Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology

CSCI 6404Presented ByH. Abou-Dib J. Rouse M. Ibrahim Khan B. Shehzad

Introduction

The basic concept of cellular phones began in 1947

The FCC limited the amount of frequencies available in 1947, the limits made only twenty-three phone conversations possible simultaneously in the same service area

1968 AT&T and Bell Labs proposed a cellular system.

Timeline

1978 AT&T and Bell Labs conducted public trials with 2000 customers.

1979 saw a similar system in Tokyo 1981 Motorola and American Radio Telephone started

another system. 1982 FCC authorizes commercial cell service. 1983 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) introduced. Demand was huge. 1982 system standards were already

taxed. By 1987 over one million subscribers. Airways were crowded. FCC opens the 800Mhz band for alternative cell technologies.

Important Dates

In 1988, the Cellular Technology Industry Association (CTIA) was established

The TDMA Interim Standard 54 or TDMA IS-54 was released in early 1991

In 1994, the FCC announced it was allocating spectrum specifically for PCS technologies at the 1900 MHz band

TDMA IS-136 (Time Division Multiple Access) is an update to TDMA IS-54, also called Digital AMPS or D-AMPS

CDMA IS-95 (Code Division Multiple Access) is based on a form of spread spectrum technology that separates voice signals by assigning them digital codes within the same broad spectrum

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is based on a improved version of TDMA technology

Analog vs. Digital: First Take

Analog Service: A method of modulating radio signals so that they can carry information such as voice or data.

Digital Service: A method of encoding information using a binary code of 0s and 1s.

Frames, slots, and channels

A frame is an all inclusive data package. A sequence of bits makes frameSlots hold individual call information within the frame, that is, the multiplexed pieces of each conversation as well as signaling and control dataChannels handle the call processing, the actual mechanics of a call

                                   

                      

IS-54B, IS-136 frame with time slots

                                                     

                                                       

                   

                                                       

IS-54B time slot structure

How Cellular Phones Work

Cell-Phones use high frequency radio signals to communicate with “Cell Towers”

Current frequency range is 806-890 Mhz

1850-1990 Mhz is for the newly allocated “PCS” frequency range.

Cells

Cells

Macro-Cell: 1-2 miles apart. Up to 20 in rural areas.

Micro-Cell: Some buildings have their own Micro-cells to supplement Macro-cells.

Pico-Cells:Connect cell phones to the PSTN and allows it to be used as a cordless phone.

Analog vs. Digital

Analog Service: A method of modulating radio signals so that they can carry information such as voice or data. Broadcasts audio as a series of continuously changing voltages levels representing the amplitude of the conversation.

Digital Service: A digital signal quantizes the voltage levels into a number of bins (typically 28 or 256 representing an 8-bit encoding). These bins are encoded as a binary number and sent as a series of ones and zeros. This allows for digital compression in the encoding stage enabling voice to be sent at as little as 8000 bits per second.

Encoding and Multiplexing FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

is exclusively used on all analog cellular systems each channel is 30 kHz

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access builds on FDMA by dividing conversations by

frequency and time fits three digital conversations into a FDMA channel

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access systems have no channels encodes each call as a coded sequence across the

entire frequency spectrum conversation is modulated, in the digital domain,with

a unique pseudo-noise code.

Encoding and Multiplexing

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications Modified and far more efficient version of TDMA timeslots are smaller than TDMA and implements

frequency hopping Almost a packet network by design.

Security ?

Analog phones transmit in plain FM, and provide no security.

Encryption is used in TDMA and CDMA works by picking a key that is used in an equation that

compresses the audio CDMA also uses its modulation code to provide

increased security

Wireless Data

Analog modems works on any cellular system by simply encoding the

digital data as audio signals average between 4800 to 9600 bits per second digital cell systems data compression damages the

analog modem signal Packet Data

Use some of the channels of the TDMA or FDMA (IS-136 and AMPS standards) network as large aggregated digital data lines.

CDPD standard allows cell phones on the network to insert packets on this shared data channel without causing collisions.

19.2 kilobits per second.

