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THINK Psychology 2e / BairdChapter 1 – Introduction

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is found in the definition of the term Psychology?a. Scientific studyb. Cognitionc. Relationshipsd. Experimental methodsAnswer: APage ref: 4Skill: FactualEasy

2. Psychologists use the scientific method for all but which of the following purposes?a. Explanationb. Suppositionc. Predictiond. ControlAnswer: BPage ref: 4Skill: ConceptualEasy

3. Maggie was sent to the school psychologist for an intelligence test. Based on the results of that test, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

a. Describing behaviorb. Explaining behaviorc. Predicting behaviord. Controlling behaviorAnswer: CPage ref: 4Skill: AppliedModerate

4. Luther is a graduate student in clinical psychology, and his thesis research centers around uncovering the precursors of generalized anxiety disorder in college undergraduates. The main question he is asking is, “Why do college undergraduate students seem more susceptible to the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder than non-students of the same age?” Which goal of psychology is Luther’s research exploring?

a. Descriptionb. Explanationc. Predictiond. ControlAnswer: BPage ref: 4Skill: AppliedModerate

5. Luther is a graduate student in clinical psychology, and his thesis research centers around uncovering useful treatments for generalized anxiety disorder in college undergraduates. The main question he is asking is, “What are the most effective treatments for reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder in college undergraduate students.” Which goal of psychology is Luther’s research exploring?

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a. Descriptionb. Explanationc. Predictiond. ControlAnswer: DPage ref: 4Skill: AppliedModerate

6. Until very recently, approximately 130 years ago, psychology was considered to be a branch of __________.

a. Biologyb. Physiologyc. Philosophyd. ReligionAnswer: CPage ref: 4Skill: FactualEasy

7. What is the main reason why many people do not believe that psychology is a science?a. Because much of what psychologists study may be personally experienced.b. Because much of what psychologists study are abstract concepts that have no bearing on the real world.c. Because psychology does not use the rigorous research methodologies of the ‘hard sciences’ like

physics and chemistry.d. Because the uniqueness and individuality of every human being makes it truly impossible to generate

any scientifically based theories that apply to larger groups of people.Answer: APage ref: 4Skill: ConceptualDifficult

8. The view that knowledge originates through experience is called __________.a. scientologyb. structuralismc. empiricismd. functionalismAnswer: CPage ref: 4Skill: FactualEasy

9. Lizette is having a conversation with her sister, Drew, who happens to be a psychology researcher. “You know, I really don’t understand how you can claim that psychology is a science,” Lizette says. “You just ask questions and guess as to what the right answer is!” Drew smiles at Lizette and says “Well, I don’t think that you understand much about psychology, sis! We believe in empiricism, which means that

a. “the use of logic is an adequate means with which to draw conclusions to problems.”b. “new knowledge comes from our experiences.”c. “there really is no right or wrong, but rather just individual perspectives.”d. “as long as you cannot disprove a researcher’s findings, that research is valid.”

Answer: BPage ref: 4Skill: AppliedModerate



10. Identifying a problem is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

a. describingb. explainingc. predictingd. controllingAnswer: APage ref: 4-5Skill: ConceptualDifficult

11. Forming a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

a. describingb. explainingc. predictingd. controllingAnswer: BPage ref: 4-5Skill: ConceptualDifficult

12. Testing a hypothesis is the fourth step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

a. describingb. explainingc. predictingd. controllingAnswer: BPage ref: 4-5Skill: ConceptualDifficult

13. The __________ method refers to a process for conducting an objective inquiry through data collection and analysis.

a. investigativeb. experimentalc. empiricald. scientificAnswer: DPage ref: 5Skill: FactualEasy

14. Once you have established a problem that can be studied empirically the next step is to identify the variables that will be investigated. How many variables that can change throughout an experiment should a researcher investigate?

a. Only one variable should change throughout the experiment. b. There are exactly three variables that should change throughout the experiment.c. The number of variables that change can differ based on the particular research question.d. It is impossible to limit the number of variables that can change throughout an experiment.Answer: APage ref: 5Skill: ConceptualDifficult



15. Why is it optimal for a researcher to ensure that only one variable changes throughout an experiment?a. Because more than one variable creates a statistical nightmare that is exceedingly difficult to interpret.b. Because multiple variables will require more research participants, and thus more funding.c. Because more than one variable changing can influence our results and lead to incorrect conclusions.d. Because the definition of a true experiment is that only one variable should change at a time; otherwise,

it is not an experiment.Answer: CPage ref: 5Skill: ConceptualDifficult

16. After a researcher has identified a problem that (s)he would like to explore, what is the next step in the scientific method?

a. Report the question to established professional journals so that other researchers can get to work trying to find an answer.

b. Gather data that can be used to generate a hypothesis about the research question.c. Formulate a hypothesis, or an educated guess, as to what the answer to the research question will be.d. Conduct background research to see what others have found about the question being explored.Answer: DPage ref: 5Skill: ConceptualModerate

