehe diyuwa; katjangwa ngambi diñambwe. Yitjanga yishihuru Hanuke ha kona kurughana ko ngambi thithimwetwedhatjanga thofotji thothire nothirughana thofotji thothifupi muthinema. Mapenda kughatura muGhupungwero Yikonakona Yishihuru. Yitjanga yo kukutjaka-tjaka ha kona kuyikona-kona mukehe thinema. Ghure ghoyirughana ya kona kukara yira ngeno: Yitjangathimwetwedha Ngcara 8: mañando 200-300 Ngcara 9: mañando 300-350 Yitjanga yoyifupi Ngcara 8: mañando 150-180 Ngcara 9: mañando 180-200 Yithimwetwedhatjanga Yikuhonga yoyithimwetwedhatjanga kwa kara nomitara dhihatu: yithimwa, yipepa nomitanuro. Mitara dhodhiheya dhi kukona kudhikona-kona pakanwa, patjangwa ngambi pamakonakonoghana. Ngambi thitjanga thofotji ngenyu muthinema koyi yithimwetwedhatjanga eyi ha tawedhera, thirughana tho tha


kona kupwa kukoreka muthinema nomapenda ghapo kughatura muGhupungwero Yikonakona Yishihuru. [Mitiri, nomarawero ghohayendithi makuhongo, kukona kushimba kehe muhingo gho kuroghera mu kukona-kona hanuke kumitara dhodhiheya dhoyithimwetwedhatjanga]. Yirughana ya kona kukara nomepwero ghomafupi, ene hanuke ha kona kurughana dipwero dyofotji dyodire mumwaka kutwara kuyithimwetwedhatjanga eyi gha torora mitiri. Ngambikemo, kumakonakono ghoghuhura ghomwaka, mitiri gha kona kwipura mepwero ghomafupi ngambi mepwero agha sha kone kuhutha mumuyirateta ghofotji ngambi dhiwadi. Makonakono ghoghuhura ghomwaka gha kona kukara nodipwero mukehe mutara dhihatu dhoyithimwetwedhatjanga no hanuke ha kona kuhutha mepwero mawadi ngenyu mumitara dhi dhihatu. (i) Yithimwa (ngambi thithimwa thothifupi/thithimwetwedha thothifupi)

Yikaramo ya kona kupwa kukona-kona mumakengwerero ghohapepi, ndjimandjima, makurando ghoyihokoka, mango, twangoghana, marongathaneno, yitenda noyitundamo, ndimi noyighanekera (yamutjangi, “senses pro lenses”). Yirughana yoyikonakona yishihuru yohanuke ya kona kukara nomepwero ghomafupi endi mepwero gho kukona kuhutha muyirateta ghofotji ngambi dhiwadi. Dipwero dyodire kukona kudirughanitha kumapenda ghoyikonakona yishihuru.

(ii) Thipepa Thipepa thothifupi ha kona kuthikuhonga. Yikaramo ya kona kupwa kukona-kona kukutha makengwerero ghawapepi, ndjimandjima, makurando ghoyihokoka, mango, twangoghana, marongathaneno, yitenda noyitundamo, ndimi noyighanekera. Yirughana yoyikonakona yishihuru yohanuke ya kona kukara nomepwero ghomafupi endi mepwero gho kukona kuhutha muyirateta ghofotji ngambi dhiwadi Dipwero dyodire kukona kudirughanitha kumapenda ghoyikonakona yishihuru.

(iii) Mitanuro

Mitanuro kukona kudhiyandjurura kukutha yikaramo nodiywi, yighayanekera, mashindhukero noyikuyuva, mighuma nomirembo. Hanuke ha kona kurikanyitha no kutjakitha mitanuro edhi dhi di nondjimandjima dhorupitu. Yirughana yoyikonakona yishihuru ya kona kukara nomepwero ghomafupi endi mepwero gho kukona kuhutha muyirateta ghofotji ngambi dhiwadi Dipwero dyodire kukona kudirughanitha kumapenda ghoyikonakona yishihuru. Eyi ha fundhwera kutoya mungcara: Ngcara 8: mitanuro 6 NOthipepa thothifupi 1 NOthithimwa 1 NGAMBI yithimwetwedha 5 yoyifupi mumwaka Ngcara 9: mitanuro 8 NOthipepa thothifupi 1 NOthithimwa 1 NGAMBI yithimwetwedha 6 yoyifupi mumwaka

10.9.3 Kahongandimi noruñandweya Kahongandimi noruñandweya ya kona kupwa kukona-kona kupitera muyitoya noyitambo yeneyenepo yomumutara ghokahongandimi muyikaramo yoyikuhonga. Eyi ha kona kuyikona-kona mwayendamwaka. Mitiri gha kona kutapa ngambi makonakonoghana ghofotji ngenyu muthinema, kughakoreka no kughengeneka muGhupungwero Yikonakona Yishihuru. Makonakonoghana gha kona kukuma kumakumi-mawadi no kughatapera ruwadi mu kuwana mapenda 10.