Wireless Data

GSM Sends computer data as it would send voice data. Data rates in multiples of 300 bits per second up 64

kilobits per second. Referred to as GPRS: "General Packet Radio Service"

WCDMA – 3G

WCDMA can reach speeds from 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps, which represents from 6 to 35 times more than what regular landline modems can do. At that speed, wideband services such as streaming video and video-conference

higher data rates require a wide radio frequency band, So WCDMA will use 5MHz carrier compared to the narrow band of 2Ghz used by GSM

Can use current narrow band technology initially to reduce introduction costs with some loss in maximum data rates.

3G Hardware Approach

Evolutionary approach to increasing services and data rates.

Multiple competing standards in multiple countries make global integration challenging.

Long-term strategies mean incrementally higher data rates rather than discontinuous jumps.

3G Technology: RF & IP

Radio frequency transmission is key to 3G’s technology promise.

Transmitting IP over RF at decent speeds is the goal (near or above 2Mb/sec/user would be ideal).

Radio transmitting technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA, and Time Division Multiple Access affect the basic data rates achievable by 3G networks.

High speed radio networks and their interfaces to packet-based computer networks are the foundation of all 3G technology.

Global Migration Goals

TD-SCDMAGlobal CDMA I UTRAWIMS WCDMA/NA

Global CDMA II UWC-136W-CDMA DECTcdma2000

WP-CDMA

3GPP2

TDMACDMA

IMT-2000GOAL

3GPP

KoreaUSA USA USAJapanEurope China Europe

Global Services: 2G->3GSE

RVI

CES

VOICE

10kbit/sec 100kbit/sec 1000kbit/sec

Broadband Sophistication

E-MAIL

DATABASE ACCESSINFORMATION SERVICES

TELEBANKINGFINANCIAL SERVICES

ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPERIMAGES/COMPLEX DATA TYPES

TELESHOPPING

VIDEO TELEPHONY

VIDEO CONFERENCING

1E4 kbit/s

High-Level 3G Digital Network Architecture

GPRSGPRS+

IPor

X.25

GSMGPRSEDGE

WCDMA

Wireless AccessNetwork

(UNI)

Core IPNetwork

(NNI)

Packet DataNetwork(Internet)

3G Data Rates and Services

High Speed Services to be Provided by 3G networks: Web Browsing, Email, FTP, Fax & VoIP -> All require serious data rates!

Nominal Data Rates (IMT-2000 goals): At least 144 Kbps in a macrocell At least 384 Kbps for an outdoor pedestrian At least 2 Mbps indoor, stationary or mobile

3G Data Rates Explained

What is a “macrocell”? This is defined by the IMT as “suburban”. In Canadian terms,

this would define, for instance, Markham Ontario from Toronto, or Cole Harbour from Halifax.

What is a “microcell”? This is “urban”, or the Municipality of Halifax. Bedford,

Halifax, and Sackville could be considered as 3 microcells in a global communication hierarchy.

What is a “picocell”? This type of cell is indoors; whether inside the CSB or inside

the World Trade and Convention Center.

Cells

3G Data Rates Explained

What is the difference between a “pedestrian” and a “highly mobile” user? Pedestrian users move slowly and usually stay within one or

two cell tower’s coverage areas. This means that lower-cost transmission technology can lead to higher data rates, and more accurate, convenient services such as subscriber location and route determination.

Highly-mobile users generally cannot be constrained to two or three pico or micro cells, and are moving at a high rate of speed (an automobile, for instance). These users must have a more robust, more expensive method of transmission in order to maintain a high data rate.

3G Integration Strategies: Heading for IMT-200x

IMT-2000 is a consortium dedicated to providing an International Mobile Telecommunications infrastructure.

Growth tends to focus on enhancing currently-installed network hardware rather than revolutionizing network towers and broadcast equipment.

Two methods for increasing our mobile data rates: Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

EDGE equipment is generally IP-to-Packet Radio conversion boxes.

Enabling EDGE on a TDMA network requires buying a small amount of new tower equipment, but offsets the cost of moving to a new transmission technology. It also allows TDMA networks to interface to high-speed GPRS services, thus allowing IP-to-Radio conversion and vice versa.

EDGE is currently a much-touted solution to growing our aging TDMA networks. EDGE will be compatible with the final IMT-2000 global networks, but will still use the dated TDMA technology.

General Packet Radio Services

General Packet Radio Services are the basic building blocks for changing standard RF communications into packet-based, discrete transactions. GPRS is implemented as a mixture of new radio towers, transceivers, and network hardware.

