thinking, concepts creativity. thought cognitionmental activities involved in acquiring, retaining,...
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Concepts Concept—mental category we form to group objects, events, or situations that share common characteristics or features.TRANSCRIPT
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Thinking, Concepts & Creativity
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Thought• Cognition—mental activities involved in
acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge• Thinking—manipulation of mental
representations to draw inferences and conclusions.
– Mental processes directed at a goal or purpose.– 2 kinds of mental representations:1. Mental image—representation of objects
or events that are not present2. Concepts – mental category we form to group objects,
events, or situations that share common characteristics or features.
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Concepts• Concept—mental category we form to group
objects, events, or situations that share common characteristics or features.
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Examples of Concepts• Formal concept— rigid rules or features that define a
particular concept. – All or nothing categorization process
• Categories for solid, liquid, or gas • A square is…
• Natural concept—Eleanor Rosch said these form from everyday experience and do not have boundaries that are sharply defined – Members of these share a kind of “family resemblance” that
helps us to recognize items that belong in the same category, even if they are not identical.
• Example: space shuttle & hot air balloon are both examples of the natural concept “aircraft”
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Mental Image
• Mental Image – mental representation of an object or event not physically present.
• Mental imaging works similar to actual visual imaging.
• Mental images are constructed and therefore subject to error.
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• Steven Kosslyn had people memorize a map of an island and then asked them to imagine specific areas.
• People took time to mentally scan their mental image and find the different locations.
• People took the same amount of time to mentally scan the image as they did to visually scan it.
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Prototype• A model or mental image• A typical best example of a particular thing• The closer a new object is to our concept
prototype the easier it is to recognize it– If an object has four wheels and doors it probably fits
our prototype for…
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Memory Shifts Towards Our Prototypes
• Once an item is placed in a category, our memory of it will shift to remember it as being more similar to our prototype.– If shown a face that has 70% Asian features, people will
later remember that face as being more prototypically Asian
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Discrimination Prototypes• Picture this: A boss is “coming on” to an employee making
them feel uncomfortable at work.• Which one of the following did you picture?
• Concepts speed up and guide our thinking but are not always correct.
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Creativity• Ability to create new and useful ideas• Convergent Thinking – narrowing problem solutions to the single best
solution - focused on finding a particular answer to a problem– IQ Tests test this.– You do this when you narrow options on a MC Test– Found in Left Parietal Lobe
• Divergent Thinking – Thinking Creatively to generate as many possible answers to a question or problem as you can. “Brainstorming”– How many uses can you think of for a brick?– Found in frontal lobes
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Sternberg’s 5 Components of Creativity
• Expertise – a well-developed base of knowledge (mental building blocks) – gives you more to work with.
• Imaginative Thinking Skills – Allows you to see things in new ways, recognize patterns and make connections – explore in a new way.
• A Venturesome Personality – a risk taker that looks for new experiences and is willing to overcome obstacles
• Intrinsic Motivation – driven by more than external pressures – likes the challenge and satisfaction of difficult work and finding new ways to solve problems.
• A Creative Environment – Ability to work with others and an environment that sparks support and creative ideas.
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Become more Creative!
• Develop Your Expertise – become an expert at something you enjoy!
• Allow Time For Incubation – Sleep on it!• Set Aside Time to Let Your Mind Roam Freely –
Get away from technology…RELAX!• Experience Other Cultures & Ways of Thinking –
Challenge yourself to find out how others think and solve problems. Get out of your comfort zone!
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Be Creative!
• Choose the goal of creativity• Reinforce creative behavior• Engage in problem finding• Acquire relevant knowledge• Try different approaches• Exert effort and expect setbacks