10.9.4 Makamweneno ghoyikonakona yishihuru muthinema

Maghundondoro Mapenda Ñaro

1. Kutegherera no kughamba Thighamba thishikuroyithera/ maghundondoro hatera

10

Yighamba yo kukuroghithera 10 Ngoyo 20

2. Kutoya no kutjanga Yitoyatjwathana noyitjangatambithera 20 Kahongandimi 10 Yitjanga yishihuru: thitjangathimwetwedha 20 Yitjanga yishihuru: thirughana thothifupi 10 Thithimwetwedhatjanga 20

80

Ngoyo 100

10.9.5 Yitundamo yomapenda kughuhura ghothinema

Mapenda ghoyikonakona yishihuru ghothinema 1 kughapakerera ne 100. Agha mapenda ne gho gho kutura paraporiti (thishupo) kughuhura ghothinema 1 no 2. Hanuke mbadi ha kona kutjanga makonakono kughuhura ghoyinema yi yiwadi (shimengwa pamatawedhero ghoMberegho Makuhongo). Mu kuyeyura matambwero ghohanuke kuyitjanga yawo yo kuthimwetwedha, mashure gha kona kushagheka muhingo gho kuninganga hanuke ha tjangange yithimwetwedha yishihuru mudiyuwa dyo kuhurerera (kuyandhera) pashure nothitambo tho kuwaghongeka pashure. 10.10 Makonakono ghoghuhura ghomwaka: maghorwero mwene Mungcara 8, ñanyi gha karange ko makonakono gho kurongeka mwimi dhoshure kughuhura ghomwaka, no kughuhura ghongcara 9 makonakono ne gho kwipwera panunda dhoshure (kuMberegho dhoMakuhongo), ene kughakorekera pashure. Makonakono ghongcara 9 ñanyi ha ghepurange kuDNEA no kughakorekera mwimi dhomukunda waKavango. Thitambo thomakonakono gha ne mu kukengurura yitwetha yawanuke mumwaka gho. Makuroghithero nomayendithitho ghomakonakono gha mbadi gha roghera kushimba ghure ghoyivike yoyiheya yiwadi kughuhura ghomwaka. Makonakono-tjanga kughuhura ghomwaka mbo ghana karanga nomapepa mahatu:


Dipepa Rudhi romepwero Ruvedhe Mapenda

Dipepa 1:

Dipepa mbo dina kara nomitara dhiwadi, kehe ghu nomepwero ghothitoyamingwa tho kukukarera. Eyi yitoyamingwa yiwadi ya kona kukara yo kuthimwetwedha, yoghushemwa no/ngambi yomapathwerero. Ghure ghomañando ghoyitoyamingwa mudipepa di wa kona kukuma ku 450 mukehe thitoyamingwa thongcara 8, nomañando 500 mukehe thitoyamingwa thongcara 9.

Maviri 2

Mutara 1 Mutara ghu mbo ghuna kara noyirughana yiwadi nomepwero ñanyi gha tundange muthitoyamingwa tho kutanga.

Yitoya noYitjanga-tambithera

Thirughana 1 Muthirughana thi ñanyi mwa kukare mepwero ghomafupi, mepwero ghomandorwera, mepwero ghokemo ngambi mbadikemo no/ngambi mepwero gho kushereka. Hanuke mbadi wa kuwatepwera mapenda ghawo pamurandu ghomashashero, kahongandimi noyitoyadimukitha.

10

Thirughana 2 Mapenda dikumi ne ghomepwero gho kukona-kona kahongandimi muthitoyamingwa tho.

10

[20] Mutara 2

Mutara ghu mbo ghuna kara noyirughana yiwadi. Mepwero mbo ghana tundu muthitoyamingwa thoghuwadi.

Thirughana 1: Matjwathaneno Rudhi romepwero ghomatjwathaneno ne gho kukona-kona yitambo yeneyenepo yorutoyitho yitoyamingwa yomapathwerero mudighanohongithitho, nomapenda ghapo gha kona kukuma ku 2 - 4. Muhaterimo hana mu taterera mu kutjanga ko yoyingi mumutara ghu. Marongekero, mashashero nokahongandimi mbo hana yi thukura thikuma pakukoreka mahuthero gha. Thirughana 2: Yitjangatambithera Muhaterimo mbo hana mu taterera mu kutorora mbudhi dhongandji muthitoyamingwa no kudhiru-ndurura kuthitambo nawateghereri hongandji, thit: makamweneno ghombudhi, marawero, mbapira (dhopathinamuragho nopathinaghundambo), yitundamo, thighamba thothifupi, yihokoka kehe diyuwa, yipepa yomambudhi nomatjingitho. Ghure ghomañandob ghothirughana ne 150-180 kungcara 8, no 180-200 kungcara 9. Thirughana thomakamweneno tho ne mañando 80 mumangcara gha mawadi.

20

10

[30]

Ngoyo 50


Dipepa Rudhi romepwero Ruvedhe Mapenda Dipepa 2: Yitjanga yishihuru

Thitjangathimwetwedha Yitjangathimwetwedha kwoko-nothofotji mbo hana yi tapa kwamuhaterimo gha torore po dipwero dyofotji no kutjanga ko mañando gho kukuma ku 200 - 300 kungcara 8, no 300-350 kungcara 9. Madhi ghoyirughana gha kona kuhatera kumahuthero gho kuthimwetwedha, ñanani no kushingonona. Yinyanyukitha nayo kuyirughanitha no ya kona kukara yitatumendi yoyifupi, yiperende, mathaghano nomatadhi, kaparatjangwa kokafupi, yitemununa noyimweya kengeyo.

Viri 1

20

Ngoyo 20 Dipepa 3: Yithimwetwe-dhatjanga

Dipepa di mbo dina kara nomepwero mahatu no kehe dipwero mbo dina kara nomapenda 15, omu gha kona kuhutha mwanuke mepwero MAWADI ngenyu. Dipwero dyofotji dya kona kutunda mumitara dhodhiheya dhihatu dhoyithimwetwedhatjanga (yithimwa, yipepa, mitanuro), nomepwero kukona gha kare mepwero-hatera kuthitoyamingwa ngambi mavungavungero mepwero-hatera nomepwero gho kushana mahuthero mumuyirateta ghofotji ngambi miyirateta dhiwadi. Mbadi wa kona kuhumbitha mwanuke kumakwirero ghokahongandimi. Agha makonakono ne mbadi gho kuyahameka mambapira.

