thinking geographically ap human geography mr. larkins
TRANSCRIPT
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Thinking GeographicallyAP Human GeographyMr. Larkins
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
A. Place: Unique Location of a Feature
1. Toponym is the name given to a place on Earth
2. Site is the physical character of a place. Includes climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation
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Site:Lower Manhattan Island
Fig. 1-6: Site of lower Manhattan Island,
New York City. There have been many
changes to the area over the last 200 years.
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
3. Situation is the location of a place relative to other places. Situation helps us find an unfamiliar place by comparing its location with a familiar one. Situation, also, helps us understand the importance of a location.
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Situation: Singapore
Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.
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Downtown Singapore
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
4. Mathematical location or in other words latitude and longitude.
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World Geographic Grid
Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian ( 0º) passes through Greenwich, England.
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World Time Zones
Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones each represent about 15° of longitude. They are often depicted using the Mercator projection.
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
B. Regions: Areas of Unique Characteristics
1. A region derives its character through the cultural landscape- a combination of cultural features such as language, and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
2.Types of Regionsa)Formal, also called a
uniform region or homogeneous region, is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
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Formal and Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional
regions.
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
b)Functional Region- also called a nodal region, is an area organized around a node or focal point.
c)Example: Richmond City; Henrico, Chesterfield
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Why is each point on Earth unique?
c) Perceptual region, or vernacular region is a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Ex: The South, The Middle East, “Hokie Nation”
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Perceptual Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of features are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different
boundaries.
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Why are different places similar?
1.Scale: From Local to Global2.Space: Distribution of features
a)Density is the frequency with which something occurs in space
b)Concentration is the extent of a feature’s spread over space
c) Pattern is the geometric arrangement of objects in space
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Distribution:Density, Concentration, & Pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example)
may vary in an area or landscape.
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Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between
density and concentration.
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U.S. Baseball Teams, 1952
Fig. 1-19: Baseball teams were highly concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest in 1952.
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U.S. Baseball Teams, 2007
Fig. 1-19: By 2007, U.S. baseball teams were much more dispersed than in 1952, and their number and density
at a national level had increased.
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Why are different places similar?
3. Connections between placesa) Spatial Interaction
*distance decay-the farther away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact
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Distance decay
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a) Diffusion*relocation-the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another *expansion-the spread of a feature from one place to another in a “snowballing” process*hierarchical-the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places*contagious-the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population