GPRS can attain whatever speeds the underlying network hardware can support, making it a particularly attractive technology for mobile spectrum providers. It also provides an “always-on” connection to allow persistent IP connections, like HTTP and Telnet, unlike most cellular connection services today.

GPRS and GPRS+ basically allow a standard TDMA device to access more than one time slot in order to transfer data.

Generic RF Carrier Techniques

TDMA / Time Division Multiple Access (NA/SA) Each cell user has a particular time slot in which to

transmit over a particular frequency band. ~48.6kbps uncompressed data rate is theoretically possible with TDMA technology.

WCDMA & CDMA / Code Division Multiple Access (Asia, Africa) Each cellular phone uses multiple “codes” to transmit

digitized data over analog transmitters within the same frequency band. The more users supported, the lower the data rate. Common rates are 36k, 64k, 96k, and, with upcoming Wideband-CDMA, a possible 1.2Mbps!

UWC Coverage Statistics

UWC Coverage Statistics

Generic RF Carrier Techniques

CDMAOne (Asia) This CDMA implementation has a direct route to IMT-2000 standards

(WCDMA) and 64kbps uncompressed performance.

GSM / Global System for Mobile Communication (Europe,Russia) TDMA-based cellular network that is totally defined in terms of radio

interfaces, air interfaces, network services, and network-to-network interfaces. GSM is a popularity leader in global communication.

PDC-P (Japan i-Mode) Personal Digital Communication-Packet is a popular TDMA-based

digital cellular packet service. It is the best-of-breed in terms of architecture; it employs digital signaling and packet-based data transfer.

Cellular Systems

Generally, cellular systems have much more subscribers than capacity.

Cellular providers deal with this by dividing the frequencies over which customer’s transmit.

Cellular towers each have their own particular piece of the provider’s spectrum, and they are organized like a beehive.

Cellular Coverage

In most first-world countries, there is “dense” packing of cellular sites, leading to a medium-quality coverage area.

Future Broadcast Methods:Hacking Hardware

Case StudyJAPAN

Land of Rising SunLand of Mobile InternetFirst Country to offer 3G

Japanese Mobile Net Users

Total: > 31.6 million i-mode: > 20.0 million EZweb: >   6.1 million J-S ky: >   5.5 million

Source: http://www.mobilemediajapan.com February 28, 2001

Desktop: Internet access trough desktop lowest among the developed nations

North America

6 million users surfing the net on their WAP

No i-Mode50% of North American by the year 2003120 million GSM users today

Services of Wireless Consumer and corporate solutions, like

        E-mail

        Corporate data

        News

        Sports and information services

        Entertainment

        TV/movies

        Travel/plain ticket/hotel

        Leisure

        Culture

        Medical care

        Electronic commerce transactions and

        Banking services and Online purchasing

http://www-usa.cricket.org/link_to_database/INTERACTIVE/WAP.html

i-mode

Company: NTT DoCoMo Speed: 9.6 Kbps x 14 times

2 Mbps in 2003Subscribers: > 20.0 million Standard: cHTML Sites: 13,000 (40 000)Outline: The cheapest and most popular wireless web. Packet

switching to offer continuous connection. Largest ISP in the world.

EZweb and EZaccess

Companies: IDO and Tu-Ka Speed: Up to 64 kbpsSubscribers: > 6.1 millionStandard: HDML (handheld device markup language) Site numbers: > 5000? Outline: 2nd most popular system, but far less content

because the relative difficulty of HDML has deterred many site designers.

E-mail: 5000 chars by e-mail

J-Skyweb

Company : J-Phone Subscribers: > 5.5 millionCode: MML (mobile markup

language). similar to cHTML

Speed: 9.6 kbps Site numbers: < 4000. Clearest color images. In

third place at present, however it is seen as the main rival for i-mode because its programming code is so similar and because it also offers continuous access.

WAP vs i-mode

WAP is a protocolI-mode is a complete wireless internet service

WML vs cHTML wap implementations use a page description

language-WML. cHTML is in part, a subset of ordinary HTML.

Only I-mode tags. It is very similar to HTML. I-mode offers continuous access to the internet, no

need to dial up and waiting for response and most sites access by few button click

Is i-mode WAP Killer?