Viri 1 nominute

30

Ngoyo 30


10.11 Mapendarundurukitha Yikonakona yishihuru mbo yina wedherera 50% kungoyo dhomapenda ghoghuhura ghomwaka nomakonakono ghomwimi ghoghuhura ghomwaka mbo ghana wedherera ko nagho 50%. [mapenda 50 + mapenda 50 = 100] Marikanyithero gho kehe mutara ghoyikonakona ne thika ngeno:

Mutara Mashingweneno Mapenda Marikanyithero

Yikonakona yishihuru

Kutegherera no kughamba, kutoya no kutjanga, kahongandimi noruñandweya

100 50%

Makonakono-tjanga Dipepa 1 50 25%

Dipepa 2 20 10%

Dipepa 3 30 15%

Ngoyo 100%


10.12 Mashingweneno

Thitambo

thomakonakoneno

Makonakoneno

ghashihuru

Dipepa 1 Dipepa 2 Dipepa 3

Kughamba 1

Kughamba 2

Kughamba 3

Kughamba 4

Kughamba 5

Kughamba 6

Kughamba 7

Kughamba 8

Kutjanga 1

Kutjanga 2

Kutjanga 3

Kutjanga 4

Kutjanga 5

Kutjanga 6

Kutjanga 7

Kutjanga 8

Kutjanga 9

Kutjanga 10

Kutjanga 11

10.13 Yipepakorekitha yikonakona Mañandorandathana, yikorekitho yikonakona noghupungwero yikonakona ha yi tapa muyirameka A- H.


Thirameka A: Mapathwerero ghoruñandweya muyipithi mupepishokuru (muyipithi) mumbapira, thipepa, ngambi

muyirorera oyu gha kara noghukaro gho kukuthigha (kukurwitha) noghukaro wamunongo yira, ndwarume/ndwakadhi (antagonist)

ghundondoro wamutjangi

marughanithero ghamutjangi mañando, rughambitho (ndimi), marudhiñando, marongathaneno ghothitjanga, noyimweya kenge yo, mu kukumitha mo yitambithera (author’s craft)

ghufwiki (mandorwera) muhingo gho kutorora ngambi kunutha (kunyenga), thit: ngeshi mitiri ghomukamadi ha torora kutapanga mapenda ghomengi kwawakamadighana (bias)

rughambitho manungero mañando mawadi agha ha rughanithanga kehe pano mundimi, thit: tjore maghuru, tuye dighungu, ture ñotho (collocation)

thinungitho ñando edhi dha nunganga yighamba, mathaghano, ngambi mañando ghamweya (connective)

thineghedhitho (kuyuva no kumona)

tho kumona ngambi tho kuyuva (yimona nomighuma) ethi tha kundamanga yikuyuva yamuteghereri/mumoni, ngambi kutapa mapathwerero ghamweya, thit: mughuma ghomangumbi agha ghana kukupumura kumawe nomaci agha ghana kudira kuningitha muteghereri/mumoni gha nongonone dyango noyihokoka eyi yi di kudikuruviya (clue: auditory and visual)

nunu (kutunumeka) kutapa ghushupi ghoghuheya mumuhingo ghonunu/kutunumeka, ghu dhira kuthigha ko kehe thinu thongandji ethi sho thi tjindje yitongora (explicit)

miragho dhokahongandimi

miraghohungama dhokahongandimi murutjangitho no rughambitho mundimi (grammar conventions)

yitjanga yomapathwerero

Yitjanga yomapathwerero kukona yi kare, mukatji koyimweya,:

yo kuyandjurura (kutapa mapathwerero, kutapa matjwathanithero nomashingweneno, kuyedhekeritha no kutjakitha. Yitamenedhi: = mambapira, yithimwetwedha yombudhi (ghushemwa), noyimweya kenge yo)

yoñanani noyitjanga yomahongaghudhi (yo kushana kutjindja no kushana kuwina matawero nomatokwero ghawamweya. Yitamenedhi = yighamba yoghuporitika noyitjangathimwetwedha, yithimwetwedhatjanga – ghunu wamunu, ghunu wawambuyama, noyimweya kenge yo-, matjingitho, mbapira )

yomarawero (kutapa mapathwerero mumuhingo ghomarawero, thit: mayendithitho, marawero ghothirughana, wera noyimweya kenge yo) (informational texts)

mufaneki munu oyu gha tapanga mapathwerero ngambi kuyenga yinu

nomafano mu kughamwena matjwathaneno ghoyitjanga, yighamba, noyimweya kenge yo (illustrator)

yishitunumeka (yo kukamvura, mbadi wa kutunumeka, ene yo kutjwathana vene


kundeka, kuhorama) mumuhingo oghu hana yi shwaghithera (implicit)

mashindhukero mayeyukero nomawero ghomughuma ghodiywi ngeshi munu kuna kuyahuka Mañando (intonation)

kuhukuruka kutongora thinu mumañando ghamweya, thikumapo ne mu kuredhupitha (paraphasing)

mutemunudhi (widhi) thirughana thopatjangwa ngambi dighano dyaghumwe edi gha temununa (ghedha) munu ghumwe no kudikurunderitha eshi dyendi (plagiarism)

mbango ghumbango, kwangereka no kupirura mapathwerero gha kare ghombudhi no kuyihanyitha, thit: ngeshi mbungañanani dhopaghuporitika ha dhi hanyitha mbango eshi mbungaraghura kuna kupetha masherenyi ghoditunga mu kuyeyura thishwi thawo (propaganda)

