thinking equal in trade facilitation and...

27
Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logistics in Trade Facilitation and Logistics The Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation and Logistics PRMTR and PRMGE BBL PRMTR and PRMGE BBL 10 January 2012 Kate Higgins Kate Higgins The NorthSouth Institute khiggins@nsiins.ca

Upload: vuongkhuong

Post on 05-Feb-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticsin Trade Facilitation and Logistics

The Gender Dimensions of Trade Facilitation and Logistics

PRMTR and PRMGE BBLPRMTR and PRMGE BBL10 January 2012

Kate HigginsKate HigginsThe North‐South Institute

khiggins@nsi‐ins.ca

Page 2: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

Why does gender matter for trade facilitation and logistics initiatives and how can genderand logistics initiatives and how can gender 

dimensions be integrated into trade facilitation and logistics (TFL) initiatives at the World Bank?and logistics (TFL) initiatives at the World Bank?

Page 3: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

Structure of the guidance note• Problem: The gendered structure of the economy and why 

gender inequality matters in the context of trade

• Evidence: The gender dimensions of (or the gender‐intensified constraints that women face in) trade facilitation and logistics

A i O i li i h d di i f d• Action: Operationalizing the gender dimensions of trade facilitation and logistics

‐ Existing initiatives at the World Bank and beyondExisting initiatives at the World Bank and beyond

‐ Practical, clear ‘how to’ advice for World Bank projects

‐ Applied examples using World Bank projects

‐ Recommendations for the Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF)

Page 4: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

What is the problem?

Page 5: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

• Women in developing countries increasingly involved in the market economy BUT significant disparities between men and women remain.

• Typically, women face gender‐intensified constraints in the multiple roles they play in the economy.

• Gender equality mattersWDR 2012 li i i i d i lWDR 2012 outlines intrinsic and instrumental reasons

Business case, development case and human rights caseBottom line: compelling equity and economic reasons for tackling gender 

i liinequality

Page 6: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

What is the evidence?

Page 7: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

• Decrease in traditional market access barriers and i i f t kli hi h t d t tiincrease in focus on tackling high trade transaction costs in developing countries through better trade facilitation and logistics.g

• Range of constraints that men and women face in gdeveloping countries

• But evidence suggests that women face particular challenges

• Women are also disproportionately involved in informal cross‐border tradeinformal cross border trade

Page 8: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

• Customs and border managementCustoms and border management– Lower levels of access to information– Higher levels of corruption– Physical insecurity at border crossings– Double burden ‐ economic + domestic responsibilities 

• Trade and transport infrastructure– Less control over transport resources + higher reliance on walking and public transport

– Higher proportion of income spent on transportation– Higher levels on insecurity experienced on public transportHigher levels on insecurity experienced on public transport– Constrained by cultural and legal restrictions– Different storage needs

Page 9: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

Reported frequency of risks reported by cross-border traders Great Lakes regiontraders, Great Lakes region

Source: Brenton Paul Celestin Bashinge Buckuderhwa Caroline Hossein ShihoSource: Brenton, Paul, Celestin Bashinge Buckuderhwa, Caroline Hossein, Shiho Nagaki and Jean Baptiste Ntagoma (2011) ‘Risky Business: Poor Women Cross‐Border Traders in the Great Lakes Region of Africa’, Africa Policy Note, Note 11, January. Washington DC: World Bank.

Page 10: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

• Trade logisticsTrade logistics– Comparatively high unit costs due to small volumes

– Additional logistics costs in remote areas– Intermediaries ‐ lack of information on costs

• Trade finance– Limited collateral– Lower levels of literacy and access to information– Inadequate documentation– Marketing not targeting women

Page 11: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘ hi k l’How can we ‘think equal’ on 

TFL projects?

Page 12: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘Thinking equal’ ondi iTFL diagnostics

Diagnostic  Responsecomponent

Desk research Ensure that data, analysis and research on constraints faced by women is captured.