17. Dr. Esterson is studying the effect of caffeine on laboratory rats. He has decided that he will give the rats 100 milligrams of caffeine three times a day, and then run them through mazes at various points to see if there is any change in the time it takes to complete the maze. Based on his review of existing research addressing this topic, Dr. Esterson believes that the rats will complete the maze the fastest immediately after they ingest the caffeine. Dr. Esterson’s belief about the results he will find is called a(n):

a. covariate.b. construct.c. theory.d. hypothesis.Answer: DPage ref: 5Skill: AppliedModerate

18. Which of the following is an accurate synonym for the term ‘hypothesis’?a. An educated guess.b. A conclusion based on gathered data.c. An answer to a question that is based on logic.d. An untestable supposition.Answer: APage ref: 5Skill: FactualEasy

19. “I wonder why Jim is so mean to Louise,” Mary commented to Sheila over coffee. “Maybe other people have always been mean to him, and so he is really angry all of the time. Maybe that makes him treat Louise badly, even though they are supposed to be in love,” replies Sheila. According to the scientific method, Sheila has just posed a ________.

a. theoryb. problemc. hypothesisd. relative truthAnswer: C



Page ref: 5Skill: AppliedModerate

20. After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist’s idea?

a. hypothesisb. dependent variablec. formulationd. theoryAnswer: APage ref: 5Skill: AppliedModerate

21. “People who have relationship difficulties clearly have unresolved unconscious issues that remain from difficult experiences during childhood,” a researcher hypothesizes. What is the basic error of this hypothetical statement?

a. It is too subjective, and may be based on the researcher’s own personal issues.b. It is not based on any specific, clearly stated problem.c. The researcher’s hypothesis cannot be proven or disproven and thus is not open to scientific inquiry.d. The hypothesis has been presented before any empirical data was collected to verify it.Answer: CPage ref: 5Skill: ConceptualDifficult

22. The very last step of the scientific method is toa. Conduct background research.b. Test your hypothesis.c. Generate a theory.d. Report you results.Answer: DPage ref: 6Skill: FactualEasy

23. Dr. Hendricks conducts a thorough experimental investigation into the effects of alcohol consumption on the driving ability of college students. He concludes that even small amounts of alcohol – less than would make a person legally intoxicated – can still have very serious effects on one’s ability to safely operate a motor vehicle. According to the scientific method, what should Dr. Hendricks do with his conclusions?

a. Report the findings by publishing in a scholarly journal or presenting at a research conference.b. Make sure to tell his students that alcohol is not safe, so that his research can potentially save lives.c. Hold onto his findings until he has conducted the same experiment several more times to verify his

findings.d. Contact the local newspaper so that he can let the general public know what he found.Answer: APage ref: 6Skill: AppliedModerate

24. Which of the following would be a good title for a book discussing the scientific method?a. “The Rules: Do NOT bend!”b. “The Scientific Method: Different processes for different questions.”c. “The Scientific Method: Why empiricism is the wrong way to go.”d. “Science vs. Logic: Who would win?”



Answer: BPage ref: 6Skill: ConceptualDifficult

25. Dr. Llewellyn conducted research into the effects of classroom temperature on exam score, and hypothesized that subjects who took a test in a colder room would do better on that test than subjects who took a test in a warmer room. After he gathered his data, he found exactly the opposite of what he hypothesized. What should Dr. Llewellyn do now?

a. He should use a different research method so that he can find ways of proving his hypothesis. b. He should look for other explanations for his observations and construct a new hypothesis.c. He should find a new research question, because research is not valuable when our hypotheses are

disproven by the data.d. He should conduct his research again repeatedly until he gets the data that he was expecting.Answer: BPage ref: 6Skill: AppliedModerate

26. Which of the following is the most important reason why researchers should report their results?a. So that other researchers can use those findings as the basis for future investigation.b. Because research is a “publish or perish” world and failure to report your findings means that you will

probably lose your job.c. Because research is not considered valuable until others have lent their support to it.d. So that the subjects who were investigated can go to professional journals and read the findings.Answer: APage ref: 6Skill: ConceptualEasy

27. ____________ thinking is a way of processing information in which a person examines assumptions, evaluates evidence, looks for hidden agendas, and assesses conclusions.

a. Empiricalb. Subjectivec. Criticald. PsychologicalAnswer: CPage ref: 6Skill: FactualEasy

28. Byron was reading an article in the New York Times that discussed the effectiveness of a new medication for those suffering from scleroderma. The article interviewed the medicine’s inventor, who gave a plethora of information as to why this medication is safe, effective, and economical. Because Byron is a critical thinker, he is cautious in his acceptance of the article’s claims. Why?

a. Byron understands that anything printed in a newspaper should be viewed with caution because it is not a scholarly journal.

b. Byron knows that medical science cannot possibly produce a medication that can be both effective and safe while also being economical.

c. The article does not actually report on the methods used in the research, so the methods must have something wrong with them.

d. Byron knows that the medicine’s inventor may have an agenda that influences his interpretation of the research into the safety and effectiveness of the new medicine.