ndwarume/ndwakadhi mumyaghedhi ndwa mumbapira, thipepa, thithimwetwedha. Aye karo kukona gha kare ndwarume/ndwakadhi ghodihudhi (protagonist)

ndimi mwene ndimi dhongandji edhi dha roghera kumbunga dhongandji ngambi ndimi edhi ha rughanithanga hanu hongandji pathirika thongandji, thit: ndimi dhopayifa kukutjaka nondimi dhomungirishe (register)

miragho dhopamukunda

muhingo ghomayendithitho nomarughanithero miragho mumukunda ghongandji (social conventions)

kunyekerekedha kutaghura hanu ngambi mbunga kutwara kumaghano ghongandji mu kutapa yighayara yoghumbumba, thit: maporitha ghomaheya ne widhi, ngambi hakamadighana ne hanyanyami kupitakana harumyana (stereotype)

thikamununa makamweneno ghomafupi ghombapira, thipepa, thirorera, ngambi makurando ghopativi (synopsis)

marongekero thitjanga makunungathaneno nomarongathaneno ghoyipo yomakuranderoyihokoka, madhi, maghano, noyimweya kenge yo (text structure)

mashindhukero (ghukaro)

rughambitho rwamunu kuthinu mu kuneghedha eyi ghana kukuyuva ngambi kughayara, mashingweneno ghothinu mu kuneghedha ghukaro nomemaneno ghamunu oyu ghana tapa dighano ngambi mashingweneno gho (tone)

kuhungeka Kutura thitjanga mununderero nomahungekero ghoghushupi watho (contextualising)


Thirameka B: Muhingo gho kuhonga kutoya

Kuyondhonona Kukuhonga thitoyamingwa kughutho gho kuthitoya. (Previewing)

Kupumba Kutokora eshi yinye ghuna kughayara eyi sho yi ka

rande ko muyihokoka yomuthitoyamingwa. Rughanithe thiparatjangwa, yitjanga noyitamenedhi mu kukughamwena. (Predicting)

Kurota (Kufaneka) Kutenda yiperende mumaghano ghoye yo kuhatera

kwawapepi, dyango, yihokoka noyimweya kenge yo. (Visualising)

Kwipura (kutamangera) Kushagheka no kukwipura ghothinda mepwero mu

kumona eshi thitoyamingwa thi di noghushemwa. Toyurure thitoyamingwa ngeshi ghuna shana mapathwerero mwene. Maghano mwene gho kuriveka apa ghuna dhiri kudimuka ne shimengwa kutoyurura thimingwa, kutoya kughutho, kutaghura mañando pakughashana muruñandweya ngambi mañandorandathana, ngambi kwipura maghamweno kwaghumweya. (Questioning)

Kunungekera Ghayare koyi wa dimuka kare kuhatera

thitoyamingwa. Shane mayira agha ghana kununga thitoyamingwa kukoye ghothinda, kuyitoya yimweya nokaye koye. (Connecting)

Kughoya (kumona) Kurughanitha yidimukitho muthitoyamingwa

noghudimuki ghoye mu kuyaritha apa pana nyanda no kutenda maghoyero ghoye thi ka di ghuna kuyimona we. (Inferring)

Kuhukuruka (kutongora)

Kuvuruka no kuhukuruka (kutongora) yihokoka, mapathwerero, madhi, yikaramo yothitjanga noyimweya kenge yo mu kuyareka matjwathaneno nawashere. (Retelling)

Kutapa no kukamununa Kunongonona madhi no kughadhundeka mughufupi

mumañando ghoye ghothinda. (Outlining and summaring)

Kunongonona Kudimuka thitambo thamutjangi, kuwana madhi,

kunongonona dighano dyenedyene, thitambo nawateghereri ghothitoyamingwa. (Identifying)

Kukengurura Kughayara yo kuhatera thitoyamingwa thothiheya no

kutenda yikuyuva yoye koyi ghuna kutoya. (Evaluating)


Kuhungeka Kutura thitoyamingwa mughuhunga ghoyithimwetwedha, ghuparo noghushemwa ghonunderero dhothitjo. (Contextualising)

Kukukengurura Kukonakona mahuthero ghoye kuyinu eyi yina

kundama matawero noyinu yomudyo kukoye (Reflecting)

Kukengurura ñanani Kukonakona makurandero ghodighano dyothitjanga

noghushemwa watho nongepi edi thina kundama yikuyuva yawanu. (Evaluating argument)

Kuyedhekeritha no kutjakitha

Kukengurura mawero nomakutjakero pakatji koyitjanga mu kuyitjwathana thiwana. (Compararing and contrasting)

Kufuna no kufukunya Kushana mo didhiñando, ngambi mapathwerero

muyiparatjangwa, yiparatjangwaghana, yiperende, yitjanga mwimi dhoyiperende, noyimweya kenge yo. (Skimming and scanning)


Thirameka C: Muhingo gho yikonakona yiyareka yopakanwa: Tape mapenda gho kukuma ku 10 mukehe muthinga. Ngoyo 30÷3=10

1 Thiwana Shemwa 2 Thiwana 3 Thiwana vene 4 Hasha 5 Yongandji ngenyu 6 Yipumo

Mapenda 9-10 7-8 6 5 3-4 1-2

Yik

ara

mo

kukoka hateghereri nomapathwerero ngambi yighayara nomaghano ghomatowi ghomapya.

kurongathana thiwana nothitambo tho kughombateritha hateghereri.

mwingeneno nomaghoyero gho kutanara no kukoka hateghereri.

