third generation (3g) mobile communication 2

8/8/2019 Third Generation (3G) Mobile Communication 2

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Third Generation (3G)

Mobile Communication

Submitted by : Alok AdhikariB. Sc (H) Computer Science,3RDYear,

Ram Lal Anand College.


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Content Table Includes: Introduction

Background of 3G Mobiles

3G Technology

3G Standards

Antecedents of Success of 3G Services

Services Provided by 3G


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Introduction

Third Generation mobile communication deals with the introduction of3G mobiles which are making the life of the people more advancedand modern.

Internet was once considered to be used in the computers only,sending of pictures and videos could be done through a computernetwork only, but with the introduction of 3G mobiles these allfacilities are now made available to the mobile users too.

A user having 3G technology equipped in his mobile can send orreceive email, pictures and videos (known as MMS) through his mobile

now.The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the underlyingparadigms of third generation (3G) mobile services. Given the successof first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) mobilecommunications systems and services, the third generation mobilenetworks and applications are faced with a lot of expectations such asproviding ubiquitous access to online services via mobile terminals.


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Background of 3G MobilesEmergence of first handheld cellular mobilephone: (1G)

In the period of 70s & 80s Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) was introduced.

In this type of telephone network 900 MHz band was used whichwas enough for 666 calls to be placed at a time.

One more telephone network known as Total Access Control

System (TACS) was introduced in Great Britain in the early 80s.Both of these were using analogue signals to transmit the callsfrom one place to other.


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Conversion of analogue communication to digitalcommunication i.e. Emergence of 2nd Generationmobiles: (2G)

This was the era of digital communication.

The introduction of single chip DSP in 1983 in Texas converted analogue signalsinto digital and also 3 calls could be done on one single frequency.

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), started development in the early

80s for Europe as the market. Its idea was to keep the same cellular structure butchange communication from analogue to digital. It allowed the transmission of dataon the bands 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz.

GSM also introduced SMS (Short Message Service). This allowed mobile phones tosend a short message of text to other phones.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), is the digital transmission technology withinGSM that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel. It doesthis by allocating time slots to each user within a channel.


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3G TechnologySimplex vs. Duplex

Simplex:It is the communication in which only one frequency is used due towhich only one person can talk at a time. For e.g. walkie-talkie.


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Duplex:

It is the communication in which two way data transfer occurs i.e. boththe person involved in the communication can talk at same time.

Uplink: The communication channel from the mobile device back to thebase station is called the uplink.

Downlink: The communication channel from the base station to themobile device is called the downlink.

Methods to achieve Duplex Communication: FDD and TDD


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FDD vs. TDD

FDD:Frequency Division Duplex is a technique which uses a pairedspectrum in which one frequency band is for uplink and one is fordownlink.

The two bands are separated by a "guard band" which provides

isolation of the two signals.


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TDD:

Time Division Duplex operates on the same frequency but here theuplink and downlink are switched very rapidly, so it does appearthat one channel is acting as both an uplink and a downlink at thesame time.

It requires a guard time instead of a guard band between transmit

and receive streams.


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Symmetric Transmission vs. AsymmetricTransmission

Symmetric Transmission:

If the data in the downlink and the data in the uplink aretransmitted at the same data rate then the data transmission iscalled Symmetric Transmission.

For e.g.: In case for voice transmission the same amount of data issent both ways.


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Asymmetric Transmission:

If the data transmission in the uplink and downlink differs i.e. itcan vary then such type of transmission is called asymmetrictransmission.

For e.g.: In internet connections more data will be sent duringdownlink than uplink.


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TDMA V/S CDMA

3G technology involves basically two competing technologies to achievemultiple accesses:

TDMA:

Time Division Multiple Access works by dividing a single radio frequencyinto many small time slots and assigning each user a specific time slot for

transmission.

CDMA:

Code Division Multiple Access works by giving each user a unique code.The signals from all the users are then spread over a wide frequency band.The receiver having knowledge of the sender's unique code, is therefore

able to extract the correct signal no matter what the frequency is.


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Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching

Circuit Switching:The method of connecting a transmitter and receiver by givingthem exclusive access to a direct connection is called circuitswitching.

Packet Switching:In Packet-switching the network chop the telephone conversationinto discrete "packets" of data, like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle, andthose pieces are reassembled to recreate the original conversation.


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3G STANDARDSThe dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing devicesthrough a single, worldwide radio transmission standard. Imaginebeing able to go anywhere in the world secure in the knowledge

that your mobile phone is compatible with the local system, ascenario known as global roaming.

2.5G Standards

The transition from 2G to 3G is technically extremely challenging

and highly expensive, for both of these reasons it makes sense tomove to 3G via intermediate 2.5G standards. 2.5G radiotransmission technology is radically different from 2G technologybecause it uses packet switching.


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3G StandardsThe 3G standard was created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)and is called IMT-2000. The aim ofIMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems

to provide global roaming.