Answer: DPage ref: 6Skill: Applied



Easy

29. Which of the following statements best summarizes the concept known as dualism?a. We are all alone in the world until we found a person with whom we can share our innermost secrets.b. The mind exists as an entity that is separate from the body.c. All research requires the presents of exactly two variables – one independent and one dependent

variable.d. Psychology is the result of the merging of two disciplines – biology and philosophy.Answer: BPage ref: 7Skill: FactualModerate

30. Who was the first philosopher to investigate Socrates’s idea that the mind is distinct from the body?a. René Descartesb. John Lockec. Aristotled. Wilhelm WundtAnswer: APage ref: 7Skill: FactualDifficult

31. What did John Locke mean when he stated that the human mind is a tabula rasa?a. Human beings are naturally evil.b. We are like sponges that can only hold a specific amount of information.c. We are born with no innate knowledge.d. We are nothing more than the sum of our chromosomes, and we can never exceed the restrictions of

genetics.Answer: CPage ref: 7Skill: ConceptualModerate

32. __________ is often credited as being the father of modern psychology.a. Wilhelm Wundtb. Platoc. Sigmund Freudd. William JamesAnswer: APage ref: 7Skill: FactualEasy

33. In 1879 in Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by __________.a. Edward Titchenerb. Sigmund Freudc. Max Wertheimerd. Wilhelm WundtAnswer: DPage ref: 7Skill: FactualEasy

34. Titchener believed psychologists should analyze complex experiences in terms of __________.a. individual emotions and sensations.



b. a stream of consciousness.c. learned behaviors.d. actualizing experiences.Answer: APage ref: 7Skill: FactualModerate

35. Which student of Wilhelm Wundt eventually developed the school of psychological thought known as structuralism?

a. Max Wertheimerb. William James.c. John Locked. Edward TitchenerAnswer: DPage ref: 7Skill: FactualEasy

36. The structuralists believed that elements of consciousness could be studied through a method called “introspection,” which means __________.

a. looking inwardb. critical evaluationc. internal dialoguesd. perspective hypothesisAnswer: APage ref: 7Skill: FactualEasy

37. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called __________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences.

a. interventionb. introspectionc. introjectiond. inductionAnswer: BPage ref: 7Skill: FactualModerate

38. What is the best analogy for Wundt’s and Titchener’s goals for the scientific discipline of psychology?a. A musical score with many notes on it.b. An artist’s palette with various colors at different locations.c. A list of the types of clothing sold at all of the stores in a shopping mall.d. A chart listing the basic chemical elements and their various physical properties.Answer: DPage ref: 7Skill: ConceptualDifficult

39. Which of the following terms belong together?a. structuralism; observable behaviorb. Gestalt; partsc. psychoanalysis; free willd. purpose; functionalism



Answer: DPage ref: 7Skill: ConceptualDifficult

40. A psychologist who adheres to the functionalist school of thought is staring at a banana. Which of the following statements is she most likely to make?

a. I see a long, curved, yellow object with a dark stem at one end.b. I think that banana would really take the edge off of my hunger right now.c. I see a banana.d. I see a series of curved lines converging at two points, with the color yellow in between them. There is

also a small “u”-shaped line connected to one conversion point for the other lines. The color brown is inside of it.

Answer: BPage ref: 7Skill: AppliedDifficult

41. The ideas that mental associations allow us to benefit from experiences and that consciousness should be studied in terms of how it allows us to adapt to our environments are central to __________.

a. functionalism.b. structuralism.c. pragmatism.d. behaviorism.Answer: APage ref: 7Skill: ConceptualDifficult

42. Which psychologist, who was mentored by William James, was one of the first prominent women in the field?

a. Anna Freudb. Margaret Floy Washburnc. Mary Calkinsd. May ClarkAnswer: CPage ref: 7Skill: FactualEasy

43. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the early perspectives of structuralism and functionalism?

a. Neither perspective is still actively endorsed, but both perspectives had influence on modern topics in psychology.

b. Structuralism died out almost immediately, but functionalism remains a driving force in the field of psychology.

c. Structuralism turned into the psychoanalytic school of thought, and functionalism turned into the behavioral school of thought in psychology.

d. Structuralism and functionalism remain the two most widely held perspectives in the field of psychology.

Answer: APage ref: 7Skill: ConceptualDifficult

44. William James is to functionalism as __________ is to Gestalt psychology.



a. Helmut Strickerb. Carl Jungc. Max Wertheimerd. Carl RogersAnswer: CPage ref: 7-8Skill: FactualModerate

45. Which of the following is an accurate English translation of the German word “gestalt?” a. wholeb. psychologyc. consciousd. personalityAnswer: APage ref: 8Skill: FactualModerate

46. A psychologist who adheres to the Gestalt school is staring at a banana. Which of the following statements is she most likely to make?

a. I see a long, curved, yellow object with a dark stem at one end.b. I think that banana would really take the edge off of my hunger right now.c. I see a banana.d. I see a series of curved lines converging at two points, with the color yellow in between them. There is

also a small “u”-shaped line connected to one conversion point for the other lines. The color brown is inside of it.