yitowi nomudyo kwa wateghereri no kukumitha mo thitambo thothirughana

kurongathana thiwana nomwingeneno ghoghutowi nomaghoyero mwene

ghure gho kuroghera ghothirughana

yinu yimwe yitowi, mudyo kwa wateghereri no kukumitha mo thitambo thothirughana

marongathaneno mwene nomwingeneno nomaghoyero mwene

ghure gho kuroghera kuthirughana

yikaramo ne hasha, ene yoshemwa, mudyo kwawateghereri no kumitha mo thitambo thothirughana

marongathaneno ghoyikaramo kumoneka, nomwingeneno nomaghoyero

ghure gho thirughana kuroghera nopa nopaya

yikaramo yongandji ngenyu ngambi yo kupira mudyo kwawateghereri no kupira kukumithamo thitambo thothirughana

kupira kukumitha mo marongathaneno ghoyikaramo

kupira kukuroghithera

yikaramo yipu thikuma

yikaramo yo kupira mudyo kuthirughana no kwawate-ghereri

mbadi yina kughu noyikara-mo

May

are

kero

kuyareka yo kukumenena mo - yikaramo yo kukuroghithera

thiwana (mbadi yo kukupombera mumutwi!)

- kuneghedha makutjindjero mwawateghereri

- kuthotera no kukenga hateghereri norwimanitho mwene

- diywi norughambitho yi kuthigha-thighe mu kutowaritha yiyareka

- kurongathana maghano, no kuyareka thiwana

- kuneghetha makukuruperero ghendi thinda thiwana

- kurughanitha mashindhukero ghodiywi nondimi dhoyipo mu kukoka hateghereri

kuyareka thiwana ghu yenderera

- kuneghedha ghushupi ghoyikaramo yo kukuroghithera (mbadi yo kukupombera mumutwi)

- kuthotera kukenga hateghereri wahe rorwingi norwimanitho ro kuroghera

- kuneghedha makukurupero ghendi thinda rorwingi

- rorwingi kurongathana thiwana maghano

- kutjindja-tjindja mashindhukero ghodiywi no kurughanitha ndimi dhoyipo mu kughamwena kuneghedha thitambo thoyitongora ngambi yikuyuva

kuyareka thiwana vene - kukuroghithera yoyihe

yomudyo (mbadi yo kukupombera mumutwi)

- kuthotera no kukenga hateghereri, kwighuka norwimanitho mwene

- kuneghedha makukurupero ghendi thinda thiwana koyomudyo mo

- kurongathana thiwana maghano nopa nopaya

- marughanithero ghamweya ghomayeywero nomadivwero diywi nondimi dhoyipo kuneghedha thitambo thoyitongora ngambi yikuyuva

yiyareka yohasha - kuneghedha ghushupi

ghumweya ghoyikaramo yo kukuroghithera, ene kukurupera payikamununa

- pamweya kuthotera kukenga hateghereri norwimanitho mwene

- kurughanitha rorupu mashindhukero ghodiywi ngambi ndimi dhoyipo mu kuneghedha yitongora ngambi yikuyuva

- kuneghedha maghano ghomudyo nopa nopaya

- maghano mbadi wa kuyenderera mumakurandathaneno mwene; pamweya kuthinganyeka

yiyareka yishikumenena mo

- kutoya rorwingi payikamununa mbadi wa kughamba kehe pano thiwana

- mbadi wa kughamba thiwana / kuhaka-haka / kuhohota ngambi kupwiririka kughamba

- kukondja kuthotera no kukenga hateghereri, ngambi rorwingi kutoperera kwamitiri / mwanuke pamundinda wendi

- kuyongaritha yithotera / kushwagha kuthihonga

yiyareka yoyikashu - mbadi wa kughamba

ngambi kuyareka mungondahongero

- kumamatera ngenyu payikamununa

- rwimanitho ro kupira kuroghera (kukuthigherera / woma)

- mbadi wa kuthotera kukenga hateghereri

- kughamba yishithotera kuyikaramo ngambi yitongora

Kah

on

gan

dim

i, r

uñ

ad

weya,

nd

imi

dh

o

ku

rog

hera

kurughanitha mathaghano thiwana shemwa norughambitho / rutoyitho mwene

kurughanitha thiwana ruñandweya ro kukuthigha-thigha muthihonga tho kukukarera

kupira makwirero gho kahongandimi

kurughanitha yighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha

kurughanitha thiwana manungero ghomuyirateta

kurughanitha mughuhunga rughambitho / ndimi kuthitambo tho kuroghera

kurughanitha thiwana mathaghano norughambitho ro kuroghera

makwirero ngenyu ghomapu ghokahongandimi

kurughanitha ruñandweya romuthihonga tho

kurughanitha yighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha noyinungitho yo kurogherera

kuneghedha ghudimuki no kurughanitha rughambitho ngambi ndimi dho kuroghera

kahongandimi thiwana vene

ruñandweya ro kuroghera kuthirughana

pamweya kurughanitha yighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha

pamweya / kurughanitha manungero ghomuyirateta

kurughanitha rughambitho ngambi ndimi dho kuraghera

ruñandweya hasha, mañando ghamwe ghomuthihonga tho

rutoyitho rohasha romañando ghongcara dho

makwirero gho kahongandimi kumoneka kehe pano

kurughanitha yighamba yoyiredhu

ndimi norughambitho kuroghera nopa nopaya

makwirero ghokahongandimi mengi

makwirero ghomarongathaneno yighamba pamweya kumoneka mo

makwirero gh rughambitho / rutoyitho nagho kumoneka

ruñandweya rongandji ngenyu pamwe mbadi ro kuroghera

marughanitho ghorughambitho nondimi dho kuroghera dhongandji ngenyu no kutamangera

makwirero ghondimi

makwirero ghomayeywero nomadivwero diywi ngambi rughambitho nombadimo mathaghano

makwirero ghokahongandimi / wingi makwirero

ghukashu gho kurughanitha ruñandweya rothihonga tho

mbadimo marughanithero mwene ghondimi norughambitho

Kutjokedha marughanithero ghoyiyarekitha (yihongithitha) yo kumoneka thiwana noyothitambo, ene mbadi ya kona kukara mumakengwerero gho kutapa mapenda ghoyiyareka.


