thinking equal in trade facilitation and...
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Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticsin Trade Facilitation and Logistics
The Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation and Logistics
PRMTR and PRMGE BBLPRMTR and PRMGE BBL10 January 2012
Kate HigginsKate HigginsThe North‐South Institute
khiggins@nsi‐ins.ca
Why does gender matter for trade facilitation and logistics initiatives and how can genderand logistics initiatives and how can gender
dimensions be integrated into trade facilitation and logistics (TFL) initiatives at the World Bank?and logistics (TFL) initiatives at the World Bank?
Structure of the guidance note• Problem: The gendered structure of the economy and why
gender inequality matters in the context of trade
• Evidence: The gender dimensions of (or the gender‐intensified constraints that women face in) trade facilitation and logistics
A i O i li i h d di i f d• Action: Operationalizing the gender dimensions of trade facilitation and logistics
‐ Existing initiatives at the World Bank and beyondExisting initiatives at the World Bank and beyond
‐ Practical, clear ‘how to’ advice for World Bank projects
‐ Applied examples using World Bank projects
‐ Recommendations for the Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF)
What is the problem?
• Women in developing countries increasingly involved in the market economy BUT significant disparities between men and women remain.
• Typically, women face gender‐intensified constraints in the multiple roles they play in the economy.
• Gender equality mattersWDR 2012 li i i i d i lWDR 2012 outlines intrinsic and instrumental reasons
Business case, development case and human rights caseBottom line: compelling equity and economic reasons for tackling gender
i liinequality
What is the evidence?
• Decrease in traditional market access barriers and i i f t kli hi h t d t tiincrease in focus on tackling high trade transaction costs in developing countries through better trade facilitation and logistics.g
• Range of constraints that men and women face in gdeveloping countries
• But evidence suggests that women face particular challenges
• Women are also disproportionately involved in informal cross‐border tradeinformal cross border trade
• Customs and border managementCustoms and border management– Lower levels of access to information– Higher levels of corruption– Physical insecurity at border crossings– Double burden ‐ economic + domestic responsibilities
• Trade and transport infrastructure– Less control over transport resources + higher reliance on walking and public transport
– Higher proportion of income spent on transportation– Higher levels on insecurity experienced on public transportHigher levels on insecurity experienced on public transport– Constrained by cultural and legal restrictions– Different storage needs
Reported frequency of risks reported by cross-border traders Great Lakes regiontraders, Great Lakes region
Source: Brenton Paul Celestin Bashinge Buckuderhwa Caroline Hossein ShihoSource: Brenton, Paul, Celestin Bashinge Buckuderhwa, Caroline Hossein, Shiho Nagaki and Jean Baptiste Ntagoma (2011) ‘Risky Business: Poor Women Cross‐Border Traders in the Great Lakes Region of Africa’, Africa Policy Note, Note 11, January. Washington DC: World Bank.
• Trade logisticsTrade logistics– Comparatively high unit costs due to small volumes
– Additional logistics costs in remote areas– Intermediaries ‐ lack of information on costs
• Trade finance– Limited collateral– Lower levels of literacy and access to information– Inadequate documentation– Marketing not targeting women
‘ hi k l’How can we ‘think equal’ on
TFL projects?
‘Thinking equal’ ondi iTFL diagnostics
Diagnostic Responsecomponent
Desk research Ensure that data, analysis and research on constraints faced by women is captured.
Data collection Ensure a range of women traders are part of the data sample
Collect data in a gender‐sensitive wayCollect data in a gender sensitive way
Capture gender‐intensified constraints in data collection
A l i d R t fi di i d di t d dAnalysis and reporting
Report on findings in a gender‐disaggregated way and provide recommendations on how gender‐intensified constraints could be tackled
‘Thinking equal’ on TFL: general considerations for projects g p j
• Diagnostics: understand the gender dynamics of the g g yeconomy
S k h ld h i f• Stakeholder engagement: capture the perspectives of a range of women
• Design and implementation: gender‐focused inputs, outputs and outcomes and (potentially) gender expertise i th tin the team
• M&E: gender‐related outputs and outcomes and• M&E: gender‐related outputs and outcomes and investments in building capacity to track outcomes in a disaggregated way
‘Thinking equal’ oncustoms and border management
Constraint Response
Low levels of Culturally appropriate training and outreach for female understanding about customs and border processes and
traders
Support to women’s trading organizations to increase their capacity to educate and support female traders
requirements Public information campaigns on requirements and processes
Corruption, Gender training for customs and border officials onCorruption, harassment and violence and border crossings
Gender training for customs and border officials on gender
Gender balance among customs and border staff and managementg management
Advertising customs and border requirements and costs in public areas to increase transparency
Better lighting at border crossings; window in allBetter lighting at border crossings; window in all offices and inspections areas; safe and affordable accommodation at border crossings
‘Thinking equal’ ontrade and transport infrastructure
Constraint Response
Difficulty in accessing Increase regularity, reach and affordability of public transport due to distance and cost
transport
Development of feeder roads to remote areas
Transport unsafe and insecure
Increase public transport services to avoid over‐crowding
Better lighting and ‘women only’ spaces at transportBetter lighting and women only spaces at transport hubs
Inadequate access to storage facilities for
Resources to support implementation of low‐cost, reliable storage optionsstorage facilities for
perishable goods and border posts
reliable storage options
‘Thinking equal’ ond l i itrade logistics
Constraint Response
High costs to access logistics services because of small
Support cooperation among female traders to pool goods and access logistics services at a lower cost
volumes
Lower levels of market information
Support initiatives to educate women on logistics costs and trading requirements so they can negotiate fairermarket information
and empowerment, leading women to pay inflated prices for
and trading requirements so they can negotiate fairer prices with intermediaries
Public information campaigns on trading costs
Use technology to disseminate information on pricesp y plogistics services
Use technology to disseminate information on prices and logistics costs
‘Thinking equal’ ond ftrade finance
Constraint Response
Low levels of education Training and education for female traders on accessing andLow levels of education and knowledge about how to access trade finance
Training and education for female traders on accessing and using trade finance
Women without documentation required to access trade fi
Support women’s business organizations to support female traders to collect required documentation
finance
Women not targeted in trade finance marketing
Target women through marketing initiatives ‐ culturally‐appropriate messages
and communications campaigns
Legal constraints Support initiatives that foster social and legal change preventing women from accessing trade finance
Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF)Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF)
• The gender impact of the TFF could be enhanced:
E li i f j i h d– Encourage applications for projects with a strong gender focus.
– Require applicants to demonstrate how gender considRequire applicants to demonstrate how gender considerations will be taken into account in the design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation of the TFF projecte TFF project.
– Gender resources and expertise made available to TFF projects with substantial gender component.p j g p
– Gender impact of TFF‐funded projects captured through monitoring and evaluation framework.
Ultimately seeking to support gender equality, trade i d i hexpansion and economic growth
• Not necessarily cumbersome and resource‐intensive to address the constraints that women face in trade facilitation and logistics, but…
I i th t i t d i liti ill li it• Ignoring these constraints and inequalities will limit – Contribution of trade to reducing gender inequalities
– Trade expansion
– Resulting economic growth