Answer: CPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedDifficult

47. When a person looks at a house, a Gestalt psychologist says that they seea. an image that is filtered through their need to re-experience their past homes.b. a philosophical mystery regarding the permanence of any object.c. a collection of doors and windows.d. a house.Answer: DPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedDifficult

48. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is a statement that would most appropriately be associated with the ___________ perspective.

a. Gestaltb. behavioralc. psychodynamicd. humanisticAnswer: APage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualEasy

49. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seem to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon?

a. structuralism



b. interpretive functionalismc. Gestalt psychologyd. evolutionary psychologyAnswer: CPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedDifficult

50. You are trying to convince a friend to go out for a night on the town, but she refuses, saying “I just have so much to get done and I don’t want to leave it until the last minute.” You try to convince her to stop being so responsible and to have some fun, but she refuses. Finally, in a fit of frustration, you yell “Why are you so anal all of the time?” Your friend, a psychology major, laughs at you and says “Gee, I didn’t know that you believed in the psychological theories of __________.”

a. B.F. Skinnerb. Charles Darwinc. Abraham Maslowd. Sigmund FreudAnswer: DPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedModerate

51. According to Freud, human beings are motivated primarily by __________ drives, forbidden desires, and traumatic childhood memories.

a. sexualb. primaryc. secondaryd. immature Answer: APage ref: 8Skill: FactualEasy

52. For Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by __________.a. environmental stimulib. mental Gestaltsc. unconscious desiresd. mental associationsAnswer: CPage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualEasy

53. Modern psychotherapy developed primarily from the theories and ideas of __________.a. Carl Jungb. Sigmund Freudc. Max Wertheimerd. Phil McGrawAnswer: BPage ref: 8Skill: FactualEasy

54. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50.” The revealed answer is “Gave great attention to the primary sexual drives of human beings as a main tenet of his theory.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what would you say?



a. “Who is B.F. Skinner?”b. “Who are the humanists?”c. “Who is Sigmund Freud?”d. “Who are the behaviorists?”Answer: CPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedModerate

55. What scientific limitation was shared by structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalytic theory?a. All three theories proposed that women were naturally inferior to men.b. All three theories were difficult, if not impossible, to test scientifically.c. All three theories were developed in Europe, and therefore do not apply to people from other continents.d. All three theories opposed the prevailing religious views of their times.Answer: BPage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualDifficult

56. Proponents of the __________ school of thought felt that psychology should concentrate on observable behavior that can be directly measured and recorded.

a. Gestaltb. psychodynamicc. behavioral d. cognitiveAnswer: CPage ref: 8Skill: FactualEasy

57. What would have been John B. Watson’s biggest objection to the theories of Sigmund Freud and the psychodynamic school of thought?

a. The unconscious is not the same in every human being, and so it is not a stable concept that can be explored scientifically.

b. Freud’s theories do not acknowledge that there is any influence of our environment upon our psychological development.

c. Freud’s theories, and the psychodynamic approach that followed, were far too conservative and limited by the Victorian times in which he lived.

d. Freud’s main concept, the unconscious, was an internal process that could not be observed, measured, or validated.

Answer: DPage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualModerate

58. Which of the following approaches to psychology would probably be least concerned with unconscious processes?

a. psychoanalytic theoryb. functionalismc. cognitive psychologyd. behaviorism Answer: DPage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualModerate



59. You are a psychologist who is a devout follower of the work of B.F. Skinner. Your young child is trying to learn how to tie her shoes, and in order to help her you give her an M&M every time she gets one step closer to her goal. This strategy – the use of __________ - is the basis of Skinner’s theory.

a. reinforcementb. unconscious bolstersc. developmental scaffoldsd. unconditional stimuli Answer: APage ref: 8Skill: AppliedModerate

60. In order to demonstrate the principles of behaviorism, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously proved that they could teach an 11-month old child to be afraid of a __________.

a. black spider.b. white rat.c. loud bell.d. strange man.Answer: BPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedEasy

61. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

a. A survey of daydreams.b. An analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired.c. The mighty unconscious: Are we servants of its whim?d. I’m okay, you’re okay. All the rest are nuts.Answer: BPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedModerate

62. Which of the following pairs is associated with the earliest development of behaviorism?a. Pavlov and Watsonb. Skinner and Thorndikec. Skinner and Pavlovd. Watson and JamesAnswer: APage ref: 8Skill: FactualDifficult

63. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior?a. William James and Wilhelm Wundtb. B.F. Skinner and Max Wertheimerc. Carl Rogers and Edward Titchenerd. Ivan Pavlov and John B. WatsonAnswer: DPage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualDifficult



64. A boy is taught to fear a rat by pairing the rat with a frightening noise. This is an example of __________.a. modeling.b. shaping.c. social learning.d. conditioning.Answer: DPage ref: 8Skill: AppliedDifficult

65. Why is Watson and Rayner’s famous study demonstrating the learning of fear in a young boy unlikely to ever be repeated?

a. Evolutionary psychology has given us an innate resistance to the fear of harmless animals.b. Behaviorism, which formed the basis of Watson and Rayner’s theory, is no longer a viable

psychological perspective.c. There are serious questions about the ethics of inducing fear in a child for research purposes.d. The child in the initial study was irreversibly damaged from the experiment, and Watson and Rayner

recanted their own findings as a result of that damage.Answer: CPage ref: 8Skill: ConceptualModerate