Thirameka D: Muhingo ghoyikonakona yonungathano dho kehe diyuwa: Tape mapenda gho kukuma ku 10 mukehe muthinga. Ngoyo 30÷3=10.

Ma

pe

nd

a

1 Thiwana Shemwa 2 Thiwana 3 Thiwana vene 4 Hasha 5 Yongandji ngenyu 6 Yipumo

9-10 7-8 6 5 3-4 1-2

Mak

uh

ati

thero

mo

- kuwedherera yomudyo kuthikuvureka thitoware

- kutegherera ghupira kukwata padiywi

- kwipura mepwero gho kutjwathanitha no kughorora ghudhemenena pa thikuvureka

- kuyandjurura maghano noyighayara yomudyo ya wamweya

- kukanana ghu rongathana no kutapa ghushupi gho makwatithitho ko

- kukunungathana nofumwa ghu neghedha yinyanyukera no kuthotera ghunu noyikuyuva yawamweya

- kutapa yiwedherera yomudyo yo kuroghera kuthikuvureka

- kutegherera ghu pira kudhima ñando

- kukwatitha ko ñanani noghushupi gho kuroghera

- kukunungathana nofumwa ghu neghedha yinyanyukera no kuthotera ghunu noyikuyu-va yawamweya

- kutapa yiwedherera yo kuroghera kuthikuvureka

- kutapa yitambo yo kukwathititha ko yighayara yikuyuva/maghano

- kuyandjurura maghano ghawa-mweya

- kukunungathana nofumwa ghu neghedha yinyanyukera no kuthotera ghunu noyikuyuva ya-wamweya

- kutapa yiwedherera yo hasha kuthikuvureka, ene mbadi yo kuroghera kehe pano

- kukondja kutjwathanitha yighayara/yikuyuva/dighano

- pamweya kuyandjurura maghano ghawamweya

- kughongeka hateghereri, ene kukondja ngeshi thihonga mbadi thina wa towara

- kehe pano kuthotera kuyikuyuva noghunu wawamweya

- yiwedherera yongandji ngenyu kuthikuvureka ngambi ñumbu ngenyu dho kupira kuroghera ngambi kupira kudhidhimeka gha taterere rufo(thikandho) rwendi ro kughamba

- kushwaghitha yighamba yo kupira kurongathana thiwana

- pamweya kumukwata padiywi ghu mwipithera

- mbadi wa kuneghedha ghu-dimuki gho kuthotera ghunu noyikuyuva yawamweya

- ghukukutu kuwedherera kuthikuvureka ngambi kutapa yiwedherera yishiroghera

- kehe pano kukwata pa diywi ngambi kuporera

- kutapa yighayarera yishi- tjwathanitha yitongora

- kurughanitha makumbero ghoyikuyuva noyighayara yodidhongi

- kuneghedha ghukukutu ghokunyanyukera no kuthotera ghunu noyikuyuva yawamweya

Ku

yen

dere

ra

- kukunungathana maghano noyighayara papendi thinda nomakukuruperero

- kuneghedha yikuyuva yendi thiwana mughuhunga

- maghano, yikuyuva noma-pathwerero kukurandathana thiwana noghuredhu

- kutwara thikuvureka kughutho noghuredhu

- kutjindja-tjindja rughambitho noyitambo yoyitongora noyikuyuva

- kughamba ghuredhu nomakukurupero

- kunungathana maghano thiwana

- kutjindja-tjindja rughambitho noyitamba yoyitongora noyikuyuva

- rorwingi kukunungathana panaro dhothikuvureka

- kuturitha po maghano no kune-ghedha thiwana yikuyuva yopapendi thinda

- kunungathana maghano, ene mbadi wa kuyikona kehe pano

- pamweya nungathano kuyenda po thiwana

- pamweya kuturitha po maghano

- rupughuka ro kunungathana maghano thiwana

- kukondja kunungathana maghano thiwana

- pamweya kudhongera maghano

- kukona kuthighera thighamba ngambi ñanani, pakatji, ko ka tangera ko karo

- maghano mbadiko wa kunungathana thiwana

- kehe pano kurughanitha mañando ngambi yighamba yo kukukarera ngenyu mu kunungathana

- kuthinganyeka/kuturumu-tha/kukurangurura ghu shi kukurupera

- mbadi wa kudimuka eyi sho gha kone kughamba

Kah

on

gan

dim

i, r

uñ

an

dw

ey

a,

nd

imi

dh

o k

uro

gh

era

- kurughanitha ruñandweya rokuroghera thiwana ghuneghedha maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva yokunda

- kurughanitha mathaghano thiwana shemwa no rughambitho rokuroghera

- kurughanitha kahongandimi mughuhunga

- kurughanitha yighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha noyitambo

- kutjindja-tjindja ndimi norughambitho yi roghere mughukaro gho kukuthigha-thigha

- kurughanitha ruñandweya mwene ro kukuthigha-thigha ghu neghedha maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva

- kurughanitha thiwana ndimi dhomathaghano norughambitho mwene

- ghupu thikuma makwirero ghokahonga ndimi

- kurughanitha marudhi ghoyighamba gho kukuthigha-thigha

- kuneghedha ghudimuki no kurughanitha ndimi dho kuroghera mughukaro gho kukuthigha-thigha

