Thinking

The definition of thinking: The mind is the idea while thinking processes of the brain involved in processing information such as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, to reason and make decisions.

Some limit in the definition of thinking is as follows:

1. Thinking is the activity of human reason as a process of strengthening the relationship between stimulus and response. 2. Thinking is a reasonable working of various views with the knowledge that has been stored in the mind long before the emergence of new knowledge. 3. Thinking can be interpreted to remember something, and questioned whether there is a relationship between what is intended.

(9) http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Ecompose/faculty/pedagogies/thinking.html#elements

4. Thinking is processing information mentally or cognitively by rearranging the information from the environment and the symbols are stored in the memory of his past. 5. Thinking is a symbolic representation of some event train of ideas in a precise and careful that began with the problem. 6. Thinking is a mental process mental representations newly formed through the transformation of information by interaction, attributes such as the assessment of mental abstraction, logic, imagination and problem-solving.

Thinking Process The processes of thought are as follows:

1. Understanding the formation. Understanding, formed through the three stages as follows: a. Analysis of the characteristics of similar objects. These objects we look at the elements - elements one by one. For example, or set up a human sense. b. Comparison - compare these features to be found traits - traits which are the same, which is not the same, which is always there and which ones do not always exist where the essential and which are not essential. c. Abstraction, that is set aside, dispose, traits that are not essential, capturing the essential characteristics.

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2. Opinion Formation- Formation of opinion is to put the relationship between two terms or more. The opinions expressed in the language called the sentence, which consists of basic sentence or the title or subject and predicate. Furthermore, the opinion can be divided into three kinds:a.Affirmative or positive opinion, the opinion which declares a state of something, for example Franzel was clever, and aswell as Yyah….and so on. b.b. Negative opinion, the repeal That opinion, which clearly explains the absence of anything thing else on the nature of things: For example Mikkha is ugly and so skinny. c.c. Modalities That opinion stating opinion- the possibility of something on the nature of things: for example it might rain today, Miles might not come. And so on.

3. Conclusion withdrawal or Establishment Decision - The decision is the result of the act makes sense to form a new opinion based on the opinions that already exist. There are three kinds of conclusions, ie

a. Inductive inference the decisions taken from the opinion - opinion toward a particular public opinion. b. Deductive conclusions Deductive decision drawn from the general to the specific, so in contrast to inductive decision. c. Conclusion analogical - The decision is a decision that analogical obtained by comparing or customize with specific opinions that already exist.

(2) p7. http://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/DEXadobe.PDF

(1) p15 – paraphrase of an excerpt from The Delphi Report

Thinking Function: Thinking function involves

1. Interpretation Problems: Known also by defining the problem by way of creative thinking2. Problem Solving Strategy: Make a selection of the best problem-solving strategies some problem-solving strategies are often used - Trial anderror It took a long time (Short Term Memory). Trial and error is to try to resolve if one tried to repeat it will know where lies the fault. - Informational Retrieval retrieve the information for solving problems quickly (Long Term Memory) - Algorithm That is a problem-solving method that guarantees a solution if the problem of available opportunities for someone to develop it.

(3) http://criticalthinking.org/University/intraits.html

- Heuristic That helps to simplify the problem, influenced by past experience. There are four heuristic methods are: 1. Hill Climbing A heuristic strategy in which each step is concern to move closer to its final destination. 2. Sub goals Method of solving a problem by making it smaller or in pieces, everywhere respective aims to simplify the solution 3. Mean and Analysis A heuristic strategy that will target to reduce differences between the situation with the desired objectives through the intermediary of a way. 4. Working Backward A heuristic strategy where we have to move backwards from our goal in some circumstances

Development of Thinking  Piaget argued that the logical way of thinking evolved gradually, at about the age of two years and in about seven years. Piaget explained, thinking children did not like thinking adults. Children's minds seem to be different with a larger person. Children seem to solve the problem in an entirely different level. Differences children who are smaller and bigger is not too related to the issues that older children have more knowledge, but because they are different kinds of knowledge, the present invention Piaget began studying the development of mental structure.

Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"

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  1. Sensory Motor StageLasts from birth until the age of 2 years. At this stage, infants build an understanding of the world by coordinating the experiences of sensors (such as seeing and hearing) with physical motor actions, the so-called sensory motor. At the beginning of this stage, the newborn has a little more than a reflex patterns.

The following developmental stages according to Piaget: 

2. Pre-operational stageLasted roughly from age 2 to 7 years. At this stage, children begin to describe the world with words and pictures. Symbolic thinking beyond the simple relationship between the sensor information and physical action. However, even preschoolers can symbolically depicts the world, according to Piaget, they are still not able to implement what is called "surgery"-an internalized mental actions that allow the children to do mentally what was previously done physically.

The following developmental stages according to Piaget: 

(2)

 3. Concrete operational stage Lasted roughly from ages 7-11 years. At this stage children can carry out operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as far as thought can be applied to the specific examples or concrete. For example, concrete operational thinking can not imagine the steps necessary to solve an algebra problem, which is too vague to be considered at this stage of development. 

The following developmental stages according to Piaget:

4. Formal Operational Stage It appears from the age of 11-15 years. At this stage the individual beyond the real world, concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical. As part of a more abstract thinking, adolescents develop a picture of an ideal state. They can think what kind of parents the ideal and compare their parents with this ideal standard. They began to prepare for the possibilities for the future and in awe of what they can do. In solving the problem, the formal operational thinker is more systematically, develop hypotheses about why things happen like that, then test this hypothesis by way of deductive reasoning.   (5)  http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html

The following developmental stages according to Piaget:

(5)  http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html

Language and Mind             Thinking is an activity that resulted in the discovery of the human person is directed to a destination. We think to find the knowledge and understanding that we want. Thinking is the main thing that distinguishes between humans and animals. Humans may think because human whereas animals do not have the language. Animal language is an instinct that does not need to be studied and taught, while human language is the result of culture that must be learned and taught.

 Disadvantages of the animal does not know the words to issue his mind. With language, humans can give names to everything, whether visible or invisible. All objects, jobs, and others abstract, is named. That way, everything that has ever observed and experienced can be saved, be responses and experiences, then processed (think) into insights.             

In everyday life, is easy once observed that originated from the mind, then set out in the talk, there appeared many effects both positive and negative. So, the truth of a language is not solely lie in the composition of grammatical alone, but also on governance thought, intention, and the implications that arise from an utterance. The idea is not simply embodied one word only, but requires a form of sentence. Regarding the relationship of language and mind there is a saying "Language indicates the quality of the speaker". Or expanded again "demonstrated the nation's language" means a person's personality or a nation can be observed and analyzed from the speech he said, he loves reading, also from the character of the existing language support. 

(5)  http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html

(5)  http://criticalthinking.org/University/helps.html

Language in the system memory, then work affecting the course of feelings and thoughts that passed its out-put in the form of speech and behavior. Watson through his theory to say that thinking is essentially implicit behavior. Thought to be motor behavior. Thinking out loud aims to whisper to yourself. Thus the indissoluble link between thought and language. Language is the actualization of the mind. No one's language will not understand what others are thinking and what she thought.

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