Started Feb 1999 Profit: 252.1 billion yen ($ 4.6bn)it is 23% more from last year it will be X 5 times (2003) i-mode presently covers almost all of Japan “Within 3yrs everyone will be on i-mode” in Japan 600,000 new customers signing up every month Largest ISP in the world The customer is charged the only data actually sent or received.

Is i-mode WAP Killer?

“Cell phone to talking to cell phone to using” DoCoMo’s charges $31per month DoCoMo gets 9% of the fee for every cartoon char,

melody or news service that is downloaded 3 cents per data packet transmission of 128 bytes i.e., e-mail message of 15 Japanese char >1 cents Employ IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol)

able to send message to mobile phones and stored (3MB)

Message consist up to 5000 char A one-touch “Phone-to”, “Mail-to”, “URL-to” button Color LCD screens

Is i-mode WAP Killer?

NTT DoCoMo, had halt sales and advertising temporarily, last month, Why?

In terms of cost, popularity, ease of use and commercial success, WAP is being whipped out.

This title bar is a text screen that displays text messages and data (I-Mode)

Frightening News for North America

Introducing “First 3rd generation mobile communication” in 2001

9.6 kbps => 15 times 2 mbps in yr 2003 swift enough for

webcasts, interactive games and video conferencing

i-mode Moving towards North America $10bn (US) invested in AT&T i-mode with Microsoft and Sun (Java) i-mode in Europe 5bn Dutch (KPN)

3G Concept Devices

Visor Phone: wear like glass & watch like TV

Video Phone: in Walking Stick

Digital Camera for Mobile Phones

It can attach images taken by digital camera to e-mails send via mobile phone or to use as the stand by mode screen

Digital camera with CMOS sensor with 25000 pixels and output resolution of 320X240 pixels. 32768 colors

3G

Promises and Prospects

Major Obstacles for the Industry

Low Transmission rates

Services cost too much

Too much power consumption in radio modems

Poor User Interface

Approaches to Implement Wireless Data Technology

Two Complementary Approaches

Cell phones on Steroids

3G addresses only one barrier.

Transmission speed. No solution for Cost & Power.

3G uses “Rate Adaption Techniques”.

High speed only in certain places & certain time. Compromises “Anytime, Anywhere” Theme.

WAP & 3G Products:Promises are not meant to be kept!!!

WAP & 3G Products provide Partial Solutions.

WAP & WML insufficiently powerful for future generation Terminals.

WAP will be a stopgap for 3G radios proxies.

Development of small microprocessors having wireless modems.

Reversing an old Paradigm To AAA A Conceptual Framework Adaptive, Asymmetric, Ad hoc.

Info Stations

Adaptive location-dependant allocation of battery power to signal processing and communication.

Small, low power radios for a system with location dependant radio coverage.

Infostations confirm to AAA Paradigm.

Provides a source of “fuel”-Information.

Contains a radio Transceiver for low-power high data rate Internet access in a limited area.

Don’t force you to stop while you transfer information to or from internet

Automatic transfer of data.

Airport Example

Say hello to Bluetooth

Fast and secure transmission of voice & data.

Radio operates in a globally available frequency band

Digital Devices will communicate spontaneously with

Voice /Data access point.

Cable replacement.

Personal ad hoc networks.

Ensuring high speed and security.

Joint achievements of nine leading companies ( 3Com, Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia & Toshiba)

More than 1300 other manufacturers joined Bluetooth family.

By 2002, Bluetooth will be built into hundreds of millions of electronic devices.

Bluetooth: Application Areas

A breathing Fusion of the Internet, Mobile Telephony, Mobile Computing and Sci-fi remote control

Internet connection

Instant Post Card

Wireless Headset

Interactive Conference

Synchronization of Phone Books, handheld device and mobile computer content.

The automatic Synchronization

Automatic synchronization of your desktop, mobile computer, notebook (PC-PDA and PC-HPC) and your mobile phone. For instance, as soon as you enter your office the address list and calendar in your notebook will automatically be updated to agree with the one in your desktop, or vice versa.

                       In meetings and conferences you can transfer selected documents instantly with selected participants, and exchange electronic business cards automatically, without any wired connections.

The Interactive Conference

Evolution to 3G/IMT-2000