- kurughanitha ruñandweya ro kuroghera thiwana ghu neghedha maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva yo kunda

- rorwingi ndimi kuhungama noghupu makwirero ghokaho-ngandimi

- marudhi ghoyighamba kukuthigha-thigha pamweya

- kurughanitha ndimi dho kuroghera mughukaro ghonungathano

- kurughanitha ruñandweya ro kehepano mu kuneghe-dha maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva

- kahongandimi hasha, ene makwirero ghamweya ne gho kuhukuruka

- rughambitho mwene romañando ghopanaro dho-

ngcara - ndimi norughambitho

kuthitambo thawateghereri kuroghera nopa nopaya

- kukara noruñandweya rongandji ngenyu mu kuneghedha maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva

- makwirero ghokahonga ndimi kehe pano

- makwirero ghomadivwero nomayeywero ndimi pakughamba

- ghupu makuturere mo gho kurughanitha ndimi dho kuroghera kwawateghereri/ thitambo

- ghupu thikuma ruñandweya ro kuneghedha thiwana maghano, yighayara noyikuyuva

- makwirero ghondimi, madivwero nomayeywero norughambitho mwene

- kuneghedha ghupu

ngambi mbadimo ghudimuki gho kurughanitha ndimi dho-ngandji dhothitambo ngambi hateghereri hongandji


Thirameka E: Thikorekitho yitjangathimwetwedha yo kuthimwetwedha/kushingonona

THIMBUKUSHU NDIMI DHO KUTANGA

THITHIMWETWEDHA/YO KUSHINGONONA

YIKARAMO NOMARONGATHANENO

MA

RU

GH

AN

ITH

ER

O N

DIM

I

1 2 3

4 5

- marughanithero mwene ghoyighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha yo kurongathana thiwana

- marughanithero mughuhunga ruñandweya noyighanekera mu kuturigha po yindhendherera

- kupira makwirero mumarughanithero ghondimi noyitoyadimukitha

- yighamba yo kurongathana thiwana

- kurughanitha thiwana yighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha

- kutorora mañando gho kuroghera mumuhingo ghothirughana

- kahongandimi thiwana

- marongathaneno ghoyighamba thiwana vene

- yighamba yimwe yo kukuthigha-thigha thiwana vene

- ruñandweya ro kuroghera muthihonga

- makwirero ghamwe ghomakuru mbadi wa kwipitha matjwathaneno

- makwirero ghomarongathaneno thighamba nokahongandimi kuretithera po didhongi

- ruñandweya rupu nopamwe mbadi ro kuraghera

- marughanithero ghondimi nomuhingo gho kupira kuroghera

- makwirero gho kahongandimi, marongathaneno ghothighamba ngambi mathaghano kuretithera po didhongi

- yighamba yodidhongi yishiroghera

1

Thendi thinda, kutowara pakuthitoya, mu di yinu yoyihe eyi ya roghera muthithimwetwedha thorudhi ru; yitenda yina rikanya mo, yishingonona noyitjwathanitha kutanaritha thithimwetwedha, kuyenderera no kutwara thihonga kughutho. Mayandjwerero mwene

20-19 18-17 16-14 (13-12) (11-10)

2

Thithimwa thina towara noyighanekera yo kuroghera. Marongathaneno ghomiyirateta dho kuroghera. Mu di yinu yoyingi yo kuroghera muthithimwa thorudhi ru. Mayandjwerero ghothithimwa kuyenda kughutho no kukoka mutoyi

18-17 16-14 13-12 11-10 9-8

3

Yikaramo yina rikanya, yina kukumitha mo thirughana. Thina roghera. Mu di madhi gho kuroghera muthithimwa thorudhi ru. Maghano nomayandjwerero mbadi ghana yendi po. Marongathaneno kumoneka, ene mbadi gho kuroghera; mwingeneno nomaghoyero kumoneka

16-14 13-12 11-10 9-8 7-6

4

Yikaramo yongandji ngenyu/yihamu/yiredhu mu di yinu yoyipu yothithimwa thorudhi ru. Mbudhi kumoneka, ene mbadimo makurithero. Yimwe yo kuhukuruka nomarongathaneno ghodidhongi

(13-12) 11-10 9-8 7-6 5-4

5

Yihamu, kuhukuruka-hukuruka matjwathaneno ghothihonga. Maghano ghomaredhu gha shi rongathana thiwana. Mbadimo marongathaneno mwene ghomuyiratera nomatjwathanithero. Mbadi yina roghera mundimi dho kutanga

(11-10) 9-8 7-6 5-4 3-0


Thirameka F: Thikorekitho thoyitjangathimwetwedha yoñanani

THIMBUKUSHU NDIMI DHO KUTANGA

THITHIMWETWEDHA

THOÑANANI


M

AR

UG

HA

NIT

HE

RO

ND

IMI

1 2 3 4 5

- marughanithero mwene ghoyighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha yo kurongathana thiwana

- marughanithero mughuhunga ruñandweya noyighanekera mu kuturitha po yindhendherera

- kupira makwirero mumarughanithero ghondimi noyitoyadimukitha

- yighamba yo kurongathana thiwana

- kurughanitha thiwana yighamba yo kukuthigha-thigha

- kutorora mañando gho kuroghera mumuhingo ghothirughana

- kahongandimi kokawa

- marongathaneno ghoyighamba thiwana vene

- yighamba yimwe yo kukuthigha-thigha thiwana vene

- ruñandweya ro kuroghera muthihonga

- makwirero ghamwe ghomakuru mbadi wa kwipitha matjwathaneno

- makwirero ghomarongathaneno thighamba nokahongandimi kuretithera po didhongi

- ruñandweya rupu nopamwe mbadi ro kuroghera

- marughanithero ghondimi nomuhingo gho kupira kuroghera

- makwirero gho kahonga-ndimi, marongathaneno ghothighamba ngambi mathaghano kuretithera po didhongi

- yighamba yodidhongi yishiroghera

1

Yikaramo yina hungumana thiwana nomahongaghudhi. Mwanuke kudhemenena pathihonga/thiparatjangwa. Marongathaneno mwene ghoyikaramo. Maghano ghana pu kuyandjurura thiwana - yitamenedhi yo kuroghera mo yina pu kutorora noñanani dho kukwatithitha ko thikuma. Marongathaneno kughathotera thiwana.