66. John B. Watson was to __________ as Carl Rogers was to __________.a. psychodynamic theory; behaviorismb. evolutionary psychology; cognitive psychologyc. humanistic psychology; cognitive psychologyd. behaviorism; humanistic psychologyAnswer: DPage ref: 8-9Skill: FactualModerate

67. Which approach to psychology focuses on self-esteem, self-expression, and individual potential?a. Positive psychologyb. Humanistic psychologyc. Evolutionary psychology d. Behavioral psychologyAnswer: BPage ref: 9Skill: FactualModerate

68. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who keeps using terms like reaching one’s potential and self-actualization. This psychologist has been most influenced by the theories of ____________?

a. John Lockeb. Platoc. William Jamesd. Abraham MaslowAnswer: DPage ref: 9Skill: AppliedModerate

69. Which of the following would you be least likely to hear emphasized by a humanistic psychologist?a. self-actualization



b. unconscious motivesc. free willd. self-expressionAnswer: BPage ref: 9Skill: AppliedDifficult

70. The development of __________ stimulated new insight and inquiry about the workings of human thought processes. This is the basis of cognitive psychology.

a. computersb. calculators c. airplanesd. televisionsAnswer: APage ref: 9Skill: FactualEasy

71. Memory, perception, learning, intelligence, language, and problem solving are all areas that are of particular interest to a __________ psychologist.

a. humanisticb. cognitivec. industrial/organizationald. evolutionaryAnswer: BPage ref: 9Skill: FactualEasy

72. In the early part of the 1900s, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements or functions were called structuralists or functionalists. What term might we use to describe psychologists in today’s world who are similarly interested in understanding human thought processes?

a. cognitive psychologistsb. evolutionary psychologistsc. humanistic psychologistsd. psychodynamic psychologistsAnswer: APage ref: 9Skill: ConceptualDifficult

73. A noted scientist argues that psychology should scientifically study how people process information, and then use that information to solve problems. This scientist is probably a(n) __________ psychologist.

a. humanisticb. structuralc. physiological d. cognitiveAnswer: DPage ref: 9Skill: AppliedModerate

74. The most prominent and rapidly advancing perspective in modern psychology is __________ psychology.a. humanisticb. structural



c. physiological d. cognitiveAnswer: DPage ref: 9Skill: FactualEasy

75. The principles of evolutionary psychology are founded on the work of __________.a. Heideggerb. Locke c. Darwind. MaslowAnswer: CPage ref: 9Skill: FactualEasy

76. “Men are more likely to cheat on their partners because of a biologically wired need to increase their chance of creating offspring to pass along their genetic code.” This statement would most likely be uttered by a(n) __________ psychologist.

a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. evolutionary d. cognitiveAnswer: CPage ref: 9Skill: AppliedModerate

77. A psychologist argues that human characteristics such as jealousy and violence emerged hundreds of thousands of years ago because they were linked to reproductive success. This psychologist is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.

a. evolutionary b. cognitive c. positive d. behavioral Answer: APage ref: 9Skill: AppliedEasy

78. Modern approaches to psychology __________.a. are becoming more and more mutually exclusive of each other.b. have become more and more dominated by behavioral and biological approaches.c. have become increasingly dominated by Freudian and mentalistic approaches.d. tend to complement each other, with each approach contributing in its own way to our understanding of

human behavior.Answer: DPage ref: 9Skill: FactualEasy

79. In the Nature vs. Nurture debate, Morgan falls strictly on the side of ‘nature’. Which of the following statements about human personality might Morgan be most inclined to agree with?

a. There is no such thing as ‘personality’, but instead we merely demonstrate learned responses, or habits, that make it look like we have a personality.



b. Each person has free will, so we have the ability to choose whatever personality we think will bring us the best outcomes.

c. We have some genetic influence on our personality, but who we become is really a product of the environment in which we are raised.

d. We are all born with the personality that we will develop, and our surroundings cannot change it.Answer: DPage ref: 10-11Skill: AppliedModerate

80. In the Nature vs. Nurture debate, Morgan falls strictly on the side of ‘nurture’. Which of the following statements about human personality might Morgan be most inclined to agree with?

a. There is no such thing as ‘personality’, but instead we merely demonstrate learned responses, or habits, that make it look like we have a personality.

b. Each person has free will, so we have the ability to choose whatever personality we think will bring us the best outcomes.

c. We are all born as blank slates, and the personality we develop is a function of our environments and surroundings.

d. We are all born with the personality that we will develop, and our surroundings cannot change it. Answer: CPage ref: 10-11Skill: AppliedModerate

81. With the publication of the book The Origin of Species in 1859, Charles Darwin attempted to provide evidence that supports which side of the Nature vs. Nurture debate?

a. Darwin’s book provided evidence that both sides of the argument are correctb. Darwin’s book provided evidence that neither side of the argument is correct.c. Nature d. Nurture Answer: CPage ref: 11Skill: FactualDifficult

82. After many years of scientific debate and research, what do most modern psychologists believe with regard to the Nature vs. Nurture debate?

a. The complete mapping of the human genome has provided us with no evidence that psychological attributes are completely genetic in origin (nature), and thus the nurture side of the debate has been accepted across the field.

b. The evidence for genetic precursors of human behavior (nature) is too overwhelming to place any real faith in the nurture side of the debate.

c. We become the people we are through a unique combination of hereditary (nature) and environmental factors (nurture).

d. While psychological abnormality may be caused by genetics (nature), we agree that normal development is uniquely a function of positive surroundings (nurture).