Data collection Ensure a range of women traders are part of the data sample

Collect data in a gender‐sensitive wayCollect data in a gender sensitive way

Capture gender‐intensified constraints in data collection

A l i d R t fi di i d di t d dAnalysis and reporting

Report on findings in a gender‐disaggregated way and provide recommendations on how gender‐intensified constraints could be tackled

Page 13: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 14: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 15: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘Thinking equal’ on TFL: general considerations for projects g p j

• Diagnostics: understand the gender dynamics of the g g yeconomy

S k h ld h i f• Stakeholder engagement: capture the perspectives of a range of women

• Design and implementation: gender‐focused inputs, outputs and outcomes and (potentially) gender expertise i th tin the team

• M&E: gender‐related outputs and outcomes and• M&E: gender‐related outputs and outcomes and investments in building capacity to track outcomes in a disaggregated way

Page 16: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 17: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘Thinking equal’ oncustoms and border management

Constraint Response

Low levels of  Culturally appropriate training and outreach for female understanding about customs and border processes and 

traders

Support to women’s trading organizations to increase their capacity to educate and support female traders

requirements Public information campaigns on requirements and processes 

Corruption, Gender training for customs and border officials onCorruption, harassment and violence and border crossings

Gender training for customs and border officials on gender

Gender balance among customs and border staff and managementg management

Advertising customs and border requirements and costs in public areas to increase transparency

Better lighting at border crossings; window in allBetter lighting at border crossings; window in all offices and inspections areas; safe and affordable accommodation at border crossings

Page 18: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 19: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘Thinking equal’ ontrade and transport infrastructure

Constraint Response

Difficulty in accessing  Increase regularity, reach and affordability of public transport due to distance and cost

transport

Development of feeder roads to remote areas

Transport unsafe and insecure

Increase public transport services to avoid over‐crowding

Better lighting and ‘women only’ spaces at transportBetter lighting and  women only  spaces at transport hubs

Inadequate access to storage facilities for

Resources to support implementation of low‐cost, reliable storage optionsstorage facilities for 

perishable goods and border posts

reliable storage options

Page 20: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 21: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘Thinking equal’ ond l i itrade logistics

Constraint Response

High costs to access logistics services because of small 

Support cooperation among female traders to pool goods and access logistics services at a lower cost

volumes

Lower levels of market information

Support initiatives to educate women on logistics costs and trading requirements so they can negotiate fairermarket information 

and empowerment, leading women to pay inflated prices for 

and trading requirements so they can negotiate fairer prices with intermediaries

Public information campaigns on trading costs

Use technology to disseminate information on pricesp y plogistics services

Use technology to disseminate information on prices and logistics costs

Page 22: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 23: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

‘Thinking equal’ ond ftrade finance

Constraint Response

Low levels of education Training and education for female traders on accessing andLow levels of education and knowledge about how to access trade finance

Training and education for female traders on accessing and using trade finance

Women without documentation required to access trade fi

Support women’s business organizations to support female traders to collect required documentation

finance

Women not targeted in trade finance marketing 

Target women through marketing initiatives ‐ culturally‐appropriate messages

and communications campaigns

Legal constraints  Support initiatives that foster social and legal change preventing women from accessing trade finance

Page 24: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 25: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF)Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF) 

• The  gender  impact  of  the  TFF  could  be  enhanced:

E li i f j i h d– Encourage  applications  for  projects  with  a  strong  gender  focus.

– Require applicants to demonstrate how gender considRequire applicants  to  demonstrate  how  gender  considerations  will  be  taken  into  account  in  the  design,  implementation  and  monitoring  and  evaluation  of  the TFF projecte  TFF  project.

– Gender resources and expertise made available to TFF projects with substantial gender component.p j g p

– Gender impact of TFF‐funded projects captured through monitoring  and  evaluation  framework.

Page 26: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi
Page 27: Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation and Logisticssiteresources.worldbank.org/TRADE/Resources/TradeGenderJointBBL... · Thinking Equal in Trade Facilitation ... AliAnalysis and Rtfi

Ultimately seeking to support gender equality, trade i d i hexpansion and economic growth

• Not necessarily cumbersome and resource‐intensive to address the constraints that women face in trade facilitation and logistics, but…

I i th t i t d i liti ill li it• Ignoring these constraints and inequalities will limit – Contribution of trade to reducing gender inequalities

– Trade expansion

– Resulting economic growth