Five different standards grouped together under the IMT-2000 label:

W-CDMA

CDMA2000

TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA

DECTUWC-136

Of these five standards, only three allow full network coverage over macro cells,micro cells and Pico cells and can thus be considered as full 3G solutions: W-CDMA,CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. Of the remainder, DECT is used for those cordless

phones you have in the house, and could be used for 3G short-range "hot-spots"


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Antecedents of Success of

3G ServicesIndustry Standards

The importance of common industry standards with 3G networks has been

emphasized in many studies. The mobile phone industry is currently using manystandards, which has made it difficult for users traveling to utilize their phonesworldwide. The evolution of 3G is expected to simplify this because in Europethere are only two standards competing; the WCDMA (Wideband Code DivisionMultiple Access) which will become the European UMTS (Universal MobileTelecommunications System) and the CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple

Access).

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is working on 3G internationalstandardization through its projectIMT 2000 (International MobileTelecommunications) that aims at setting the global standard for 3G.

Thus, it is expected that in the coming years we will have a worldwide standard

for 3G.


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UserAcceptanceThe main challenge when exploring user needs and wants it is essential to understand thdifferent situations in which consumers and business users use mobile services. First, wecan distinguish the different types of presence (i.e. reach ability, availability, andwillingness to communicate with other users) people typically have.

At a basic level, presence information can be classified to at home, at work and mobile(on the move).

At home:To begin with, at home users are typically connected with at least two types of networks.

More and more households have fixedInternet access (LAN) that allows relatively fastinternet connection speed (starting from 256 kbps). Thus, it is expected that households

with fixed Internet access will use mobile devices differently than households withoutfixed Internet access.For instance, mobile terminals can be used to get online access, either directly frommobile terminal or in connection with another terminal such as laptop or PC. With thehelp of 3G, mobile terminals as mentioned can offer faster connection speeds than someLAN connections.


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At work:

At work, users typically also have fixed Internet access that is usedto access many informative services related to work. However,more people are relying on mobile terminals to manage their dailyactivities. With the diffusion of smart phones, computers andmobile terminals are more and more used in combination. As smartphones can be synchronized with laptops and table computers,followed by their ability to send and receive e-mails and use ofother company related services, the line between differentterminals is faded.


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Mobile:

The third option, mobile, means that the services users can access arelimited due to network constraints. On the go users mainly rely on mobilenetworks that to date offer limited data transmission speeds, although therise of the 3G network and Wireless Local Area networks (WLAN) providefaster data transmission. The most important development in relation tomobile users and the services they need relate to the networks ability to

provide the same services globally. As mobile users are increasinglytraveling worldwide, it is important to develop networks and services thatcan be accessed with one mobile terminal. This has been mentioned asone of the main challenges mobile network development will face in thecoming years.


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Pricing

Pricing of the 3G services is definitely one of the biggest challenges facingtelecommunication companies as setting the right price for service usage isdifficult.

Mobile operators have used two types of pricing policies in offering mobiledata services:

First, pricing is based on a fixed price, also called flat-rate pricing, typicallyranging from 15-25 per month in Europe. With fixed pricing operators

usually offer 100Mbps transfers per month. As usage exceeds 100Mbps ina month, the price increases often dramatically.

Second, usage based pricing, regulates usage by imposing a fee based onthe amount of data send and received.


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Services Provided by 3GMobile Internet Browsing the Web from MobileThis is one of the important service provided by 3G. The termmobile Internet, or Internet in mobile, refers to gaining access to

the Internet using a handheld, wireless device like a mobile phoneor PDA.

However, in 3G networks the data transmission speed is dependedupon the number of users accessing the network at the same pointof time. Thus, in reality 3G networks rarely offer the theoreticalmaximum speed.

The question of whether users are willing to browse the Internetfrom mobile phone or PDA becomes unimportant, as terminals areonly devices, and finally the user judges the terminals and choosesthe one he or she prefers.


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E-mail services

E-mail services can be categorized into Web-style HTML e-mail services andplain text e-mail services.

HTML e-mail services provide more flexibility with the format andappearance while plain text e-mail comprises of a letter-style message.

For many Internet users, e-mail has been the most common way ofexchanging information, documents, and communication.

The fear of receiving unsolicited messages and spam on mobile devicesmay slow the adoption of e-mail services among mobile users. Secondly, asthe first mobile virus news has been reported in media, mobile users mightwant to protect their mobile devices by avoiding using e-mail services.


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Messaging servicesMobile messaging, referring to short message service (SMS) and multimedia messageservice (MMS), is expected to be the most utilized mobile service in the future. It is

estimated that step-by-step consumers as well as business users will upgrade theirmessaging from sending simple text messages to multimedia messages includingpictures and video clips. Although 3G networks will make bandwidth hungry servicessuch as sending, receiving, and downloading video clips possible, there are notablecultural differences in adopting multimedia messaging services.

For example, while the European market has

not adopted multimedia messaging to large

extent, due to various reasons such as pricing

policy and relatively complex usage, Asians

have eagerly adopted MMS. On average, while

a typical user in Europe sends one to two MMS

messages per month, an Asian takes and sends

20-30 MMS messages.


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THANK

YOU

ALOK ADHIKARI

SUB: PROJECT REPORT PRESENTATION

ROLL NO: 6011101

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGEUNIVERSITY OF DELHI

third generation (3g) mobile communication 2

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