Answer: CPage ref: 11Skill: ConceptualEasy

83. Of psychologists who recently received doctoral degrees, which area of psychology was the specialty where nearly half of them were employed?

a. Clinical psychologyb. Developmental psychology c. Experimental psychology



d. Counseling psychologyAnswer: APage ref: 12Skill: FactualModerate

84. Founded in 1892, which is the world’s largest professional organization devoted to the field of psychology?a. The American Psychological Association (APA)b. The American Psychological Society (APS) c. The American Counseling Association (ACA) d. The International Psychology Counsel (IPC) Answer: APage ref: 12Skill: FactualEasy

85. What is the official journal of the American Psychological Association?a. Psychology Todayb. The Psychology Mirrorc. American Psychologist d. The APA Monitor Answer: CPage ref: 12Skill: FactualEasy

86. In what year was the American Psychological Association founded?a. 1879b. 1887c. 1892 d. 1975 Answer: CPage ref: 12Skill: FactualModerate

87. What was the primary reason for the formation of the Association for Psychological Science (APS) in 1988?

a. Several members of the American Psychological Association felt that the APA had allowed too many international members into the organization, so the APS was formed specifically for North American psychologists to join.

b. The American Psychological Association was primarily geared toward clinical psychologists, so the APS was geared toward more science- and research-focused psychologists.

c. Because the American Psychological Association had grown so large, it began charging yearly membership dues that some members resented. The APS was formed as a “free membership” professional organization.

d. The American Psychological Association began lobbying politicians for specific social reforms, and some members felt that this was counter to the goals of the association. They formed the APS as a “political neutral ground” where science would not have to do battle with politics.

Answer: BPage ref: 12Skill: FactualDifficult

88. How many different professional specialty divisions currently exist in the American Psychological Association?



a. 24b. 56c. 67 d. 80 Answer: BPage ref: 12Skill: FactualDifficult

89. The three main categories of careers in psychology do not include __________.a. applied psychology b. academic psychology c. clinical psychologyd. experimental psychologyAnswer: DPage ref: 12Skill: FactualEasy

90. What is the main distinction between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist?a. A psychiatrist can work independently in a private practice, while a clinical psychologist must work for

a clinic.b. A psychiatrist has a medical degree and a clinical psychologist does not.c. A psychiatrist can work with clients of any age, while a clinical psychologist can only work with

children and young adults.d. A psychiatrist works in a hospital, while a clinical psychologist works in private practice.Answer: BPage ref: 12Skill: FactualEasy

91. On a television talk show you see an actor describing his recent struggles with depression. He reports that his symptoms have significantly decreased since he saw a professional in Hollywood to receive a prescription for anti-depressant medication. You conclude that the actor’s therapist is probably a(n) ___________.

a. psychiatristb. social workerc. health psychologistd. psychometricianAnswer: APage ref: 12Skill: AppliedModerate

92. In 2002 the state of ___________ gave specially trained and licensed psychologists the right to prescribe medications.

a. New Mexicob. Pennsylvaniac. New Jerseyd. ArizonaAnswer: APage ref: 12Skill: FactualDifficult



93. The state of New Mexico became the first in the United States to give psychologists the right to prescribe medication after receiving special training and licensure. In what year did this take place?

a. 1991b. 1997c. 2002d. 2007Answer: CPage ref: 12Skill: FactualModerate

94. Dr. Andropov has been a licensed and practicing psychologist in New York for 15 years. He is frustrated by the fact that his clients have to go to another professional whenever they need a prescription for psychotropic medication. He has decided that he doesn’t want to keep practicing this way, so he tells his wife “Pack your bags. We’re moving to ___________ so that I can start writing prescriptions after consulting with a psychiatrist.”

a. New Mexicob. Oregonc. Massachusettsd. LouisianaAnswer: DPage ref: 12Skill: AppliedDifficult

95. According to the 2005 Graduate Study in Psychology, forty-eight percent of graduates with psychology degrees are in the ____________ subfield of psychology.

a. socialb. personalityc. clinicald. counselingAnswer: CPage ref: 12Skill: FactualModerate

96. Approximately one-_________ of all psychology graduates work in clinical psychology.a. eighthb. quarterc. thirdd. halfAnswer: DPage ref: 12Skill: FactualDifficult

97. Which of the following activities is most likely to be conducted by a clinical psychologist?a. Giving diagnostic testsb. Assessing attitudes of employees in a corporationc. Carrying out psychological researchd. Helping patients with heart disease work to reduce their stress levelsAnswer: APage ref: 12Skill: FactualDifficult



98. Which of the following specialties is not found in the category of psychological careers called clinical psychology?

a. neuropsychology b. social work c. psychiatric nursing d. abnormal psychology Answer: DPage ref: 12Skill: FactualDifficult