20-19 18-17 16-14 (13-12) (11-10)

2

Yikaramo yina towara thiwana mwanuke kughombatera muthihonga/thiparatjangwa. Maghano kuneghedha ghushemwa. Matjwathanithero mwene ghoñanani dho kuyandjurura thiwana ghu tapa yitamenedhi mwene. Marongathaneno gho kuroghera.

18-17 16-14 13-12 11-10 9-8

3

Yikaramo yina rikanya. Yikaramo nomaghano yina kunungathana thiwana no kuneghedha matjwathaneno. Mayendero kughutho ghomaghano/ñanani, nomayandjwerero ghamweya gho kukwatitha ko thihonga/thipara-tjangwa kumoneka. Yitamenedhi yo kuroghera. Mbadi wa kuthotera thiwana kuthihonga/ thipa-ratjangwa.

16-14 13-12 11-10 9-8 7-6

4

Kuyereka kuhatithera ko, ene mbadi yina roghera kuthirughana. Mbadimo marongathaneno. Kutjinaghura maghano, wingi didhongi. Wingi mahukurukero. Miyirateta dhi shi roghera.

(13-12) 11-10 9-8 7-6 5-4

5

Maghano noñanani dho kupira kuroghera ngambi mbadimo mayeyukero. Didhongi. Ghupu ngambi mbadimo marongathaneno mwene. Matjwathaneno ghothihonga mapu. Mbadi yina roghera kundimi.

(11-10) 9-8 7-6 5-4 3-0


Thirameka G: Thikorekitho thoyitjanga yoyifupi noyitjanga-tambithera THIMBUKUSHU

NDIMI DHO KUTANGA

YIRUGHANA YOYIFUPI


MA

RU

GH

AN

ITH

ER

O G

HO

ND

IMI

1 2 3 4 5

- marughanithero ghondimi gha di nothitambo tho kukena kwawateghereri

- ndimi dho kuyenderera no kurughanitha thiwana yighamba

- ruñandweya ro kuroghera kuthirughana

- Mbadimo makwirero ghondimi

- marughanithero ghondimi ghana roghera kuthirughana nomapathwerero kwawateghereri

- ruñandweya ro kuroghera

- Makwirero ghomapu mundimi

- marughanithero ghondimi ghana hungama kumapathwerero ghawateghereri

- ruñandweya rohasha ro kurikanya kuthirughana

- makwirero ghomengi mundimi ene mbadi ghana kwipitha matjwathaneno

- marughanithero ghondimi mbadi ghana hungama, noghupu matjwathaneno kwawateghereri

- ruñandweya rupu mo - makwirero ghomengi

mundimi no kutjwandjura thitoya

- marughanithero ghondimi mbadi ghana hungama, ene mo gha di matjwathaneno kumitara dhimwe

- ruñandweya ro kupira kuroghera kuthitambo thawateghereri

- makwirero ghomengi mumarughanithero ghondimi kukehe ghuno mutara

1

Thiwana shemwa: Yikaramo yo kukumenena, yo kuneghedha matjwathaneno ghothirughana, thitambo, hateghereri, kuthotera kudighano, maghano gho kuhatera kuthirughana (marongathaneno ghomahunga nomiyirateta mwene), makwirero ghomapu. Ghure gho kurikanyenena

10-9 8 7 (6) (5)

2

Thiwana: ndorwera dhoghuhunga dhoyikaramo, makwatithitho ko ghodighano ghana kumenena mo, marongathaneno ghomaghano (miyirateta dhoghuhunga); marongathaneno ghoghuhunga noghure gho kurikanya.

8 7 6 5 4

3

Thiwana vene: Yikaramo mbadi yomwene ene ghana hatera ko; mo thi di thitambo, ene kuyongaritha hateghereri paruvedhe; maghano kuna kupumbwa mumiyirateta, marongathaneno mbadi ghana roghera. Yikaramo yipu ngambi yingi.

7 6 5 4 3

4

Hasha: Yikaramo mbadi yina roghera/ghundherera/hungama; thitambo mbadi thina keni kwawateghereri; marongathaneno ghodighano hasha kuna kumoneka, miyirateta dhoghumbumba. Yingi/yipu thikuma

(6) 5 4 3 2

5

Yipumo: Mbadimo yikaramo/yipu thikuma, kukutetaghura maghano/kushwagha kudighano; mbadimo muyirateta mwene. Marongathaneno mbadi ghana hungama/roghera. Yingi/yipu thikumenena

(5) 4 3 2 1


Thirameka H: Ghupungwero Yikonakona Yishihuru: Thimbukushu Ndimi dho Kutanga, Mangcara 8 no 9

Thimbukushu Ndimi dho Kutanga Ngcara: Ngonda: Mwaka: Shure: Muhongi:

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The National Institute for Educational Development Private Bag 2034 Okahandja NAMIBIA Telephone: +264 62 509000 Facsimile: +264 62 509073 Website: http://www.nied.edu.na

thimbukushu first language syllabus … thimbukushu first language syllabus grade 8 & 9, nied...

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