99. Which specialty area of psychology employs the smallest percentage of graduates with psychology degrees?

a. Health psychologyb. Clinical neuropsychologyc. Experimental psychologyd. Industrial-organizational psychologyAnswer: APage ref: 12Skill: FactualModerate

100. The term “academic psychology” includes which of the following specialties? a. abnormal psychologyb. school psychology c. social work d. health psychologyAnswer: APage ref: 13Skill: FactualDifficult

101.Margot spends her time at work doing several different tasks. In a given week, she might divide her time equally between supervising and teaching students, completing administrative tasks, and carrying out psychological research. In which area of psychology is Margot most likely employed?

a. Clinical psychology b. Academic psychology c. Organizational psychology d. Applied psychology Answer: BPage ref: 13Skill: AppliedModerate

102.In which area of psychology would a professional be most interested in publishing their research in approved journals related to their field of study?

a. Clinical psychology b. Academic psychology c. Organizational psychology d. Applied psychology Answer: B Page ref: 13 Skill: AppliedEasy



103.The term __________ psychology refers to the use of psychological theory and practice to tackle real-world problems.

a. factual b. clinical c. applied d. academic Answer: CPage ref: 13Skill: FactualEasy

104. Akosua is a graduate student in psychology, but is having trouble deciding what she wants to do with her career. While talking to her advisor she says, “I really want to get away from simply dealing with theories, and I want to use psychology in a practical form to help fix the problems of the world!” Akosua’s advisor should probably advise her to look into __________ psychology.

a. experimental b. industrial/organizational c. clinical d. applied Answer: DPage ref: 13Skill: AppliedModerate

105. Which of the following questions would be of the greatest interest to a health psychologist?a. What are the causes of coronary artery disease in African-American men?b. What is the reason why children from single-parent homes are more likely to become smokers than

children from two-parent homes?c. What methods can be used to increase the motivation of an adult who has had a heart attack to start

exercising regularly?d. What is the relationship between the influenza virus and major depression?Answer: CPage ref: 13Skill: AppliedDifficult

106. Which of the following is not a major specialty in the area of applied psychology?a. Health psychology b. Industrial/Organizational psychologyc. Economics psychology d. Sports psychology Answer: CPage ref: 13Skill: FactualEasy

True/False Questions

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. T FAnswer: TruePage ref: 4

2. Controlling behavior is one of the four goals of the scientific method of psychology. T FAnswer: True



Page ref: 4

3. The science of psychology does not given any importance to experiences that people T Fhave, but only focuses on occurrences that can be objectively verified by appropriateinstruments.Answer: FalsePage ref: 4-5

4. Because psychology is considered a “soft” science when compared to disciplines T Flike biology, chemistry, and physics, psychological research does not need to payattention to the same rules of the scientific methods as those other disciplines.Answer: FalsePage ref: 5

5. The first step in the scientific method is to conduct background research about a particular T Ftopic to see what has been discovered by other scientists.Answer: FalsePage ref: 5

6. A hypothesis is an educated guess about the answer to a research question. T FAnswer: TruePage ref: 5

7. A researcher might choose to conduct her/his experiment several times to make sure T Fthat their results were not due to chance.Answer: TruePage ref: 6

8. If a research project fails to provide evidence that confirms the researcher’s hypothesis T Fthen it is necessary to discard that experiment and start a new one with a better hypothesis.Answer: FalsePage ref: 6

9. It is important to share the results of research, whether or not the original hypothesis was T Fsupported by the results of that project.Answer: TruePage ref: 6

10. The earliest inquiry into the mind and how it works was performed by Greek philosophers T F as far back as the fifth century BC.

Answer: TruePage ref: 7

11. The concept of dualism was first suggested by René Descartes during the late Renaissance period. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 7

12. The concept that people are born as a tabula rasa, or a blank slate, was first proposed by French T Fphilosopher Jean-Jacques RousseauAnswer: FalsePage ref: 7

13. British philosopher John Locke suggested that we are born as blank slates, containing no innate T Fknowledge.Answer: TruePage ref: 7



14. The first laboratory of psychology was founded in 1897 in Vienna, Austria. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 7

15. The father of the modern science of psychology was Wilhelm Wundt. T FAnswer: TruePage ref: 7

16. Psychologist Mary Calkins introduced the theories of structuralism to the United States. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 7

17. Structuralism, the first true theoretical perspective in the scientific discipline of psychology, T Fremains to this day a popular theoretical orientation that many psychologists have adopted.Answer: FalsePage ref: 7

18. William James, an important American psychologist, countered the theories of structuralism by T Fintroducing his own theory, functionalism, in the United States.Answer: TruePage ref: 7

19. The Gestalt psychologists believe that the whole can be adequately understood by breaking it down T Finto its various pieces and studying them individually.Answer: FalsePage ref: 8

20. Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of Gestalt psychology. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 8

21. Sigmund Freud suggested that unconscious motives are largely responsible for human behaviors. T FAnswer: TruePage ref: 8

22. The theories of Sigmund Freud have developed over the years into what is now called T Fthe psychodynamic approach.Answer: TruePage ref: 8

23. B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson were humanistic psychologists. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 8

24. The theories of the behaviorists were originally based on the research of Ivan Pavlov. T FAnswer: TruePage ref: 8

25. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were the founders of humanistic psychology. T FAnswer: TruePage ref: 9

26. A cognitive psychologist would likely be very interested in a research project addressing T Fhuman memory and language development.Answer: True



Page ref: 9

27. The development of brain-imaging techniques has significantly advanced the study of cognitive T Fpsychology.Answer: TruePage ref: 9

28. The evolutionary approach to psychology is based largely on the classic theories of Plato and T FAristotle.Answer: FalsePage ref: 9

29. Evolutionary psychologists are interested in understanding how human behaviors are specifically T Flinked to our survival in the world.Answer: True Page ref: 9

30. A psychologist who adopts the “nature” view believes that we are born with specific behavioral T Ftendencies that are unlearned and innate.Answer: TruePage ref: 10-11

31. A behavioral psychologist is most likely to fall on the “nature” side of the nature vs. nurture T Fdebate.Answer: FalsePage ref: 10-11

32. The most popular specialty in the field of psychology is counseling psychology. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 12

33. More psychology doctoral degrees are awarded for clinical psychology than for any other T Fspecialty.Answer: TruePage ref: 12

34. In the United States, only medical doctors can write prescriptions for psychotropic medication. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 12

35. A psychiatrist is an academic psychologist. T FAnswer: FalsePage ref: 12-13

36. Sports psychology is one type of applied psychology.Answer: TruePage ref: 13

37. Academic psychologists are those who teach but do not carry out research. Research is only T Fconducted by experimental psychologists who have the specific training to perform those tasks.Answer: FalsePage ref: 13

Short Answer Questions



1. List and briefly define the four goals of the science of psychology. Page ref: 4

2. What is empiricism in the science of psychology? Page ref: 4-5

3. What do psychologists use statistical analyses for in research? Page ref: 5-64. What is the last step in the scientific method? Why is it the most important step? Page ref: 6

5. What was the psychological concept of dualism? Who was responsible for originally forwarding this idea? Page ref: 7

6. Briefly distinguish between the major concepts of structuralism and functionalism. Page ref: 7

7. What was the primary argument that William James and the functionalists had against the theories of structuralism? Page ref: 7

8. Why did people of Freud’s time have difficulties accepting his theories? Page ref: 8

9. What did Ivan Pavlov discover that was so crucial to the development of the behavioral model of psychology? Page ref: 8

10. List three major concepts that are central to the theories of humanistic psychology, and identify the founders of that school of thought. Page ref: 9

11. List four topics that might be of major interest to a cognitive psychologist. Page ref: 9

12. What is the relationship between Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection and evolutionary psychology? Page ref: 9

13. In the USA, which two states have granted the right to prescribe medication to psychologists? How does that privilege differ in each of those two states? Page ref: 12

14. What is the difference between the training of a psychologist and that of a psychiatrist? Page ref: 12

Essay Questions

1. One of the major goals of psychology is “controlling human behaviors.” Present an argument either for or against the ethics of such a goal, making sure to cite several examples of why you think this is reasonable or unreasonable goal in a science. Page ref: 4, 12

2. Psychology claims to be a science, even though many people think that it is not nearly as “scientific” as such disciplines as chemistry or physics. Pretend that you are involved in a debate about this issue, and present the discussion that you would deliver supporting the contention that psychology is, in fact, a scientific endeavor. Page ref: 4-6

3. You are teaching a course called “The History of Psychology,” and in your very first lecture you want to cover the major “players” and beliefs of the first three perspectives in the field of psychology. Write several paragraphs that present the major information (theorists, dates, concepts) that you would want to disseminate to your students. Make sure to include discussion of how the various theories agreed or disagreed with each other! Page ref: 7-8

4. You are Dr. John B. Watson, and you are visiting the laboratory of Dr. Sigmund Freud. Write a letter to your wife back in the United States of America telling her what you think of Dr. Freud’s theories. You must back up your opinion with the theoretical position that Watson would have embraced. Page ref: 8-9

5. You are Dr. Carl Rogers, and you are asked to give a talk to a class that is studying behaviorism. The



teacher of that class is well-aware that you have some objections to these theories, and has invited you to present your own theories, focusing on how they disagree with the theories of behaviorism. In order to present a compelling argument, remember that you have to make sure the students know that you DO know about behaviorism, even though you don’t agree with it! Page ref: 8-9

6. Compare and contrast the fields of academic, applied, and clinical psychology making sure to list some of the benefits and drawbacks of going into each area for your professional career. Page ref: 12-13

7. In a conversation with your doctoral advisor, you briefly mention that you are interested in applied psychology. Because she doesn’t really believe you but thinks you are just trying to get her to leave you alone, she comes up with this challenge: “Alright, if you really want to be an applied psychologist, tell me three different specialty areas in applied psychology, making sure to tell me what professionals in those specialties do.” She then sits back with a smug look on her face, completely unprepared for the amazing response you are about to give her. (Write your response here!) Page ref: 13


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